CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Problem

Talking about ornithology which is a branch of biology, invites curiosity of
the saintist to study it. Because ornithology is one of the biological studies that cause
puzzles that need to be expressed certainty. It is certainly very interesting to study
because of its uniqueness from the branch of biology. Various theories that are
pioneered by experts from various fields of science, reveal the truth of the uniqueness
of ornithology that is supported by existing science sources.
But recent scientific theories often drive much controversy. This
controversy has a beneficial effect on scientific progress, hence scientists with
different views work intensively to find evidence that can support their ideas.
Theories of organic evolution and theory Darwin's natural selection underlies their
every activity. As scientists, they try to find data that can support or can prove that
earlier theories may not be true. Certain scientific evidence over the last 100 years
supports Darwinian thought, and are special parts of the biological sciences. One is
the proof of anatomical comparison. This evidence explains the homology of organ
systems in living things. This can be explained by comparison of anatomical and
morphological structures.
Birds or aves are mammals that have many species on earth. In this study
will focus on bird beaks because every bird species has a different beak shape, of
course it has a different functions too as well as in knowing the type of food eaten by
birds. The concentration of bird species to be observed and researched are the various
bird beaks found in the State University of Malang ie eagles, doves, pigeons,
parakeets and chickens. All species of birds have a different shape,certainly it will be
studied how the shape of the beak and the function of the beak to know the food and
the original habitat of the bird

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 One of the benefits gained from studying or examining morphology is to
classify something based on its morphological features. This classification makes it
easy for us to learn about very diverse living things.
Another benefit that can be obtained from studying morphology in animals
is to know the genetic relationship between the living things with. When observing
the animals bats, eagles, and guinea pigs. So bats have in common with guinea pigs,
that is, including mammals (Mammals), another similarity is reproducing by giving a
birth. Although bats and eagles have wings in order to fly in the air, but the eagle has
a difference, ie not breastfeeding, but spawning, so the eagle belongs to the aves or
birds.
Overall, the benefits that we can feel are easy to use in order to be used as
much as possible for the common good. One of them animal morphology can be
applied to other branches of biology, entomology, harpetology, Ichthology,
carcinology (the study of crustaceans), Mammography, Malacology, Nematology,
Ornithology, and the like. So that the benefits will lead to humans as well.

B. Formulation of the Problem :

1. What is the difference between bird’s beak one to another?
2. What is the function of the bird’s beak?
3. How each bird has its own beak characteristics depending on the type of
food consumed?
C. Research Purposes
1. To know the difference between the bird's beak one to another
2. To know the function of the bird's beak
3. To know each bird has its own beak characteristics depending on the type
of food consumed

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 CHAPTER 2
DISCUSSION

The beak, bill, or rostrum is an external anatomical structure of birds that is

used for eating and for preening, manipulating objects, killing prey, fighting, probing
for food, courtship and feeding young. Although beaks vary significantly in size,
shape, color and texture, they share a similar underlying structure. Two bony
projections—the upper and lower mandibles—are covered with a thin keratinized
layer of epidermis known as the rhamphotheca. In most species, two holes known as
nares lead to the respiratory system. Birds have a beak composed of horn substances,
the shape of the beaks of different bird species adapted to the type of food
(Radiopoetro, 1986). There are many kinds of bird’s beak. Different bird species have
differently shaped beaks because each species has evolved a beak design that suits its
diet and lifestyle.

The eagle is a meat-eating bird (carnivore). Elang bird beak has short, sharp,
strong, large, half-circular, not teethy, and pointy features. The morphology of the
beak owned by the eagle is very supportive to use to tear its prey.

The pigeon is a bird whose food is seeds. This bird has a beak with a short
shape, thick, pointed, and sharp. The shape of this beak serves to break up grains such
as rice, corn and other grains.

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 Other types of grain-eating birds in the Biological Forest of State University
of Malang is Parakeet birds (Melopsittacus undulates). However, the parakeet's beak
morphology is somewhat different from pigeon's beak, it can be seen that Parakeets
beak is shorter but wider and thicker than pigeon's beak. The difference shape of this
two bird can be caused of diet that they consume. Generally, Parakeet bird eat grains
for their daily diet, but beside grains they also eat fruits and vegetables.

Other bird species that exist in Biological Forest of State University of

Malang is a goose (Anseranserdomesticus). The beak’s shape of this species is like
blade and jagged at the end that is useful for filtering food from the mud. The color of
Goose’s beaks can vary in each species. The color of goose’s beak could be
yellowish, reddish, and brownish.

Chicken (Gallus gallusdomesticus) is one of the easiest poultry to be found in

Indonesia. Chicken is usually being cared as livestock and pet. According to
SusenasMaret 2016 chicken’s meat is the most consumed meat in Indonesia.
Chicken’s beak has small shape, short, and pointed at the end to peck the grain or
scavenging small animals or food contained in soil.

Based on data obtained from observations, the shape of the bird's beak on the
eagle is sharp, short, strong, large, and pointy. The function of the eagle's beak is to
tear its prey meat, especially like a rat or a snake. The eagle's beak is shaped like that,
because it matches the type of food that is meat that requires sharp, short, strong,
large, and pointed beaks to tear it.

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 CHAPTER III

END

A. Conclusion

Based on observations, the difference between the bird's beak to each other is
found in the morphology or the shape of the bird's beak depending on how to adapt
and obtain food. Each bird's beak to each other has distinctions and characteristics.
For example goose (Anseranserdomesticus). The shape of the beak of this species is
like a knife and jagged at its end which is useful for filtering food from the mud. This
indicates that the beak of goose (Anseranserdomesticus) is used to obtain its food.

B. Recommendation

At this observation conducted on biological forest um still many mistake,

therefore on the next observation will try to be improved and more careful again from
previous observation. The birds must be preserved for a long time, for bird
populations still exist and can be used for various purposes.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/handle (online) accessed on a date October, 31st

2017

https://www.scribd.com/doc/Bentuk-Paruh-Burung-Berdasarkan-Makanannya
(online) accessed on a date date October, 31st 2017