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0.
1 (x−µ)2
f (x) = √ e− 2σ2
2πσx
1.
L(q) = Eq(τ ) [log p(τ )] + Eq(θ) [log p(θ)] + Eq(z)q(τ ) [log p(z|τ )]

2.  
X p(x)
H(Y |X) = p(x, y) log
x∈X ,y∈Y
p(x, y)

3.
ct0
    
γ −γβ 0 0 ct
 x0   −γβ γ 0 0  x 
 0 =  
 y   0 0 1 0  y 
0
z 0 0 0 1 z

4.
p
δBµν = Dµpq ξνq − Dνpq ξµq ≡ Rµνα
pq
ξ qα , δApµ = 0

5. ∞
se2 F (1 − F ) (1 + F )(1 + Av F ) − (2 − F )(1 + A−1 v 1−F )
Z
(I) dv
Φ =− √
12π 2 |m| 1 v v−1 Av F + 2 + A−1 v 1−F

6. ∞
−2π 1−x
Y 1 − exp(−2π(n + 1))
Γ (x) = [1 − e ]
n=0
1 − exp(−2π(x + n))

7.  
1 0 0 0
 0 cos θr sin θr 0 
Tx (θr ) = 
 0 − sin θr cos θr

0 
0 0 0 1
8.
Wb∗ = n(θ̂b∗ − θ̂)0 V̂b∗ (θ̂b∗ − β̂)

9.
(t) (t) (t)
(t) (t)
τj f (xi ; µj , Σj )
Tj,i := P(Zi = j|Xi = xi ; θ ) = (t) (t) (t) (t) (t) (t)
τ1 f (xi ; µ1 , Σ1 ) + τ2 f (xi ; µ2 , Σ2 )

1
10.
γ (DΩ)2 D · DΩ 1 
( 2
−2 ) + (1 − λ)µΩ−λ − (1 − )Ω−/2 F 2 = TΩX
4 Ω Ω 4 2

11. 0
dk eik(τ −τ )
Z
†
hvI,AÃ (τ )vJ,B B̃
(τ 0 )i IJ AB ÃB̃
=δ δ δ 2 2 2
≡ δ IJ δ AB δ ÃB̃ ∆(τ − τ 0 )
2π k + r /λ

12.
(b) (a)
K̄ν (bz)/K̄ν (az)
Ωaν (az, bz) = (a) (b) (b) (a)
K̄ν (az)I¯ν (bz) − K̄ν (bz)I¯ν (az)

13. Z Z
∆S ∝ d 4
xns mvθ2 ∝ `∆t(ns /m) d2 xr−2 ∼ (`∆t/`2P ) log(R0 /a0 ) ∼ `∆t/`2P

14.
Z  ~2 c0 + + c2 + + 
Ĥ = dr ∇Ψ̂+
m ∇Ψ̂m + Ψ̂ Ψ̂ Ψ̂m Ψ̂m + Ψ̂ Ψ̂ F m m F m m Ψ̂m Ψ̂m
2MB 2 m m1 1 2 m1 m2 1 4 2 3 3 4

15.
d2 ψ(ζ) 2ζ − 1 dψ(ζ) q + r(1 − 2ζ)2
+ − ψ(ζ) = 0
dζ 2 ζ(ζ − 1) dζ ζ 2 (ζ − 1)2

16.
Dtt − Dtb (Q−1 )bc Dct Dtj − Dtb (Q−1 )bc Dcj Dtb
 

D = det  Dit − Dib (Q−1 )bc Dct Dij − Dib (Q−1 )bc Dcj Dib 
0 0 Qab

17.
Z Z
† † †
Z[A+ , η, η̄] = Dψ̄Dψ exp{i d2 x[ψ̄iγ µ ∂µ ψ + ψ− A+ ψ− + ηψ+ ψ− + η̄ψ− ψ+ ]}

18.
P+ = |h+|ψi|2
= h+|ψi∗ h+|ψi
= hψ|+ih+|ψi
= hψ|P+ |ψi

19. Z
sech udu = sin−1 (tanh u) or 2 tan−1 eu

2
20.
1 1
P (e) = P (e|s0 ) + P (e|s1 )
2 2
Z ∞ Z 1 √
1 1 2A T
= p(r|s0 )dr + p(r|s1 )dr
2 21 A√T 2 −∞

21. Z 1
W (x, C) = P∗ exp[i dτ (qµ θµν Aν (x + ξ(τ )) + q⊥i X i (x + ξ(τ )))]
0

22.
1 1
= h[A, B]} + h{∆A, ∆B}
2 | {z } 2| {z }
purely imaginary purely real

23. 
(0)

(0) T

(0)

γ (0) 2

argmin ψ w + ∇ψ w w−w + w−w 2
+ Ω(w)
w 2