International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering & Management (IJMREM)

||Volume|| 1||Issue|| 9 ||Pages|| 18-25 || October 2018|| ISSN: 2581-4540

Validation Approach on CAD Model and Prototype Model of the

Paper Chair
1
Wan Nurazri Wan Bukhari, 2Mohd Hisham Omar, 3Mohamad Sobri Abu Bakar
1,2,3
Faculty of Innovative Design and Technology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kampus Gong Badak, 21300
Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

-------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT----------------------------------------------------
This paper represents the possibility of paper materials transforms into the chair model that has potential in the
furniture manufacturing in the future. This paper aims to design, simulate and analyze with the static analysis
using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and validation testing with a real-life prototype model of the paper chair
that has been proposed from the Product Development Process (PDP) in terms of design structure and materials
used. Paper waste materials are the best selection of unwanted and worthless waste that can be transformed into
the usable and functional furniture products where it can help to solve the lack of recycling activities and reduce
the major environmental problems. The result in terms of the static analysis where a lower value than the proposed
yield strength which means the design structure is very durable and can endure the human’s weight that over 80
kg. Plus, the Factor of Safety (FOS) result shows the blue color region of the analysis has passed successfully
where it is durable to withstand the human’s weight and safe to use. The result in terms of the paper waste materials
that have been designed for the validation process has a good durability and toughness along with a good
reliability of the Cronbach Alpha value that was concluded the paper materials for furniture manufacturing have
the capability to succeed in the future.

KEYWORDS: Finite Element Analysis (FEA), Chair, Paper waste materials, Prototype, Validation
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Date of Submission: Date,24 September 2018 Date of Publication: Date 11. October 2018
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I. INTRODUCTION
Paper materials are the most important part of the human’s daily life that is widely used such as books, notes,
money, cardboard boxes, newspapers and magazines [4]. In addition, it is the items that can be recycled again and
again plus it is the renewable resources that have the capability to produce the new production of the paper that
related to the environmental preservation and protection along with the help of the advanced technologies
nowadays [2], [5], [6]. The finest way to solve the minimization and reduction of waste in the landfill or recycling
sites is recycling or reuse the waste into the useful products or goods that can be used for further generations [3],
[9]. In addition, the recycling is the most effective process and best solution that can help to reduce and minimize
major environmental problems and the utilization of natural resources and energy consumption that needed to
give more attention nowadays [1], [8], [9]. But, there are slight lack of human’s involvement, caring attitudes and
the awareness on the major environmental issues and low sense of concerns on recycling process that may towards
the failures which can cause more catastrophic to the earth’s nature in the future [11], [12]. In addition, the paper
manufacturing industry was giving more alertness and awareness to the recycling activities which is very essential
as the economic requirements as well as the government’s agenda to save and preserve the earth and nature.

So, this is a huge opportunity in terms of the economic growth approach where the use of waste along with
recycling process can solve the major environmental issues and then reducing the waste in a very eco-friendly
method which has been acknowledged around the world [13]. Paper materials are very compatible to make into
the products of environmental-friendly furniture which is the best innovation to solve the current lack of a
recycling process that needed to be conducted by the human. For further information, paper-based waste products
are the most wanted materials that had been selected that ready to recycle that aims to reduce the waste in the
landfill sites and recycling center [10]. This is a worldwide challenge that must face for human as well as for the
government on reducing, reuse and recycling the waste towards successful on greener environmental and solve
the concerning environmental problems [26]. The waste materials that ready for recycling and reuse can act as the
substitution of the raw materials in any activities that have the good capability to use [14]. Therefore, the paper
waste can be the best and perfect alternative materials for the furniture in the future.

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 Validation Approach on CAD Model…

The waste materials transform into new usable furniture products can solve the environmental problems and
enhance the possibility to lessen the utilization of the natural resources. In addition, the waste into new products
is a part of the Green Technology adoption that can help to solve the major environmental problems as well as it
can help towards the sustainable way on producing new development of the ‘greener’ products [15], [16].
Therefore, it is a key element for the manufacturing companies and firms to provide the solution on improving
the environmentally-friendly products and then begins the introduction market as well as the growth of the
products which is very eco-friendly to the market [7].

II. METHODOLOGY
The main materials of the chair prototype model in real-life is paper materials and then the design of the chair that
had been proposed from Product Development Process (PDP) of the engineering design process were been tested
in terms of the design structure and materials used in both CAD 3D model and real-life prototype model that been
ready for the human’s testing and validation questionnaire that based on the model of the paper chair.

III. 3D MODELLING ANALYSIS

The main objective to obtain and analyze on the critical stress and the Factor of Safety (FOS) in term of the design
structure of the whole chair model by using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Plus, it is a very important process
where it is conducted to explore, justify and analyze the durability and toughness of the design structure as well
as the failure possibility if happens after the static analysis had been done. The analysis of both models is very
important because it can be useful for further study of the paper materials into furniture products as well as
enhancing and improving the design structure in the future. There are several key elements needed to be
considered in the design structure such as the safety, strength and durability is a very important element of the
design structure. The properties of the paper materials that been used for the static analysis as shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Paper material properties

Criteria Value
Elastic modulus 5.95e009 N/m2 [17]
Poisson ratio 0.395 [17]
Yield Strength 2.45e007 N/m2 [17]
Mass Density 156 kg/m3

Table 1 shows the typical paper material properties that been used to quantify the materials properties that set for
static analysis. The analysis simulation is very essential that can be useful for the enhancement and improvement
of the design development and potency for the further analysis [18]. The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is the
most widely used for analysis of structure and stress aspects [19]. Then, the best analysis for evaluating the design
structure that had been proposed from the engineering process of Product Development Process (PDP) is the static
analysis that focused on the on the stress and the Factor of Safety (FOS) in term of the design structure that has
been proposed through the Product Development Process. So, the main purpose of the static analysis is to give
the guarantee and confidence that can be ensuring the stability, stiffness, reliability and strength of the design
structure that had proposed [20]. The 3D model of the paper chair had been designed as shown in Figure 1. The
DIN 33402-2 of the anthropometric data as the design guidelines to design like the actual dimension from the
real-life prototype model.

Figure 1. CAD Modelling of the Paper Chair

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This static analysis had been done with the full assembly of the paper chair but without a backrest support panel
that made from the plastic materials because this analysis wanted to focus on the static analysis result that consists
of the Stress, Strain, Displacement, Deformation and Factor of Safety (FOS) in terms of the design structure. The
direction of the force that has been applied in vertically downward uniformly towards to the usual human seat
position of the chair model that based on Figure 2 below. Then, 785 N (Newton) or 80 kg as the average weight
of the human adult that has been done in the static analysis.

Figure 2. Loading Situation for Static Analysis

IV. REAL-LIFE PROTOTYPE MODEL

Figure 3 Prototype Model of the Paper Chair

Figure 3 shows the prototype model of the paper chair that was made from the three selected materials such as
used newspapers, used full-scrap papers and used cardboard that can act as the alternative materials for furniture
manufacturing and then it can be the new combination of the material structure figure. In addition, this prototype
model also follows the anthropometric data which is the DIN 33402-2 of the anthropometric data as the guidelines
in the conceptual design process [21].

For the data collection of the validation questionnaire that based on the prototype model, a total of 25 respondents
that has been selected for answering the questionnaire that such as the manager, project manager, craftsmen,
carpenter, supervisor in eight furniture manufacturing and also a few students and lecturers that can acts as the
regular consumer of the furniture products. The questionnaire is related based on the prototype model of the paper
chair that in the newer and modern design and then they need to provide answer their questionnaire through the
prototype product testing, observation and opinions that consisted of 22 questions and then 2 section which is the
implementation and success estimation in the future time. The Likert Scale was using the scale from 1 (totally
disagree) to 5 (totally agree) for every question that helps to evaluate the data collection and ready for testing and
analysis.

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The main purpose of validation process for collecting data to see, evaluate and examine the prototype model of
the paper chair in terms of the potential of materials used which is the paper materials as the main materials for
furniture manufacturing if to be implemented and applied the proposed idea whether is usable and durable to be
apply for furniture industries in the future.

V. RESULT

Figure 4. Stress Result

The stress values of the model chair structure is 1.636e001 N/m2 as the minimum value while the maximum value
is 3.710e005 N/m2 as shown in Figure 4. The value of 1.855e005 N/m2 that is in the green color region which was
occurred at the center seat position of the model chair shows the value less than the yield point value of paper
materials that consisted of paper and cardboard which has the value of 2.45e007 N/m2. Then, it can be concluded
that the design structure is good, safe, durable and stable to withstand the force that had been applied. But, if the
value is higher than the yield point value of paper materials, it can be considered as a slight failure that may not
suitable to withstand the weight over 80 kg or above.

Figure 5. Strain Result

The strain result in Figure 5 shows the minimum value is 1.571e -008 while the maximum value is 5.669e-005.

Figure 6. Displacement Result

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Figure 6 above shows the displacement result which was shown the minimum value is 1.0e-030 mm while the
maximum value is 9.232e-002 mm.

Figure 7. Deformation Result

The deformation of the whole model of the paper chair is 6.77e -005 m.

Figure 8. Factor of Safety (FOS) Result

The result has shown that the blue color region that has been identified where the analysis passed successfully due
to the contribution of the blue region in all parts of the chair model. But, if there are red color region occurred in
the Factor of Safety FOS, it means that there is a slight failure of the design structure. Therefore, the model is safe
to use, strong and durable to withstand the human’s weight that was over 80 kg or above while the weight force
was applied on it. The reliability test is a step to analyze and evaluate the Cronbach’s Alpha and the level of
validity of the validation questionnaire. Table 2 shows the reliability test that has been conducted by using the
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software.

Table 2. Reliability test

Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Cronbach's Alpha Based on N of
Alpha Standardized Items Items

.890 .884 22

The Cronbach alpha is the most common reliability test that been used around the world that consists of the
internal consistency measurement of the test scale [22]. The reliability analysis test is required to evaluate and
ensure the validity of the questionnaire that based on the prototype model that need a good result and potential for
the validation process. The Cronbach Alpha value for the validation questionnaire that based on the prototype

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model of the paper chair along with the prototype testing method that has the value of α = 0.890 as shown in Table
2. Based on the coefficient value of Cronbach Alpha that had been gained, the value was already above the value
of 0.7 that can be classified as an acceptable and reliable which is a good and high reliability in terms of the
coefficient value [23], [24]. Therefore, the paper materials for making the prototype model of the paper chair is
very capable and affordable to make the furniture in the future.

VI. DISCUSSION
The cardboard itself can be considered as a tough and strong material. So, the combination with other material
such as full-scrap paper and newspaper as an ideal mixture structure that it can be enhancing the huge possibility
of strengthening the material structure. In addition, the possibility of the 3 selected materials also can help to
reduce and lessen the major environmental problems and enhance the recycling process. The recycling process
had the similarity with the sustainable recycling where the unwanted and worthless waste transforms into useful
and functional products that also related to the Green Technology approach. Therefore it is a very plausible method
that can help to enhance the recycling process and solve the environmental problems. Furthermore, the flexibility
and easier to be handled to form in any shapes or designs in terms of the paper materials; it can be contributed on
producing various types of design and shapes that the designers wanted and proposed from the conceptual design
process. Because of its flexible characteristic, the paper waste materials can be transformed into the modern,
minimalist, and futuristic design of the furniture products for the better future. The customer’s satisfaction is very
essential due to higher demand from the consumer in term of the product’s enhancement and improvement from
the previous product design. In addition, the designer’s creative thinking is very essential part as their new
opportunities in generating and producing the new ideas in the design process that can contribute to the
development of the conceptual design that can be classified as the problem-solving tools [25]. The prototype
model of the paper chair design structure is very good, durable and withstands the human’s weight that has the
weight over 80 kg which it has been already tested by selected respondents that majored in the furniture
manufacturing. Plus, the chair that made from the paper materials have the similar function with the wood-based,
plastic-based or metal-based materials that used for seating purpose. The good design will ensure the durability
and toughness of the chair that made from paper materials.

The static analysis is an important process for studying and analyzing the proposed design structure where the
force has been applied to the model to get the result and then analyze and quantify the needed requirements of the
proposed design structure. The value of 1.855e005 N/m2 is less than the yield point value of paper materials which
is the properties of paper and cardboard which has the value of 2.45e007 N/m2. Then, the design structure that had
been proposed from the Product Development Process (PDP) of the engineering design process has a good design,
safe to sit on it, durable to withstand the force that has been applied where the weight over 80 kg can still endure
when been used. The Factor of Safety had clearly shown that there is no failure in term of the design structure
where the chair model is all in the blue color region that means the analysis is successfully passed. As the result,
it is durable, strong and can withstand the weight force that been applied to the chair model that had been proposed
which is over 80 kg or above. From the reliability test result that been obtained from the validation questionnaire,
the value of the Cronbach Alpha is already past above 0.7 of the value which it is a very good reliability value
which is acceptable and reliable that is applicable to be applied and then ready to use for further study. Secondly,
the reliability test has shown that the prototype model has a very good result and potential to succeed in the
furniture which is the majority of the respondents were agreed with the proposed idea. Therefore, it is valid and
reliable validation questionnaire that show a good result where the paper materials are capable to produce and
manufacturing into the furniture products that have the similar functions as the wood-based furniture nowadays.

VII. CONCLUSION
The reduction and minimization of waste in the landfill sites and recycling center can be done by conducting the
recycling activities or reuse into environmentally friendly products as the top priority on saving and preserving
the environmental nature. The recycling and reuse the waste is towards to the greener approach which is the
sustainable recycling and the Green Technology adoption were implement for the better future. In addition, the
worthless and unwanted waste such as the paper materials would be the best value materials as the main raw
materials for furniture industries in the future. Therefore, this analysis can give a new experience and latest
introduction of the combination material structure of the paper waste materials such as used cardboard, full-scrap
A4 papers and newspapers for human’s benefit that can save and preserve the environmental surroundings. The
static analysis by using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was passed in good term and successful where it can
be applied for the further development and study. In addition, the Factor of Safety (FOS) also shown a positive
result where the analysis was passed successfully with good design structure and durable to endure the human’s
weight. The validation process is essential for the furniture products where it can be tested in terms of the human’s
weight and the design structure that has been proposed.

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The result has shown that the Cronbach’s Alpha with the value of 0.890 that considered as the good validity and
high reliability where it is acceptable and reliable plus the respondents agreed on the prototype model of the paper
chair that had the potential towards success along with the further study in the future ahead.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Highly appreciation to Dr. Mohd. Hisham Omar and Mr. Mohamad Sobri Abu Bakar in Faculty of Innovative
Design and Technology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) for their support and guidance on the
publication on this paper.

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