Floating windmill

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Belgaum

Seminar Report

On

FLOATING WINDMILL
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment as per VTU curriculum for

Bachelor of Engineering
In

Electrical & Electronics

Submitted By

Mohammad Moin (1RG07EE026)

Under the guidance of

Mrs. Rekha. R
Lecturer, EEE Dept.

RAJIV GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Bangalore

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Floating windmill

Table of Contents

1. Abstract 1
2. Introduction 2
1) Need for Floating windmill 3
3. Historical Background 4
4. Engineering consideration 6
1) Components of the system 8
2) Installation 9
3) Function 10
5. Hywind’s Floating Wind Turbine 12
1) Features 14
6. Hexicon Floating Wind Platform 15
7. Floating Wind Turbine & Financial Attributes 18
8. Advantages & Limitations of Floating Wind Farms 19
9. Conclusion 20
10. Bibliography 21

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Abstract

Wind energy can be utilised to generate power, which can be harnessed by Onshore or
Offshore technology. But due to various advantages Offshore has started to pick up
pace. Offshore refers to the construction of wind farms in bodies of water to
generate electricity from wind. The wind is stronger and steadier over water due to the
absence of topographic features that may disrupt wind flow. As better wind speeds are
available offshore compared to on land, so offshore wind power’s contribution in
terms of electricity supplied is higher. A floating wind turbine is an offshore wind
turbine mounted on a floating structure that allows the turbine to generate electricity
in water depths where bottom-mounted towers are not feasible. The electricity
generated is sent to shore through undersea cables. They are meant to be used out at
sea in deep waters, and they do not need to be permanently anchored to the ocean bed.
A criterion for location of an offshore wind farm is; excellent wind conditions and
suitable water depth. Major components of the turbine can be assembled at the shore
and transported to an offshore installation site. Undersea mooring of floating wind
turbines are accomplished with three principal mooring systems. Two common types
of engineered design for anchoring floating structures include tension-
leg and catenary loose mooring systems. The support tower and stability arm structure
is designed to balance the tension, gravity and wind force. With the need for
renewable energy in present scenario, offshore windmills are rapidly pacing up with
time, leading to developments in ecological windmills. This technological evolution
will help in reducing the global issues enabling a green resolution of power
development.

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Introduction

Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the earth's
surface by the sun. Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of
water, and vegetative cover. This wind flow, or motion energy, when "harvested" by
modern wind turbines, can be used to generate electricity.

Wind energy is a fast growing sector in energy generation which has received
tremendous support globally from consumers, legislative bodies and international
commissions. International policies like Kyoto Protocol are turning the world's focus
towards renewable energy development with minimal impact on the environment. In
order to reduce the carbon footprint of companies, more incentives are offered.

Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) is device that converts the wind energy into
electricity. A Wind Turbine Generator is one of the cleanest modes of generating
electricity. The fuel it relies on is the energy from the wind, which is abundantly
available and inexhaustible. Developed for over a millennium, today's wind turbines
are manufactured in a range of vertical and horizontal axis types. The smallest
turbines are used for applications such as battery charging or auxiliary power on
sailing boats; while large grid-connected arrays of turbines are becoming an
increasingly large source of commercial electric power. There have been different
methods of wind energy harvesting on or off shore.

Offshore wind power is one of the methods being employed to harvest wind
energy. It refers to the construction of wind farms in bodies of water to
generate electricity from wind. As better wind speeds are available offshore compared
to on land, so offshore wind power’s contribution in terms of electricity supplied is
higher. A floating wind turbine is an offshore wind turbine mounted on a floating
structure that allows the turbine to generate electricity in water depths where bottom-
mounted towers are not feasible. The wind can be stronger and steadier over water due
to the absence of topographic features that may disrupt wind flow. The electricity
generated is sent to shore through undersea cables. Floating platform topologies are
basically classified as single or multiple turbine floater system. In a single floater

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system only one wind turbine mounted on a floating structure, whereas multiple wind
turbines mounted on a floating structure in multiple floater system.

The initial capital cost of floating turbines is competitive with bottom-mounted,

near-shore wind turbines while the rate of energy generation is higher out in the sea.
The location of wind farms into the sea can reduce visual obstruction, if the windmills
are sited more than 12 miles (19 km) offshore, provide better accommodation of
fishing and shipping lanes, and allow siting near heavily developed coastal cities.

Need for Floating Windmill

A few hundred meters offshore, wind is twice as strong as on land in much of the
world. Offshore wind energy possesses huge potential, and floating wind turbine is a
promising technology. They are meant to be used out at sea in deep waters, and they
do not need to be permanently anchored to the ocean bed. A criterion for location of
an offshore wind farm is; excellent wind conditions and suitable water depth. The
wind farm must be situated near a strong onshore power grid and near harbours and
shipyards.

 Energy is a major factor in today’s society

 Alternative fuel and alternative energy resources are in great
demand
 Hybrid vehicles and other fuel-efficient technology is arising around the
world
 Availability of land for Onshore installations
 Lots of visual obstructions in conventional setups

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Historical Background

Since centuries people have been harnessing the energy of the wind, but the first
practical windmills, used for grain grinding and water pumping, were built in Persia in
the Middle East about 500-900 A.D. Windmills have been used for irrigation and for
milling grain since the 7th century AD in what is now Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan.
The same kind of horizontal-axis windmills appeared in Western Europe in the present
Netherlands in the 11th century. The Dutch refined the windmill into a tower design
and adapted it for draining lakes and marshes in the Rhine River Delta. This
technology was the forerunner for windmills used in the late 19th century, when
people began using windmills to pump water for farms, and later, to generate
electricity for homes and industry. The first known electricity generating windmill
was a battery charging machine installed in 1887 in Scotland. The next year the first
windmill for electricity production was built in the United States.
In the United States, Charles F. Brush produced electricity using a wind
powered machine, starting in the winter of 1887-1888, which powered his home and
laboratory until about 1900. In the 1890s, the Danish scientist and inventor Poul la
Cour constructed wind turbines to generate electricity, which was then used to
produce hydrogen. Small wind turbines for lighting of isolated rural buildings were
widespread in the first part of the 20th century. Larger units intended for connection to
a distribution network were tried at several locations including Balaklava USSR in
1931 and in a 1.25 megawatt (MW) experimental unit in Vermont in 1941.The
modern wind power industry began in 1979 with the serial production of wind
turbines by Danish manufacturers Kuriant, Vestas, Nordtank, and Bonus. These early
turbines were small by today's standards, with capacities of 20–30 kW each. Since
then, they have increased greatly in size.

The concept for “large-scale offshore floating wind turbines was introduced by
Professor William E. Heronemus at the University of Massachusetts in 1972. It was
not until the mid-1990’s, after the commercial wind industry was well established, that
the topic was taken up again by the mainstream research community”. As of 2003,
existing offshore fixed-bottom wind turbine technology deployments had been limited
to water depths of 30-meters. Worldwide deep-water wind resources are extremely

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abundant in subsea areas with depths up to 600 meters, which are thought to best
facilitate transmission of the generated electric power to shore communities. As of
2009, there have been only two operational floating wind turbines used to farm wind
energy over deep-water.

Blue H deployed the first floating wind turbine 113 kilometres off the coast of
Italy in December, 2007. It was then decommissioned at the end of 2008 after
completing a planned test year of gathering operational data. The first large-capacity,
2.3 megawatt floating wind turbine is Hywind, which became operational in the North
Sea off of Norway in September 2009,and is still operational as of October 2010.

The Blue H technology utilizes a tension-leg platform design and a two-bladed

turbine. The two-bladed design can have a “much larger chord, which allows a higher
tip speed than those of three-blade’s. The resulting increased background noise of the
two-blade rotor is not a limiting factor for offshore sites”.

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Engineering Consideration
Undersea mooring of floating wind turbines are accomplished with three principal
mooring systems. Two common types of engineered design for anchoring floating
structures include tension-leg and catenary loose mooring systems. Tension leg
mooring systems have vertical tethers under tension providing large
restoring moments in pitch and roll. Catenary mooring systems provide station
keeping for an offshore structure yet provide little stiffness at low tensions". A third
form of mooring system is the ballasted catenary configuration, created by adding
multiple-tonne weights hanging from the midsection of each anchor cable in order to
provide additional cable tension and therefore increase stiffness of the above-water
floating structure.

Advantages Disadvantages

Vertical Anchor • Inherent platform • Expensive anchors

Mooring(Tension-Leg stability • May not work in water
Platforms, taut-leg • Minimal wave loading
depths less than 50 m.
moorings)
• Simplified dynamics

Catenary Mooring Systems • Low-cost anchors • Ballast required for

• May be deployed in stability

shallow water. • Large amount of
structure at surface

• Complex dynamics,

platform motion.

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1) Ballast: Platforms that achieve stability by using ballast weights hung below a
central buoyancy tank which creates a righting moment and high inertial
resistance to pitch and roll and usually enough draft to offset heave motion.
Spar-buoys like the one shown in Figure apply this strategy to achieve
stability.
2) Mooring Lines: Platforms that achieve stability through the use for mooring
line tension. The tension leg platform (TLP), like the one shown in the centre
of Figure, relies on mooring line tension for righting stability
3) Buoyancy: Platforms that achieve stability through the use distributed
buoyancy, taking advantage of weighted water plane area for righting moment.
This is the principle used in a barge shown in Figure.

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Components of the system

Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) is device that converts energy from the wind into
electricity. A Wind Turbine Generator is one of the cleanest modes of generating
electricity. The fuel it relies on is the energy from the wind, which is abundantly
available and inexhaustible.

The Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) can be roughly divided into 3 parts: The
Tower, The Nacelle and The Rotor

1. The Tower: The structure of the WTG tower can be of two types- the lattice
type or the conical tubular type. The lattice tower is made of steel shaped into
a lattice structure. The tubular tower is again made of steel and slightly
conical in shape with a broader base which gets narrower with height. The
height of the tower is optimized such that it would enable the blades to
capture maximum amount of energy from the wind and hence generate more
electricity.

2. The Nacelle: This part of the WTG holds the Gear- Box, the Generator,
the Control System, the Brake, the Yawing System, the Cooling System, the
Anemometer and the Wind Vane.

 The Gear –Box is connected to the hub and rotor. The gears help attain the
required rotations per minute for electricity generation.
 The gear box is connected to the Generator. The movement of the gear sets the
generator coils in motion and helps produces electricity.
 The Control System monitors the functioning of the WTG. It is made of computers
that examine the proper functioning of each part of the WTG.
 The Brakes fall into place to control the motion of the gear box, and in turn, the
generator.
 The Yawing System ensures that the WTG is always facing the wind. It is the
yawing motor coupled with the yaw bearings which turns the nacelle to face the
direction of the wind to generate electricity.
 The Cooling System ensures that the generator does not get overly heated.

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 The Anemometer measures the wind speed and sends the data to the control
system which initiates or prevents the functioning of the machine based on the
wind speed data received.
 Wind vane collects data on the direction of the wind. This data is then sent to the
control system which ensures that the machine is yawed in the direction of the
wind.

3. The Rotor: The rotating part of the WTG which includes the Blades and the
Hub are together called the rotor. The blades are aerodynamically designed to
capture the wind. The pitching system of the blades exposes the blades
adequately to the winds and sets them in motion or stops them in case of
excessive wind speeds.

Installation

A site to install a wind turbine is selected after a careful study of the terrain, the wind
condition and the overall climatic conditions of the geographical location.

A foundation is laid at the selected site to facilitate the installation of the WTG.
This foundation has to be strong to withhold, in case of heavy winds so as to reduce
vibration. Provisions are also made to conduct lightening so that the WTG does not
get affected. The nacelle, the rotor and the tower are transported to this site for the
installation process.

The tower is erected on the foundation. The height of the tower is specified as
per the design of the machine being used, the terrain on which the machine is installed
and the wind conditions prevailing in the area. The nacelle is subsequently placed on
the tower.

The rotor is assembled and attached to the nacelle. Sometimes the hub is
attached to the nacelle following which the blades are attached one by one to the hub
instead of assembling the entire hub and rotor and attaching it to the nacelle.

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After the WTG is completely assembled and ready, it is connected to the grid
so that the electricity generated can be supplied for transmission and distribution.

Function

The anemometer and the wind vane send in the wind velocity and wind direction data
to the control system which yaw the nacelle against the wind.

The blades of the WTG are so designed that once they are pitched in, they
capture the wind and are set in motion when wind speeds adequate to generate power
exist. The blades are set in motion and they in turn rotate the shaft which is connected
to the gear box. The gears speed up the motion attained from the rotor. The function of
the gear is to increase the speed so that the rotations per minute required to generate
electricity is reached

The rotational motion of the gear is then translated to the generator by means of
another shaft. This motion induces an electro motive force or voltage within the
generator. The voltage thus generated is then fed into the Power Electronic Circuit for
stabilization. The power generated from the turbine is stepped up by a transformer
placed at the bottom of the tower and is connected to the external grid which feeds it
for transmission and distribution

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1. The wind blows on the blades and makes them rotate.

2. The blades turn the shaft inside the nacelle (the box at the top of the turbine)
3. The shaft goes into a gearbox which increases the rotation speed enough for
generating emf.
4. The generator, which uses magnetic fields to convert the rotational energy into
electrical energy. These are similar to those found in normal power stations.
5. The power output goes to a transformer, which steps up the electric power coming
out of the generator.
6. The national grid transmits the power around the country.

Instruments to measure the wind speed and direction are fitted on top of the
nacelle. When the wind changes direction motors turn the nacelle, and the blades
along with it, around to face the wind. The nacelle is also fitted with brakes, so that
the turbine can be switched off in very high winds, like during storms. This prevents
the turbine being damaged.

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Hywind’s floating Wind Turbine

The world's first operational deep-water floating large-capacity wind turbine is the
Hywind, in the North Sea off of Norway. The Hywind was towed out to sea in early
June 2009. The 2.3 megawatt turbine was constructed by Siemens Wind Power and
mounted on a floating tower with a 100 metre deep draft. The float tower was
constructed by Technip.
The installation is owned by Statoil and will be tested for two years. After
assembly in the calmer waters of Åmøy Fjord near Stavanger, Norway, the 120-meter-
tall tower with a 2.3 MW turbine was towed 10 km offshore into 220-meter-deep
water, 10 km southwest of Karmøy, on 6 June 2009 for a two year test deployment.
The experiment should help move offshore wind farms out of sight. The global market
for such turbines is potentially enormous, depending on how low we can press
costs. The unit became operational in the summer of 2009. Hywind was inaugurated
on 8 September 2009. As of October 2010, after a full year of operation, the Hywind
turbine is still operating and generating electricity for the Norwegian grid, and still is
as of February 2011.
The turbine cost 400 million kroner (around US$62 million) to build and
deploy. The 13-kilometer (8-mile) long submarine power transmission cable was
installed in July, 2009 and system test including rotor blades and initial power
transmission was conducted shortly thereafter. The installation is expected to generate
about 9 GWh of electricity annually. The SWATH (Small Waterplane Area Twin
Hull), a new class of offshore wind turbine service boat, will be tested at Hywind.

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Hywind delivered 7.3 GWh in 2010, and survived 11 meter waves with seemingly no
wear.

A single floating cylindrical spar buoy moored by catenary cables. Hywind uses a
ballasted catenary layout that adds 60 tonne weights hanging from the midpoint of
each anchor cable to provide additional tension.

The most interesting aspects of the turbine can be found in the depths of the
sea, where a 100m long steel cylinder weighing 3,000 tonnes thanks to its ballast of
water and rocks is anchored to the sea-bed with mooring lines that can hold the
structure at depths of up to 700m.

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Some interesting features of the Hywind floating wind turbine are:

 Wind turbine
 Capacity: SWT- 2.3 MW, built by Siemens
 Weight of turbine: 138 tonnes
 Turbine height: 65 metres
 Rotor diameter: 82.4 metres
 Floatation element and offshore installation
 Built by Technip
 Consists of a steel floater filled with ballast
 Floatation element’s draught below sea surface: 100 metres
 Diameter of floatation element: 8.3 metres
 Cable laying offshore by Nexans and onshore by Haugaland Kraft.
 Total weight: 5300 tonnes.
 Diameter at sea surface: 6 metres.
 No. of anchor moorings: 3
 Location: located approximately 12 km south east of Karmøy in Norway at a
water depth of about 220 metres.
 StatoilHydro and Siemens have jointly developed a special control system to
control the movement of the floating structure, specially to dampen out part of
the wave-induced motions of the floating system.

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Hexicon floating wind platform

The Hexicon Company has eminently come up with a floating platform that can
accommodate six or seven large turbines to generate up to 40MW of renewable
power. The structure will feature a control-centre platform, used for regulating the
turbines. The system, can generate electricity at the same cost per MW as
conventional offshore wind farms.The platform can be built onshore and then
modulated on site. In a unique move, if more energy is needed from the platform, it
can also accommodate wave-power installations.

Hexicon’s concept can operate for 50-60 years without much need for
maintenance. Moreover, the wind turbines installed in the system can be replaced as
more efficient models are made available.

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Below are descriptions to each of the numbers inside the above image:

1. FMS patented hull system, including protective outermost layer of fibre glass.
2. Node ballast system.
3. On-board crane handles hoisting and lowering of outdoor equipment.
4. Patented tension mooring system Seaflex (no anchor chains).
5. Centralized swivel system enabling the entire platform to automatically align with
the wind while moored.
6. Electric feeder cable and hook-ups, including substation, are located above water
and included within the swivel wheel arrangement.
7. Brand name horizontal wind power turbines installed on each node.
8. Docking and service facilities located at rear of platform, including heliport
designated area.
9. 24 - 7 - 365 management, surveillance and lodging area.
10. Azipod propulsion units for transport as well as positioning purposes.
11. Gravity anchor system - concrete and/or granite.

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Wind farms are only feasibly installed in shallow water, there is a concern about
underwater soil erosion and disruption of marine life, and the maintenance costs of
a large windmill anchored to bedrock well below the water's surface are quite pricey.
Hexicon's buoyant solution seems to tick off all of these boxes.

They’ve solved all of these problems with their adaptable, floating offshore
wind and wave generation platform.The platform is designed to deal with extreme
conditions by redirecting waves through a special design in its hull that uses the
water’s force to keep the platform stable. It can be equipped with up to
seven windmills and seven underwater wave generators. They’ve constructed the
windmill attachments to be easily switched out for newer technology as it becomes
available. The cost of the platform is the same as other off-shore wind farms but it
decreases maintenance costs in the future by keeping the entire structure above water.
The designers say the platform will be functional for up to 60 years. Conventional
wind farms need to be anchored deep in the bedrock under the ocean. The cost of
building the windmills increases as the depth of the ocean increases and the

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installation process negatively impacts marine life around it. There are also concerns
that drilling into the ocean’s shelf could cause underwater soil erosion.

An anchoring method lets the platform always face the wind. In case of
hurricane-force winds or ice buildup, the platform can be lowered or raised with
ballast. This means locations with active ocean currents or tidal currents, such as the
Gulfsteam, can also provide a constant source of power.

Floating Wind Turbine Attributes

 Water depths of 30 – 1000 m

 5-MW Wind Turbine: 1 GW Floating Wind Farm (200 Units)
 Flexible installation process
 Full Assembly at a Coastal Facility
 Ballasted Mini TLPs, Spar Buoys and Hybrids
 Floater Size Independent of Water Depth
 Tow Stably Floating Units Offshore
 moveable for Major Maintenance
 Conventional and Synthetic Catenaries
 Gravity anchors for tethers & mooring lines
 Attractive Economic and Financial Attributes

Floating Wind Farm Financial Attributes

 Interconnection Costs ~ 15-20% of Capital Costs

 AC Subsea Cables for up to 120 km. HVDC technology- no distance limits
 At $50/ton of CO2 – Emissions Credit ~ 5 cents/KWh
 Breakeven Cost per Floating Unit: $ 15M; 1GW windfarm: $3B

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Advantages of Floating Offshore Wind Farms

 Wind a Rapidly Growing, Free, Inexhaustible, Environment Friendly, Cost

Effective Energy Source, Vast Offshore Wind Resources with Higher and
Steadier Wind Speeds
 Over 75% of Worldwide Power Demand From Coastal Areas
 Power Increases with Cube of Wind Speed ~ 50% Higher Offshore
 Lower Offshore Wind Turbulence – Longer Farm Life ~ 25-30 Years
 Connection to Electric Grid by Sub Sea AC or HVDC Cables is not so
expensive
 Experience of Oil Industry Essential for the Development of Safe and Cost
Effective Spar, TLP and Hybrid Wind Turbine Floaters
 Wind power generation is the cheapest methods to reduce carbon emissions
 Eliminates visual pollution

Limitations of Floating Offshore Wind farms

 The cost of laying foundations & installations are easier & cheaper Onshore

 As the power transfer to Onshore is achieved using undersea cables, it

increases the integration cost with the electrical grid

 The blades of wind turbines can hit birds who attempt to fly between them.

 They cannot be operated beyond the range of operation

 They can be damaged in thunderstorms, partially because of their tall, thin

shape.

 Operation and maintenance of offshore wind farms is more difficult

 During harsh winter conditions, a complete wind farm may be inaccessible for
a number of days due to sea, wind and visibility conditions.

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Conclusion

The depletion of fossil fuels & global warming has invoked renewable revolution in
the global aspect. The importance & dependence on renewable energy has rapidly
increased. With many complications towards floating concept previously, now most of
the companies are shifting to offshore concepts of wind energy harvesting. The main
reason for this is the availability of wind, offshore than on land. Floating platforms for
wind turbines have been proposed for many years but recently the technology has
matured enough to overcome the technical challenges required to design successful
machines. The offshore system was needed to be permanently fixed to the ocean bed,
due to this reason the windmills were situated very near to the shore at depths of
around 30m. This introduced the concept of floating windmills; these can be located
miles away from shore even where the depth of water is nearly 1000m.

Floating windmills exhibit better operation and output than conventional

windmills due to its location. The installation process has also evolved over a period
of time, as various techniques are already available from the traditional Oil extraction
reservoirs. Oil reservoirs have been established many decades before, the study of
installation of these have vastly helped in development in offshore industry. These
windmills situated in mid sea can not only utilize wind but also wave energy to
generate power, this makes the process highly efficient. These systems could be
deployed in a wide range of site conditions including high wind sites located further
offshore in deep water, ultimately leading to the lowest cost offshore turbines.

There have already been windmills afloat in mid sea deployed by companies
like Blue-H technologies & Hywind. Hywind developed the world's first operational
deep-water floating large-capacity wind turbine in the North Sea off of Norway. Due
to these developments many companies have started taking an active participation in
developing a green future.

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