INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION

2. WHAT IS QUALITY MANAGEMENT?

3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL

4. APPLICATION OF QA-QC THROUGHOUT THE DEVELOPMENT

PROCESS FOR RESOURCE ESTIMATION

4.1 QUALITY CONTROL IN DRILLING

4.2 QA-QC SAMPLING

4.3 QA-QC GEOLOGY

4.4 QUALITY LABORATORY

4.5 QA-QC GRADE

4.6 QA-QC DATABASE

4.7 QA-QC MODELING

4.8 QA-QC ESTIMATION OF RESOURCES

5. CONCLUSIONS

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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1. INTRODUCTION

Two terms that have many interpretations because of the multiple definitions for the
words assurance and control…. One definition of quality assurance is: all the planned and
systematic activities implemented within the quality system that can be demonstrated to
provide confidence that a product or service will fulfill requirements for quality. One
definition for quality control is: the operational techniques and activities used to fulfill
requirements for quality. Often, however, “quality assurance” and “quality control” are
used interchangeably, referring to the actions performed to ensure the quality of a product,
service or process.

2. WHAT IS QUALITY MANAGEMENT?

Quality has been defined as fitness for use, conformance to requirements, and the pursuit of
excellence. Even though the concept of quality has existed from early times, the study and
definition of quality have been given prominence only in the last century.

1920s: quality control. Following the Industrial Revolution and the rise of mass
production, it became important to better define and control the quality of products.
Originally, the goal of quality was to ensure that engineering requirements were met in
final products. Later, as manufacturing processes became more complex, quality developed
into a discipline for controlling process variation as a means of producing quality products.

1950s: quality assurance and auditing. The quality profession expanded to include the
quality assurance and quality audit functions. The drivers of independent verification of
quality were primarily industries in which public health and safety were paramount.

1980s: total quality management (TQM). Businesses realized that quality wasn’t just the
domain of products and manufacturing processes, and total quality management (TQM)
principles were developed to include all processes in a company, including management
functions and service sectors.

Quality management today. There have been many interpretations of what quality is,
beyond the dictionary definition of “general goodness.” Other terms describing quality
include reduction of variation, value-added, and conformance to specifications.

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ISO 9000:2015: Quality management systems—Fundamentals and vocabulary defines

quality as the “degree to which a set of inherent characteristics of
an object fulfills requirements.” Simply stated, quality is meeting customer requirements.

A system of quality management includes all activities of the overall management function
that determine the quality policy, objectives, and responsibilities and their implementation.
As ISO 9000 explains, a management system provides the means of establishing a policy
and objectives and the means to achieve those objectives.

3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL

Quality assurance and quality control are two aspects of quality management. While some
quality assurance and quality control activities are interrelated, the two are defined
differently.

Quality assurance consists of that “part of quality management focused on providing

confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled.” The confidence provided by quality
assurance is twofold—internally to management and externally to customers, government
agencies, regulators, certifiers, and third parties.

Quality control is that “part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality

requirements.”

While quality assurance relates to how a process is performed or how a product is made,
quality control is more the inspection aspect of quality management.

Inspection is the process of measuring, examining, and testing to gauge one or more
characteristics of a product or service and the comparison of these with specified
requirements to determine conformity. Products, processes, and various other results can be
inspected to make sure that the object coming off a production line, or the service being
provided, is correct and meets specifications.

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4. APPLICATION OF QA-QC THROUGHOUT THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

FOR RESOURCE ESTIMATION

QAQC Resource estimate

QAQC Modeling

QAQC Database

QAQC Grades

QAQC Laboratory (phisical)

QAQC Geology

QAQC Sampling

QAQC Drilling

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4.1 QUALITY CONTROL IN DRILLING

STAGE ACTIVITY QUALITY CONTROL

 Validation of  validate objective
recommendations  Categorize geological
Drilling program
 Build platforms continuity
(recommendations)
 recognize exploration
target
 Pose recommendation in the  Use of topographical
field instruments
Physical stakeout of  Trace course with geodesy  Calibration of
terrain instruments
 Personal Training
Equipment  Measurement of heading and  Installation by operator
installation inclination with topography  Checking and validation
by external topographic
equipment
Drilling  Drilling Rc  Control of design
 Drilling DDH parameters
- Sample recovery
- survey

4.2 QA-QC SAMPLING

SUMMARY OF SAMPLING ERRORS

Sampling protocol Fundamental error
optimization.
Segregation and
Small- grouping error
Implementation of Contamination
scale Bounding error
the sampling Losses
varivility protocol. Extraction error
Disturbance
Preparation errors Humans
Interpretation error In time
Large-
scale Weighting error In space
varivility
Periodical error

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4.3 QA-QC GEOLOGY

STAGE ACTIVITY QUALITY CONTROL

Checking, application of geotechnical Mapping
Geotechnical FF procedure.
mapping Checking, application of geotechnical quality
procedure.
 Cross validation (banks, surface)
RQD  Survey by third parties.
 Discussion of lifting by team.
 Application of the survey validated by equipment to
(Lifting the Estr. and Geot. model.
records PLT  Mapping model management in the model.
of…) Report generation
Geological Litology Check, application of mapping procedures (lithology,
mapping alteration, mineral zones, structure).
Check, application of quality procedures (lithology,
Alteration alteration, mineral zones, structures).
 Validations in the field with the team
(Lifting  (Cross validation banks, surface, PT) lifting by
records Mineral third parties
of…) Zone  Discussion of lifting by team
 Application of the survey validated by equipment
to the model.
 Mapping model management in the model.
Estructure Report generation

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4.4 QA-QC LABORATORY

STAGE ACTIVITY QUALITY CONTROL

Protocols Sample crushing  Duplicate terrain (≤ 30%
Preparation error)
(production of analytically  Thick blanks (≤ 3-5 times
homogeneous sub- LD)
samples)  Granulometric check
Protocols Spraying samples
Preparation  Duplicate of thickness (≤
(production of analytically 20% error)
homogeneous sub-  Granulometric check
samples)

Protocols Insertion of  Estándar

Analysis internal controls  Duplicates

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4.5 QA-QC GRADE

STAGE ACTIVITY QUALITY COTROL

Standard control Selection of Generation of standard graphics
(in situ or standard (accuracy).
comercial) samples, within • Control graphics with mean and
It is measured the batch of confidence limits.
based on the results • Cumulative sum graphics versus time.
value of the bias • Results and analysis graphics versus
time.
• Generation of duplicate graphics
(precision).
Duplicate Generation of duplicate graphics
control (pulp) Selection of (precision).
It must not exceed grade samples, • Basic statistics.
more than 10% duplicated • Scatter clouds.
error within the batch • Quantile vs. quantile graphics (q-q plot)
of results. • Regression.
• Media comparison test: Student's T.
• Calculation of relative variance between
pairs.
• Total relative error% calculation.
• Calculation of absolute relative
difference between pairs.
• Calculation of relative differences.
White control Selection of Generation of white graphics (pollution)
(fine) grade samples, • grade graphs vs. sample number
they should not white, within the • Graph law vs. number of previous
exceed more than batch of results. simple.
3-5 times DL.
Selection of 5 - Generation of duplicate graphics
External check 10% analysis • Basic statistics.
• Scatter clouds.
• Quantile vs. quantile graphics (q-q plot)
• Regression.

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4.6 QA-QC DATABASE

QUALITY
STAGE ACTIVITY (checking of….)
CONTROL
Drillings Original data vs database. Change of database
recommendations. according to
original signed
record
Survey topographic Original data (2-3 contractors) vs Change of database
coordinate database. according to
certificate original signed
record
Regularization Original data (Recovery, FF, angles) Change of database
report vs database. according to
original signed
record
Contractor report Original data vs database. Change of database
according to
original signed
record
Drill report Original data vs database. Change of database
according to
original signed
record
Certificate of Original data (Dip> 0 and azimuth Change of database
deviations between 0 - 360 °, check which according to
catheters with survey have collar) vs original signed
database (at least 10% duplicates) record
Certificate of Original data (Limits of detection that Change of database
geochemical the FROM is not equal to the TO, according to
analysis check reported minimum values is original signed
adjusted to LD) vs database. record
Geological and Original worksheets delivered by the Change of database
geotechnical geologist (drilling funds, FROM-TO, according to
logging geoscodes, RQD recoveries) vs original signed
database record
Density certificates Original data vs database. Change of database
according to
original signed
record

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4.7 QA-QC MODELING

Generating conceptual geological

model

4.8 QA-QC ESTIMATION OF RESOURCES

Sources of information for resource estimation

• Topographic data (surface, collars, deviation)

• Geophysical data (aerial and terrestrial methods, carotaje)
• Geological mapping (surface, mining works)
• Logging (drilling, trenches, mining works)
• Sampling (drilling, trenches, mining works)
• Laboratory analysis (laws, density)

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5. CONCLUSIONS

 The Quality Control program consists in the systematic insertion of control samples
in the batches sent to the laboratory.
 It is important to insist that the various elements evaluated during Quality Control
are independent of each other. Each type of control sample has a special purpose,
and the exclusion of a particular type of control sample cannot be supplemented by
the inclusion of another type of sample.
 Every company, production unit, project or prospect of exploration must have a
Sampling Protocol (SP) duly approved and disseminated.
 The sampling teams are adjusted to the best and most qualified human resources
and implement training programs.

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

 http://asq.org/learn-about-quality/quality-assurance-quality-
control/overview/overview.html
 https://www.diffen.com/difference/Quality_Assurance_vs_Quality_Control
 http://www.novanotio.es/diferencias-entre-garantia-de-calidad-qa-y-control-de-
calidad-qc/

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