CORRELATION BETWEEN PARENT’S LEVEL OF

KNOWLEDGE AND HEARING IMPAIRMENT IN

CHILDREN AT Dr. HASAN SADIKIN GENERAL
HOSPITAL BANDUNG

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for a Bachelor Degree

at The Faculty of Medicine
Universitas Padjadjaran

FEBIOLA RATNA DEWI

130110120116

UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
BANDUNG
2015
Correlation between Parents’ Level of Knowledge and Hearing Impairment
in Children at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital

Febiola Ratna Dewi , Yussy Afriani Dewi , Henni Djuhaeni

1 2 3

Fakultas Kedokteran, Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan THT-KL, Departemen Ilmu

1 2 3

Kesehatan Masyarakat
Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Padjadjaran/Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Hasan
Sadikin
Bandung, Indonesia

1. Febiola Ratna Dewi

Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran
Jalan Raya Bandung–Sumedang Km. 21
Jatinangor, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
Telepon: +6289012684
Email: febiindut@gmail.com
2. Yussy Afriani Dewi, dr., SpTHT-KL(K)., M.Kes, FICS
Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Dr. Hasan Sadikin General
Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran
Bandung 40161, Indonesia
Jalan Pasteur No. 38
Telepon: +628112272773
Email: yussyad@yahoo.com
3. Dr. Henni Djuhaeni, dr., MARS
Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran,
Bandung 40161, Indonesia
Jalan Prof. Eijkman No. 38
Telepon: +62811228067
Email: hennidjuhaeni@yahoo.com
Correlation between Parents’ Level of Knowledge and Hearing Impairment
in Children at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital

Febiola Ratna Dewi , Yussy Afriani Dewi , Henni Djuhaeni

1 2 3

Fakultas Kedokteran, Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan THT-KL, Departemen Ilmu

1 2 3

Kesehatan Masyarakat
Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Padjadjaran/Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Hasan
Sadikin
Bandung, Indonesia

Abstract

Background: Hearing impairment is the inability (partial or total) to perceive

sound at one or both ears. It is often neglected as the symptoms are usually
nonspecific. Low level of parents’ knowledge in hearing impairment causes
prevalent hearing impairment in West Java. Therefore, this research is conducted
to discover the relationship between level of parents’ knowledge and hearing
impairment in children at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital.
Method: This comparative analytical study was carried out using cross-sectional
study design for 64 parents who visited Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck
Surgery Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital from October to December 2015.
Questionnaire about knowledge on hearing impairment in children was used as the
instrument for this study. Results was further statistically analyzed by chi-square to
discover the correlation between two variables.
Result: The result showed insignificant correlation between parents' level of
knowledge and presence of hearing impairment in children (p = 0.627) with r =
0,194. This result showed that correlation between parents’ knowledge with hearing
impairment in children was very weak.
Conclusion: There is no correlation between parents’ knowledge and hearing
impairment in children.

Key Words: Hearing Impairment; Knowledge; Parent

Introduction

Hearing impairment is the inability (partial or total) to perceive sound at one

or both ears.1 Hearing impairment in children are often insidious.2-4 Based on

Indonesia Ministry of Health Decree number 879/Menkes/SK/XI/2006, the

prevalence of hearing impairment in Indonesia is 4.2% with more than half of it

(2.6%) represents hearing impairment in children.5

More concern in regard to this condition is needed as the overall child’s

development especially speech is very dependent on hearing function that is crucial

in early age.2-4 Furthermore, ear as hearing organ hold an essential role in social

interaction as speech and language is the most notable component in

communication.2,4,6

Parents are usually insensitive to slow response and delayed development

in children which are actually one of the sign of hearing impairment. Most of

parents think that slow response or delayed development are only natural to happen

or may be caused by anatomical defect (particularly vocal cord or oral cavity)

instead of hearing impairment. This condition could be affected by many factors,

such as parent’s health, environmental, and also parents’ personal factor2-4,6

Early identification of hearing impairment in children should be enhanced

by all that take responsibility especially healthcare worker or parent to prevent

complication that might cause incapability to adapt and communicate by children

in community and also hearing impairment management to improve children’s

quality of life.5,6 In connection with that condition, this research was conducted to

know the correlation between parents’ level of knowledge and hearing impairment

in children.
Methods

This comparative analytical study applied cross-sectional study design to

be carried out. Variables in this study were incidence of hearing impairment as

dependent variable, parents’ personal information and parents’ level of knowledge

is the independent variable.

Data collection involved pediatric patients who attended Hearing and

Speech Impairment Polyclinic part Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery

Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital and assessed for hearing function with

Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry (BERA). Those with hearing impairment

were regarded as cases while those without hearing impairment were regarded as

control.7 The two groups will further interviewed using modified Kuesioner

Praskrining Perkembangan (KPSP) Anak which was already validated and checked

for its reliability.8-9

The minimum sample size of 32 cases and 32 control were achieved by

unpaired categorical comparative analysis with Z score 1.96, Zβ score 0.84, P1 =

0,25 and P2 = 0,22. Sample selection was done with consecutive sampling applied

for pediatric patients’ parent who attended Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck

Surgery Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital from October to December 2015.

Patients’ parent who did not consent to be interviewed were excluded.

As the two variables in this study are categorical data, chi square was used

to evaluate existing relationship between parents’ level of knowledge and hearing

impairment in children. Significant relationship is represented by p value < 0.05.10

Result

Out of 67 subjects collected initially, 3 subjects were excluded for not giving

consent to be interviewed. At last, 32 subjects were recruited as cases and the other

32 as control.

Table 1 Subjects’ characteristics

Characteristics Chiild hearing impairment Total p-value
No Yes
Parent’s age
20-29 years 22 (53,7%) 19 (46,3%) 41 (100%) 0,081*
30-39 years 7 (35%) 13 (65%) 20 (100%)
40-49 years 3 (100%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%)
Parent’s gender
Male 8 (53,3%) 7 (46,7%) 15 (100%)
Female 24 (49%) 25 (51%) 49 (100%) 0,768*
Parent’s education background

Elementary school 0 (0%) 2 (100%) 2 (100%)

Junior High school 11 (52,4%) 10 (47,6%) 21 (100%) 0,087*
Senior high school 16 (50%) 16 (50%) 32 (100%)
College 5 (55,6%) 4 (44,4%) 9 (100%)
Occupational status
Yes 14 (41,2%) 20 (58,8%) 34 (100%) 0,113*
No 18 (60%) 12 (40%) 30 (100%)
* p-value from Chi Square test

According to table 1, there are no notable difference in the incidence of

pediatric hearing impairment at all of parent’s characteristic based on p value that

showed more than 0,05. Then parent’s gender is the most insignificant association

that showed on table 1.

Table 2 Correlation between parent’s knowledge and Child hearing impairment
Knowledge Child hearing impairment Total p-value r** Category
No Yes
Poor 15 (62,5%) 9 (37,5%) 24 (100%) 0,627 0,194 Very low
Medium 14 (43,8%) 18 (56,3%) 32 (100%)
Good 3 (37,5%) 5 (62,5%) 8 (100%)
Total 32 (50%) 32 (50%) 64 (100%)
*p-value from Chi Square test
**correlation coefficient using pearson’s rho

The difference of hearing impairment incidence in children for each parents'

level of knowledge showed insignificant differences. This may be resulted from

insignificant correlation represented by p value of 0.627 from chi square analysis

and pearson’s rho 0,194.

Discussion

The overall results of this study showed insignificantly association

correlation between each variables evaluated. Table 1 showed p value >0,05. This

value shows the same result as Harison et.al which stated that there was no

correlation between these two variables.11 Despite no reliable theoretical based

regarding this results, it is assumed that the difference in age and maturity in each

parents contribute to the insignificant association between parents’ age group and

hearing impairment in children.

In parent’s gender’s case, it’s shown that there’s no significant correlation

between the variable and incidence of children hearing impairment as proven by p-

value > 0,05. However, no previous result can be used as a comparison since no

research regarding correlation between these variables has been made. This result

possibly caused by parent’s gender’s not determined awareness and capability of

parenting by parents.
 Comparing parent’s educational status showed no significant correlation

with incidence of hearing impairment as shown by p > 0,05 from Table 1. This

finding contradicts research conducted by Watkin et al in Manchester which shows

correlation between the 2 variables.12 This inconsistency is possibly caused by

lesser number of respondent causing weaker precision. Weak precision indicates

that the research doesn’t cover the condition in population

There was no significant correlation between parent’s occupation and

incidence of children hearing impairment. This result shows similarity with Harison

et.al findings yet contradicts Russ et.al in Australia that said parent’s occupation

correlates with children hearing impairment despite low correlation coefficient.11,13

The finding happens because of difference in definition of variable where this

research uses occupational status without listing job type and work time.

There was no significant correlation between parent’s level of knowledge

and incidence of hearing impairment as shown in table 2. This finding contradicts

research conducted by Erwin in Indonesia which showed that after routinely

delivering knowledge by dividing the subjects into 2 groups incidence of hearing

impairment in children subsided each year 5 years after the stimulation.14 Although

Mellisa et.al stated that the incident of children with hearing impairment raised due

to low level of knowledge by parents’.15This event is probably caused by lack of

respondent enough to reflect the population.

Based on results above, it can be concluded that parent’s knowledge is not

correlated with hearing impairment incidence. Limitation found in this research is

that there was no matching (partial restriction) in selecting subjects which could
have increase efficiency and precision of the research in case group. This was

caused by the nature of this research to be hospital-based so that the minimum

criteria for the respondent is lower. It is suggested that in future researches

regarding hearing impairment to increase the amount of respondent in order to

obtain goon precision and reflect condition in population. Despite the result is

insignificantly associated, improvement for parents’ knowledge of hearing

impairment is required to evade impact of hearing impairment in children and avoid

loss of generation caused by unproductive person with hearing impairment.

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