CLASS

9
Pearson IIT Foundation Series
Mathematics
Seventh Edition

Hints and Explanation

Trishna Knowledge Systems

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M01.indd 2 4/18/2018 3:29:20 PM
 Chapter
Number Systems
1
1.3

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. 25 3
3
17.
1
2. 18. Write exponential form of the given surd.
4
3. 6 a ⋅ b x = (a x b ) x .
1 1

1 19. Convert both the surds in the same order. And

4.
8 then multiply.
5. irrational
20. 3 × 3 3
21
6.
9 21. 52/3 − 1 + 5−2/3
7. conjugate
22. Do prime factorization.
8. similar
23. Do prime factorization.
9. zero
24. Write exponential form of the given surd.
10. −3 − 5
a ⋅ b x = (a x b ) x .
1 1

11. 9
12. rationalizing factor 25. False

13. True
14. Find the smallest RF of the denominator. Multiply
both numerator and denominator with the RF.
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
26. Find the smallest RF of the denominator. Multiply
both numerator and denominator with the RF.
27. False

15. Let the given surd be a. 28. Convert both surds in the same order. And then
divide.
Choose b such that a × b is a rational.
29. Do prime factorization.
16. Convert both the surds in the same order. And
then multiply. 30. 3− 2

Short Answer Type Questions

31. 2+ 3 1
37. Simplify x and by rationalizing the denomina-
32. Use (a ± b)2 = a2 ± 2ab + b2. x
 1
33. Do prime factorization. tor. Then perform  x +  .
 x
34. Write each surd in its simplest form. Apply dis-
38. Compare the reciprocals of given surds. And then
tributive law.
compare given surds.
1
35. Simplify by rationalizing the denominator. And
x 39. Rationalize the denominator of each term by
1 using (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2. And then simplify.
then perform; x + .
x 40. Convert all the surds in the same order.
36. Convert all the surds in the same order. 41. Use (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac.

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 4 Chapter 1

42. Rationalize the denominator of given x. Apply 1

(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2. 45. Simplify , by rationalizing the denominator by
x
43. Rationalize the denominator by using (a + b) using (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2.
(a – b) = a2 – b2. Equate the corresponding parts of  1
both LHS and RHS. Then simplify 2  x +  .

 x
44. Rationalize the denominators by using (a + b)
(a – b) = a2 – b2. Substitute given values.

Essay Type Questions

46. Simplify x and y by rationalizing the denomina-
tors. Substitute x and y values in 5x2 – 7xy – 5y2.
47. Rationalize the denominator by using (a + b)
(a – b) = a2 – b2.
H i n t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n
48. Rationalize the denominator by using (a + b)
(a – b) = a2 – b2.
49. Rationalize the denominator of each term by
using (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2. Substitute 3 value.

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 Chapter
Logarithms
2
Logarithms 5

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. nlogxA 16. −1

2. log3x + 2log3y − 3log3z 17. logam

3. No 18. 0

4. log0.1(0.001) = 3 19. 2; 0.2987

5. 4 20. logam

6. 1 21. 11
8
7. 5 22.
3
8. False 23. 1
9. 3.3010 24. 3
10. 1 25. 2.3222

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
1
11. 26. 2
512
12. 0.6990 27. 0.3371

13. x + y 28. 16.43

14. 1/2 29. 27

15. 32 30. 2

Short Answer Type Questions

32. 4 38. 1.8751

x z1/3 7/2 
41. x = 1280
33. log  8/5 
 y  43. 13.45
36. 1 44. 0.04158
37. 13 45. 478

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 6 Chapter 2

Essay Type Questions

46. 2 49. 3
47. 25 an(n + 1)
50. log n(n + 1)
48. ABCD b 2
H i n t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n

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 Polynomials and Square Chapter
Roots of Algebraic
3
Polynomials and Square Roots of Algebraic Expressions 1.7

Expressions

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. biquadratic 16. a − b
2. 15 17. symmetric
m2 n2
3. False
18. a 2 ⋅ b 2
4. x2 + 10x + 1
19. 20
5. a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
20. Find the factors of each expressions.
6. (x - y)(x + y)(x2 + y2 - xy)(x2 + y2 + xy)
21. Use the property of degree of polynomials.
7. 8x 7 y 2
22. Multiply each term of the first expression with
8. any real number every term of the second expression.
1 23. Apply the formula a3 + b3 or a3 - b3 or a2 - b2 then
9. x +
x find factors.
7 5 24. Find the factors.
10. 4x 2 − x +
2 2 25. Use the condition for a perfect square, then find
11. -288.
the value of ‘a’.

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
12. Find the factors. 26. (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca)
13. Find the LCM and HCF of the given expressions. 27. (a2 + 1)(a + 11)
14. Put x = 2. 28. -461700
1 29. Adding similar exponents.
15. x = .
2 30. 8

Short Answer Type Questions

31. 1, 1
32. a2(b + c)b2(c + a)c2(a + b)
33. 3(a - b)(b - c)(c - a)
34. c2(a2 - b2) + a2(b2 - c2) + b2(c2 - a2)
35. Adding similar exponents.
36. Multiply each term of the first expression with
every term of the second expression.
37. Divide x3 - 11x2 + 36x - 36 with x2 + 2x + 5 then
write quotient and remainder.
38. Using the formula a3 + b3 or a3 - b3 find the factors.
39. Resolve into factors then find LCM and HCF of
the expressions.
40. Apply the properties of LCM and HCF.
41. Apply the remainder theorem.
42. Use the condition for an expression to be a perfect
square.
43. Convert the given expressions in the form of (a +
b)2 or (a - b)2.
44. Simplify the given expression, then find square
root.
45. Resolve into linear factors then find square root.

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 8 Chapter 3

Essay Type Questions

46. Find the factors of the expressions.
47. Find the square root by division method then find
the values p and q.
48. Using the division method find the square root.
H i n t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n
49. Assume the f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
Find f(0), f(1), f(2) and equal to 1, 2, 9 respectively
find a, b, c using the above conditions.
50. Using the formula a2 - b2, a3 - b3 find the factors.

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 Chapter
Linear Equations
4
Linear Equations and Inequations 1.9
and Inequations

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. consistent 16. Disagree
2. dependent 5 −1
17. ,
2 2
3. 6, 2
c −d
4. 3 18.
2
5. 6y 19. No
6. a + b = 0 20. No such pairs exist
7. 7 21. True

8. 3 22. True
23. y = x + 4
9. 40
24. 4x + 3y - 12 ≥ 12
10. True
25. one
11. True
26. False
12. 9 27. inequation

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
13. region that contains (0, 0) 28. x > a
14. {x/x > -1} 29. x = y
15. True 30. x ≤ 2 and y ≥ 2

Short Answer Type Questions

1 37. Let the two numbers be a and b and their succes-
31. Put = p; a - b = q and solve for p and q. Now
a+b sors are a + 1 and b + 1 respectively.
solve for a and b. 38. Make the inequalities with same symbol and add
32. Subtract one equation from the other and obtain a the two inequations.
relation between p and q and substitute the same in
39. Substitute the given points in the inequation and
one of the equations.
check whether the inequality holds good or not.
33. Solve the first two equations and substitute the
values of x and y in the third equation to get the 40. Draw the graphs of the given inequations and then
required proof. recognise the integer solutions.
34. Multiply the first equation by 2 and then subtract 41. Frame the equations and solve.
the equations one from the other. 42. Let the two digit number be 10x + y, where x and
x y are the tens digit and units digit respectively.
35. Let the fraction be and proceed.
x +8 43. Let the number of `2 coins and `5 coins be x and y
36. Frame the equations and solve. respectively. Also, the worth of these coins is 2x + 5y.

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 10 Chapter 4

44. Transpose the term on the RHS to the LHS 45. Recognize the numbers that satisfy the given ine-
A quations and then plot on the graph sheet.
and simplify, apply the rule that < 0 then
B
A > 0, B < 0 (OR) A < 0, B > 0.

Essay Type Questions

46. Let the number of chocolates with Tom be x and
that with Jerry be y. Frame the equations and
solve.
47. Draw the regions satisfying the given inequations
and recognize the common region.
48. Let the two natural numbers be x and y. Now
frame the inequations and solve them using the
graph.
H i n t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n
49. Let the number of questions which were marked
correctly be x. Hence the number of questions
which were marked wrongly is 132 - x.
50. Let the two whole numbers be x and y. Now
frame the inequations and solve them using the
graph.

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 Chapter
Quadratic Expressions
5
Quadratic Expressions and Equations 11
and Equations

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. non-zero real numbers 11. Yes
2. root 12. −1
3. 3
13. real and distinct
4. quadratic
14. 4ac
3
5. 15. Zero
2
6. x2 + x(a + b) + ab = 0 16. Zero
7. (x − 2) 17. ±6
8. real numbers 18. positive
9. 2, −3
19. a + c
−a ± a 2 − 4b
10.
2

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
Short Answer Type Questions
20. → Let ax2 + bx + c be a quadratic expression 24. (i) If ax2 = c (c > 0), i.e., coefficient of x is zero,
→ Then split bx as bx = mx + nx such that (mx) then roots are equal and different in sign
(nx) = ax2c (ii) Equate the coefficient of x in the given equa-
→ Then write four terms as product of two bino- tion to zero.
mials by taking out common factors c
25. As product of roots is 1, = 1.
21. In ax2 + bx + c = 0, a
→ If b2 − 4ac = 0, roots are equal. 26. (i) a + b = p, ab = q
→ If b2 − 4ac > 0, roots are real and distinct. (ii) Sum of the roots of the required equation
→ If b2 − 4ac < 0, roots are imaginary. a b a2 + b2
= + = .
b a ab
22. (i) Substitute f(x) and g(x) in 2 f(x) = 3g(x) to get
a quadratic equation. (iii) Product of the roots of the required equation
a b
(ii) Then factorize the equation. = + = 1.
b a
(iii) If (x − a)(x − b) = 0, then x = {a or b}
 a2 + b2 
23. (i) Put x2 =a (vi) The required equation is x2 −  x + 1
 ab 
(ii) Then reframe the given equation in a. =0
(iii) Factorize the quadratic equation. 27. (i) Let the roots be a and 2b.
(iv) If (a − l )(a − m) = 0, then a = {l or m} (ii) Then write the values of a + 2a and (a) (2a).
(v) Then substitute a in x2 = a. (iii) Then substitute a in 2a2.

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 12 Chapter 5

28. (i) Let the number of students be x. 4 0. (i) The roots are real and unequal if D > 0.
(iii) Solve the quadratic equation for x. (ii) If the roots are real and unequal, then b2 − 4ac
> 0.
29. (i) 2a + 3b = −a 41. (i) If one root is a surd, then the other root is its
(ii) (2a) (3b) = b conjugate.
(ii) If a + b is one root of a quadratic equation,
(iii) The required equation is x2 − (a + b) + ab

=0 then a − b is the other root.
(iii) Now required equation is x2 − x (sum of the

30. First of all write a + b and ab from the given
roots) + product of the roots = 0.
equation.
42. (i) Use the concept of sum and product of the
(i) a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 − 2ab
roots of quadratic equation.
α β α3 + β3 (ii) Assume the roots as 3a and 4a.
(ii) + =
β α αβ (iii) Find the sum of the roots, product of the roots

and eliminate a.
(iii) 1 + 1 = α + β
3 3
43. (i) A quadratic equation has real roots, of D ≥ 0.
α3 β3 (αβ )3
(ii) If the equation have real roots, then b2 − 4ac ≥
a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 − 3(a + b) ab 0.
31. (i) Let the original price be `x. (iii) Find the value of p from the options such that

p2 − 12 ≥ 0.
(ii) Let the number of kgs purchased be y.
44. (i) Use the concept of product of roots of a qua-
(iii) Given xy = 1200 and (x − 1) (y + 5) = 1200
dratic equation.
H i n t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n

(iv) Solve the equations to get x. (ii) Find the product of the roots of the two
equations.
32. Let the polynomial be equal to zero and factorize.
(iii) Equate the products and simplify.

33. x2 − x (sum of roots) + product of roots = 0.
34. Substitute x = −x in the given equation. 45. (i) If a − b + c = 0, then the roots of ax2 + bx + c =
−c
35. Express the given equation in the form of ax2 + bx 0 are −1, .
a
+c=0 (ii) If sum of the odd term coefficients is equal
36. Use the formula for discriminant. to sum of even term coefficients, then −1 is a
root of the equation.
37. Factorize and find x.
(iii) If −1 is a root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,

38. Find (a + b) and ab.
c
then the other root is − .
39. (i)
Simplify the given equation and use the a
formula to find the roots.
9
(ii) Take the LCM and convert the equation into 46. Substitute x = in the given equation to find the
2
the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, then solve. value of p.

Essay Type Questions

47. (i) (x2 + 10x + 21)(x2 + 10x + 24) = 1120 (iii) Then reframe the equation in terms of a.

(ii) Let x2 + 10x = a (iv) Then solve the quadratic equation for a.

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 Quadratic Expressions and Equations 13

(v) Then substitute a in x2 + 10x = a 50. (i) Divide throughout the equation with x2.
(vi) Then solve for x. 1
(ii) Let x − =a
x
48. (i) Put x2 + 3x = a
1
(ii) Then reframe the given equation in terms of a. (iii) Then find x 2 −
in terms of a.
x2
(iii) Factorize the quadratic equation.
(iv) Then reframe the given equation in a.
(iv) Find the solution for a. (v) Then solve it for a.
(v) Then substitute a in x2 + 3x = a 1
(vi) Then substitute a in x − = a.
(vi) Then again solve the above equation. x
49. (i) Taking squares on both the sides until we get a
quadratic equation in x.
(ii) Then solve the quadratic equation
(iii)
Then check whether the given equation
satisfies or not.

H i n t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n

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 Chapter

6 Sets and Relations

1.14 Chapter 1

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Recognize the elements that are in P or in Q and 18. 20

write them in one set.
19. Assign each element of A to every element of B.
2. Recognize the elements that are in P but not in Q
20. Refer the introduction in study material for the
and write them in one set.
properties of relations and check whether each
3. Recognize the elements that are in both P and Q property satisfies or not.
and write them in one set.
21. Refer the introduction given in study material for
4. X = Y tree diagram.
5. ϕ 22. 13
6. ϕ 23. 0
7. True 24. n(A − B) means the number of elements in A but
8. The cardinal number of a set containing n ele- not in B. n(B − A) means the number of elements
ments is 2n. in B but not in A.
9. False 25. n(P) = n(P − Q) + n(P ∩ Q); n(Q) = n(Q − P)+ n(P
10. 12 ∩ Q), Also n(P × Q) = n(P) ⋅ n(Q).
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

11. μ 26. Refer the introduction in study material for the

properties of relations and check whether each
12. P, Q
property satisfies or not.
13. Number of non-empty proper subsets of a set con-
27. Write all the ordered pairs in which its x coordi-
taining n elements in 2n − 2.
nates is equal to y coordinates.
14. Given 2n − 2 = 510, find n.
29. Write the ordered pairs of R from P to Q in which
15. ϕ their y-coordinates are twice the x-coordinates.
16. 10000 30. Recall that n(X ∩ Y ′) = n(X − Y) and also n(X
17. 0 × Y) = n(X) n(Y).

Short Answer Type Questions

31. (A ∪ B)′ = μ − (A ∪ B). 38. n ≤ 3.

32. (A ∪ B ∪ C)′ = μ − (A ∪ B ∪ C).
33. Substitute the given values in n(x ∪ y) = n(x − y) +
n(y − x) + n(x ∩ y) and find a.
34. disjoint.
35. 20
36. Use, n(P ′ ∩ Q) = n(Q − P).
37. Given n(D) = 70, n(T) = 120, n(D ∪ T) = 170.
Find n(D − T).
39. (i) P = {0}
(ii) S = {1, 13}
40. Identify the relation between the two coordinates
of every ordered pair in the given relation and rep-
resent in set builder form.
41. Refer the introduction in study material for the
properties of relations and check whether each
property satisfies or not.

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42. Refer the introduction in study material for the
properties of relations and check whether each
property satisfies or not.
43. Given n(S − H) = 20, n(S ∩ H) = 17, n(S ∪ H) =
50, Find n(H − S) using n(H - S) = n(S ∪ H) - n(S
- H) - n(S ∩ H).
Essay Type Questions
46. (i) Atleast two = Exactly 2 + Exactly 3
(ii) Atmost two = None + Exactly 1 + Exactly 2
(iii) Atleast three = Exactly 3
(iv) Atmost three = None + Exactly 1 + Exactly 2
+ Exactly 3
(v) Atleast one = Exactly 1 + Exactly 2 + Exactly 3
(vi) Atmost one = None + Exactly 1
47. Refer the introduction in study material for the
properties of relations and check whether each
property satisfies or not.
M06.indd 15
Sets and Relations 15
44. Given, n(H ∪ E) = 60, n(H) = 25, n(E) = 45, find
n(H ∩ E).
45. (i) Let the total number of students be 100.
n(E) = 40, n(P) = 32, n(P ∩ E) = 10, find
n(P ∪ E).
(ii) The required percentage = 100 − n(P ∪ E).
48. Refer the introduction in study material for the
properties of relations and check whether each
property satisfies or not.
49. If a set contains n elements, then the minimum
and maximum number of elements in the reflexive
relation are x and x2 respectively.
50. Let the total number of members in the club be
100. Given, n(C) = 45, n(F) = 20, n(C ∩ F) = 10,
find n(C − F).
H i n t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n
4/18/2018 5:31:39 PM
 Chapter

7 Matrices
1.16 Chapter 1

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. 2 × 3 18. Multiply every element of A by k + l.
2. 3 19. Add the corresponding elements.
3. 16 20. Multiply every element of A by 3 and B by 7 and
then add the corresponding elements.
4. 3 × 5
21. Add the corresponding elements and then equate
5. 0
the corresponding elements.
12 5
6.   22. To find X, subtract A from B
 −1 4
23. Check whether AT = A or not.
 4 −3  a11 a12 a13 
7.   24. A = 
11 11   . Now find a11, a12, a13, a14,
a21 a22 a23 
a21, a22, a23 by using the formula given for aij.
1 4
8. 2 5 25. Multiply every element of C by 4 and that of B by
  2 and find 4C − 2B. Let it be P. Now find P − A.
3 6
26. First apply the concept of scalar multiplication for
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

 k 2k  the three matrices and then add the correspond-

9.   ing elements first two matrices. From this resultant
3k 4k 
matrix, subtract the third matrix.
10. A
27. (i) Find AT and then add to A. Then apply the
11. 3 × 4 concept of scalar multiplication and name the
12. It is not a symmetric matrix matrix as p.
13. skew-symmetric (ii) Prove that PT = P.
3 4  28. Equate the corresponding elements and find the
14.  
6 8  required values.
29. If the order of A is m × n, then the order of AT is
ax + by  n × m. Also, if the orders of A and B are m × n and
15.  
 cx + dy  n × p, then the order of AB is m × p.
16. [10] 30. Add the given matrix equations to find X and
17. null subtract them to find Y.

Short Answer Type Questions

31. Recall the concept of multiplication of matrices.
32. Apply transpose on both the sides of first matrix
equation and then add the two equations to find
the matrix A. Similarly follow this procedure to
find the matrix B.
33. Perform AB and BA and check whether they are
equal or not.
34. Check whether (A + B)T = AT + BT or not.
35. Find A − I. Let it be P. Now find A − 2I. Let it be
Q. Now find PQ.

M07.indd 16 4/20/2018 11:32:05 AM


36. Multiply A and C and then multiply B and C.
37. Perform B − C. Let it be P. Now find AP. On the
other hand, perform AB and AC then subtract the
two results.
38. Perform the addition of matrices B and C. Let the
result be P. Now find AP. On the other hand,
perform AB and AC separately then add the two
results.
39. Multiply the matrices A and B. Let the result be
P. Now multiply the matrices P and C. Follow the
similar procedure for finding A(BC).
40. Perform A ⋅ A.
Essay Type Questions
46. f(P) = P2 − 2P + 2I and proceed.
47. Let A = [a b]. Now multiply the matrices on the
LHS. Equate the corresponding elements to find a
and b.
a b 
48. Let X =   . Now perform AX and then
c d
equate it to B. Equate the corresponding elements
and find the value of a, b, c and d.
M07.indd 17
Matrices 17
41. Perform AA, 4A and add these results. Let it be C.
Now perform 7I. Let it be D. Now find C − D.
42. Perform A + B and A − B and multiply the two
results on the other hand, subtract B2 from A2.
Check whether LHS is equal to RHS.
43. Find PP and then find 2abP. Subtract these two
matrices.
44. Perform the multiplication on the LHS. Now
equate the corresponding elements to find the
values of a and b.
45. Find PQ and (PQ)T. Now find QT and PT and
then multiply these results.
a b 
49. Let X =   . Now perform PX and equate it
c d
to P and solve for a, b, c and d.
H i n t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n
4/20/2018 11:32:05 AM
 Chapter

8 Significant Figures
1.18 Chapter 1

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. 3 6. 0.07
2. 3 7. 378 kg
3. 6 8. 38
4. 2 9. absolute error
5. 1 10. relative error

Short Answer Type Questions

11. As decimal part is more than or equal to 0.5, (ii)

increase units digit by 1.
(a) First of all simplify the given expression.
12. The significant figures in x.00 are x, 0 and 0.
(b) Then round off to 3 significant figures.
13. The significant figures in y.000 are y, 0, 0 and 0. 3
18. (i) First of all rationalize the denominator of .
14. (i) As the digit in 2nd decimal place is less than 5, 5
we leave the digit in the first place as it is and
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

(ii) Then substitute the value of 5 in the above

remove the digit 2.
step.
(ii) As the digit in 5th decimal place is greater than
5, we increase the digit in 4th decimal place by 19. (i) Express given expression in terms of m × 103
1 and remove the digits 8, 2 and 9. (ii) Then count all the digits which are present in
(iii) As the digit in 3rd decimal place is greater than m.
5, we increase the digit in 2nd decimal place (iii) Then correct it to 3 significant figures.
by 1 and remove the digits 6 and 5.
20. (i) RF of 3 + 2 is 3 − 2 .
15. The significant figures in x. y are x and y. 1
(ii) Rationalize the denominator of .
16. As the digit in hundreds place less than 5, therefore 3+ 2
put zeroes in hundreds place, tens place and so on.
(iii) Then substitute 2 = 1.414.
17. (i)
(a) First of all simplify the given expression.
(b) Then round off to 4 significant figures.

M08.indd 18 4/18/2018 5:58:19 PM

 Chapter
Statistics
9
Statistics 19

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. 40.5 (iii) If there are two middle values, then the

2. 13 median is the average of two values.
3. 7 23. (i) Arrange the given observations in ascending
4. 40 order.
5. 24 (ii) Median strength is the average of the 5th and
6th observations.
6. size (length), frequency
24. (i) Find the sum of seven observation by taking
7. 3 8th observation as 62 in the first case.
8. 10
(ii) Find the sum of observations in the second case.
9. 2
(iii) Substitute the sum of seven observations in
x the equation obtained in step (ii) and find 8th
10. =4
6 observation.
2 25. Coefficient of range =
11.
3
Highest score − Lowest score
12. 5

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
Highest score + Lowest score
y−x
13.
2 26. (i) Arrange the given numbers in ascending
14. 2 order without x.
15. 5x (ii) As the median is 29, it must be the average of
16. a + c = 2b x and 28.
1 (iii) Use the above statement and find x.
17.
24
27. Check the observation which has maximum fre-
18. (x − 3)
quency including mode, i.e., the required x.
19. 10
Sum of observations
Sum of observations 28. Use, mean = and
20. Use, mean = and Number of observations
evaluate. Number of observations evaluate.
21. (i) Arrange the given observations in ascending 29. (i) Arrange the given observations in ascending
or descending order. or descending order.
(ii) The middle most value of the above observa- (ii) The middle most value of the above observa-
tions is the median. tions is the median.
(iii) If there are two middle values, then the (iii) If there are two middle values, then the
median is the average of two values. median is the average of two values.
22. (i) Arrange the given observations in ascending
30. (i) Calculate the values of Q1 and Q3.
or descending order.
(ii) The middle most value of the above observa- Q3 − Q1
(ii) Quartile deviation = .
tions is the median. 2

M09.indd 19 4/20/2018 11:54:02 AM

 20 Chapter 9

Short Answer Type Questions

32. (i) Take the class interval as 15–18, 19–22, 23 39. (i) Write the cumulative frequencies for each x.
–26, ….
(ii) Find N, i.e., ∑ f .
τ

(ii) Write the tally marks for each class interval.

(iii) Median is the corresponding value of x for

(iii) Count the tally marks and write the frequency.
which the cumulative frequency is equal to
N
33. (i) Take the number of boys and girls as x and   .
2
(50 − x) respectively.
mx + ny 40. (i) Write the LCF for each x.
(ii) Use, combined mean =
, where m
m+n (ii) Find the sum of frequencies, i.e., N.

and n are number of boys and girls and x, y
are their respective average marks. (iii) Q1 and Q3 is the corresponding values of the

cumulative frequencies greater or equal to
34. (i) Find the sum of misread observations. N N
  and 3   in x.
(ii) Find the sum of actual observations.
4 4
(iii) Calculate the difference of the sums.
Q3 − Q1
(iv)  QD =
.

(iv) 
Calculate the difference in mean, i.e., 2

Differenceof the sums 41. (i) Calculate mean (A) of the given observations.
.
Number of observations ∑[ x − A]
(ii) Use MD =
, and evaluate mean
(v) Correct mean = Mean − Difference in mean.
n
deviation.
35. (i) 
Sum of expenditure from Monday to
H i n t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n

Wednesday = 250 × 3. 42. (i) Draw the axes and take values according to
the give class interval and frequencies.
(ii) 
Sum of expenditure from Wednesday to
Friday = 400 × 3. (ii) Draw rectangles each of which has its breadth

proportional to the size of the concerned class
(iii) Now, find the total expenditure from Monday
interval.
to Friday and then find mean.
(iii) Take the height of the rectangle proportional

36. (i) ( x1 − 25) + ( x2 − 25) +  + ( xn − 25) = 25. to the corresponding frequency.
(ii)  ( x1 − 35) + ( x 2 − 35) +  + ( xn − 35) = −25.
43. (i) Calculate the mid-point of the class interval.
(iii) From the above steps, find n and then find
(ii) Represent the mid-points on X-axis and the

mean. corresponding frequencies on Y-axis.
37. (i) Substitute the value of median in the emperi-
(iii) Plot the points on the graph.
cal relation, i.e., mode = 3 median − 2mean
(iv) Join them with the scale.
and obtain the relation between mean and
mode. 44. (i) Take upper boundaries of class interval on
X-axis and the corresponding cumulative fre-
(ii) Given, mode + mean = 129.
quencies on Y-axis.
(iii) Solve the above equations and evaluate mode
(ii) Plot the points on the graph.
and mean.
(iii) Join them by free hands.
38. (i) Find ∑ fx and ∑ f .
45. (i) Find the mean of the given data by using
τ τ

∑ fx short-cut method.
(ii) Use, mean =
.
∑f (ii) Equate the above expression to 26 and find x.

M09.indd 20 4/20/2018 11:54:04 AM

 Statistics 21

Essay Type Questions

46. (i) Find mid-values of each class interval, i.e., xi. (iii) Find the mode by using mode

xi − A  f − f1 
(ii) Find, ui =
by selecting any of the xi = L1 +  × C.
C  2 f − ( f1 − f 2 ) 
as A.
49. (i) Calculate the mean by short-cut method of
∑ f i ui
(iii) Find mean by using AM =
× C. the given data.
n
∑ f [x - mean ]
47. (i) Write the LCF for each x. (ii) Use, MD = and evaluate
MD. N
(ii) Find the sum of frequencies, i.e., N.

50. (i) Calculate the mid-points of the class interval.
(iii) Q1 and Q3 is the corresponding values of the

cumulative frequencies greater or equal to (ii) Represent the mid-point on X-axis and the

N N corresponding frequencies on Y-axis.
  and 3   in x. (iii) Plot the points on the graph.

4 4
Q3 − Q1 (iv) Join them by free hand.

(iv)  QD =
.
2
48. (i) 
Trace the modal class, i.e., corresponding
class interval to the maximum frequency.
(ii) Trace f1 and f2.

H i n t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n

M09.indd 21 4/20/2018 11:54:05 AM

 Chapter

10 Probability
1.22 Chapter 1

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. HH, HT, TH or TT 6. 0 and 1

2. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 n
7.
m
3. HT and TH 8. 2
4. 1 9. 0
5. 3 10. 8

Short Answer Type Questions

Number of times head occured 1

11. P ( H ) = . 14.
Number of times coin tosseed 6
Similarly, find P(T).
1 15. P(head appearing more than once)
12.
7 Number of times head occured twice +
Number of times head occcured three times
13. P(student getting more than 18 marks) = .
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

Total number of times coin is tossed

Number of times student got more than 18
= .
Total number of teests conducted

Essay Type Questions

16. P(getting an odd number) 19. P(percentage of marks > 75)

Sum of frequencies of odd numbers Number of tests with more than 75% marks
= . = .
Number of times dice is rolled Total number of teests conducted
1 20. P(the number chosen is not a perfect square)
17.
10 Number of numbers which are
not perfect squares from 1 to 50
18. 38 = .
75 Total numbers from 1 to 50

M10.indd 22 4/19/2018 10:55:28 AM

 Chapter
Banking and ComputingBanking and Computing
11
1.23

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. banks 16. Because all the ideas of Babbage which he pro-

posed were incorporated in the computer.
2. banks
17. Memory, central unit, and arithmetic and logical
3. Lockers
unit.
4. Savings bank 18. Newmann
5. Pass book 19. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
6. Dishonoured 20. Terminal box
7. Current 21. Decision box
8. Travellers, foreign 22. (a), (b) and (c)
9. Banks 23. Programming
10. Hirer 24. Program
11. Cheque 25. Rectangular or operations box, decision box, ter-
minal box, and the data box or input output box
12. 0%
26. Flowchart

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
n(n + 1) 1 R
13. P × × × 27. No
2 12 100
28. One apple costs `10, you have `20.
14. Recurring deposit 29. Lap of 10 km, 1 lap takes 1 hour.
15. Savings 30. Software

Short Answer Type Questions

31. Recall the types of accounts. (ii) Use the above obtained value of R to calculate
simple interest on `10,000 for 1 year.
32. (i) Find the minimum balances of each month.
(ii) Calculate the sum of all such minimum bal- n
 R 
36. Use A = P  1 + , given P = `64000, A =
ances from August to November.  100 
n
 R  `81000, and n = 2 years. Find R.
33. Use, A = P  1 + , given P = `16000, n = 3
 100 
37. (i) Minimum balance for the month of January =
years and R = 10%.
`(40,000 – 20% of 40,000).
34. Calculate the amount on `6000 at 5% for 1 year
2n (ii) Similarly, calculate the minimum balances for
 R  February and March.
using A = P  1 +  .
 200 
(iii) Add all the minimum balances and calcu-
35. (i) Calculate rate of interest as interest = `900, P late simple interest on this sum at 4%, for 3
= `5000 and T = 1 year. months.

M11.indd 23 4/20/2018 12:07:28 PM

 24 Chapter 11

38. (i) Balance to be paid = `(8000 − 1000) = `7000 45. (i) Assign n = 1 and m = 2.
(ii) Find the principal of each month. (ii) update n value to (n × m) if m ≤ 100.
(iii) Add all principal sums.
46. (i) Minimum balance for the month of January =
`(800 + 1200 − 400) = `1600.
(iv) Interest paid = Total amount paid in install-
ments – 7000. (ii) Similarly, calculate the minimum balances for
February, March and April.
39. (i) Input the values of the variables x, y, z, l, m
(iii) Find the interest on the sum of the minimum

and n.
balances of January and February at 4% pa
(ii) Follow the BODMAS rule.
(iv) Find the interest on the sum of minimum bal-
(iii) Assign l ÷ m to a and x × y to b.
ances of March and April at 3% pa.
(iv) Output = b − z + a + l − n (v) Calculate the total interest.
2
d  d 
2 n(n + 1) 1 R
4 0. Length of the side of a rhombus =  1  +  2  , 47. Use, SI = P × × × to calculate
2 12 100
2 2
interest.
where d1 and d2 are the lengths of the diagonals. 48. (i) n = 10
42. (i) Assign the given values to two variables a and b (ii) Kn = n2 − 1

(ii) Compare ‘a’ and ‘b’ take smallest of the two as n × Kn
output. (iii) Sn =
.
2
43. (i) Create an array of 10 × 1 dimensions and assign 49. (i) Find the sum of the given five numbers.
the given number to n.
Arithmetic mean
(ii) Increase the value of k in steps of one still Sum of the numbers Sum
H i n t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n

=
quote the variables of array are assigned. (ii) = .
Number of the numbers 5
(iii) In each step, if n is divisible by k assign k value
50. (i) Compare the first two numbers, if those are in
to one of the 10 × 1 array still it is filled.
ascending order swap them.
44. (i) Create an array 0. (ii) Similarly, compare each successive pair of the
(ii) Assign the given numbers as n and k. numbers and swap them if necessary.
(iii) Increase the value of k in each step by 1, and in

each step check whether n is divisible by k.
(iv) If it is divisible by k, then assign it to the array.

M11.indd 24 4/20/2018 12:07:29 PM

 Chapter
Geometry
12
Geometry 1.25

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. Yes 16. No
2. No 17. concurrent
3. equal AC
18.
2
4. Yes 19. less than
5. Yes 20. 72°
6. No 21. No
7. concyclic 22. 135°
8. True 23. Need not be
9. No 24. No
10. No 25. No
11. 6 26. outside
12. 100° 27. 44

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
13. square, rhombus 28. No
14. cyclic 29. Yes
15. Four 30. AB

Short Answer Type Questions

31. Draw a line parallel to SR and passing through T. 40. Draw a line parallel to l and m, and passing
through P.
32. Side opposite to greater angle will be greater.
41. As we know OC ( = OA) and OD ( = OB) in tri-
33. Let the angle be x.
angles CFO and DFO respectively, then find CF
34. P° + a° = 180° and given a° = 140. and FD.
35. ∠DOC = 70° and ∠FOD = 180° – 70° = 110°. 42. As OC = OB, ∠OCB = ∠OBC and as OD = OC,
∠ODC = ∠OCD.
36. Angles subtended by a chord in the same segment
are equal. Length of diagonal
43. Side of the square = .
37. ∠ABE = ∠EDC. 2
44. Join O and C.
38. Use sum of the angles in a polygon = (2n – 4)90,
where n = number of sides. 45. Use BPT.

39. In ΔODB, OD = OB, so ∠ODB = 50° and ∠ADB

= 90°.

M12.indd 25 4/19/2018 11:36:13 AM

 26 Chapter 12

Essay Type Questions

46. ∠BCD + ∠BAD = 180° as ABCD is a cyclic 49. Areas of the parallelograms lying on the same base
quadrilateral. and between same parallel lines are equal.
47. Use mid-point theorem. 50. ∠CDE = ∠BAC = 120°.
48. Quadrilateral ADCB is cyclic.
∴ ∠ADC + ∠CBA = 180° and ∠ADB = 90°.

H i n t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n

M12.indd 26 4/19/2018 11:36:13 AM

 Chapter
Mensuration
13
Mensuration 1.27

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. 50 cm2 1
17. c.c
2. 2 units 3

3. 6 18. 72.8%

4. 6 19. Sphere

5. 6 20. False

6. 12 21. 4 : 9
2 3 2
7. 2( p 2 + q 2 ) 22. π x − π ( x − y )3
3 3
8. 12 sq. units 23. 4.5 units
9. 3 24. (x2 − y2) cm2
10. equilateral 25. Use Heron’s formula.
1
11. 26. Volume of a prism = Area of base × Height.
4
12. 40 cm2 27. Maximum volume is obtained if it is cut along its

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
height.
13. parallelogram, 13 cm2
28. Use the formula to find LSA and diagonal of a
14. 4r 2 + h 2 cube.
3 2 Volume of the box
15. a ×h 29. The number of soaps = .
12 Volume of each soap
16. 3 : 2 30. Area covered = 10 CSA of cylinder.

Short Answer Type Questions

31. If AB is the base then CF is the height. When EC
is the base then AD is the height.
32. Find the angle subtended by the major arc at the
centre.
33. Hypotenuse of the right angled isosceles triangle is
the required diameter.
34. Perimeter = 10x + y.
35. The given equilateral triangle is divided into 9
equal equilateral triangles.
36. Use the formula to find the diagonal of a cuboid.
37. The base perimeter of the cylinder = The side of
the square.
38. Diameter of the cylinder = Diagonal of the square.
Volume of the cylinder
39. Number of cubes = .
Volume of each cube
40. Find the TSA of 8 cubes, each of side a units and
TSA of big cube of side 2a units.
41. The length of the new cuboid is 3 times the side of
the cube.
42. TSA = Area of the base + LSA.
43. Volume of a pyramid = Area of the base × Height.
44. Find the side of the base and height.
45. Area of canvas required = LSA of the conical tent.

M13.indd 27 4/20/2018 2:46:29 PM

 28 Chapter 13

Essay Type Questions

46. Surface area of the inner part = CSA of the cone. 48. Surface area of the tube = Surface area of the torus.

47. Volume of the drum, i.e., volume of the frustum 49. Thickness = Outer radius − Inner radius.
= Volume of the cuboid. 50. Thickness = Outer radius − Inner radius.
H i n t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n

M13.indd 28 4/20/2018 2:46:29 PM

 Chapter
Coordinate Geometry
14
Coordinate Geometry 1.29

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. first 19
17. x =
2. (2, 3) 2
 3 18. (-ve, +ve)
3. 3, − 
 2
19. 0º
4. right-angled isosceles triangle
5. straight line 5 
20.  , 0
−a 3 
6.
b 21. X-axis
7. The point may lie in Q3 or Q4. 22. a1a2 + b1b2 = 0
8. x + 3 = 0
23. origin (or) (0, 0)
9. 2
24. X
10. -2
11. 0 25. collinear
12. the first or third quadrant  −c 

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
−2 5 26.  0, 
13. y = x−  b
3 3
27. -cot θ
14. parallel
28. fourth
15. collinear
29. 1
1 c2
16. sq. units
2 m 30. parallel

Short Answer Type Questions

31. Use two point form of equation of the line. 38. Use distance formula
32. Find the distance between the given points, then 39. Express the given equation in intercept form.
find area by using A = πr2. 40. Use the concept of finding slope, then use m =
33. If the equation is horizontal, then coefficient of x tan θ in y = mx + c.
is zero. 41. Use the concept of ‘circum-centre of the triangle’,
34. Use distance formula to find AC, BC, then find k. which is equidistance from all the three vertices.
35. Use distance formula 42. When the value of θ is given, then slope of the line
36. Substitute the given point in the equation of the is tan θ and the equation of the line is y = mx + c.
line to get the value of k. 43. Assume the point on X-axis as (a, 0), then use
37. Find the distance between the given points, then distance formula.
d2 44. Use distance formula to find the sides of the
find the area by using A = where d is the length quadrilateral, then verify.
2
of diagonal. 45. Use the procedure for finding equation of the line.

M14.indd 29 4/20/2018 3:24:30 PM

 30 Chapter 14

Essay Type Questions

46. Find the roots of given quadratic equation, then 49. The area of triangle made by the line having
x y x-intercept a units on X-axis, y-intercept b units
find the equation of line using + = 1.
a b 1
on Y-axis is ab.
47. (i)
Diagonals in rhombus cuts each other 2
perpendicularly. 50. Find fourth vertex of parallelogram first, then
(ii) Use y - y1= m(x - x1). use two point formula to get the equation of the
line.
48. The equation of line, which makes equal inter-
cepts a, but opposite in magnitude on the coordi-
nate axis, is x - y = a.
H i n t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n

M14.indd 30 4/20/2018 3:24:31 PM

 Chapter
Locus
15
Locus 1.31

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. 2 : 1 7. altitude
2. equidistant 8. locus
3. Another circle of radius (p + q) or (q − p) concen- 9. No
tric to it. 10. vertical line
4. circle with diameter AB excluding the points A 11. vertex containing the right angle
and B. 12. median
5. circum-centre 13. perpendicular bisector
6. angle bisectors of the two pairs of vertically oppo- 14. on the mid-point of the hypotenuse
site angles of intersecting lines. 15. circle

Short Answer Type Questions

16. Triangles with the same base and lying between formed in such a way that their bases touch one
two parallel lines have the same area. another.

17. Recall the concept of perpendicular bisector of a
line segment.
18. Angle in semicircle is 90°.
19. Distance = ( x1 − x 2 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2 .
20. The required locus is the diagonal AC.
21. According to given conditions two equal cones
of base radius BD and slant height AB or BC are
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
22. Use the concept of perpendicular bisector of a line
segment.
23. The required locus is the angular bisector of the
angle RPM.
24. The required locus is the bisector of angle BAC.
25. Recall the concept of perpendicular bisector of a
line segment.

Essay Type Questions

26. (i) Angle in a semicircle is 90°. 29. (i) Area of ΔPAB = 4(Area of ΔDEF).
(ii) In a square, diagonals bisect at right angles. (ii) Area of ΔPAB is given by
(iii) Let P be the mid-point of AC.
(iv) Use PA = PB and obtain the required locus. 1 x1 − x 2 x 2 − x3
.
27. (i) The radius of the circle (r) = QC. 2 y1 − y2 y 2 − y3
(ii) Use, PC = QC and obtain the required locus.
30. (i) Angle in a semicircle is 90°.
28. (i) Angle in the semicircle is 90°.
(ii) Use (PA)2 + (PB)2 = (AB)2 and obtain the
(ii) PAB is a right triangle, right angled at P.
required locus.
(iii) Use, (AB)2 = (PA)2 + (PB)2 and obtain the
required locus.

M15.indd 31 4/19/2018 12:58:22 PM

 Chapter

16 Trigonometry
1.32 Chapter 1

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

4π 15. 2cos A cos B

1. τ

5
16. 1(B and C are complementary)
3 π
2. 17.
4 12
τ

3. 120° 24
18. cosC =
4. 0 25
5. 58° 19. A + B = 90°
1 20. 1(A = 45°, C = 45°)
6.
2 21. Substitute the required values and simplify.
1
7. 22. Find tan θ and cos θ and proceed.
x
23. cos 15° = cos(45° − 30°).
1
8. 24. Substitute the required values and simplify.
2
9. 2 πc
25. 90° = 100 g = .
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

10. 45° 2
26. Find the length of AD and proceed.
11. 3 −1
27. a2 − b2.
1 πc
12. 28. 90° = 100 g = .
4 2
13. 2 πc
29. 90° = 100 g = .
3 2
14.
2 30. Substitute the required values and simplify.

Short Answer Type Questions

31. Find the lengths of AD and AC and proceed. 39. sin 2α = 2sin α cosα.
32. A wheel makes 2π c in one revolution. 40. Square the given equation and proceed.
41. l = r θ (θ in radians).
33. Draw a perpendicular from the centre of the
chord. 2 tan α
42. tan 2α = .
1 − tan 2 α
34. tan 75° = tan(45° + 30°).
43. Take tan on both sides of A + B = 45°.
35. Use, a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 − 2ab. 3
44. Write and 1 in terms of angles of sine and cot
36. Square and add the given equations. 2
respectively.
37. Find sin α and cos β and proceed. m n
45. sin θ + cos θ = , sin θ cos θ = − .
38. Use the necessary conversions. l l

M16.indd 32 4/19/2018 1:19:49 PM

 Trigonometry 33

Essay Type Questions

46. Expand the give expression by using necessary 1

algebraic identities. rhombus = × d1 × d2 , where d1 and d2 are
2
lengths of diagonals.
47. cos α = sin2α.
(ii) Given diagonal divides the rhombus into two
48. Use, sin2θ + cos2θ = 1. congruent equilateral triangles of side 6 cm.
49. (i) Find the length of the other diagonal using 50. (i) (α + β) = 90° − γ
trigonometric ratios then find the area of the (ii) Expand tan(α + β) = tan(90° – γ).

H i n t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n

M16.indd 33 4/19/2018 1:19:50 PM

 Chapter Percentages, Profit

17 and Loss, Discount,

1.34 Chapter 1

and Partnership

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. 166.4 14. 200%

2. 120% 15. 72
3. Use, 99% = (100 − 1)%, 45% = (50 − 5)% and 16. 7
55.99% = 55.55% + 0.44% S −C S −C
17. If × 100 = 25, then find × 100.
4. 56.25% S C
5. 57.12 18. `6000 crores
6. 8.33% 19. `80
7. 60% 20. `60
8. 25% 21. 44%
9. 50% 22. `140
10. 20% 23. 30%
11. (i) Find the ratio a : b : c : d. 24. 5 : 8
|d − a |
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

(ii) Required percentage = × 100. 25. If 15% of x = 37.5 lakhs, then find x.
d
26. 50%
12. Given 5C = 3S.
SP − CP 27. Assume the value of the property to be `150 and
Apply Profit percentage = × 100. proceed with the information given.
CP
13. 8 CP = 7 SP 28. 60

SP − CP 29. loss, 20.25%

Profit percentage = × 100.
CP 30. `3380

Short Answer Type Questions

31. Given, 165x − 132x = 198. Find x. Error

36. Error percentage = × 100
3 2 Original
 150   150 
32. Given, x   −x  = 67, 500, where x is 37. Number of correct answers = 80
 100   100 
the cost price. Number of wrong answers = 40
33. Find the number of valid votes casted in favour of Number of unattempted questions = 30.
republicans and democrats by taking the number 38. 80% of Noel’s income = 70% of Mathew’s income.
of total votes casted as 100.
39. Find the number of valid votes, votes casted in
34. Let SP be `4x, then find CP and profit %.
favour of A and B by taking total votes casted as
35. 88% original price is $ 880. 100.

M17.indd 34 4/20/2018 12:14:04 PM

 Percentages, Profit and Loss, Discount, and P­ artnership 35

40. Difference in the percentages = Difference in the 43. Let the cost price be `100.
price. 44. Use the formula to find single discount.
41. Assume that the initial price and initial commodity 45. As per the given data, profit = (profit %) (SP)
is `100 and 100 units, respectively.
1
42. Use the formula to find single discount. × .
100

Essay Answer Type Questions

46. (i) his salary be `100, then find F, T, B, and L. 49. (i) Let Amar has x number of marbles.
(ii) Let the salary of Antony be `100x. (ii) Let the number of marbles with Amar be
(iii) F = 10% of `100x = `10x 100x.
(iv) Similarly, find T, B, and L and then compare. (iii) Now find number of marbles with Bhuvan

4 7. (i) Find the discounts given by A, B and C. and Chetan with given information.
(ii) Find the SP for A, B and C by using the (iv) Equate the total number of marbles in x to 328
following formulae. and get the value of x.
(100 − d ) 50. (i) Find Gita’s and Sita’s income, and let Sita’s
SP = MP(OR) salary be `x.
100
(100 − d1 ) (100 − d2 ) (ii) First of all, divide the profit in the ratio 1 : 2 to
SP = MP find their incomes.
100 100
(iii) Compare the SP’s. (iii) Let Sita’s salary be x.

48. (i) Find the ratio of investments of A, B, C and D. (iv) Now evaluate x from (Gita’s share) : (Sita’s
share − x) = 4 : 5.

H i n t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n
(ii) Let the investment of A and B be `x each.
(iii) Now, find the investments of C and D in terms

of x.
(iv) Ratio of shares of profits is equal to ratio of
their investments.

M17.indd 35 4/20/2018 12:14:04 PM

 Chapter
Sales Tax and Cost
18
1.36 Chapter 1
of Living Index

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. sales tax 9. Add the sales tax and the sale price of the items.
2. sales tax 10. cost
3. `51 11. current year
4. Amount paid by the customer = list price + sales tax.
12. Selling price = list price + sales tax.
5. discount
13. List price = selling price − sales tax.
6. selling
14. Add the sales tax and the sale price of the items.
7. government
8. price index number, quality index number and 15. 24%
cost of living index number.

Short Answer Type Questions

16. Cost of living index 18. Base year

Total expenditure in the current year Total expenditure in the current year
= × 100. 19. × 100
Total expenditure in the base year Total expenditure in the base year
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

17. Add the sales tax and the sale price of the items. 20. `20,000

Essay Type Questions

21. 100 24. Find the selling price, and then the sales tax on it.
22. Let the discount be `x, then amount paid to the 25. (i) Find the total expenditure in the years 2002
shopkeeper and 2006, respectively.
12
= (42000 − x ) + (42000 − x ) × . (ii) Cost of living index
100
23. (i) Find the total expenditure in the years 1994 Total expenditure in the current year
= × 100.
and 2002, respectively. Total expenditure in the base year
(ii) Cost of living index
Total expenditure in the current year
= × 100.
Total expenditure in the base year

M18.indd 36 4/19/2018 3:45:23 PM

 Chapter
Simple InterestSimple
and
19
Interest and Compound Interest 1.37
Compound Interest

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. `200 17. Assume principal as `P and rate of interest as r %

pa. Find the interest on CI and SI in 2 years. Solve
2. True
the equations thus formed to find P and r.
3. False
18. Assume the sum as `P and rate as r %.Find CI for
4. `500 2nd year and 3rd year to form two equations. By
solving them we can get the values of P and r.
5. 12
19. Let the amount paid after one year be `x.
6. `6000
Calculate amount for one year then subtract `x
7. 10 years from it. Calculate the amount for the remain-
ing amount and equate it to the given amount to
8. 100% per annum
find x.
pn
 5  20. 10% per annum
9. x  1 + 
 100 p  21. `726
10. Assume the sum as `x. Calculate amount for 3 22. `10,000
years and 5 years using SI formula. Solve the two

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
equations. 23. 21% per annum

11. Assume sum as P and find the amount for 4 years
to form one equation. Assume that in n years the
sum becomes 81 times and form another equation.
Solve both the above equations to find n.
12. Using the amount formula, find the amount to be
paid by Raju to Mahesh. Assume the amount lent
at 20% as `x and proceed.
13. When interest is compounded semi-annually, effec-
r 1
tive rate of interest is % and for 1 years, n = 3.
2 2
Use the amount formula to find amount, then
find CI.
14. Let the principal be `P and rate be R% then using
amount formula for SI find R.
15. Count the number of days from 22 May to 5
November, convert them into years, then use SI
formula to calculate interest.
16. Find the rate of interest from the information
given and using this calculate SI for `10,000.
24. True
25. Calculate amount for one year and from that
remove the amount paid. The remaining amount
is the principal for second year. Calculate the
amount to be paid at the end of 2nd year.
26. Calculate the interest as per the rate and time men-
tioned for the respective period of time and then,
sum up to find the amount to be repaid.
27. Assuming principal as `P and the rate of interest
as r %, from two equations with the given infor-
mation and by solving them find the values of P
and r.
28. Assume principal as P and find the difference
between the interests for 3 years as per the rates
given and solve for P.
29. Find the number of days and then convert them
into years.
30. Apply the formula for amount in simple interest.

M19.indd 37 4/19/2018 4:33:19 PM

 38 Chapter 19

Short Answer Type Questions

n
 R 
31. (i) Apply the formula A = P  1 +  .
 100 
(ii) Given P = 200000, R = 5%, n = 3 years.
32. Find the amounts under CI and SI and then find
the difference between them.
33. Assume the amount paid after 1 year as `x then
calculate amount by using CI formula for the
remaining amount. Form an equation for the
given amount and solve.
34. Given CI for 2nd year = 2(CI for 1 year) using
this, form an equation and then solve for r.
35. Let the difference between their rates be r % per
annum. Now at r %, the interest on `1800 for 4
years at SI is `36, find r.
36. Assume the principal to be `100.
37. Find the number of computations of interest and
then apply the formula for finding compound
interest.
38. Apply the formula for finding the simple interest.
39. Assume that `P becomes `2P in 4 years and
proceed.
40. Find the quarterly interest and then proceed.
41. Obtain a relation for the difference between CI
and SI for two years. The difference is the interest
on the first year’s interest.
42. Find the interests in each month as per the given
rates of interest.
43. Obtain a relation for the difference between CI
and SI for two years.
44. Find the number of computations of interest and then
apply the formula for finding compound interest.
45. Find the interests for each month as per the rates of
interest.

Essay Type Questions

H i n t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n

46. `100 becomes `150 in 5 years. Find the rate of 49. Find the interests in each case and then find their
interest and use it to find the compound interest. difference.
 R  R  50. Assume the sum to be `100 and proceed.
47. Apply the formula, A = P  1 + 1   1 + 2  ….
 100   100 
48. Consider the difference between their rate of
interest to be r % per annum. At r % the interest on
`2000 for 2 years is `20.

M19.indd 38 4/19/2018 4:33:20 PM

 Chapter
Ratio, Proportion
20
Ratio, Proportion and Variation 1.39
and Variation

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1 17. (i) Convert mixed fraction into improper fraction.

1. = 0.2 (ii) Apply product of extremes = product of means.
5
a c 18. Make y terms equal in both the ratios.
2. =
a −b c −d 19. Substitute the values of a and b in (3a – b) : (2a + 3b)
3. 19 : 24 and simplify.
4. 12 : 4 : 3 20. Assume the numbers as 3x and 4x and proceed.
5. 5 : 8 21. Compound ratio of a : b and c : d is ac : bd.
6. 32 : 1 22. Use, product of extremes = product of means.
a c 23. Use, product of extremes = product of means.
7. =
b d 24. Multiply both the terms of the ratio with 7.
8. p : q
2
9. True 25.
5
10. (i) Convert both the terms into same units. 26. Apply product of extremes = product of means.
(ii) Divide both the terms of the ratio with their

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
27. (i) Convert the given ratios into the ratios of same
HCF. consequents.
11. 4 times itself (ii) Arrange the ratios in the increasing order of
magnitudes of antecedents.
12. 4
28. Multiply each term of the ratio with the LCM of
13. 6 denominators of the terms.
14. 3 29. direct proportion
15. Apply cross multiplication. 30. (i) subtract x from each term.
16. False (ii) Use, product of extremes = product of means.

Short Answer Type Questions

31. Let the number of boys and girls be 3x and 4x. 37. Use the variation concept.
Difference in the number of girls and the number 38. Let the mother’s age, x years ago, be 26 years
of boys is 10.
32. Product of means = Product of extremes. 39. Apply the rule of componendo and dividendo.
33. Substitute the options in the equation and verify. 4 pq x 2q
40. (i) x = can be written as = and
34. 4 p+q 2p p + q
35. Assume present ages of father and son to be 3x x 2p
= .
years and x years. 2q p + q
36. Let their present ages be 5x years and 4x years and (ii) Apply componendo and dividendo for the
find their ages 20 years hence. ratios obtained in step (i).

M20.indd 39 4/19/2018 4:59:19 PM

 40 Chapter 20

PV PV 44. Let their earnings be `3x and `2x and expendi-

1 1
41. = 2 2. tures be `4y and `3y.
T1 T2
v1 r1 3 45. Cross multiply the given expression and simplify (or)
4 2. = . apply alternendo and then componendo–dividendo.
v 2 r23
a 1
43. Let the number be 10a + b, given = .
b 2

Essay Type Questions

46. (i) Frame the linear equations and solve them. 48.  (i) The amount distributed is in the ratio of 3 : 4.
(ii) Given data can be expressed as (ii) Let the actual shares of X and Y be 3x and 4x
respectively.
White Box Red Box
(iii) As total amount is (3x + 4x), one seventh of
No. of chocolates 3x 4y  7x 
No. of biscuits 3y 2x total amount is   .
 7
(iii) From the above data,
(iv) The amount is divided in the ratio (3x + x) :

3x + 3y 15 (4x − x).

= ,
4y + 2x 16 Sum of all antecedents
49.  (i) Each ratio = .
 x Sum of all consequents
Find   from this equation.

 y x+y+z
  (ii) Let each fraction be k. ⇒
= k.
 3x + 3y  2( x + y + z )
(iv) Required ratio is 
.
H i n t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n

 4y + 2x  (iii) If x + y + z = 0, then x = −(y + z) or y =

– (x + z) or z = −(x + y).
x
3  + 3
y Substitute these values in the given relation.

That is,
.
x 50.     (i) Frame the linear equations and solve them.
4 + 2 
y   (ii) Let x be the fixed charge and y be the variable
charge.
4 7. (i) First of all find A : B : C : D.
(iii) Given data can be expressed as x + 100y = 300.
(ii) Given A : B = B : C = C : D = 3 : 4.
x + 300y 5
Find A : B : C : D. = .
x + 400y 6
(iii) C’s share

(iv) Solve the above two equations and get the

(Term corresponding to C)
=
× 12250. value of x.
(Sum of the terms of the ratio)

M20.indd 40 4/19/2018 4:59:20 PM

 Chapter
Shares and Dividends
21
Shares and Dividends 1.41

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. `7,500,000 12. (i) Number of shares

2. `160 Paid-up capital
= .
Paid-up amount for each share
3. `20
(ii) Authorized capital = (No. of shares) × (face
4. 240
value).
5. 20% 13. Find the amount paid for each share in second
6. 20% instalment and add it to paid-up amount.
7. `1200 Authorized capital
14. (i) FV = .
8. 5 Number of shares

9. `50 Paid-up capital

(ii) Paid up value of each share = .
10. shareholder Number of shares

11. 12% 15. 25

H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N
Short Answer Type Questions
16. `1800 (ii) Market value of each share
17. `20,000 Total investment
= .
18. (i) Total investment = (No. of shares) × (MV). Number of shares
Annual income 20. Use, Face value × Rate of dividend = Market value
(ii) Rate of return = × 100
Investment made × Rate of return.
Total annual income
19. (i) Number of shares = .
annual income per share

Essay Type Questions

21. Use, FV × Dividend = Market value × Rate of
return.
22. Find the no. of shares and then, use Investment
made = (Number of shares) × (Market value of
each share).
23. Let the investments be `x and `(33,000 − x) and
find dividend on each part.
24. (i) Consider the face value as `x.
(ii) Use, 12% of face value = 9.6% (Face value +
2.50)
25. (i) Let face value of each share be `x.
(ii) Market value = (x + 6)
(iii) Investment = Number of shares × Market value

M21.indd 41 4/20/2018 1:42:39 PM

 Chapter

22 Time and Work

1.42 Chapter 1

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions
k 17. (i) Find (A + B)’s one day work.
1.
x
(ii) Since, (A + B + C)’s one day work is given,
2. 3 : 4
find C’s efficiency.
3. 4 days
18. (i) Let the painting of 48 walls be 1 unit of work.
4. B
(ii) Find the number of days that A and B take
5. False individually to paint 48 walls.
1
6. 12 days 19. Given, 2x + 3x + 4x = and find x. C does
20
7. A (4x)th part of the work in 1 day.
8. 3 : 2 20. Use variation method.
9. 8 days 21. (i) If the difference of efficiencies of A and C is
10. 7 trucks positive then A > C.

11. empty (ii) Follow the similar procedure with B and C.

1
12. 720 litres 22. (i) Let (A + B)’s 12 days work be .
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

x
13. False 1
(ii) Now the remaining work, i.e., 1 − is com-
14. A x
pleted by B in 27 days.
15. 8 days
23. In the given two cases, total man-days is same.
16. If the ratio of time taken by A, B and C is x : y
: z, then the ratio of efficiencies A, B and C is 24. First of all, the time taken by pipe B to fill the tank
1 1 1 is to be found.
: : . Divide the given amount in the ratio of M 1D1H1 M 2 D2 H 2
x y z 25. Apply = .
W1 W2
their efficiencies.

Short Answer Type Questions

26. The part of the work done by Vinay and Vikram 30. (i) Suppose the efficiencies of men and women to
1 1 7 be m and w respectively.
in two days is + , i.e., .
48 36 144 (ii) Form the equations in terms of efficiencies and
27. If A takes x days, then B takes 2x days. solve for m and w.

28. If the ratio of efficiencies of two persons is x : y, 31. The part of the work done by both A and B is
then the ratio of time taken by them is y : x.  1 1 1
 +  , i.e., .
29. Efficiency of 12 men is equal to efficiency of 15 15 30 10
women.

M22.indd 42 4/20/2018 1:42:12 PM

 Time and Work 43

32. (i) Let the total number of days to complete the 41. First of all, the part of the tank filled by A and B in
work be x days. 5 minutes is to be found.
(ii) A worked for (x − 4) days, B worked for (x − 42. Amount distributed is according to their
7) days and C worked for x days. efficiencies.
33. Let the efficiency of Chandu be x. Then the effi- 43. (8M + 6B)3 = (15M + 30B).
ciencies of Bharath and Anand will be 2x and 3x
respectively.  17 
44. (i) Share of Rohit =   of the total share.
 60 
M 1D1H1 M 2 D2 H 2
34. = .
W1 W2 (ii)
Ratio efficiency of Rohit and Sameer
3 5. Amount distributed is according to their 1 1
= : = 1 : 2.
efficiencies. 20 10
M 1D1H1 M 2 D2 H 2 (iii) Find the share of Sameer which is twice the

36. = .
W1 W2 share of Rohit.
37. If A takes x days, then B takes (x − 7) days. (iv) Then find the share of Prakash out of `60000.
1 (iv) Find the percentage of Prakash’s share of the
38. A’s one day work = 120% of .
20 total wages. That is the required value.
39. 3M = 5W.
45. Find what part of the tank is filled by A in
40. Use M1D1 = M2D2. 18 minutes. The remaining part is filled by B.

H i n t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n

M22.indd 43 4/20/2018 1:42:13 PM

 Chapter

23 Time and Distance

1.44 Chapter 1

TEST YOUR CONCEPTS

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. 6 km 23. (i) Time taken to cross the platform

2. 145 Length of train + Length of platform
= .
Speed of the train
3. False Distance covered
(ii) Use the formula, Speed = .
4. False Time taken
5. 240 km 24. Assume the length of the train and speed of the
train as x m and v m/s respectively and form equa-
6. False tions with the information given and solve. Speed
1 of the first person = 5 m/s where as speed of the
7. 17 kmph second person = 10 m/s.
7
25. The distances covered by Varun and Varma are in
8. 30 second the ratio 6 : 4. When Varun covers 24 km, Varma
18( x + y ) covers 16 km.
9. second 26. Assume the speed of the person in still water and
5( p + q )
speed of current to be x and y. Let d be the dis-
10. 125 m tance travelled upstream as well downstream.
H I N T S A N D E X P L A N AT I O N

11. 50 : 41 5 d  d 9
  = ⇒ x + y = ( x − y ). Solve for
12. (x + 2y) kmph 9x −y x +y 5
13. 16 kmph x, using xy = 224.
27. Assume total time taken as x h. Find distance using
14. 800 m
the formula Distance = Speed × Time.
15. Yes Then find the speed using the given information.
16. 200 km 28. Find the ratio of the speeds and then ratio of times
17. 7 : 2 taken.
18. 2384 km 29. (i) Assume the distance covered as x km.
(ii) Find the difference of time in both the occa-
19. True
sions which is given as 20 minutes.
20. 12 minutes (iii) Minimum speed =
21. Assume the speed of B as x m/s, with this find Distance to be travelled
speeds of A and C, then find length of the race track. .
Time taken for covering that distance
Total distance travelled 30. Assume the usual speed as 100x kmph. Form
22. Average speed = .
Total time taken equation as per the data and solve.

Short Answer Type Questions

1
31. Find the distance travelled by the car in 2 h. (ii) Let his usual speed be x km/h and distance
4 travelled be d km.
32. (i) Find the ratio of the speeds and corresponding 4d d d
ratio of times taken. (iii) Use, − = 14 and find .
3x x x

M23.indd 44 4/20/2018 1:44:52 PM

 Time and Distance 45

40x 7x 37. (i) Calculate speed of C first, then find time taken
(iv) Speed = x + = . by B and A.
100 5
5d (ii) Find the distance by which A beats B.
Time = .
7x 3 8. (i) Relative speed = Difference of the speeds.
d (ii) Using the given conditions find speed of the
(v) Now, find the time taken using the value of .
x car.
S1 t 2 39. By 9 am, A would have travelled 60 km.
33. = , where S1, S2 are speeds and t1, t2 are
S2 t 1 40. Assume the speeds of the persons on foot and by
S1 4
times taken. = and t1 = t2 − 15. bicycle as x and y kmph respectively, form equa-
S2 3 tions and then solve.
34. Frame the equations using the given data. 41. Assume the length of race track as x m and form
an equation with the given conditions and find x.
35. (i) Let the speed of the river be y kmph, then
PQ = 48y kmph. 42. Assume the distance between A and B as x km,
form equations and then solve.
(ii) Let the distance between P and Q be d km.
43. Assume the speed from Hyderabad to Cuddapah
d 7d and the time taken for the travel as x kmph and
(iii) Speed of river =
and speed of boat = .
48 48 t hours respectively. Form an equation as per the
(iv) Time taken for round trip journey data and solve to find the required values.
d d 44. Assume the distance between A and B and also the
= + . distance from A where they meet each other as x and
7d d 7d d
− + y. The distance travelled by both A and B will be
48 48 48 48 equal since the exchange their speeds so the speeds at
which they travel the respective distances will also be
36. (i) Dinesh has to run atleast 90 m and Chetan

would have run at least 90 m, when Dinesh
finishes the race.
(ii) From the given data Dinesh has to run at least
90 m and when Chetan has to run at least 90 m.
(iii) Ratio of speeds = Ratio of distances travelled.
H i n t s a n d E x p l a n at i o n
the same. Thus time taken will also be equal.
45. Use the formula, time taken
Distance between the trains
= .
Relative speed
The bird is travelling at 25 kmph for this time.

Essay Type Questions

46. (i) Let the speeds of A and B be x kmph and y 48. Use the concept of upstream and downstream.
kmph, then find the distance travelled by each
49. (i) Let the time taken by two trains to cross each
of them in 6 hours.
45
(ii) Let the initial speeds of A and B be a kmph other be, t = h.
( 20 + 25)
and b kmph.
(iii) In 6 hours, A covers 6a km and B covers, 6b km. (ii) The required distance = Speed of the bird × t.
6b 6a
(iv) Now, solve = and 2b = a + 18. 50. (i) Bala has to run at most 90 m and Ajay has to
a+2 b−2 run at least 90 m.
r + s r +t s +t r + s +t (ii) From the data given, Ajay has to run more
47. (i) + = + , where r, s and t
2 2 2 3 than 90 m and Bala has to run less than 90 m.
are the speeds of Ram, Shyam and Tarun. (iii) Ratio of speeds of Ajay and Bala = Ratio of the

r + s r +t s +t r + s +t distances travelled = Fraction more than 1.
(ii) Use, + = + , and sim-
2 2 2 3
plify to say who cannot be the winner.

M23.indd 45 4/20/2018 1:44:53 PM