Othman Hassan c

DID154
Building Construction & Materials

INTRODUCTION /
THE BUILDING TEAM

Prepared by :
Othman Hassan
Senior Lecturer /Resource Person
Registered Interior Designer with Lembaga Arkitek Malaysia (Reg. No : ID/O 6)
Member of MIID (Malaysian Institute of Interior Designers)
Department of Interior Architecture, UiTM Perak.
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154

CONTENT
A. Course Information
B. The Building Team
C. Stages Of Work Involved In Building Construction
D. Building Components
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

A. COURSE INFORMATION:
Code : DID154

Course : BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS

Level : Diploma

Credit Unit : 3.0

Contact Hour : 3 hours

Part : 02

Course Status : Core

(Core/Non Core)

Prerequisite : None
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

COURSE OUTCOMES:

After completing this course, students should be able to:-

1. Identify the Building Team and their roles in building construction. (C1, P1)

2. Identify, illustrate and explain the building components such as foundations,

building frames/structures, floors, walls, staircases, roofs, ceilings, doors,
windows and its functions.(C4, P4, A1)

3. Identify and explain the basic materials used for foundations, building frames/
structures, floors, walls, staircases, roofs, ceilings, doors and windows. (C3, P2)
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

COURSE DESCRIPTION :

The course focuses on the fundamental studies of building construction. The

topics cover from the building team involved in building construction to the
components of building such as foundations, building frames/structures,
floors, walls, staircases, roofs, ceilings, doors and windows. The course will
also covers the topic of basic materials used in constructing the foundations,
building frames/structures, floors, walls, staircases, roofs, ceilings, doors and
windows.
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154
NO. TOPICS
SYLLABUS CONTENT:
Introduction/The Building
1 CO1
Team
2 Foundations and materials
3 Building Frames/Structures
4 Floors and materials
5 Walls and materials
6 Staircases and materials
7 Roofs and materials
8 Ceilings and materials
9 Doors and materials
10 Windows and materials
Othman Hassan c
CONTENTS CO
 Introduction to course content
 The Building Team
 Functions of foundations
 Types of foundation CO2/CO3
 Materials used
 Reinforced Concrete Beams and Columns
CO2/CO3
 Materials used
 Functions of floors
 Types of floor CO2/CO3
 Materials used
 Functions of walls
 Types of wall
 Techniques of wall construction CO2/CO3
 Brickwork-Types of bonding
 Materials used
 Functions of staircases
 Types of staircase
CO2/CO3
 Staircase components
 Materials Used
 Functions of roofs
 Types of roof
 Roof members/components CO2/CO3
 Types of roof truss
 Materials used
 Functions of ceilings
 Types of ceiling CO2/CO3
 Materials used
 Functions of doors
 Types of door CO2/CO3
 Materials used
 Functions of windows
 Types of window CO2/CO3
 Materials used
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

TEACHING METHODOLOGY:

Lecture, video presentation, group presentation, blended learning.

ASSESSMENT :

Assignment 1 (Group) 10%

Assignment 2 (Individual) 10%
Test 1 + Blended Learning 10%
Test 2 + Blended Learning 10%
Final Exam 60%
Total 100%
 INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

STUDENTS’ LEARNING TIME

Lampiran C
Template for determining Learning outcome, learning activities, learning time (in hours) and estimating MQF credit for a course
Department: Interior Architecture Programme: Diploma in Interior Design
Course Code: DID154 Prepared by: Othman Hassan
Compiled by: Ramlah Awi Date: MAY 2013

Ability to identify the Building Team and their roles in building

CLO 1: construction.(C1,P1)
Ability to identify, illustrate and explain the building components such as foundations, building frames/structures, floors, walls, staircases, roofs, ceilings, doors,
CLO 2: windows and its functions.(C4,P4,A1)
Ability to identify and explain the basic building materials used for foundations, building frames/structures, floors, walls, staircases, roofs,
CLO 3: ceilings, doors and windows.(C3,P2)

Traditional Additional (Guided / supervised) in class and off class(Managed) Independent

contact hours teaching-learning activities (ATLA) learning activities
No Modules / Topics / test / Total MQF
Self-
units of study Lectur Tutoria Assign Blende quiz Credit
Studio Blended Assignment Presentation ATLA 4 learnin Other
e l ment d final
g
Non Non Non Non Non Non Non Non
F2F F2F F2F F2F F2F F2F F2F F2F SLT F2F
F2F F2F F2F F2F F2F F2F F2F F2F
1 Introduction/The Building Team 3 3 6 3 3 0.2
2 Foundations/Assign Assignment 1 (Group 1-3) 3 1 1 3 8 4 4 0.2
3 Foundations and materials 2 1 2 2 1 8 2 6 0.2
4 Building Frames/Structures 3 3 2 8 3 5 0.2
5 Floors/Assign Assignment 1 (Group 4-6) 3 1 3 2 9 4 5 0.2
6 Floors and materials/Assign Assignment 2 (Individual) 2 1 1 1 2 1 8 3 5 0.2
7 Walls and materials/Test 1 2 3 1 6 3 3 0.2
8 MID-TERM BREAK 0 0 0 0.0
9 Walls/Presentation Assignment 1 (Group 1-3) 2 1 1 1 3 2 10 4 6 0.3
10 Staircases and materials 3 1 3 2 9 3 6 0.2
11 Roofs and materials 2 1 2 2 1 8 2 6 0.2
12 Roofs & Ceiling and materials 3 1 1 3 2 10 4 6 0.3
13 Doors & Windows and materials 3 1 3 2 9 3 6 0.2
14 Test 2/Presentation Assignment 1 (Group 4-6) 1 1 1 3 1 7 3 4 0.2
15 Submission Assignment 2 3 1 4 3 1 0.1
16 STUDY WEEK 8 8 0 8 0.2
17 FINAL EXAM 2 2 2 0 0.1
Total 31.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 9.0 8.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 44.0 16.0 3.0 0.0 4.0 120 46 74 3.0
F2F = Face-to-fac, SLT = Student Learning Time, CLO = Learning
Outcomes
P = Project, PP = Presentation, PB = Project Brief, L = Lecture, TT = Tutorial, AS =
Assingment ,
 NO SUBJECT/TOPIC
INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction/The Building Team
DID154
2 Foundations and materials
COURSE CONTENT
3 Building Frames/Structures
4 Floors and materials
5 Walls and materials
6 Staircase and materials
6 Roofs & ceiling and materials
9 Doors & Windows and materials
10 Blended Learning
CONTENT
Introduction/The Building Team
-Introduction to course content
-The building team
-Building components
-Stages of work in building construction
(To decide group for Assignment 1)
Foundations and materials
-Functions of foundations
-Types of foundation
-Shallow foundation
- Deep foundation
-Materials used
Assign Assignment 1 (Group 1-3)
Building Frames/Structures
-Reinforced Concrete Beams and columns
-Materials used
Floors and materials
-Functions of floors
-Types of floor
-Materials used
Assign Assignment 1 (Group 4-6)
Walls and materials
-Functions of floors
-Types of wall
-Load bearing wall
-Non Load bearing wall
-Techniques of wall construction
-Brickwork- types of bonding
-Materials used
Test 1
Staircases and materials
-Functions of staircases
-Types of staircase
-Materials used
Roofs & ceiling and materials
-Functions of roofs
-Types of roof.
-Roof members/components
-Types of roof truss Functions of ceilings
-Types of ceiling
-Materials used
Doors & Windows and materials
-Functions of doors
-Types of door
-Functions of windows
-Types of windows
-Materials used
Topics: foundations, floors, roofs
INTRODUCTION NO ITEMS DESCRIPTION OUTCOME
DID154
1 ASSIGNMENT 1- Group Assignment It will measure students' ability to produce
ASSESSMENT DESCRIPTION This assignment requires students to organize in works on specific topic chosen based on
group works based on one of the topics in teamwork research and finally have the
AND OUTCOME building construction such as, foundation, floor, opportunity to present their works in report
wall, roof, ceiling, stairs, door and window. Each documentation and verbal presentation.
group need to do a simple research and has to
present the works in written report and in
verbal presentation. Each student in every group
has to take part in verbal presentation and
marks will be given separately.

2 ASSIGNMENT 2- Individual Assignment It will measure students' ability to draw a

This assignment requires students to draw a cross sectional drawing and understand the
cross sectional drawing of a single storey building components.
building and identify important components in
detail.

3 TEST 1 & 2 and Blended Learning It will measure students' acquired

The test will assess on students' understanding knowledge about the course and
on the general knowledge on the components of involvement in blended learning.
building construction such as foundation, floor,
wall, roof, ceiling, stairs, door and window.
Test will be given in-class and in blended
learning (online)

4 FINAL EXAM It will measure students' acquired

The final examination will evaluate on students' knowledge about the course in all topics.
understanding on general knowledge of building
construction such as foundation, floor, wall,
roof, ceiling, stairs, door and window
INTRODUCTION NO. ITEMS MARKS ASSESSMENT BREAKDOWN
DID154 50% MARKS FOR ASSIGNMENTS
1 Assignments 20% (overall) Assignment 1 - Group Assignment
(25% marks)
Written report (10-15 pages) and individual verbal
ASSESSMENT INFO presentation based on specific topic chosen.
- 10% Written Report
- 10% Individual Verbal Presentation
- 5% Teamwork
Assignment 2 - Individual Assignment
(25% marks)
Cross-sectional drawing of a single storey building.
-10% Labeling (information)
-5% Drawing Quality/Neatness/Cleanliness
-5% Line Quality
-5% Drawing Technique/Medium
50% MARKS FOR TESTS & BLENDED
2 Tests & Blended 20% (overall) Test 1 (20% marks) Topics -Introduction
-Foundations
-Floors
-Walls
Test 2 (20% marks) Topics -Roofs
-Ceilings
-Staircases
-Doors
-Windows
Blended (10%marks)
-5% Online-Test
-5% Participation/Response
Final Part A
3 Examination 60% (overall) Part B

Total 100%
 INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

RUBRIC FOR ASSIGNMENT ASSESSMENT

EXCELLENT GOOD AVERAGE WEAK
TASK/ASSIGNMENT MARKS A- to A+ B- to B+ C to C+ F to C-
DISTRIBUTION 10% 5% 10% 5% 10% 5% 10% 5%
7.5 - 10 3.8 - 5 6 - 7.4 3.0 - 3.7 5 - 5.9 2.5 - 2.9 0 - 4.9 0 - 2.4
ASSIGNMENT 1 (25%)
10% - Written Report -Comprehensive report -Complete report -Incomplete report -Fail to submit report
Group Assignment – Written report (10 to
-On time submission -On time submission -On time submission -Late submission
15 pages) and individual verbal
presentation (slides presentation) on one
of the following topics : 10% - Individual -Very fluent in verbal -Fluent in verbal -Fairly fluent in verbal -Not fluent in verbal
1. Foundations Verbal Presentation -Excellent presentation -Good presentation -Average presentation -Weak presentation
2. Floors (Slides presentation)
3. Walls
4. Roofs 5% - Teamwork -Well organized -Organized -Less organized -Not organized
5. Stairs teamwork teamwork teamwork teamwork
6. Windows & Doors
Marks Distribution: 25%
10% - Written Report
10% - Individual Verbal Presentation
5% - Teamwork
ASSIGNMENT 2 (25%)
10% - Labeling -Comprehensive and -Complete labeling -Incomplete labeling -No labeling
Individual Assignment- Cross-sectional
(Information)
drawing of a single storey building. detail labeling (information) (information) (information)
Marks Distribution: 25% (information) -To scale drawing -Not to scale drawing -Not to scale drawing
10% - Labeling (information) -To scale drawing
5% - Drawing Quality/Neatness
5% - Line Quality
5% - Drawing Technique/Medium
 INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

RUBRIC FOR ASSIGNMENT ASSESSMENT

ASSIGNMENT 2 (25%) 10% - Labeling -Comprehensive and -Complete labeling -Incomplete labeling -No labeling
Individual Assignment- Cross- (Information) detail labeling (information) (information) (information)
sectional drawing of a single storey (information) -To scale drawing -Not to scale drawing -Not to scale
building. -To scale drawing drawing
Marks Distribution: 25%
10% -Labeling (information)
5% - Drawing Quality/Neatness EXCELLENT GOOD AVERAGE WEAK
5% - Line Quality A- to A+ B- to B+ C to C+ F to C-
5% - Drawing Technique/Medium 10% 5% 10% 5% 10% 5% 10% 5%
7.5 - 10 3.8 - 5 6 - 7.4 3.0 - 3.7 5 - 5.9 2.5 - 2.9 0 - 4.9 0 - 2.4

5% - Drawing -Very neat drawing -Neat drawing -Fairly neat drawing -Untidy drawing
Quality /Neatness

5% - Line Quality -Excellent line -Good line variations -Limited line variations -Without line
variations variations

5% - Drawing -Excellent drawing -Good drawing -Average drawing -Poor drawing

Technique technique (Excellent in technique (Good in technique (Average in technique
/Medium using pen, pencil and using pen, pencil and using pen, pencil and (Improper use of
drawing materials) drawing materials) pen, pencil and
drawing materials)
drawing materials)
 INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154
Othman Hassan c

B. THE BUILDING TEAM

(Big projects) BUILDING OWNER

Architect

Main Contractor Clerk of work Quantity Engineers Interior Landscape

Surveyor Designer Architect
Sub-Contractor

Contracts Surveyor Estimator Buyer Administrator

Manager

General Costing
Foreman
Account
Labour/Worker
Office staff
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

B. THE BUILDING TEAM

(Small projects)
BUILDING OWNER

Architect

Contractor Quantity Engineers

Surveyor

Contracts Estimator Administrator

Manager

Labour/Worker Costing

Account

Office staff
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

B. THE BUILDING TEAM

Building a building is essentially a team effort in which each member has an important
role to play. The organization structure of a typical team and the role of each member is
defined below.

Building owner
The client; the person who commission the work and directly or indirectly employs
everybody.

Architect
Engaged by the building owner as his agent to design, advise and ensure that the
project is kept within cost and complies with the design. Architect engaged will also
prepares architectural working drawings, detail drawings.
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

B. THE BUILDING TEAM

Engineers – Specialists such as a civil/electrical/mechanical engineers employed by
the building owner to work with the architect on that particular aspect of
the design.

Civil Engineer
A civil engineer is responsible for using their civil engineering background to
plan and oversee various construction efforts in many different areas of this
field. They will apply civil engineering principles to ensure that structures
are constructed in the safest, sturdiest manner.

Electrical Engineer
Electrical engineers design, develop and maintain electrical control systems
and/or components to required specifications, focusing on economy, safety,
reliability, quality and sustainability.

Mechanical Engineer
The role of mechanical engineer in construction is to do design calculations,
drawings, and do all the mechanical work in proper way.
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154
Othman Hassan c

B. THE BUILDING TEAM

Quantity Surveyor
Engaged by the building owner to prepare pre-tenders estimate, prepare bills of
quantities and tender, prepare tender report, prepare interim valuations, advise
architect on the cost variations and prepare final account.

Clerk of Work/Site
Employed on large contract as the architect’s on-site representatives. He has only
liaison powers and cannot issue instructions on his own behalf; he can only offer
advise

Main Contractor/Contractor
Employed by the building owner, on the architect’s advice, to carry out the
constructional works. He takes his instructions from the architect.

Sub-Contractor
Appointed to assist main contractor, on the architect’s advice, to carry out the
constructional works.
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

B. THE BUILDING TEAM

Interior Designer
Engaged by the building owner to do special interior design works if required.Conducts
preliminary studies and evaluations of projects to determine interior design
requirements. Prepares cost estimates, sketches, layouts, specifications and other
criteria pertinent to project development. Selects and suggests colour schemes,
furniture and materials. Prepares requisitions for the purchase of furniture and
equipment.

Landscape Architect
Engaged by the building owner to do special landscape design works if required.
Landscape architects create the landscape around us. They plan, design and manage
open spaces including both natural and built environments. A landscape architect
collaborates closely with landscape contractors, as well as other professionals,
especially architects, town planners, environmentalists and people working in
surveying and engineering functions.
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154
Othman Hassan c

B. THE BUILDING TEAM

Contracts manager
Employed by contractor to liaises between the office and the site and has overall
responsibility for the site operations.

Surveyor
Employed by the contractor to check and assist the quantity surveyor in the preparation
of interim valuations and final accounts, He may also measure work done for bonus and
sub-contractor payments.

Estimator
Employed by the contractor to prepare unit rates for the pricing of tenders and carries
out pre-tender investigations into the cost aspects of the proposal contract.
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154

B. THE BUILDING TEAM

Buyer
Employed by the contractor to order materials, obtains quotations for the supply of
materials and services.

Administrator
Employed by the contractor to organize the general clerical works of the contractor’s
office for the payment of wages. Insurances and all necessary correspondence.

General foreman
Sometimes called the agent, employed by the contractor as the contractor’s on-site
representatives, responsible for the day-to-day running of the site.

Labour/Worker
Employed by the contractor to do construction works of a specific job on-site. Types of
worker are Mason (concrete work, brick or block laying), Carpenter (formworks), Steel
(reinforcement works), Plumber (plumbing, drainage), Plasterer (plastering works),
Painter (paint exterior and interior),Floor installer (tile, carpet).
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

C. STAGES OF WORK INVOLVED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Stage 1: The Designing, Drawing and Tendering Stage
Stage 2: The Construction Stage (on-site)

Stage 1: The Designing, Drawing and Tendering Stage

Step 1. Owner will appoints professional consultants:

Architect - to design and prepare architectural construction /working /detail drawings

Engineers - (civil, electrical, mechanical) - to prepare structural, electrical and
mechanical drawings.
Quantity Surveyor - to prepare Bill of Quantities documents for tendering.
Interior designer (if required) - to design and prepare interior construction/detail
drawings.
Landscape architect (if required) - to design and prepare landscape construction/
detail drawings .

Step 2. Tendering Process: Open for Tendering (Open/Close Tender).

Step 3. Tender Awarding: Owner (with architect’s advise) - Awards tender to a successful
contractor.
 INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

C. STAGES OF WORK INVOLVED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Stage 1: The Designing, Drawing and Tendering Stage

BUILDING OWNER (Individual or Company)

Step 1: Appoint Professionals: Architect (Prep.Design, Const./Workng/Detail Drwgs)

Civil Engineer Elect. Engineer Mech. Engineer Quantity Interior Landscape

(Prep.Struct. Drwgs) (Prep.Elect. Drwgs.) (Prep.Mech. Drwgs.) Surveyor Designer Architect
(Prepare Bill Of (Prep.Interior (Prep.Lscape
Quantity (BQ) Design, Drwgs) Design, Drwgs)
documents for
Tendering)

Step 2: Tendering Process: Open Tender (Advertised) / Close Tender (Straight Forward Awarded)

Step 3: Tender Awarding: Award Tender to Successful Contractor (Open Tender)

INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

Stage 2: The Construction Stage (on-site)

Construction works begin after the appointment of successful contractor.

Steps of work
1. Site Investigation
2. Site Clearance
3. Establishing Level
4. Setting Out The Building
5. Excavation And Foundation Works
6. Building Reinforced Concrete Frames/Structures Construction
7. Floor Construction
8. Wall Construction
9. Window Frame Installation
10. Roof Construction
11. Wall Plastering
12. Ceiling Construction
13. Floor finishes Installation
14. Doors and Windows Installation
15. Paint work
16. Installing Toilet Fittings
17. Drain Construction
18. Fence Construction
19. Site Clearance
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

Stage 2: The Construction Stage (on-site)

Step 1. Site Investigation

Investigate on site and soil condition.

A soil investigation includes the following aims:

a. Define the soil type

b. Find the groundwater level
c. Check for tree roots
d. Take soil samples for tests in a laboratory
e. Carry out some in-situ tests
f. Test for contamination.
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

Stage 2: The Construction Stage (on-site)

Step 2. Clearing The
Site

This may involved the

demolition of existing
buildings, the grubbing out of
bushes and trees and the
removal of soil to reduce
level. Demolition is a skilled
occupation and should only
be tackled by an experienced
demolition contractor. The
removal of trees can be
carried out by manual or
mechanical means. The
removal of large trees should
be left to the specialist
contractors.

Site clearing
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

Stage 2: The Construction Stage (on-site)

Step 3. Establishing Level

To establish level and base line from which the whole building can be set out.

Cut and Fill

Cut

Fill Leveling work

INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

Stage 2: The Construction Stage (on-site)

Step 3. Establishing Level

Very few sites are level and therefore before any building work can be commenced the area
covered by the building must be levelled. In building terms this operation is called reducing levels.
Three methods can be used and it is the most economical which is usually employed.

a. Cut and Fill. The usual method because, if properly carried out, the amount of cut will equal
the amount of fill.

b. Cut. This method has the advantage of giving undisturbed soil over the whole of the site but
has the disadvantage of the cost of removing the spoil from the site.

c. Fill. A method not to be recommended because, if the building is sited on the filled area, either
deep foundation would be needed or the risk of settlement at a later stage would have to
be accepted. The amount of fill should never exceed a dept of 600mm.
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

Stage 2: The Construction Stage (on-site)

Step 4. Setting out the building lines

The first task is to establish a base line from which the whole of the building can be set out.
The position of this line must be clearly marked on-site so that it can be re-established at
any time.
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

Stage 2: The Construction Stage (on-site)

Step 4. Setting out the building lines

Setting/establishing base line

INTRODUCTION
DID154 Othman Hassan c

Stage 2: The Construction Stage (on-site)

Step 5. Excavations Load test

and foundation
works

Before a foundation can

be laid it is necessary to
do load test to identify
the soil bearing
capacity. Excavate a
trench of the required Excavation work
depth and width is also Piling work
required. Piling is
required if the soil has
low bearing capacity .
Foundation is the base
on which a building
rests and its purpose is
to safely transfer the
load of a building to a
suitable subsoil.
Concreting the foundations The foundation
 INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

Stage 2: The Construction Stage (on-site)

Step 6. The construction of building reinforced concrete frames/structures
(beams and columns)

Once the foundation works complete, next step is to construct reinforced

frames/structures. Sometimes called as building skeleton. The structures will bear all
life and dead loads and transfer it to the building foundations. Structures include
ground beams, columns, and roof beams.

Concreting the floor/roof beams

Concreting the ground floor beams Concreting the columns

INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

Stage 2: The Construction Stage (on-site)

Step 7.The construction of ground floors

Flat level of the building that support life load and dead load.

Concreting the floor Leveling the concrete floor

INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

Stage 2: The Construction Stage (on-site)

Step 8. The construction of walls and installation of door frames

The purpose of wall is for dividing rooms or separating houses. Door frames will be
installed before bricks are laid.

Installation of door frame Brick laying works

INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

Stage 2: The Construction Stage (on-site)

Step 9. Install window frames

Installing the window frame

Installing the window frame

The window frame

INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154

Stage 2: The Construction Stage (on-site)

Step 10. The construction of roofs

The building top coverings

Installing roof trusses

Constructing the roof joists Installing the roof tiles

Installing insulation & battens

INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

Stage 2: The Construction Stage (on-site)

Step 11. Wall plastering

Refining wall plastering works

Wall plastering works
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

Stage 2: The Construction Stage (on-site)

Step 12. The construction of ceilings

Constructing the plaster ceiling

Constructing the asbestos ceiling
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

Stage 2: The Construction Stage (on-site)

Stage 13. The installation of floor finishes

Installation of floor tiles/granites/marbles etc.

Installing the floor tiles Installing the floor skirting

Cutting the tiles

INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

Stage 2: The Construction Stage (on-site)

Step 14. The installation of doors and windows

The building openings

Step 15. Paint work

Painting the building

Step 16. Installing Toilet Fittings

Drain at the building’s perimeter

Step 17. The construction of drain

Drain at the building’s perimeter

INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

Stage 2: The Construction Stage (on-site)

Step 18. The construction of fences

Building boundary fences

Step 19. Site clearance

Clearing all rubbish on site before handover

D. THE BUILDING COMPONENTS

1. Foundations and building structures

2. Floors
4. Walls
5. Roofs
6. Ceilings
7. Staircases and escalator
8. Openings (door & window)
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

Building superstructure and substructure

Superstructure

Building floor levels

Ground level

Basement

Soil Substructure
Building foundations
INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

References:

1. Ivor H. Seeley (1995):Building Technology. Fifth edition. MacMillan.

2. Roland Ashcroft (1992):ConstructionFor Interior Designers. Second Edition. Longman.

3. Roger Greeno (1998):Advanced Construction Technology.

4. R. Chudley (1996): Construction Technology. Longman

INTRODUCTION /THE BUILDING TEAM
DID154 Othman Hassan c

THE END