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ABSTRACT
Gas turbines in electric power generation and various industrial applications have made
remarkable improvement in the current scenario in terms of size, efficiency and prominence.
In order to maintain the sustainability of high level performance and increased reliability of
the gas turbine, it has become mandatory to carryout in depth diagnostic methods and frame
maintenance plans. This paper mainly concentrates on the analysis of the repeated tripping
of gas turbine in Oman oil industry, due to its thrust bearing high metal temperature issues.
Root cause analysis, visual and borescopic inspections, lube oil analysis were carried out to
indentify the root causes for high temperature and came up with successful results for
restoring and ensuring reliable operation of gas turbine.
Keywords: Borescope technique, fishbone diagram, gas turbine, lube oil analysis, root cause
analysis
*Corresponding Author
E-mail: ferozs2005@gmail.com
the turbomachine while retaining the rotor methodology, root cause analysis of
position within tolerable limits. After bearing failures was carried out by
thorough analysis, the size of thrust considering conditional monitoring
bearing is selected so as to support the techniques and its recommendations.
load in the most efficient way possible. Along with that it is highly advisable to
Several tests have proven that thrust implement an appropriate maintenance
bearings are restricted for load capacity by technique which is capable of detecting
the strength of babbitt surface within high any sign of premature failure of gas
load and temperature zone. In normal turbine thrust bearing.
steel-backed babbitted tilting-pad thrust
bearings, this capacity falls within 250– MATERIALS AND METHODS
500 psi (17 and 35 Bar) average pressure. Standard procedures viz., fishbone
The average pressure is governed largely diagram and root cause analysis based on
by temperature accumulation at the surface the available data and historical trend was
and pad crowning. The thrust-carrying used in statistical analysis in order to find
capacity can be enhanced with optimum the cause of gas turbine bearing failures.
pad flatness and removing overloaded heat Fishbone diagram (Ishikawa diagram),
from the zone. Using high thermal also referred as the cause-and-effect
conductivity backing materials of optimum diagram, is a visualization tool for
thickness and support, the maximum classifying the possible causes of a
continuous thrust limit can be enhanced to problem in order to recognize its root
around 1,000 psi or even more. This new causes. Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa, a Japanese
limit can be used in two ways: first, it may quality control expert, invented the
increase the safety factor and enhance the fishbone diagram to help his employees
surge capacity for a given size bearing. avoid solutions that merely address the
Second, it may decrease the thrust bearing symptoms of a much larger problem
size and subsequently the losses made for whether technical or organizational issue
a given load. Since, copper and bronze are [2]. Fishbone diagram is useful in
better options as bearing materials owing brainstorming sessions for making
to their higher thermal conductivity as conversation more focused and thoughtful.
compared to the conventional steel After the group has brainstormed all the
backing, it is likely to reduce the babbitt possible causes for a problem, the
thickness to nearly 0.010–0.030 of an inch facilitator helps the group in rating the
(0.254–0.762 mm). Embedded potential causes according to their level of
thermocouples and RTDs when properly importance and formulate a hierarchy. The
positioned, indicate all kind of distress that appearance of the diagram looks similar to
might occur in the bearing. Temperature a fish skeleton. The typical way to read a
monitoring systems have shown more fishbone diagram is to move from right to
accuracy than the axial position indicators, left, with each large “bone” of the fish
as the latter tend to have linearity problems branching out to include smaller bones
at high temperatures [1]. containing more details. Fishbone
diagrams are used in the “analyze” phase
In the present research work, failure of Six Sigma’s DMAIC (define, measure,
analysis of gas turbine thrust bearing in analyze, improve, and control) approach to
Oman oil industry and the healthy way to problem solving.
sustain the operational reliability by
averting recurrence of failures was carried Figure 1 shows the fishbone diagram to
out. Since the modes of failures are troubleshoot the high bearing metal
different, it demands different types of temperature of the active thrust bearing
solution. A systematic technical and to find out the actual root cause with
The reliability of the system is very much the high bearings temperature but later it
affected by its reliability components, was found to be a consequence of
quality, design and even its structure, overheating and cannot be considered as a
while its availability is affected [6]. root cause. The oxidation is an obvious
Availability of equipment is the time the result of high lube oil which increases to
equipment is operable condition as a double for around 10oC rise in the
proportion of the total time. it clearly temperature. From the conducted
depicts the availability of the gas turbine investigation it was found that the high
which is alarming the asset manager to do bearings temperature was caused by either
further assessment and necessary poor performance of the lube oil cooler
rectification. system or insufficient bearings clearance
and misalignment or by poor maintenance
Reliability calculated based on the management.
simplified formula as shown in Equation 2
[5]. The analysis of temperature of gas turbine
Reliability = 1– e–1/MTBF (2) shows a high inlet lube oil temperature and
Availability calculations are made based this strongly raises a concern about the
on the simplified formula as shown in the efficiency of the lube oil cooler including:
Equation 3 [5]. cooling fan and temrature conrol valve
Availability = MTBF/(MTBF+MTTR) (TCV) settings. It was also found that
(3) there was no sufficient clearance in the
where MTTR is the mean time to repair. removed and installed bearings. However,
In the present research studies, a as kind of mitigation to avoid high
comprehensive analysis was carried out to membrane patch colorimetry (MPC), it is
find the root cause of the repeated tripping strongly recommended to install special
of gas turbine in Oman oil industry, due to lube oil filters to deal with the varnish
its thrust bearing high metal temperature deposition. It was also recommended to
issues. change lube oil of gas turbine due to high
level of varnish contamination. Table 1
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS shows the lube oil sample analysis data of
Deterioration of Oil Quality Based on gas turbine that depicts the formation of
Statistical Surveys varnish and considered to be the moan
The varnish formation rate which was cause for bearing overheating.
initial considered to be the reason behind
This differential temperature of 20°C can be verified when the rotor is out. The
between thrust pad 4 and 8 is seen since flatness of the thrust plate was checked on
Oct 2014 outage. There is no data a surface plate by blue check method.
available prior to Oct 2014 outage to Although the surface integrity appeared to
verify if this differential was existed be acceptable, blue check did show
before. Typically, the differential between noncontact due to a pin protruding out.
two measurements remains within 4–7°C. Since this was considered a significant
Higher differential is an indication of observation for the thrust bearing assembly
probably bearing housing deformation and to be replaced with a new set. The thrust
bearing that has come of the unit has been thrust bearing housing. The link may have
send to the Vendor service shop for further been seated on top of the dowel pushing
investigation. The thrust shims that were the dowel out of the housing when loaded
installed were checked for its and created non uniform overall assembly
flatness/dimensional integrity. There was a thickness. This ascertains that one which
0.004 difference in thickness of the shim caused the high pad temperature. The
in the vertical and horizontal planes. milled hole in the back of pad appears
slightly elongated. The dowels are press
During inspection (Figure 4) it was fitted into the assembly. When assembled
observed that the pin holding the pad they should be protruding approximately
support had slipped more on to the plate 0.27 from the housing trepan as shown in
thus causing the thrust pad BMT raise. Figure 5. Thrust bearing thermocouple
From the review with the bearing vendor it integrity and calibration check was carried
appears that the lower leveling link was out and obtained its healthiness
not properly seated over the dowel in the
Borescopes are mainly used for optical such unnecessary expenditure of money
assessment of remote areas. They inspect and time. It was recommended to perform
internal components of turbine and help in on site borescope inspection of turbine and
recognizing any defects or imperfections compressor section for any potential
that might exist. Borescopes are fouling/deposits. A detailed inspection of
commonly used in visual inspection of thrust bearing, orifice, and inlet line for
industrial gas turbines, steam turbines, any flow restriction is to be performed.
diesel engines, and automotive or truck Finally, perform sample analysis of
engines. Gas and steam turbines have care debris/deposit. The borescope inspection
and maintenance problems and therefore showed heavy deposits on stage-1/stage-2
need special attention. Excessive nozzle in one month operation of the unit
maintenance associated with large turbines with new nozzle as reference shown in
are often costly and time-taking. Figures 6, 7.
Borescope inspection helps in preventing
The turbine casing was removed and the indicates calcium magnesium silicate as
deposit surface was set for chemical the primary composition. Figure 8 shows
analysis and the results are shown in Table the X-diffraction comparison of the sample
2. The chemical composition of the sample collected with calcium magnesium silicate.
It is seen that calcium magnesium silicate path can influence the thrust on the
can melt >1400–1500℃. This is a similar machine and can lead to elevated thrust
temperature range what stage-1 nozzle bearing temperature. Since the axial
sees at higher loads. The X-ray diffraction position measurements are not showing
pattern of deposits from stage-1 nozzle is reliable readings, it is difficult to figure out
matching with the pattern of sand from air how much axial shift is causing due to the
inlet system. Calcium magnesium silicate flow restriction.
seems to be having melting point ~1400–
1500℃. Combustion exit temperature is Operational and Maintenance Cost
also close to 1400–1500℃. So, most Analysis for 2016 (OPEX)
likelihood of the deposits on stage-1 The increase in the operational costs
nozzle are from the sand coming from air (OPEX) has a direct impact on a business
inlet system, getting melted in combustion performance. Due to growing trend of
and deposits on the stage-1 nozzle, liner, failures, there are chances that the failures
transition pieces etc in the hot gas path. A may go beyond the repair level in near
restriction in the effective area of flow future if proper measures are not initiated
The production loss is very huge in terms Gas Deferment Calculations for 7 days
of dollars calculated for the unit outage One gas turbine failure cause gas
due to this bearing failure. It is a very deferment – 350,000 m3/day
heavy loss in terms of oil deferment and 1 m3 of gas for calculation taken = 0.08
gas deferment to Oil & Gas industry. dollars (approx.)
Total cost = 350,000 × 0.08 = 28,000
Oil Deferment Calculations for 7 Days dollars/day
One gas turbine failure cause oil deferment If bearing replacement took minimum 7
– 300 m3/day days of outage of GT, then
1 m3 of oil – 6 barrels (approx.) Total gas deferment to the company for 7
Total barrel loss = 300 × 6 = 1800 barrels days = 28,000 × 7 = 196,000 dollars
One barrel cost – 53 dollars (current rate) Total gas deferment for 1 month = 28,000
Total cost = 1800 × 53 dollars = 95,400 × 30 = 840,000 dollars
dollars/day So Total loss for oil+gas deferment for 7
If bearing replacement took minimum 7 days = 667,800 + 196,000 = 863,800
days of outage of GT, then dollars
Total oil deferment to the company for 7 If the maintenance is extended to 1 month
days = 95,400 × 7 = 667,800 dollars then the cumulative loss will be 2,862,000
Total oil deferment for 1 month = 95,400 + 840,000 = 3,702,000 dollars
× 30 = 2,862,000 dollars That is approximately 3.7 million dollars
per month. This is a heavy monetary loss
to the company. Table 4 shows the oil and
gas deferment cost for one day, 7 and 30
days, respectively.
Table 5 and Figure 10 show the gas turbine maintenance cost analysis record.
30 days
7days
1day
Gas turbine sustainable operation is so outage posing long shutdown and increase
paramount importance for continuous the maintenance cost. With the aid of fish
improvement in production without any oil bone diagram and using root cause
deferment in oil industry and without any analysis, a statistical analysis was carried
power outage in power and allied units. out in methodological way. Using
From the above statistical analysis it is analytical technique such as Borescopic
obvious that gas turbine failure were Analysis and X-ray diffraction technique
reported several times which cause huge the failure component will be detected
revenue loss and increase the maintenance much earlier and the effect of the BMT
cost considerably. The poor lube oil failure will be minimized by a quality
quality & the contaminants in the lube oil periodical maintenance and corrective
caused severe failures to the bearing which maintenance schedule. Also, by scheduling
ultimately made the unit outage due to the the lube oil sample analysis the
component failure leading to prolonged contaminants will be detected earlier and
shut down and production loss. Also the further deterioration of lube oil quality will
poor air inlet quality which ultimately be minimized and the life cycle of the
caused contaminants deposit and debris in bearing will be improved by better
the turbine component which leads to engineering modification and replacement
severe thrust and strain to the bearing pad of oil whenever necessary. This will
causing BMT failures end up with unit prevent the failures of the costly internal
parts of gas turbine and avert the unit return on assets, the basic asset care
outage considerably. A better quality philosophy is quality preventive
maintenance management technique based maintenance and reliability corrective
on Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) maintenance technique to be
technology will alleviate the problems and implemented.
make more production oriented. Based on Periodical inspection such as visual,
the above analysis and discussion the borescopic and lube oil sampling for
following conclusions, future cross checking the contaminants. In
accomplishments and recommendations extreme condition due to over fouling
were obtained in this project which will be or deposition, special technique such
very much useful for averting such failures as X-ray diffraction analysis will aid to
in any type of gas turbines in future. trouble shoot the problem in easier
manner and minimize the production
RECOMMENDATIONS loss due to unnecessary equipment
Suggesting for better quality air inlet outage and improve the energy
filter efficiency improvement by efficiency considerably.
providing high microns size pre filter Recommended to enhance the lube oil
with dedicated self-cleaning pulse quality standards from contaminants
generated filter as secondary one to such as moisture, sand and debris. A
prevent the inlet air contaminants with high efficiency Duplex filter system
dust, sand and other tiny debris which and periodical inspection and
cause nozzle, stationary and moving replacement of filter cartridges if
parts erosion causing severe thrust to needed.
rotor shaft to the bearing. By this A dedicated oil centrifuge purifier unit
augmented technology the life cycle of free from moisture which will improve
the turbine parts especially BMT the quality of oil from moisture can be
failure will be prevented and enhance provided.
the energy efficiency too. This will A periodical frequency of lube oil
prevent unnecessary unit outage sampling to analyze early detection of
leading to power loss, heavy deterioration of oil quality and if
production loss of oil deferment. necessary replacement of it to enhance
A better quality maintenance the gas turbine bearing life cycle.
management technique based on TPM A dedicated degassing system in the
(Total Productive Maintenance) lube oil reservoir tank to improve the
technology will alleviate the problems oil quality free from contaminants.
& make more production oriented. Developing a long term asset
TPM is team based approachment. All management strategy to analyses the
the discipline must work assets that require immediate
collaboratively in safe manner in order replacement or the major repairs in the
to achieve zero defects, zero coming years.
downtime, zero incident and zero Developing a short term and long term
speed losses which resulting in maintenance strategy.
maximizing the overall equipment
effectiveness of the asset/plant. CONCLUSION
The fundamental standard of TPM is to The statistical analysis indicates that
allow the employees to be involved the abnormal positioning of thrust
with the process of the improvement to bearing due to one active thrust pad
avoid unplanned equipment downtime protruding pin is the cause for non-
and reduce the waste. As the objective
was to lower the costs and improve
uniform loading and high thrust pads Hand Book. 4th ed. oxford: Elsevier;
BMT. 2012, 557–604p.
The flow restriction caused by deposits [2] J. S. Sarazen. The tools of quality,
on the stage-1nozzle is also part II: cause-and-effect diagrams,
contributing to increased thrust on the Qual Progress. 1990; 23(7): 59–62p.
rotor that also contributes to high BMT [3] E. Roitberg, L. Shemer, D. Barnea.
which vindicated by the X-ray Application of a borescope to studies
diffraction analysis. of gas-liquid flow downwards
Periodical lube oil analysis in quantum inclined pipes, Int J Multiphase.
of survey to determine the 2006; 43(4): 499–516p.
contaminants. [4] J. Epp. Material Characterization
Failure of the periodical maintenance Using Nondestructive Evaluation
inspection. (NDE) Methods: 4-X-Ray
Diffraction (XRD) Methods. 2016;
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1(1), 81–124p.
The authors would like to acknowledge Mr. [5] L. E. Miller, J. J. Kelleher, L.
S.N.R. Ramanuja and Eng. Said Al Mamari Wong.Assessment of Network
for their support during the research work. Reliability Calculation Methods. J.
S. Lee Associates; 1993.
REFERENCES [6] A. Elsayed. Reliability Engineering.
[1] M. P. Boyce. Bearings and seals, In: 2nd Edn. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John
American Society of Mechanical Wiley & Sons; 2012. ISBN: 978-1-
Engineers Gas Turbine Engineering 118-13719-2