Bonfring International Journal of Networking Technologies and Applications, Vol. 5, No.
2, April 2018 12
Survey on Data Aggregation through Orthogonal
Set Method for Wireless Sensor Network
N.S. Kavitha and Dr.G. Singaravel
Abstract--- Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of
small nodes with sensing, computation, and wireless
communications capabilities. Many routing, power
management, and data dissemination protocols and energy
efficient data aggregation have been specially designed for
WSNs. In this paper, orthogonal method is proposed to verify
the path direction between the two nodes and it is always
perpendicular to other points with angle degree and finds the
direction of the data of the nodes sending as well as to find
network path of the route travel for Security Data
Aggregation. The limitations and challenges in many
communication protocols according to this survey are pointed
out, which will help future researches on the design of
communication protocols for WSNs.
Keywords--- Wireless sensor network, Data Aggregation,
path direction of data, Orthogonal Set functions.
I. INTRODUCTION
I N modern years, the extensive research has opened
challenging issues about performance evaluation for
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The promising
technologies can be used to achieve a variety of goals and
objective from health monitoring to human healthcare
activities, industrial automation, emergency management and
environmental monitoring system [1]. A designed process is
required to collect data and report to a central unit, connected
to the internet or monitored.
A WSN is a network composed of numbers of small
independent sensor nodes and it helps to transmit and receive
the information gathered from location to another location
with a wide range of information and communication
technology. The earlier development of wireless sensor
networks was originally inspired by military applications like
of GPS, surveillance etc. However, WSN are used in many
environments such as habitat monitoring, healthcare
applications, home appliance automation, and traffic control.
Sensor network is equipped with components for radio
transmitter and receiver, microchip, battery, topology design
and communication devices [1][2].
II. BASIC REQUIREMENT OF WSN
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) are deployed in many
N.S. Kavitha, Assistant Professor, CSE, Erode Sengunthar Engineering
College, Thudupathi, Erode. E-mail:nskavi17@gmail.com
Dr.G. Singaravel, Professor and Head, IT, K.S.R.College of Engineering,
Tiruchengode, Namakkal. E-mail:singaravelg@gmail.com
DOI:10.9756/BIJNTA.8376
ISSN 2320-5377 | © 2018 Bonfring
application based environment and topology construction
patterns like square, triangle, circle, hexagonal etc., even
though it needs the basic component to make the network to
communicate through the component support and essential
belongings. The sensor node contains on-board sensors,
processors, memory unit, transceiver the information and
power supply and sensor network consists of an outsized
number of sensor nodes and deployed either inside or close to
the monitored object/process. The collecting and sensed data
by an aggregation mechanism is called as data aggregation.
The data sensed by sensor nodes is sent to the base station
[3][5]. As the sensor nodes need the base station, it may be
located in very far away. In data gathering, the sensed data is
gathered systematically from multiple sensors and it will be
sent to the sink for advance processing [4]. The basic concept
and introduction part are required for this research work.
III. RELATED WORK ON VARIOUS ORTHOGONAL SET
Time Division Multiplexed Orthogonal Stripes Pattern
It proposed surface inspection system for detecting small
defects on painted surface. The system used frequency
multiplexed orthogonal stripes, so that we can detect
anisotropic defects. But there is a little cross talk that affects
detection rate of tiny defects. In this paper, we propose time
division multiplexed orthogonal stripes pattern projection
under single exposure. It is enabled by correlation image
sensor.
Extraction Based on Orthogonal Matching of Fault
Diagnosis
In the proposed method, random orthogonal MP algorithm,
which is a greedy algorithm to match the atoms with
probability, is utilized repeatedly to generate a group of
competitive representations for the mechanical vibration
signal. Then the estimated representation vector can be
obtained to represent the vibration signal and then transients
can be extracted from the noisy signal. The simulation study
and experimental analysis show that transients can be
extracted effectively from the noisy vibration signal and
comparison results between the proposed method and
orthogonal MP show that the proposed algorithm is less
dependent on iterations and can obtain a better performance
for transients extraction.
Symmetric Ternary Functions of Orthogonal Transforms
In this proposed type, several systems of functions based
on symmetric ternary functions were developed. All
developed systems of functions were tested for possibility of
being applied for representation of information flows using
Bonfring International Journal of Networking Technologies and Applications, Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2018
orthogonal transforms. An orthogonal system of functions
based on symmetric ternary functions was developed and
proved to be applicable in orthogonal transforms.
RFID Antenna of Orthogonal Performance
In this type, the performance of by interacting with shelved
library books is challenging since the RFID inlays are
orthogonal to the plane which is most desirable for RFID
interactions. There are a number of commercial solutions that
operate by inserting a thin RFID antenna between books in
order to achieve the desired coupling. These solutions have a
number of drawbacks including poor reliability and low read
rates. This paper describes the development of a novel antenna
head that is capable of orthogonal credential interaction.
IV. COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
Sensor nodes make use of ISM (Industrial, Scientific and
Medical) radio bands which gives free radio, huge spectrum
allocation and global availability. The various choices of
wireless transmission media are Radio Frequency, Optical
Communication (Laser) and Infrared. Laser requires less
energy, but needs light of sight for communication. Infrared
like laser, needs no antenna but is limited in its broadcasting
capacity. Radio Frequency (RF) based communication is the
most appropriate to most of the WSN applications. WSN’s use
the communication frequencies between about 433 MHz and
2.4 GHz. The functionality of both transmitter and receiver are
combined into a single device know as mentioned before as
transceiver are used in sensor nodes. The operational states are
Transmit, Receive, Idle and Sleep.
As WSN use the RF communication, it is an easy job to
use the available wireless technologies such as Zigbee, Wi-Fi
or 3G. This means that there is no worry about the
fundamental aspects of Modulation. A basic technique used in
wireless communication is phase-shift keying (PSK), where
many different schemes of PSK are used such as Multiple
PSK (M-PSK) or Binary PSK (BPSK). Anyway, in PSK the
frequency and amplitude of the carrying signal are kept
constant, where logic 1 is represented by π-phase shift and
logic 0 is represented by 0-phase shift [3].
There have been studies to reduce the energy dissipation
by selecting the appropriate modulation scheme, for different
schemes, the bit error rate (BER) is characterized b the ratio of
the energy per bit to the noise power spectral density as shown
in Fig.5.
Energy consumption minimization is an important when
designing the physical layer for WSN in addition to the usual
effects such as scattering, shadowing, reflection, diffraction,
ISSN 2320-5377 | © 2018 Bonfring
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multipath, and fading[3].
Radio Model – Energy Consumption
ET (m,d) = ETC (m)+ ETA (m,d)
Where;
E TC = energy used by the transmitter circuitry ;
E TA = energy required by the transmitter amplifier
to achieve an acceptable signal to noise ratio or at the
receiver
ER (m) = meRC
ET (m,d) = m(eTC + eTA dα )
e TC , e TA , and e RC are hardware dependent parameters.
Ultra Wideband (UWB) is a radio technology that can be
used at very low energy levels for short-range high-bandwidth
(>500MHz) and communications by using a large portion of
the radio spectrum. A difference between traditional radio
transmissions and UWB radio transmissions is that traditional
systems transmit information by varying the power level,
frequency, or phase of a sinusoidal wave. UWB transmissions
transmit information by generating radio energy at specific
time instants and occupying large bandwidth thus enabling a
pulse-position or time-modulation.
V. AVAILABLE WSN PROTOCOLS
As WSN uses the free ISM bands, this may affect the
performance of the channel due to the interference that may
occur. For example, microwave ovens using frequency of
2.45MHz may overwhelm many WSN in the 2.4MHz.
Anyway, IEEE protocols are broadly used and are mostly
implemented in WSN technology. There are several WSN
protocols; the most widely used are 1) IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n; 2)
IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee); 3) IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth). The
data rate differs from one protocol to another. [2]
IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth)
Bluetooth is a wireless protocol for short-range RF bands,
designed for small variety of tasks, such as synchronization.
There are two versions of Bluetooth, Bluetooth1.2 with a
maximum data rate of 1Mbps. The newest version is
Bluetooth2.0 and its maximum data rate is 3Mbps.
IEEE 802.11 (WLAN)
This is a well-known protocol with different versions each
with its own applications.
Bonfring International Journal of Networking Technologies and Applications, Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2018
1) High-bandwidth context (VoIP) uses IEEE
802.11 g
2) Support QoS over wireless uses IEEE 802.11 e
3) Secure communications uses IEEE 802.11 i
Different schemes of modulation are used in the IEEE
802.11 family, some use Orthogonal Frequency-Division
Multiplexing (OFDM), other use Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum (DSSS).
IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee)
ZigBee is the preferred protocol to be deployed in WSN
since it meets the requirements of low-cost and low-power
WSNs for remote controlling and monitoring. Because the
previes protocols provide high data rate in the expense of high
power consumption, application complexity and cost.
VI. OBSTACLES OF SENSOR SECURITY
A wireless sensor network is a special network which has
many constraints comparing to the other networks. These
constraints make difficult to directly employ the existing
security to the wireless sensor networks. The followings are
the brief discussion on these constraints of a sensor network
[5].
Limited Resources: Security approach requires a certain
amount of resources for the implementation, including data
memory, code space, and energy to power the sensor.
However, currently these resources are very limited in a tiny
wireless sensor.
Limited Memory and Storage Space: A sensor is a tiny
device with only a small amount of memory and storage space
for the code. In order to build an effective security
mechanism, it is necessary to limit the code size of the
security algorithm. For example, one common sensor type has
an 8-bit, 4MHz CPU only with only 4.5K available disk space
(Table I). Due to such limitation, the security related code
must also be quite small.
Limitation Power Energy: Limited power is the biggest
constraint of the wireless sensor networks. It is not feasible to
replace or recharge the thousand of high cost of sensors.
Therefore, the battery charge taken with them to the field must
be conserved to extend the life of the individual sensor node as
well as the entire sensor network. The processing of security
related functions (e.g., encryption, decryption, signing data,
verifying signatures) consume extra battery power.
VII. UNRELIABLE COMMUNICATION
Unreliable communication is another key challenge to
sensor security. The network security depends on network
protocol, which in turn depends on communication.
Unreliable Transfer
The packet-based routing of the sensor network is
normally connectionless and thus inherently unreliable.
Packets may get damaged due to channel errors or dropped at
highly congested nodes. The result is lost or missing packets.
If the protocol lacks of appropriate error handling, it is
possible to lose critical security packets. This may include, for
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example, a cryptographic key.
Conflicts
In a high-density sensor network if packets meet in the
middle of transfer, conflicts will occur and the transfer itself
will fail which can be a major problem in providing security.
Latency
The multi-hop routing, network congestion, and node
processing can lead to the latency of the network, thus make it
difficult to achieve the synchronization among sensor nodes.
The synchronization issues can be critical to sensor security.
VIII. CONCLUSION
Designing of a topology aware data aggregation tree is
proposed in which the nodes with more bandwidth and energy
are selected as aggregators. The Orthogonal method finding
the outcomes which to help the direction of nodes with angle
values and to ensure the data aggregate with valid data and
sending with security. These three outcome points to making
effective transmission through orthogonal set function
calculation to verify the angle of direction of among nodes
direction.
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