• Reliability Reliability is repeatability of the instrument; it can

elicit the same responses even with varied administration of the instrument
• Likert Scale- degree of agreement and disagreement Likert scale is a 5-
point summated scale used to determine the degree of agreement or disagreement of
the respondents to a statement in a study.
• Sensitivity is an attribute of the instrument that allow the
respondents to distinguish differences of the options where to choose from
• Validity is ensuring that the instrument contains appropriate questions
about the research topic.
• Random sampling gives equal chance for all the elements in the
population to be picked as part of the sample.
• Ethnography is focused on patterns of behavior of selected people
within a culture
• Accidental sampling is a non-probability sampling method which includes
those who are at the site during data collection.
• Hawthorne effect Hawthorne effect is based on the study of Elton Mayo
and company about the effect of an intervention done to improve the working
conditions of the workers on their productivity. It resulted to an increased
productivity but not due to the intervention but due to the psychological effects
of being observed. They performed differently because they were under observation.
• Saturation is achieved when the investigator can not extract new
responses from the informants, but instead, gets the same responses repeatedly.
• Grounded theory inductively develops a theory based on the observed
processes involving selected people
• Review related literature After formulating and delimiting the research
problem, the researcher conducts a review of related literature to determine the
extent of what has been done on the study by previous researchers.
• Helsinki Declaration Helsinki Declaration is the first international
attempt to set up ethical standards in research involving human research subjects.
• Preservation of life The preservation of life at all cost is a primary
responsibility of the nurse. This is embodied in the Code of Ethics for registered
nurses ( BON Resolution 220 s. 2004).
• Full disclosure is giving the subjects of the research information that
they deserve to know prior to the conduct of the study.
• Signing the document is done to serve as a proof that performance
review was conducted during that date and time.
• Hypothesis is not proven; it is either accepted or rejected. Hypothesis
is testable and is defined as a statement that predicts the relationship between
variables
• Securing informed consent will free the researcher from being accused
of manipulating the subjects because by so doing he/she gives ample opportunity for
the subjects to weigh the advantages/disadvantages of being included in the study
prior to giving his consent. This is done without any element of force, coercion,
threat or even inducement.
• Triangulation makes use of different sources of information such as
triangulation in design, researcher and instrument.
• Interpretation includes the inferences of the researcher about the
findings of the study.
• The research findings is the most important category of information
that the researcher should copy because this will give her valuable information as
to what has been discovered in past studies about the same topic.
• This refers to Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature
which is a rich source for literature review for nurses. The rest of the sites are
for medicine, pharmacy and other health-related sites.
• Abstract contains concise description of the background of the study,
research questions, research objectives, methods, findings, implications to nursing
practice as well as keywords used in the study.
• Primary source This refers to a primary source which is a direct
account of the investigation done by the investigator. In contrast to this is a
secondary source, which is written by someone other than the original researcher.
• formulate a hypothesis The last step in the conceptualizing phase of
the research process is formulating a hypothesis. The rest are the first three
steps in this phase.
• Null hypothesis predicts that there is no change, no difference or no
relationship between the variables in the study
• The ultimate goal of conducting research is to improve patient care
which is achieved by enhancing the practice of nurses when they utilize research
results in their practice.
• Availability is the most important criteria to be considered by the
researcher in determining whether the study is feasible or not. No matter how
significant the study may be if there are no available subjects/respondents, the
study can not push through.
• Accuracy and validity are the most serious weaknesses of the self-
report data. This is due to the fact that the respondents sometimes do not want to
tell the truth for fear of being rejected or in order to please the interviewer.
• Face validity measures whether the instrument appears to be measuring
the appropriate construct. It is the easiest type of validity testing
• Construct validity aims to validate what the instrument is really
measuring. The more abstract the concept, the more difficult to measure the
construct.
• Personal interviews is the best method of collecting survey data
because the quality of information they yield is higher than other methods and
because relatively few people refuse to be interviewed in person.
• Quasi-experiment is done when randomization and control of the
variables are not possible.
• Retrospective studies are done in order to establish a correlation
between present variables and the antecedent factors that have caused it.
•