Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Supervised by
Group Members
Department of
Electrical Engineering
Comsats Institute of Information Technology
Pakistan
2
A report submitted to
COMSATS institute of information technology,
Abbottabad
as partial fulfillment of requirements
for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Science in Electrical (Power) Engineering
4
Final Approval
This is to certify that we have read the report submitted by Nigar Ahmed, Sulaman
Muhammad, and Sikandar Khan. It is our judgment that this report is of sufficient
standard to warrant it acceptance by the COMSATS institute of Information Technology,
Abbottabad for the Bachelor degree in Electrical (Power) Engineering.
Committee
Supervisor
Engr. Naseer Khan ………………….
Department of Electrical Engineering
Comsats Institute of information Technology, Abbottabad
Head of department
Dr. Abdur Rashid …………………..
Department of Electrical Engineering
Comsats Institute of information Technology, Abbottabad
5
DEDICATION
To our parents, friends and honorable teachers who always guide us in all respect
of life and give us the proper motivation to explore new innovation in studies and
life.
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 6
Acknowledgement
All praise to Almighty Allah under those blessing, we have been able to complete and able to
present this report on “Design & analysis of grid connected photovoltaic system”. It was
concerted effort and cooperation of all near and dear ones was commendable. We are indebted
to them and seek their guidance, help and encouragement in future.
We are very thankful to our parents whose support in those days when we were under great
pressure of completing the task. Without their prayers and motivation we could not have
complete this project.
We are very thankful to our supervisor Engr. Naseer khan, who helped us in every part of this
project. He motivated us to work on this project and support a lot in countering the problems we
faced during the implementation.
Special thanks to Engr. Aamir khalil who helped us a lot in hardware design and simulation.
Project Team
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 7
Abstract
Aim of this project is to boost the DC voltage generated by the photovoltaic system to
the required DC value through DC-DC boost converter and then to invert that DC
voltage to AC voltage through H-bridge inverter. The output of the inverter is then
filtered through a low pass filter to get a pure sinusoidal wave form. This output is
then synchronized with the grid by converting the sine wave of grid into square wave
and then compare that square wave with the PWM and then give that output wave of
comparator to H-bridge, so if there is any change in the grid as a result the output of
inverter will also have same change.
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 8
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------ 09
1.1. Grid Synchronization ------------------------------------------- 10
1.2. Photovoltaic System ------------------------------------------- 11
1.3. Pakistan’s Situation ------------------------------------------- 12
1.4. Advantages of PV system ------------------------------------- 13
1.5. Applications -----------------------------------------------------13
4. Simulation --------------------------------------------------------------- 34
4.1. DC-AC Inverter ------------------------------------------------- 35
4.2. Grid Synchronization ------------------------------------------ 40
4.3. Project Coding -------------------------------------------------- 46
5. Hardware Implementation--------------------------------------------- 56
5.1. Practical Results ------------------------------------------------ 57
5.2. Components Used ---------------------------------------------- 59
5.3. Components Specifications ----------------------------------- 60
6. References --------------------------------------------------------------- 62
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 9
CHAPTER
1
Introduction
1.5 Application
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 10
For grid synchronization there are five conditions that must be met before the synchronization
process take place. The five conditions are following:
1. Line voltages
2. Frequency
3. Phase sequence
4. Phase angle
5. Waveforms
Waveforms and phase sequence are fixed by the construction of the photovoltaic system and its
connection to the grid, but voltage, frequency and phase angle must be controlled each time when
photovoltaic system is to be connected with the grid.
The AC voltage generated by the photovoltaic system must be synchronizing with the grid voltage.
There should be no difference in the live voltages of both photovoltaic system and grid.
The frequency of the photovoltaic must also have to be same as the frequency of grid. In Pakistan
the normal frequency of the national grid is 50 Hz. So we also fix the frequency of photovoltaic
system on 50 Hz.
Another requirement for the synchronization process, the phase angles of the photovoltaic system
must be same as the phase angles of the grid. In our project we match the phase angles of
photovoltaic system with the grid by phase loop lock generally known as PLL.
As the line voltage, frequency and phase angles of the grid is constant and we cannot change them,
so for the purpose of synchronization we have to design the system in such a way that its line
voltage, frequency and phase angles should be same as the that of the grid.
There are different methods for synchronizing a system with grid like three-lamp method,
PLL etc. But in our project we use PLL for synchronization.
Due to the low voltage of an individual solar cell (typically ca. 0.5V), several cells are wired in
series in the manufacture of a "laminate". The laminate is assembled into a protective weatherproof
enclosure, thus making a photovoltaic module or solar panel. Modules may then be strung together
into a photovoltaic array. The electricity generated can be either stored, used directly (standalone
plant) or fed into a large electricity grid powered by central generation plants (grid-connected) or
combined with one or many domestic electricity generators to feed into a small grid (hybrid
plant). Depending on the type of application, the rest of the system ("balance of system" or "BOS")
consists of different components. The BOS depends on the load profile and the system type.
Systems are generally designed in order to ensure the highest energy yield for a given investment.
In kW sized installations the DC side system voltage is as high as permitted (typically 1000V
except US residential 600V) to limit ohmic losses. Most modules (72 crystalline silicon cells)
generate about 160W at 36 volts. It is sometimes necessary or desirable to connect the modules
partially in parallel rather than all in series. One set of modules connected in series is known as a
'string'.
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 12
b. Stand-Alone system
A standalone system does not have a connection to the electricity grid. Standalone
systems vary widely in size and application from wristwatches or calculators to remote buildings or
spacecraft. If the load is to be supplied independently of solar insulation, the generated power is
stored and buffered with a battery. In non-portable applications where weight is not an issue, such
as in buildings, lead acid batteries are most commonly used for their low cost and tolerance for
abuse. A charge controller may be incorporated in the system to:
b) Optimizing the production of the cells or modules by maximum power point tracking (MPPT).
However, in simple PV systems where the PV module voltage is matched to the battery voltage, the
use of MPPT electronics is generally considered unnecessary, since the battery voltage is stable
enough to provide near-maximum power collection from the PV module. In small devices (e.g.
calculators, parking meters) only direct current (DC) is consumed. In larger systems (e.g. buildings,
remote water pumps) AC is usually required. To convert the DC from the modules or batteries into
AC, an inverter is used.
There have been some efforts to install and expand the use of solar energy in Pakistan. The average
amount of daily sunlight in Pakistan is nine and a half hours; there are a few cloudy days even in the
wettest regions. Eight power generation plants have been installed and eleven are in various stages
of completion. Further feasibility studies are undergoing. In December 1981 the first
solar photovoltaic system was commissioned, located in Mumniala (a village 60 km
from Islamabad). Four solar systems has been commissioned in Khukhera (Lasbela district), Ghakar
(Attock district), Malmari (Thatta district)(now that system is unserviceable) and Dittal Khan
Leghari, Digri (Mirpurkhas district).
A practical example of the use of solar energy can be seen in some rural villages of Pakistan where
houses have been provided with solar panels that run electric fans and energy saving bulbs. One
notable and successfully implemented case was the village of Narian Khorian (about 50 kilometers
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 13
from Islamabad) which employs the use of 100 solar panels installed by a local firm, free of cost;
these panels have provide energy through lights and fan facilities to some 100 households.
Solar power is pollution-free during use. Production end-wastes and emissions are manageable
using existing pollution controls. End-of-use recycling technologies are under development and
policies are being produced that encourage recycling from producers.
PV installations can operate for many years with little maintenance or intervention after their initial
set-up, so after the initial capital cost of building any solar power plant, operating costs are
extremely low compared to existing power technologies.
Grid-connected solar electricity can be used locally thus reducing transmission/distribution losses
(transmission losses in the US were approximately 7.2% in 1995).
Compared to fossil and nuclear energy sources, very little research money has been invested in the
development of solar cells, so there is considerable room for improvement. Nevertheless,
experimental high efficiency solar cells already have efficiencies of over 40% in case of
concentrating photovoltaic cells and efficiencies are rapidly rising while mass-production costs are
rapidly falling.
CHAPTER
2
Literature Review
In high-voltage and high-current applications, the switching devices used in a chopper circuit are
thyristors. When power transistors BJT’s, MOSFETS or GTO thyristors are used, they can be
turned off easily by controlling the base or gate current.
1. Buck choppers
2. Boost choppers
The buck chopper produce output voltage that is less than the input voltage.
The boost choppers produce output voltage that is greater than the input voltage.
Pulse width modulation is the switching technique used in DC choppers. In this method, the pulse
width Ton is varied while the overall switching period T is kept constant. The fig 2.1 shows, how the
output waveform vary as the duty cycle is increased.
When PWM is provided to the switch S, the switch S is then closed, the diode D is OFF, since it is
reversed-biased. It will stay off as long as switch S remain closed. The equivalent circuit shown in
the fig 2.3 when the switch S is closed and diode D is open. The input current builds up
exponentially and flows through the inductor L and the load. The output voltage is equal to V i. The
switch S is kept on for time Ton and then turned OFF.
Now when no PWM is provided to the gate of switch S, the switch become open, the current
through the inductor start decaying to zero. It cannot change instantaneously but will decrease
slowly to zero. This cause an inductor voltage with opposite polarity across the inductor. The
inductor voltage forward biases the diode, and the current flowing through the inductor now
freewheels through the diode D and the load. The purpose of the diode therefore is to provide a path
for the load current when switch S is off. Therefore, turning off switch S automatically turns ON
diode D. the new circuit configuration is shown in fig 2.4. The voltage across the load is zero, and
the current decays toward zero as long as switch S remains OFF, that is for period Toff. The energy
stored in the inductor L is delivered to the load.
When PWM is provided in the gate of the switch S, the switch S is then turned ON. As shown in fig
2.6. The inductor is connected to the input supply. The voltage across the inductor V L jumps
instantaneously to source voltage Vi, but the current through the inductor iL increases linearly and
source energy in the inductor L. at this time the capacitor energy supplies the load voltage.
Now when there is no PWM on the gate of switch, the switch S become open as shown in the fig
2.7, the current collapse and the energy stored in the inductor L transferred to the capacitor C
through the diode D. the induced voltage VL across the inductor reverse, and the inductor voltage
adds to the source voltage to increase the output voltage. The current that was flowing through
switch S now flows through L, D and C to the load. Therefore, the energy stored in the inductor is
released to the load and the output voltage increase.
When switch S is again closed, D becomes reverse-biased, the capacitor energy supplies the load
voltage, and the cycle repeats.
Vo will always be greater than the Vi because the polarity of the VL is always same as that of Vi.
The diode current iD behave as follow:
The basic circuit diagram of inverter consists of four switches; here we use MOSFETS as a switch.
And every MOSFET has its own driver known as MOSFET driver.
To operate this H-bridge we use PWM. The switches are turned on an OFF in diagonal pairs, so
either switch S1 and S4 or S2 and S3 are turn for half cycle. Therefore, the DC source is connected to
the load alternately in opposite directions. First when current start flowing in the circuit the switch
S1 and S4 become close and act as a short circuit. When S1 and S4 become short the output wave for
half cycle is shown in the fig 2.10. After that when S2 and S3 become short and the direction of the
current become opposite and the waveform for this cycle is also shown in the fig 2.10.
This is the output waveform of DC-AC inverter. In first half cycle the switch S1 and S4 is short and
it give us a positive waveform. In second cycle when switch S2 and S3 is short since the direction of
current is opposite and give us a negative waveform.
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 21
The basic circuit diagram of filter is shown in fig 2.11. The circuit consists of an inductor and a
capacitor in series.
1. Low-pass filter
2. High-pass filter
3. Band-pass filter
Low-pass filter is a filter that passes frequencies below a certain value and rejects frequencies
above that value. A low-pass filter is an electronic filter that passes low frequency signals but
rejects signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. The actual amount of attenuation
for each frequency varies from filter to filter. It is sometimes called a high-cut filter, or treble cut
filter when used in audio applications. A low-pass filter is the opposite of a high-pass filter.
High-pass filter is a filter that passes frequencies above a certain value and rejects frequencies
below that value. A high-pass filter is an electronic filter that passes high frequency signals
but rejects signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency. The actual amount of
attenuation for each frequency varies from filter to filter. A high-pass filter is usually modeled as
a linear time-invariant system. It is sometimes called a low-cut filter or bass-cut filter.
Band-pass filter is a filter that passes frequencies within a certain range and rejects (attenuates)
frequencies outside that range.
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 22
CHAPTER
3
Propose System
3.1 Overview
3.4 Filter
3.7 Efficiency
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 23
3.1 Overview:
The aim of our project is to convert solar energy into electrical energy and then synchronize
that power with grid. We use solar penal as a source and take DC power from that penal, we then
boost that DC power and then invert that DC into AC voltage. And then filter the AC voltage to get
pure sine wave. And then synchronize our output voltage, frequency and phase with the grid.
vi
capacitor output
S
Working
When MOSFET in ON (short circuit) then diode is reverse biased and no current flows
to output. At that time capacitor discharges and output current is flown. When MOSFET is OFF
(open circuit) the inductor changes its polarity because it opposes change in current so at that time
diode is forward biased. At this moment the inductor act as another battery and both input voltage
and voltage of inductor is added, at this vary moment the capacitor is charged and also output
current flows.
In this DC-DC booster the input voltage is 25v DC which is boosted to the 80v DC.
Vo = Vi / (1-d)
When Vi = 25v
Vo = 83.33v
Inductor design
For designing inductor for the DC-DC booster first of all its value is calculated that which value is
required for the booster.
D=Ton/T (2)
For D=0.7
T=66.6us
Ton=46.6us
L=3.5mH
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 25
1. EI shape inductor
2. 36 gauge wire
3. 125 turns
Practical results
12v 36.75v
15v 46.48v
18v 56.39v
21v 66.78v
25v 81.30v
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 26
Construction
For inverting DC voltage into AC voltage H-Bridge is used. Its construction is similar to
‘H’, in h bridge 4 switches are used here for switching MOSFETS are used. For switching of the
MOSFETS micro controller is also used in the circuit for each MOSFET opto-coupler is used
because a pulse cannot be given directly to the gate of MOSFET.
Working
H-Bridge inverts DC to AC voltage. For this switching is done, in switching first of all
switch 1 & 4 is ON meanwhile switch 2 & 3 are OFF and vice versa. When switch 1&4 are ON
then at that time current direction is different from the other when switch 2 & 3 are ON. So it is said
that DC is inverted to AC, because the current direction changes with the change in switching of
MOSFETS.
Fig 3.2 shows the circuit diagram of H-Bridge. For switching, at gate the opto couplers or
MOSFETS drivers are used through which pulses are given to the MOSFETs. At the gate of
MOSFET’s pulses in the form of sinusoidal PWM is given. Sinusoidal PWM can be made by 2
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 27
methods either by comparing sine wave and ramp wave or by making a code in micro-controller.
Both of the methods can be practically implemented. For sine and ramp wave first of all oscillators
are made which gives output in the form of sine and ramp respectively. This method is analogue
method. in coding output port is set and reset according to our need. As for inverter’s H-Bridge
sinusoidal PWM is needed so loops are used so at one time the set time varies meanwhile the reset
time also varies. If set time increases so at that time reset time should reduce and vice versa. This
method of generating PWM is digital method. usually analogue methods are faster than the digital
methods because in digital methods certain time is used by each command written in coding, for
execution. But here the digital method is preferred because coding is simple and small which don’t
take more time, its almost take the same time as of analogue method and secondly here if analogue
method is used so sine and wave oscillators will be required which will result in the complex
circuitry and there is more probability of errors in analogue method and its difficult to sort it out.
As in H-Bridge (diagonal/off diagonal) 2 switches are ON at one time. Switching between switch
S1&S4 and switch S2&S3 determine the output frequency which is settled to a nominal value 50 Hz.
In coding the switching of switch 1 & 4 and switch 2 & 3 is controlled, so the output frequency can
be controlled by the coding here the requirement is 50 Hz.
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 28
Practical results
DC voltage Inverted AC
36.75 V 31.67 V
46.48 V 40.39 V
56.39 V 48.61 V
66.78 V 54.43 V
81.30 V 75.65 V
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 29
3.4. Filter
Filter is used for the smoothing of wave form. i.e. if we have a sinusoidal waveform
but that is not in pure sinusoidal shape, we use filter for the to smooth our waveform and get it into
pure sinusoidal shape.
Low-pass Filter
Fig 3.3 shows the circuit diagram of a low pass filter. Filter is necessary to be connected after H
Bridge because the output of the H Bridge is in the form of PWM’s (both positive and negative). So
to get the smooth output of sine wave the filter is used. Here low pass filter is used where an
inductor is used and a capacitor is connected in the parallel to the output load.
Vb= 80v
h: hysteresis (h=0.5Io)
Io =Po/Vo
Io= 2.75 A
Fs=15 KHz
Lfi =1.5mH
Inductor specification
Core used: ferrite core
Wire: 22 SWG
Capacitor Value
The value of capacitor can be find as followed:
Cfi =8.2uF
To get the desired value of capacitor we used a bulk of four capacitors each of 3uF in parallel and
series by making its combinations. All of the capacitors used in the filter are non-polar.
12 V 36.75 V 31.67 V
15 V 46.48 V 40.39 V
18 V 56.39 V 48.61 V
21 V 66.78 V 54.43 V
25 V 81.30 V 75.65 V
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 32
3.7 Efficiency
As there are two parts of hardware DC-DC converter and DC-AC Inverter. We have
calculated the efficiency of both parts separately. The efficiency of both the DC-DC converter and
DC-AC inverter are as follows:
Iin = 2 A
Pin = 50 W
Vout = 81.3 V
Iout = 0.51 A
Pout = 41.5 W
η = Pout / Pin
η = 83%
Vin = 81.30 v
Iin = 3 A
Pin = 244 W
Vrms = 75.65 V
Irms = 2.75 A
Pout = 206 W
η = Pout / Pin
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 33
η = 84%
Overall Efficiency
ηoverall = 0.83 × 0.84
ηoverall = 72.04%
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 34
CHAPTER
4
Simulation
The fig 4.1 shows the block diagram of DC-AC inverter. In Inverter the phase and
frequency of the output voltage is controlled with the help of square wave. As for MOSFETS
sinusoidal PWM is required which is generated from the comparison of sine and ramp wave. Fig 4.2
shows the comparison of ramp and sine wave.
The frequency of the ramp wave determines the frequency of the PWM. Greater the frequency of
ramp wave greater will be the frequency of the PWM and which will result in smooth sine wave.
Fig 4.3 shows the PWM generated by the comparison of sine and ramp wave.
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 36
In H-Bridge it is necessary that either diagonal MOSFETS are ON or OFF diagonal MOSFETS are
ON at a time. For that PWM should be divided such that at a single instant MOSFET 1 & 4 are ON
and MOSFET 2&3 OFF and vice versa. It is done by comparing the PWM with the square wave,
Phase and frequency will determine the phase and frequency of the output of the project.
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 37
This square wave is compared through comparator with the PWM generated from comparison of
sine and ramp wave. We take the square wave from function generator. The wave form of the
square wave is shown above in the figure 4.4.
First this simple square wave is compared with the PWM to get the PWM for the switching of
MOSFET 1 & 4 then for MOSFET 2 & 3 the NOT of the square wave is compared with the PWM
to get PWM.
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 38
The waveform for MOSFET 1 and 4 is given below in fig 4.5. This is produced by the comparison
of square wave with PWM.
There is a vacant place in the centre of PWM, this is because in this region the sine wave is
maximum and the ramp is not able to cut that maximum sine wave that’s why this place is vacant.
The waveform for MOSFET 2 and 3 is given below in fig 4.5. This is produced by the comparison
of square wave with PWM.
After division of PWM into two sets it is given to opto-couplers through which it is given at gate of
the MOSFETS which inverts the DC voltage into AC. This PWM is only used as pulses at gate
which is needed for on and off of MOSFET. Its amplitude has no relation with the amplitude of
output voltage. The waveform of output AC voltage is given in the fig 4.7 below. This is the AC
wave form which is not filtered.
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 40
There are few conditions that must be met before the synchronization process takes place. The
conditions are as follows:
Our focus is to synchronize the phase of our system and the grid because frequency is already
settled to a nominal value (50HZ) in switching of MOSFETS through microcontroller and here it is
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 41
assumed that the Grid is ideal and has a constant frequency. The output voltage of out inverter and
grid is also constant and equal. By synchronizing the phase the wave form can also be
synchronized. Waveforms and phase sequence are fixed by the construction of the photovoltaic
system and its connection to the grid, but voltage, frequency and phase angle must be controlled
each time when photovoltaic system is to be connected to a grid.
The AC voltage generated by the photovoltaic system must be synchronizing with the grid voltage.
There should be no difference in the live voltages of both photovoltaic system and grid.
The frequency of the photovoltaic must also have to be same as the frequency of grid. In Pakistan
the normal frequency of the national grid is 50 Hz. So we also fix the frequency of photovoltaic
system on 50 Hz.
Another requirement for the synchronization process, the phase angles of the photovoltaic system
must be same as the phase angles of the grid. In our project we match the phase angles of
photovoltaic system with the grid by phase loop lock generally known as PLL.
As the line voltage, frequency and phase angles of the grid is constant and we cannot change them,
so for the purpose of synchronization we have to design the system in such a way that its line
voltage, frequency and phase angles should be same as the that of the grid. Synchronization in
electrical generating system is the combination or synchronization of two electrical inputs by
matching the output-voltage waveform of one electrical system with the voltage waveform of
another system. Synchronization can be between two or more generating systems or between
generating systems and a utility supply
Fig 4.9 shows the sine to square converter in which AC supply from grid, DC supply, virtual OP-
AMP and a NOT gate is used. Here the AC and DC are compared through op amp. The AC supply
is from GRID utility. As sine wave for first half cycle is positive and in second half cycle it is
negative. When positive half cycle of sine wave and DC voltage is compared then op amp gives
Vcc at output similarly for negative cycle AC is negative but DC is positive so it is not compared so
op amp give zero at output as the other pin of the op amp is grounded. Here, the not gate has
similar working as that of in inverter. As diagonal/off diagonal MOSFETS are ON and OFF so this
not will make the square wave inverted. Once from node 3 this square wave is compared with the
PWM and then from node 4 it is compared with the PWM. So again the PWM is divided for H-
Bridge.
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 43
As sine wave is converted into square wave so if a shift occurs in grid’s sine wave so a shift will
occur in the square wave accordingly a shift will occur in PWMs for switches and a shift will occur
in the output of the project which will be synchronized with the grid.
As in the Grid sine wave there is 0 degree phase shift, so same as that in output wave
form there is also 0 degree phase shift, because we have synchronize out output waveform with the
grid. The 0 degree phase shift result is shown in the fig 4.12.
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 45
As in the Grid sine wave there is 10 degree phase shift, so same as that in output wave
form there is also 10 degree phase shift, because we have synchronize out output waveform with the
grid. The 10 degree phase shift result is shown in the fig 4.13.
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 46
mov p1,00h
mov a,00h
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.2
SET P1.4
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 47
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 48
CLR P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 49
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 50
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.4
CLR P1.2
CPL P1.4
MOV 1.5,1.4
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.3
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 51
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.2
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.3
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 52
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 53
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.3
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 54
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
CLR P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
SETB P1.1
SETB P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.1
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 55
CLR P1.3
ACALL DELAY1
CLR P1.5
JMP START
delay1: mov tmod,#01
mov tl0,#0b2h
mov th0,#0ffh
setb tr0
CHAPTER
5
Hardware Implementation
DC-AC Inverter
Filter Design
MOSFET 17N40
Opto-coupler 4N35
µ-Controller
Features 18f452
Operating frequency 40Mhz
Program memory 32 K
i/o ports Port A,B,C,D,E
Timers 4
Design & Analysis Of Grid Connected PV System 61
Opto-coupler PC 123
Fwd Current IF 50 mA
References
http://www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/pdf/43321/SHARP/PC123.html
www.datasheetcatalog.org/datasheet/Sharp/mXrwuqw.pdf
www.fairchildsemi.com/ds/FQ/FQP17N40.pdf
www.ic2ic.com/search.jsp?sSearchWord=FQP%2017N40%20MOSFET
www.datasheetcatalog.org/.../1/03tgz200g5x4946jka7isojyj5wy.pdf
www.datasheetarchive.com/opto%20coupler%204n35-d
www.datasheetdir.com/4N35+Optocouplers
www.alldatasheet.com/view.jsp?Searchword=18F452
www.datasheetarchive.com/18f452-datasheet.html
http://www.easycalculation.com/physics/electromagnetism/inductance.php
http://powermagnetics.co.uk/calculator.html