1

CHAPTER 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

A final control element (FCE) is a mechanical device that changes a process physically which
in response to the change the setpoint of the process control system. It is driven by a
controller to carried out its control mechanism and are located in the process line. There are
great differences between the FCEs where their accessories that cause each of them to have
their own characteristics of function to adapt to a particular process dynamic. In designing a
control system, two of the most essential characteristics that must be take into account are
linearity and the speed of response. If a FCE is nonlinear, it will affect the stability of the
system as the linearity of the process does.

FCE may be referred as actuator such as valve, gate, motor or relay. It enables an operator of a
plant to achieve a desired process variable output by manipulated the setpoint of the process
variable. In other words the valve must move to a certain position that represented by the
value of controller. The faster and more accurate the valve follow the dictates the better the
performance of the valve.

In past, FCE is functioned together with electric actuator and a squirrel-cage motor, which
they are suffered from several operation limitations. The commonly used of pneumatic
actuators suffer from overshot performance and high maintenance costs. The insufficient of
technologies has cause poor control and process output variability to the process. Usually
these situations gone unnoticed as they are not directly apparent. Therefore, in the selection of
a FCE, the actuator should have the characteristics that enable valve to perform well in order
for the control system to function as designed.

However, current technologies have focused on improve the performance of the process
control. This can mean that FCE has been improved to more precise and consistent in their
performance. in order to improve the performance of the process control, the major step is to
improve the FCE performance, where the beck electric actuator provide the necessary control
that many FCE, especially valve depends on.

The most common FCE in industrial control system is control valve which is used to control
fluid flow in pipeline. In petrochemical industry, control valve has known on its well
 2

performance in adjust the flow of the fluid in the production process. Energy costs is the
major operating expense in petrochemical plants, so, poor valve control can lead to low plant
profits.

Therefore, valves such as gate valve with electric actuator and that with manual actuator, gate
valve with pneumatic membrane actuator and pressure relief valve play an important role in
ensure the optimum process conditions is achieved during the benzene distillation. Gate valve
is most often used to cut off very thick liquid such as benzene using its sharp gates. The
different operation of actuators on the valve will depends on the materials conditions that they
faced in the pipeline. Meanwhile, pressure relief valve used in petrochemical industry, such as
benzene distillation process to release stored gas in the equipment to maintain an optimal
level of pressure in the equipment. As improper management of benzene may cause adverse
effect to human health and environment because of its evaporates quickly when exposed to
air.
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CHAPTER 2

LITERITURE REVIEW

2.1 Final Control Element

Final control element (FCE) is a mechanical device that physically changes the operating
condition of the process in response to a change the setpoint of the control system. It is driven
by a controller and carried out the control mechanism produced by actuator. The FCE that
commonly used in industry are valves. FCE is an important part in the process control system
where it allows desired process output to achieved by manipulate the process variable towards
the setpoint (Harold Becks & Sons, 2017). The valve must move to a position represent by the
value of the controller output. However, many people mistakenly consider that valve is not
really important in the performance of the control system. The concept of thinking that the
valve will not always move to the exact correct position required by the controller output as it
may be varied by other physical factors in the practical condition. Actually, I (integral) in
controller will always eliminate the error so that when the valve does not get to the right
position, it will vary its output to match with the valve position (Michael Brown, 2001). FCE
is usually being referred as output device of a control system as it carries out the action after
receive instruction from controller. FCE regulate the process condition by using energy which
usually from electricity, air pressure or hydraulic pressure. There are a great variety between
the FCEs which differentiate by accessories and having their own characteristics to adapt to a
particular process dynamic (Next A Schlumberger, 2002).

2.1.1 Gate Valve with Electric Actuator

Gate valve (also known as knife valve or slide valve) can be widely used in all type of
applications and it available for both on ground and underground applications. Gate valve is
designed to be fully closed and fully open performance. they are usually installed in pipelines
as an isolating valve, rather than as control valve or regulating valve. Gate valve is linear
motion valve which a flat element cuts into the flow stream to shut-off the process flow
 4

(Engineering 360, 2005). Gate valve can be applied effectively in cut off slurry. It also
involves in viscous liquid such as light grease, honey and cream. However, gate valve is
limited by low pressure application and low effectiveness when operated at process that
requires cleanliness and sanitary conditions. It performs excellently as a shutoff valve
anywhere needed. Gate valve also designed to reduce pressure drop across the valve in the
fully opened position to allow fluid to flow completely. The direction of fluid flow does not
change, diameter of fluid passes is the same as the that of pipe (Cameron,2011). In
petrochemical industry, the main type of valves are API 600 (cast body carbon), API 603 (cast
body stainless), AP 602 (forged body gate valve) and pressure seal gate valve. Knife gate
valve is manufactured according to Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry
(TAPPI) standards (Lugano,2018).

2.1.2 Gate Valve with Manual Actuator

Manually operated gate valve has long working lifespan, but it is robust. A manual actuator
operates hand levers, gear actuators, chainwheel actuators handwheel pedestals, stem
extensions or handwheels to move the stem of the valve. Manual actuator is operated by hand
therefore depends on human power adjust it. It has simple design construction and using of
corrosion resistant aluminium which die with optional heavy duty actuator to ensure positive
operation and media control. Meanwhile, manual actuated valve is inexpensive, which
typically self-contained and easy to operate. It does not require any other equipment such as
electric motor to work with. However, there are also some limitation on the manual actuator
in which it does not suitable to operate with large valve. This is because the large valve will
require much larger human force to move the actuator which is impossible to operate by
human. Other than that, manual operated valve also not available for the condition that need
valve to be located in remote, toxic or hostile environment. However, the some of the operate
automatically will have equipped with handwheel that allow manual operation. The automatic
operating ability will be closed so that the valve is no longer obey the remote signals.

2.1.3 Gate Valve with Pneumatic Membrane Actuator

Pneumatic gate valve, also known as air control valve operates by converting the energy from
compressed air into mechanical motion. The motion can be either rotatory or linear,
depending on the type of the actuator. There are some type of the pneumatic actuators such as
 5

tie rod cylinders, rotatory actuators, grippers, vacuum generators and others. It is one of an
array component that used in control the pressure, rate and volume of air that move through
he pneumatic system. There are various type of pneumatic valves can be found in the heart of
the device according to a given type of the pneumatic used in the pneumatic system. For
example, functional control valve that used to regulate the direction of flow or inhibit the flow
is a class of pneumatic valves that house multiple variants. It is the fundamental components
of any pneumatic system. Therefore, it is important to select the best pneumatic control valve
will help to optimise the regulation of system pressure, flowrate and flow direction.

2.2 Pressure Relief valve

Pressure relief valve act as a safety valve that used in control the pressure in a process system,
the pressure may be produced when there is a process, upset, equipment failure or fire.
Therefore, the pressure will be released by allow pressurised fluid low from auxiliary outlet
out of the system. The purpose of the relief valve is to protect the pressure vessels and other
equipment from suffered condition of pressure that may exceed their design limit. When the
pressure limit is exceeded, the relief valve will be forced to open and part of the fluid will
passes out through the auxiliary path. The diverted fluid will be will be directed to flare
header, where it will burn and produced combustion gases and release to atmosphere. Pressure
relief valve control the pressure at the inlet port of an equipment by releasing the pressure to
the atmosphere. In other cases, a bypass valve may also act as a relief valve by being used to
return the discharged fluid by pump or gas compressor. This is to protect the pump or gas
compressor.

2.3 Petrochemical Industry

Petrochemical industry that making products from chemicals that mainly derived from
petroleum or natural gas. Crude oil or petroleum fresh out from the ground. Hundreds years
ago, Native Americans used crude oil for fuel and medicine. However, the oil industry is
actually start since 1859. In that year, Edwin L. Drake drilled a well near Titusville,
Pennsylvania. By 1860s, wooden derricks covered the hills of western Pennsylvania. In 1865,
the first successful oil pipeline is built from oil field near Titusville. This industry is
concerned with the production of the petrochemicals. It is a direct linked industry with oil and
gas industry, where it is known as the downstream sector of the oil and gas industry. Large
 6

scale of production of methanol, benzene, ethylene, toluene and propylene. Ethylene and
propylene also known as olefins, which is a class of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons with
formula CnH2n. Benzene and toluene commonly known as aromatics, where they are
unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons with more than one benzene rings. The petrochemical
industry will giving the globalization and integration impacts to the world economy.

2.4 Benzene

Benzene was first isolated in 1825 by Michael Faraday from an oil film that deposited from
the gas that used for lightning. Several experiments have been done by Faraday and identified
that there are same number of carbons and hydrogens in that compounds, therefore, it is
named as “carbureted hydrogen”. Another chemist, Laurent, due to the ability of the
compound to illuminating gas, it should be named as pheno. Nine years later, France and
England have name it benzene instead of benzin, which come from Mitcherlish, another
chemist that produced the same compound by heating the chemical that isolated from gum
benzoin. Benzene is the simplest organic aromatic compounds and parent compounds for
other aromatic compounds. The structure of benzene is hexagonal with C-C bonds of same
distance and its stability is contributed by the P-orbitals that overlap to form delocalised
molecular orbital that extended around the ring, decreased its reactivity as shown in Figure
below. Benzene is a colourless liquid and odour. It has a boiling point of 80.1°C and melting
point of 5.5°C. In addition. It will dissolves readily in organic solvent, but only slightly
soluble in water. It is also carcinogenic as when it exposed to human body, it may cause
leukemia. Therefore, benzene emissions has been strictly controlled.

2.5 Benzene Distillation

Benzene-Toluene Fractionation is a separation technique that used to produce pure benzene

via benzene distillation. In past, multivariable controllers have been applied extensively in
benzene production plants. These controllers have increased process efficiency and plant
capacity. Traditionally, benzene distillation process model is derived by open-loop
perturbance of the process. This is a step test and it is one of the part in the control project
implementation. Furthermore, due to the cost cutting in the process industry, there are major
reduction number of engineering staffs, causing in-house step-testing is no longer available.
Benzene-Toluene fractionator is the major equipment in aromatic extraction unit. The benzene
will be separated from distillation column as it is the light component compare to heavy
component as toluene. The relative volatility between them are approximately 2.5, which
 7

means that a moderate feed to reflux ratio is needed. However, due to the high cost of control
techniques, the control project has not been applied widely in the benzene distillation industry.
In the process, temperature and the flowrate of the reboiler steam always need to be
maintained at their setpoint in order to achieved desired benzene purity and recovery.

CHAPTER 3

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Final Control Element used in Petrochemical Industry

Final control elements are the equipment that used in regulate and control the flow of the
process. Therefore, valves are among the most commonly used final control elements in
petrochemical industry.

3.2 Historical Usage and Advanced Technologies of Valves

During the Greek and Roman time, the development of valve start with uses of plug cock
valve and the design remain unchanged until 19th century. During the 19th century, some
eminent engineers has focused on design of valves, notably Timothy Hackworth, who
introduced the adjustable springs for replacement of weights to the steam safety valve. Hence,
the valve is now well preserved in Science Museum of London. In the past 60 years, many
type of valves are invented to cope the new and hazardous process developed over the years.
The market nowadays showing that nearly 85% of the control valves applied in the industry
were developed in the 1960s.

Figure : Plug cock valve.

 8

Hence, the traditional valve such gate valve and globe valve have nowadays improved to new
design of valve such as lubricated taper plug, ball and butterfly valves. On of these is Control-
Disk is manufactured by Fisher Controls by adding of control profiles with on the basic of
metal-seated and double-eccentric butterfly valve, which giving the valve equal percentage of
inherent flow properties. Another invention happens focused around rubber-lined valves
where it is pressure resistant and not particularly sensitive to impurities that may remained
between slide and sealing surface.

Figure : Rubber lined gate valve.

3.3 Type of Gate Valves

Gate valves open and close the flow of process in the pipeline, hence, they are known as the
family of the on/off valves. Gate valve is designed to be used as an isolation valve. When they
are under operation, they are usually in a fully closed or fully open position. Therefore, when
it is opened, it allows the fluid to flow in a straight line through at the least resistance. Instead,
if it is fully closed, it will not allow any fluid to pass through. However, gate valve cannot be
being used to adjust or regulate the flow due to its fully closed or fully opened limitation. In
addition, if the gate valve is partially opened, this may result in corrosion to the valve discs
and seating surface. Besides, the vibration that occurred due to the high fluid flowrate on the
discs may cause the discs to be chattered. Therefore, a special design gate valve is used for
low velocity throttling. For example, guillotine gate valve is used for pulp stock process. In
benzene distillation, there are gate valves with electrical, manual and pneumatic actuator
involved, including of other type of valves such as pressure relief valve.

For the operating principle of gate valve, gate valve is usually used gas pipelines in control
the fluid flow. When the handle wheel is rotated in clockwise direction, the stem and gate will
move downward and start to move across the gas flow and hold tightly between two seats.
Thus, the gate will help in prevent the flow of gas and seal the pipeline from any gas leakage
 9

through the vales as the valve is completely closed. So, when the valve is closed, the gate
surface will seal by only depend on the medium pressure to pressure the sealing surface of the
gate plate to the other side of the valve seat to ensure sealing surface, known as self-sealing.
However, in most cases, the valve will be forced to close by external forces to press the gate
to its seat to ensure sealing surface.

Figure : Schematic diagram when closing of a gate valve.

However, when the wheel is rotated in anti-clockwise direction, the stem and gate will move
in upward direction across the gas flow to open the valve and hence, allow the gas to flow
through the valve. Hence, when the valve is fully opened, there are no resistance of gas flow
so the gas can flow freely across the valve.

The main advantages of gate valve include the gas resistance in the gate valve is typically low
compared to other type of valve as the valve body of the gate valve is a straight type and
causing the gas flow not to change direction. This is because when there is blockage at the
pathway of gas flow, it will cause to reduce of gas flowrate and hence increase the gas
pressure. By maintain the gas to flow in straight and smooth direction can minimise the
resistance of gas flow. Besides, gate valve is also a valve that has dual flow directions. Since
it is not subject to the flow directions of the medium, it is suitable for use in pipeline where
the medium may change the flow direction. In addition, it also has wide range of application
as beside of its application in oil and steam media, it also available in medium that contain
granular solid and with a large viscosity as it can either operate at fully open or fully closed
condition, hence the condition of the medium will not cause harm to the discs of the valve.
 10

3.3.1 Gate Valves with Electric Actuator

the electric actuator in gate valve uses an electric motor to provide force and torque to operate
the gate valve. It converts the electrical energy into mechanical torque. It is quiet, non-toxic
and energy efficient as it does not require any energy to operate the valve. But, there must be
an electric source available in order for the actuator to function. If not, it must be also
operated by batteries. Also, there is a break applied in the valve actuator to prevent the media
from opening the valve. This is because when there is no brake installed in the actuator, the
actuator will uncover the opened valve and rotate it back to closed position. If this continue to
happen, the motor and actuator will eventually damage. However, it is also known as one of
the most readily available forms of actuator because it does not involve oil or other fossil
fuels.

In benzene distillation, gate valve with electric actuator is commonly used as it has shortest
response time and greater stiffness which cannot being done by other valve actuator. It has
also being proved that can increase the revenue of petrochemical company as it able to
prevent eliminatation the unnecessary benzene emission to surrounding. By eliminate the
requirement of vent natural gas (benzene) to the environment, this make the electric actuator
valve a very efficient FCE in benzene distillation process and environmental friendly. This
valve enhances its performance by using the servo motor and roller screw technology to
achieve its fast and accurate performance.

Figure : Gate valve with electric actuator and its symbol.

The advantages of gate valves with electrical actuator is that it offers the highest precision of
control positioning. An example of range of accuracy is ±0.000315in. and repeatability of
about 0.0000394in. Also, the electric actuators can be network and programmed easily and
 11

they offer immediate feedback of diagnostics and maintenance. At the mean-time, the also
provide complete control on the movement of flow of gas include encoders to control
velocity, position, torque, and applied force. In addition, as compared with pneumatic, it is
quieter as it involves only electrical movement and no any flowing of fluid that may produce
noise. Besides, it will also being avoid of fluid leaking problem as it only involved electric
current flow. Therefore, environmental hazard of pollution may be prevented.

3.3.2 Gate Valves with Manual Actuator

Manual actuation is the basically operated by human driving force. A manual actuator is
operated by using wheels, gears or levers to move the valve stem. It can be made directly by
devices such as handwheel on the axis of the valves to provides greater torque on more turns.
Other than that, if the valve is located at the place that difficult to be operate, it can be operate
in a distance with a chain wheels.

Figure :Gate valve with manual actuator and its symbol.

Generally, in benzene distillation, the manual actuator serves as a motion device that operators
use as override devices for the gate valve that actuated with electric powered actuator. As the
manual actuated valve need always to be operated under non-hazard location, it must be
located at the place that can easily operated by operator. Thus, the valve is usually installed at
the pipeline between the distillation column and heat exchanger that least chances to adjust it
as it must be always open to allowed maximum flow from the distillation column output to
the heat exchanger to cool down the purified benzene. Furthermore, the valve with manual
actuator is also located at the output pipeline of the solvent recovery tank to allow the desired
fuel gas in the solvent to be removed from the plant after the solvent has been used for
bezene-toulene separation. Thereby, the recovered solvent will be transferred back to be
reused.
 12

Figure : Diagram of operating principle of manual actuator valve.

The advantages of manual actuator valve is that it is inexpensive, typically reliable and easy
to operate as it does not require any power source. It is usually self- contained as well as
since it used the same motion to open and close the valve, it is easy to trace an error occur
during the control process or any cause of discrepancy. Due to its simple operation, it has
been use widely in industry that does not cause human health problem or any harm to the
operator at the location where the manual actuator valve located.

3.3.3 Gate Valves with Pneumatic Actuator

Basically, pneumatic actuator valve is operated by gas such as air as it power source. The two
common types of manual actuator valve are linear or quarter-turn valves. The air pressure will
act on a piston or bellow the diaphragm to produce a linear force to the valve. However, a
quarter-turn actuator will create torque that provide rotatory motion to operate the valve.
Valve with pneumatic actuator can either designed in spring-opened or spring-closed
condition and the air will provide the force to overcome the spring and cause movement to
operate the valve. The clean, dry and compressed air supply is provided by central air
compression system.
 13

Figure : Gate valves with pneumatic actuator and its symbol.

As shown in P&I Diagram of benzene distillation, the pneumatic valve act as a flow control
valve, level control, pressure control and temperature control. where it can control the
velocity of the flow more easily compared to hydraulic actuated valve. This is because the
pressure differential between the work port of cylinder play a larger part. It basically located
after every controller to receive the signal from controller to carry out its function to open or
closed the valve. For example, in benzene distillation plant, the pneumatic flow control gate
valve will control the flowrate of the recovered solvent from solvent recovery column back to
distillation column to be further reused. Also, the pneumatic valve also regulates the flowrate
of the cooled stream that contain majority of toluene from reboiler back to distillation column
for further separate. Pneumatic valve also used as a level control valve to control the flow of
purified benzene to ensure the level of benzene in the storage tank to prevent overflow.

Advantages of pneumatic actuator valve in petrochemical industry is the probability of

contamination is minimised as process in petrochemical industry is strictly prohibited from
contamination as the quality of petrochemical products will be affected and the products may
also can be altered by contaminant on the way of production. Also, the gate valve with
pneumatic valve can be designed in smaller size, lighter and highly responsive on the signal
received from controller. This is because air compressibility has little or no resistance which
make it to be easily compressed. When the stroking power is needed, the cylinder of air
compression can be enlarged to suit the requirement. Furthermore, the gate valve with
pneumatic actuator is usually used for purpose of quick opening and closing, beside of its
wide range of operational temperature from -40° F to +250° F. This advantage is mostly
needed by control valve in petrochemical industry as it able to control the petrochemical flow
at the shortest response time. This is because pneumatic actuator can react immediately to
open or close the gate valve even under high temperature condition which is mostly happen
petrochemical industry.

3.4 Pressure Relief Valves

The purpose of installation of pressure relief valves (PRV) is to release the excess pressure
trapped in an equipment such as boilers or pressure vessels. If not, the pressure may build up
in the vessels and causing the vessels to failure or fire. Thus, the valve will open
automatically when pressure is exceeded the setpoint. The released gas will pass through gas
 14

flare by combustion before released to the atmosphere. PRVs are mostly made from carbon
steels is past, however change to stainless steel in recent years.

Figure : Pressure relief valve and its symbol.

As we know, pressure is one of the most important safety valve in petrochemical industry. In
normal operating condition, the valve will usually in closed condition and no fluid will flow
through the valve. However, when the pressure in pipeline exceed the maximum pressure
limit, the valve will open to relieve the pressure. The PRV usually open with throttles to
release reduce pressure or closed to maintain constant pressure in the pipeline. The valve is
opened by spring and the pressure in the pipeline is sensed at the outlet port and feed to the
end of spring-loaded spool as shown in Figure below. When the pressure rises, the valve will
close against spring pressure. Flow of pressurised gas will pass through the small bleed hole
to the spring chamber in preventing build up of pressure in the pipeline. This valve is operated
to protect the expensive machinery such as motors, pumps and actuators from damaged by
high pressure condition. PRV are available to operated with flowrate up to about 45 l/m and
maximum pressure of 210 bar.

Figure : Operation of pressure relief valve.

In petrochemical industry, PRVs used either as safety valves or relief valves depends on their
applications. If it is functioned as pressure relief, it will release overpressures in vessels by
 15

opening the valve with proportional to the level of pressure. However, safety valves is used on
mechanical devices that contains pressurised fluid where it will opens suddenly when pressure
is exceed the available limit.

In benzene distillation, PRV is located at the heat exchanger of E-104 and E-106 to release the
pressure in the heat exchanger that exceed the setpoint. This is to ensure that the pressure in
the heat exchangers is always maintain at the desired level for heat exchangers to function
optimally. The excess of hot gas will be released from the heat exchanger in order to reduce
the pressure back to setpoint level. Therefore, PRVs in benzene distillation plant functioned as
gas releasing valves to remove unwanted gas and to ensure that the process of the plants
carried out properly.
For instance, overhead pressure controller in benzene distillation influences the overhead
pressure of the extractive distillation column. Input signal to this controller is the overhead
pressure signal, which changes the flow rate of the overhead vapor exiting the column in
order to maintain the pressure at set point. Therefore, the valve, which is pressure relief valve
will receive signal from the controller and opened in this case, allowing the vapours to leave
the column, reaching the pressure determined by the set point. If the pressure decreases, the
valve would become close and the vapours accumulate in the column and causing increase in
pressure.

Meanwhile, for bottom level controller, the liquid level in the bottom section of the column is
maintained. The PRV on the liquid output will be closed when the liquid level is low in order
to maintain the liquid inside the column until it reaches the desired level.

As we know, PRV is important in benzene distillation process. This is because distillation will
produce a high pressure gas flow that may be exceed the maximum limit of pressure that can
be withstand by the equipment and pipelines. This is because excessive pressure that stay in
the equipment or pipeline may causing damage to the equipment and subsequently harm the
operators nearby the equipment if explosion occur.

On the other hand, PRV also needed in maintain the pressure in the setpoint which require for
the optimum condition of the process. When the pressure in the equipment reached the
maximum availability and the excess pressure is not releasing to surrounding, this will cause
process cannot running under optimum condition and hence less efficient of the process will
occurred. By releasing the pressure from the equipment, the process in equipment can happen
at its optimum pressure condition.
 16

Lastly, the role of PRV in maintain the pressure condition of the process at the optimum level
also help in minimise the operating cost of the plant as the pressure will be always maintained
at the desired level tom optimise the process in the equipment, thus less operating will be
required per yield.

CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSIONS

As we know, FCE play important roles in control the flow of the process plant in
petrochemical industr. Final control elements are basically operated after received the signal
from controller and regulate the flow of fluid in the plant. Gate valves being one of the major
FCE found in benzene distillation plant, allow or prevent the flow of fluid involved to help in
optimise the process of separation between benzene and toluene. Since, the separation process
is usually carried out under high temperature condition, it is necessary that gate valves is
applied as it ability of withstand high temperature besides of its cheap in price and low
maintenance costs advantages. Gate valves with different actuator is implemented in the plant
with different purposes as electric actuated valve help in control flow of high velocity fluid in
the plant in addition of avoid elimination of benzene to environment. Gate valve with manual
actuator is used in control the flow column output t heat exchanger and removal of fuel gas
from solvent. Meanwhile, pneumatic actuator valve acted as temperature, pressure, flowrate
and level control valve by receives signal from each controller. Also, PRV is installed mainly
with a purpose of releasing the excess air from the major equipment to maintain the pressure
 17

inside. Therefore, final control elements are exist in every oil and gas plant in industry with
the role of control and optimise the process condition in the plant.

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Kong, S., Application, F., & Data, P. (2011). ( 12 ) United States Patent, 2(12), 12–15.
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Polymethylbenzenes on Platinium. PhD Diss, 81(3). Retrieved from

http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2953

Valvias (2007-2013). Retrieved from:

http://www.valvias.com/type-manual-actuator-gearbox.php

Mujtaba Moosawi (2015). Final Control Element. Retrieved from:

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APPENDIXES

Figure 1: P&I Diagram of benzene distillation.

 19

Figure 2; Process Flow Diagram of benzene distillation.