Chap 06 Capacitors and

Inductors
 Outline

• Introduction
• Capacitors
• Series and Parallel Capacitors
• Inductors
• Series and Parallel Inductors

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 2

 Introduction

• Resistor: a passive element which dissipates

energy only
• Two important passive linear circuit
elements: (1) Capacitor; (2) Inductor
– They are storage elements which do not
dissipate but store energy.
• Circuit analysis techniques (Chapter 3, 4) are
equally applicable

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 3

 Capacitors
• A capacitor consists of two conducting plates
separated by an insulator (or dielectric).
(air, ceramic, paper, mica…)

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 4

 Charge in Capacitors
• As a voltage source v is connected
to the capacitor, the amount of
charge stored is directly
proportional to v
q=Cv
• Capacitance C is the ratio of the
charge on one plate of a capacitor to
the voltage difference between the
two plates, measured in farads (F).
1F=1C/V
Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 5
 Michael Faraday (1792-1867)

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 6

 Formula of Capacitance
εA
C=
d
Three factors determine the value of capacitance
1. A: surface area of the plates—the larger the
area, the greater the capacitance.
2. d: spacing between the plates—the smaller
the spacing, the greater the capacitance.
3. ε: permittivity(e=er×eo) of the material—the
higher the permittivity, the greater the
capacitance.

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 7

 Fixed Capacitors

Polyester capacitor ceramic capacitor electrolytic capacitor

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 8

 Variable Capacitors

Trimmer capacitor

filmtrim capacitor

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 9

 Circuit Symbols of Capacitors

Fixed capacitor Variable capacitor

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 10

 Current-Voltage Relationship of
Capacitor
• Since q=Cv, differentiate both sides

 i = dq = C dv  i = 
dq
dt dt  dt 

Current-voltage relationship
Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 11
 Voltage-Current Relationship of
Capacitor
dv
• Since i = C
dt
• Integrating both sides
1 t
 v =  id ;  v ( ) = 0 
 C
1 t 1 t0
 v =  id   id ;
C to C 
1 t
=  id  v (to );  v(to) = q(to) / C 
C to

• The capacitor voltage depends on the past

history of the capacitor current. Hence, the
memory effect counts.
Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 12
 Energy Stored in Capacitor
• Instantaneous power delivered to the capacitor
dv
p = vi = Cv
dt
• Energy stored in the capacitor
t dv t v(t ) 1 2
w(t ) =  pd = C  v d = C  vdv = Cv v (t )
v (  )
  d v (  ) 2
1
 w(t ) = Cv(t ) 2 ;  v() = 0 
2
 Cv(t ) 
2
q(t ) 2
 w(t ) = =
2C 2C
• Energy stores in the electric field.
Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 13
 Properties of Capacitor
• A capacitor is an open circuit to dc
 Because i=Cdv/dt, a voltage across a capacitor which is not
changing with time creates no current through the capacitor.
• The voltage cannot change abruptly on a capacitor
 A discontinuous change in voltage requires an infinite
current, which is physically impossible.
 Hence, a capacitor is impossible to have an abrupt change
in its voltage.

Allowed Not Allowed

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 14
 Properties of Capacitor (cont.)
• An ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy
 Take power from the circuit as storing energy in its field.
 Return stored energy as delivering power to the circuit.
• Practical capacitor can be modeled as a capacitance with
a leakage resistance in parallel
 A real capacitor can be modeled as “an ideal capacitor∥a
leakage-resistance”

 However, this leakage-resistance may be as high as 100

MΩ and can be neglected.
Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 15
 Example 6.1
Q: (a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF capacitor
with 20V across it.
(b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor.
Sol:
(a) Since q=Cv
 q = 320 = 60 pC
(b) The energy stored is
w = Cv2/2 = 3202/2 = 600 pJ

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 16

 Example 6.2
Q: The voltage across a 5-uF capacitor is
v(t) = 10cos6000t V
Calculate the current through it.
Sol:
By definition, the current is

dv(t ) 6 d
i =C = 5 10 10 cos 6000t 
dt dt
= 5 106  6000 10 sin 6000t = 0.3sin 6000t A

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 17

 Example 6.3
Q: Determine the voltage across a 2-uF capacitor if the
current through it is
i(t) = 6e-3000t mA
Assume that the initial capacitor voltage is zero.
Sol:
1 t
Since v =  id  v(0) and v(0) = 0,
C 0
1 t 3 103 3000
6 0
3000
v= 6e 10 d =
3
e t

2 10 3000 0

= 1  e3000t  V

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 18

 Example 6.4
Q: Determine the current through a 200-uF capacitor
whose voltage is shown below.

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 19

 Example 6.4 (cont.)
Sol:
• The voltage waveform can be described as
 50t V 0  t 1
 100  50t V 1 t  3

v (t ) = 
 200  50t V 3 t  4
 0 otherwise

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 20

 Example 6.4 (cont.)
• Since i = C dv/dt and C = 200 F, we take the
derivative of v to obtain
 50 0  t  1  10mA 0  t 1
6  50 1  t  3  10mA 1 t  3
i (t ) = 200  10   =
50 3t  4 10mA 3t  4
 
 0 otherwise  0 otherwise
• The current waveform is

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 21

 Example 6.5
Q: Obtain the energy stored in each capacitor under dc
condition.

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 22

 Example 6.5 (cont.)
Sol:
• Under dc condition, we replace each capacitor with
an open circuit.
By current division,
3
i= 6 = 2mA
3 2  4
v1 = 2000 i = 4 V

 v2 = 4000i = 8V
 1 1 3
 w = C v 2
= 2  10  4 2
= 16 mJ
 1
2
1 1
2

 w = 1 C v 2 = 1 4 103  82 = 128 mJ


2
2
2 2
2
Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 23
 Parallel Capacitors
• The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-connected
capacitors is the sum of the individual capacitance.
By KCL i = i1  i2  i3  ...  iN
dv dv dv dv
i = C1  C2  C3   CN
dt dt dt dt
 N  dv dv
=   CK  = Ceq
 k =1  dt


dt

 Ceq = C1  C2  C3  ....  CN

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 24

 Series Capacitors
• The equivalent capacitance of N series-connected
capacitors is the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocals of individual capacitances.
By KVL v(t0 ) = v1 (t0 )  v2 (t0 )  ...  vN (t0 )
 1 1 1  t0 1 t0
=      id = 

id
 C1 C2 CN  Ceq
1 1 1 1 1
 =    ... 
Ceq C1 C 2 C 3 CN


Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 25
 Remarks

• The results of series-connected capacitors and

parallel-connected capacitors enable us to look
the capacitor in this way: “1/C has the
equivalent effect as the resistance.”
• The equivalent capacitor of capacitors
connected in parallel or series can be obtained
via this point of view, so is the Y- connection
and its transformation

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 26

 Example 6.6

Q: Find the equivalent capacitance seen between

terminals a and b.

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 27

 Example 6.6 (cont.)
Sol:
• 20F and 5F capacitors are in series
20  5
 = 4F
20  5
• 4 F∥6 F∥20 F
 4  6  20 = 30F
• 30F and 60F capacitors are in series
30  60
 Ceq =  F = 20 F
30  60

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 28

 Example 6.7

Q: Find the voltage across each capacitor.

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 29

 Example 6.7 (cont.)
Solution:
• 20mF, 30mF and 40mF∥20mF are in series.
1
 Ceq = 1 1 1 mF = 10mF
 
60 30 20
• Total charge
q = Ceqv = 10  103  30 = 0.3 C

• This is the charge on the 20mF, 30mF and 60mF

capacitors, because they are in series with the 30-v
source. ( A crude way to see this is to imagine that
charge acts like current, since i = dq/dt)

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 30

 Example 6.7 (cont.)
• Therefore,
q 0.3
v1 = = 3
= 15 V,
C1 20  10
q 0.3
v2 = = 3
= 10 V,
C2 30  10
q 0.3
v3 = = 3
= 5V
60mF 60  10

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 31

 Inductors

• An inductor consists of a coil of conducting

wire.

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 32

 Inductors (cont.)

• As a current i flows through an inductor, the

magnetic flux in this inductor is directly
proportional to i
=Li 1H = 1 Weber/A

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 33

 Joseph Henry (1979-1878)

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 34

 Formula of Inductance

N 2 A
L=
l
Four factors determines the value of inductance
1. N: the number of turns—the larger the number of turns
of coil, the greater the inductance.
2. l: the length of the coil—the shorter the length, the
greater the inductance.
3. A: the cross-sectional area—the larger the area, the
greater the inductance.
4. : the permeability of the core—the higher the
permeability, the larger the inductance.
Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 35
 Various Types of Inductors

solenoidal wound
inductor

toroidal inductor chip inductor

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 36
 Circuit Symbols of Inductors

air coil iron coil variable iron

coil

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 37

 Voltage-Current Relationship of
Inductor
• Since =Li, differentiate both sides
d
 v = d = L di  v = 
dt dt  dt 

Voltage-current relationship
Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 38
 Current-Voltage Relationship of
Inductor
di 1
• Since v = L  di = vdt
dt L
• Integrating both sides
1 t
 i =  vdt;  i ( ) = 0
L 

1 t
or i =  vdt  i (to);  i(to) =  (to ) / L 
L to
• The inductor current depends on the past
history of the inductor voltage. Hence, the
memory effect counts.
Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 39
 Energy Stored in Inductor
• Instantaneous power delivered to the inductor

 di 
p = vi =  L  i
 dt 

• Energy stored in the inductor

t  di t  i (t ) 1 2
w(t ) =  pd =   L  id = L i (  ) idi = Li
i (t )
i (  )
 
 d  2
1
 w(t ) = Li (t ) ;  i ( ) = 0
2

2
• Energy stores in the magnetic field.
Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 40
 Properties of Inductor
• An inductor is a short circuit to dc
 Because v=Ldi/dt, a current flowing through an inductor
which does not change with time creates no voltage across
the inductor.
• The current through an inductor cannot change
abruptly
 A discontinuous change in current requires an infinite
voltage, which is physically impossible.
 Hence, an inductor is impossible to have an abrupt change
in its current.

Allowed Not Allowed

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 41
 Properties of Inductor (cont.)

• An ideal inductor does not dissipate energy

 Take power from the circuit as storing energy in its field.
 Return stored energy as delivering power to the circuit.

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 42

 Properties of Inductor (cont.)
• Practical inductor can be modeled as an inductance with a
winding resistance in series, and a winding capacitance in
parallel
 winding resistance: the inductor is made of a conducting
material such as copper, which has some resistance.
 winding capacitance: due to the capacitive coupling
between the conducting coils.

 However, the winding resistance is usually very small,

which can be neglected.
 The winding capacitance is also very small and can be
ignored in most cases, except at high frequencies.
Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 43
 Example 6.8
Q: The current through a 0.1-H inductor is i(t) = 10te-5t
A. Find the voltage across the inductor and the energy
stored in it.
Sol:
di
Since v = L and L = 0.1H,
dt
i
d
 
 v = 0.1 10te5t = e5t 1  5t V
dt
The energy stored is
w = Li = 0.1 10te  = 5t 2e10t J
1 2 1 5t 2

2 2
Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 44
 Example 6.9
Q: Find the current through a 5-H inductor if the voltage
across it is 2
30t , t  0
v(t ) = 
 0, t0
Also find the energy stored within 0 < t < 5s. Assume
i(0)=0.
Sol: 1 t
Since i =  v( )d  i (t0 ) and L = 5H
L t0
3
1 t t
 i =  30 2 d  0 = 6  = 2t 3 A
5 0 3
Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 45
 Example 6.9 (cont.)

Theinstantaneous power p = vi = 60t 5 , and theenergystored is then

6
5 t5 5
w =  pdt =  60t dt = 60
5
= 156.25 kJ
0 0 6 0
Alternatively, we can obtain the energystored using
1
w(t ) = Li (t )2 , by writing
2
1 2 1
w(5)  w(0) = Li (5)  Li (0)
2 2
= 5   2  5   0 = 156.25 kJ
1 3 2

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 46

 Example 6.10
Q: Consider the circuit in Fig (a). Under dc conditions,
find:
(a) i, vC, and iL.
(b) the energy stored in the capacitor and inductor.

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 47

 Example 6.10 (cont.)
Sol:
(a)Under dc condition: capacitor → open circuit
inductor → short circuit
12
i = iL = = 2A,
1 5
vc = 5i = 10V

(b) 1 1
wc = Cvc = 1  102 = 50J,
2

2 2
1 2 1
wL = Li = 2  22 = 4J
2 2
Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 48
 Series Inductors
• The equivalent inductance of N series-connected
inductors is the sum of individual inductances.
By KVL v = v1  v2   vN
di di
=  L1  L2   LN  = Leq
dt dt
 Leq = L1  L2  L3   LN


Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 49
 Parallel Inductors
• The equivalent inductance of N parallel-connected
inductors is the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocals of individual inductances.
By KCL i = i1  i2  i3  ...  iN
1 t 1 t
i =  vd  i1 (t0 )    vd  iN (t0 )
L1 t0 LN t0

1 1  t
=    t0 vd  i1 (t0 )  iN (t0 )
 L1 LN 


1 t

KCL at t0
= vd  i (t0 )
Leq 0 t

1 1 1 1 1
 =    
Leq L1 L2 L3 LN
Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 50
 Remarks

• The series-connected inductors and parallel-

connected inductors have the same effect as
resistors. Hence, the Y- transformation of
inductors can be similarly derived.

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 51

Characteristics of Basic Elements
Relation Resistor (R) Capacitor (C ) Inductor ( L)
q or  q = Cv  = Li
t
1 di
vi: v = iR v =  id  v(t0 ) v=L
C t0 dt
t
dv 1
iv: i =v/R i=C i =  vd  i (t0 )
dt L t0
v2 1 1 2
p or w p=i R= 2
w = Cv 2 w= Li
R 2 2
CC
Series: Re q = R1  R2 Ceq = 1 2 Le q = L1  L2
C1  C2
R1 R2 L1 L2
Parallel: Req = Ce q = C1  C2 Leq =
R1  R2 L1  L2
At dc: Same Open circuit Short circuit
Circuit variable cannot
Not applicable v i
change abruptly
Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 52
 Example 6.11
Q: Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit.

Sol:
Series : 20H, 12H, 10H  42H
7  42
Parallel : 7H,42H  = 6H
7  42
 Leq = 4  6  8 = 18H
Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 53
 Example 6.12

Q: For the circuit, i(t)=4(2-e-10t) mA. If i2(0)=-1

mA. Find (a) i1(0); (b) v(t), v1(t), and v2(t); (c)
i1(t) and i2(t).

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 54

 Example 6.12 (cont.)

Sol:
(a) i(t)=4(2-e-10t) mA → i(0)=4(2-1)=4mA
By KCL  i1(0) = i(0) – i2(0) = 4-(-1) = 5mA
(b) The equivalent inductance is
Leq=2+4∥12=2+3=5H
di
v(t ) = Leq = 5  4  (1)  (10)e10t = 200e10t mV
dt
di
 v1 (t ) = 2 = 2  (4)  (10)e10t = 80e 10t mV
dt
v2 (t ) = v(t )  v1 (t ) = 120e 10t mV
Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 55
 Example 6.12 (cont.)
1 t
(c) i =  v(t ) dt  i (0)
L 0

1 t 120 t 10
i1 (t ) =  v2 d  i1 (0) =  e d  5
4 0 4 0

10 t
= 3e  5 = 3e10t  3  5 = 8  3e10t mA
0
1 t 120 t 10
i2 (t ) =  v2 d  i2 (0) =  e d  1
12 0 12 0

10 t
= e  1 = e10t  1  1 = e 10t mA
0

Note that i1 (t )  i2 (t ) = i(t )

Chap 06 Capacitors and Inductors 56