UNIT 6.

ENERGY

PRIMARY 4 / Natural Science

 FORMS AND SOURCES OF ENERGY
ENERGY produces changes in our bodies. There are many forms of energy :

2. Light energy
3. Chemical energy
This is the energy of
1. Thermal /Heat bodies that emit light, as This is the energy stored in
energy a fire. some materials, like
This is the energy batteries and fuel and in
transferred by hot bodies, living things and foods.
like lava, to colder bodies.

4. Electrical energy
6. Sound energy
This is the energy in a
5. Kinetic energy lightning bolt and the
This is a type of kinetic
energy. It is produced by energy electrical devices
This is the energy in moving use.
the vibration of bodies or bodies, like rocks shooting
the air. out of a volcano.
 SOURCES OF ENERGY
WIND and PETROL supply energy and are known as ENERGY SOURCES. There are two types:

Renewable energy sources Non-Renewable energy sources

THE SUN, WIND AND WATER supply renewable We may run out with FOSSIL FUELS because we are
energy because they are constantly being using them faster than we can produce them.
renewed.

Coal Petrol
Wind The Sun´s
rays Gas
It is mined from the
Wind turbines Moving It is extracted by
ground.
transform wind water We burn it to
digging wells in the
energy into Solar panels transform It is extracted by ground.
produce heat and drilling into the
electricity. solar energy into heat We use it to produce
electrical energy. ground.
Hydroelectric or electricity fuel and plastics.
We use it primarily for
power stations
heating.
transform falling
water into
electricity
 HEAT
When a body receives energy
in the form of heat, three
How heat affects bodies
phenomena can occur:

Temperature and heat

Change of
temperature Change of volume
All bodies have a temperature.
When we say that something is
hot or cold, we want to say that Change of state
When hot bodies get colder
its temperature is high or low. or when cold bodies get CONTRACTION EXPANSION
hotter.
This property is measured with a When a body When a body
THERMOMETER. For example: gets colder, its gets hotter, its - Condensation: The
volume volume change from gas to
When we reach the same When hot chocolate and decreases. increases. liquid.
temperature, we say that they cold milk are mixed, the
are the THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM. - Solidification: The
temperature of each one change from liquid to
change. solid.
- Evaporation: The
change from liquid to
gas.
- Fusion: The change
from solid to liquid.
 LIGHT

Propagation of light Properties of light

Sources of light Bodies and light

Light us a form of energy that It moves from one place We can classify
illuminates the world. to another until it comes bodies based on Reflection Refraction
into contact with a how they respond to
They can be classified into two body. light.
groups:
This is the change of This is the
- It travels at high - Transparent: They direction that occurs change of
speed. allow light to pass when light hits an direction that
through, like glass. object. occurs when
Natural light Artificial light light passes
- It moves in a
sources sources We can see objects from one
straight line. - Opaque: They prevent
light from passing that don´t emit their medium to
They are found They are man- own light. another.
- It propagates in through, like a book.
is nature. They made. They
all directions.
emit their own transform
- Translucent: They allow
light. energy into MIRRORS A RAINBOW
light to pass through,
light. They are opaque bodies The light pass
but it is diverted, like
For example: some plastics. with a polished Surface through drops
The Sun, stars, that reflect light. of water.
flashes or They can be: flat,
fireflies. concave or convex
mirror.
 It is a form of energy. It is produced by the vibration
SOUND of bodies. We perceive it through our sense of
hearing.

Qualities of sound

Propagation of sound Noise pollution

Volume Pitch Timbre

- It travels much more Noises are unpleasant sounds to
slowly than light. the ear because they are very
This makes it It can be: loud or very high.
- It moves in a straight This makes is
possible to possible to
line. differentiate - HIGH, like the
sound of differentiate
between: between sounds
- It propagates in all violin. Noise pollution is the excessive
directions. with the same noise that may harm our health.
- LOUD SOUND, pitch and
- LOW, like the They can cause anxiety, bad
like an volume, based
sound of a temper and insomnia.
It propagates through a engine. on the body that
double bass.
NATURAL MEDIUM , as air emits them.
or the ground. - QUIET SOUND,
like the We can reduce noise pollution if
tweeting of a we limit the amount of vehicle
bird. traffic, listen to music at an
appropriate volume and avoid
shouting and unnecessary noise.
 ELECTRICITY

Electric current and electric circuits

Electrical charge

It is a property of matter that In order for the current to flow, it

When an electric charge requires an electric circuit made
causes forces of attraction or moves, it forms an electric
repulsion between bodies. up of different components:
current.

Normally, bodies are
neutral but when we
rub them, we are
adding more positive
charge or more
negative charge. attracted or repelled.
Static electricity
It is the type of
They allow the electricity to flow
electricity which
causes certain
bodies to be
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR
through them.
POWER SOURCE
A power source, as a
battery, provides the
energy.

When two bodies When two bodies

with different charge have the same
are close, they attract charge, they repel
each other. RESISTOR SWITCH
each other. It converts electricity into It opens or closes the circuit.
another type of energy.
 THE EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY
In a lamp, electrical energy
is transformed into light
energy.
In a radio, electrical energy
is transformed into sound
energy.

In a mixer, electrical energy

is transformed into kinetic
energy.

In a toaster, electrical
energy is transformed into
heat energy.