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ASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES

DISASTER MITIGATION, PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE OBJECTIVES OF MODULE ON INSPECTION OF STEEL STRUCTURES
(ASEP-DMPR)
1. To familiarize the participants on various steel structures and
Training-Workshop on materials;
Disaster Mitigation, Preparedness and Response 2. To present various damages of steel structures for participant’s
A Special Training Module for DMPR Risk Evaluators
understanding of their behavior; and
Cagayan De Oro City
3. To discuss the inspection procedures for post-earthquake
May 07-09, 2018
damage assessment.
Inspection of Steel Structures

Wilfredo S. Lopez, f.asep, f.pice

Past President, ASEP, 2008-2009

NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES 2015 7th Edition

Steel – a tough alloy of
iron containing carbon
in variable amounts up
to about 1.5 percent,
malleable under proper
conditions and greatly
hardened by sudden
cooling.
Chapter 5: Structural Steel

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Familiarization to Various Steel Structures Familiarization to Various Steel Structures

Commercial grades are classified according to carbon content There are steel materials that can be rolled, cold-formed, pressed
as low, mild or soft steel with up to about 0.3 percent of without altering their strength. They normally can take tension or
carbon; medium steel, 0.3 to 0.6 percent; high or hard steel compression forces within allowable limits. We reinforced
with more than 0.6 to 1.5 percent carbon. concrete with steel bars for tension and for its plastic reserve.

Two Main Families of Structural Members

Steel materials are extensively used to build structures. There
are types that can be beaten into different shapes, hammered
1. Hot-rolled and members built-up shapes
into thin sheets and bent without fracture.
2. Cold-formed = thickness ranges from 0.4 mm to 6.4 mm

Familiarization to Various Steel Structures Familiarization to Various Steel Structures

Billet Steel and Coils

Steel Shapes, Plates, Bars

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Familiarization to Various Steel Structures (cold-formed) Familiarization to Various Steel Structures (cold-formed)

Various shapes of cold-formed

sections

Familiarization to Various Steel Structures (hot-rolled) Familiarization to Various Steel Structures (hot-rolled)

Special Truss Moment

Frame

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Familiarization to Various Steel Structures (hot-rolled) Familiarization to Various Steel Structures (hot-rolled)

Eccentric Braced Frame

Concentric Braced Frame

Familiarization to Various Steel Structures (hot-rolled) Familiarization to Various Steel Structures (hot-rolled)

Buckling Restrained Moment Resisting Frame

Braced Frame

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Familiarization to Various Steel Structures Familiarization to Various Steel Structures

Transmission towers
Communication tower

Familiarization to Various Steel Structures Familiarization to Various Steel Structures

Spaced Truss Frame

Bridge structure.

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Familiarization to Various Steel Structures

Type of Structural Frames/Joints

b. For Structural Steel:

i. SMRF (Beam – Column Moment Frame)
ii. SMRF with Concrete Shearwalls
iii. SMRF with Steel Bracings
iv. Ordinary Moment Frames: Not permitted
in zone 4.
Steel Braces used for Retrofitting

Steel Moment Resisting Frame Steel Frame with Shearwall

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Steel Braced Frames

Steel Braced Frames

Steel Materials Specifications Steel Materials Specifications

The most popular steel materials used in the Philippines are:

Most Commonly Used Structural Steel :
 Rolled Steel Plates, Shapes and Bars
ASTM A36 with Fy = 248 Mpa
Mild Steel (MS) – ASTM A36 or JIS G3101 (SS400)
Light Gage Steel Section Conforming to
High-Tensile Steel (HT) – ASTM A572 (Grade 345 or 415)
or JIS G3106 (SM490A or B) JIS G3101 SS400 with Fy = 245 Mpa ;
thickness ranges from 2 mm to 6 mm.

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Steel Materials Specifications Steel Materials Specifications

High Strength Bolts - ASTM A325 (High Strength Bolts for Hot-Formed Steel Tubing
Structural Steel Joints or A490 (Heat-Treated Steel
ASTM A501, JIS G3444 (STK400) and JIS G3466 (STKR400)
Structural Bolts)
Steel Pipe
JIS B1186, F8T; JIS ASTM B1186, F10T
ASTM A53 (Type S or Grade B)
Anchor Bolts – ASTM A307
ASTM A252, Grade 2 or commonly called spiral-welded
Weld Electrodes – E60 or E70 pipes (Substitute : AISI 4140)

Column selection based on strength-to-weight ratio.

Steel Materials Specifications

Global statistics shows that steel structures have, by and large,

performed satisfactorily against severe earthquakes but they
can be significantly damaged. This is shown by the high-
strength-to-weight of steel table.

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Familiarization to Various Steel Structures Substitution of rolled section by built-up section.

If structural design is made before checking availability of rolled

sections and shapes in the local market, more often than not,
you will end up ordering substitutes in the form of fabricated
built-up shapes. ASEP ’s formula to derive an equivalent built up
section is shown in the “substitution of rolled-section to built-up
section” table.

Collapsed Building in Tacloban, Typhoon Yolanda

Samples of Damaged Steel Structures

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Collapsed Building in Tacloban, Typhoon Yolanda

Damaged Steel Purlins, Typhoon Pablo, 2012

Negros Oriental EQ, 2012

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Damage Joints: Welded, Bolted

2m vertical offset near the foundation “20 degrees tilting.”

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Tanks Destroyed by Fire

1999 Izmit EQ, Turkey

Collapsed Transmission Tower due to explosion

Carmen Bridge, Pangasinan,

1990 EQ
Collapsed Billboard during Typhoon Milenyo

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Severely Damaged Pier

10,000 gal. water tank, UP-Baguio, 1990 EQ

Typical Design of Dome

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Inspection Points of Steel Structures

Inspection Points of Steel Structures
The CROSS among the ruins.
Critical Points to Inspect: Shown in this photo a priest
Joint Connections that blesses a cross of steel
beams found among the
Support Connections rubbles of the World Trade
Adequacy of Bracings Center by a laborer. Rescue
Correct Specifications and construction workers join
the religious rites.

Inspection Points of Steel Structures Inspection Points of Steel Structures

Inspection of Braced Steel Frame

Inspection for older braced steel frame building. Newer steel-frame buildings
often have cladding instead of solid masonry or concrete walls as shown above.

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Inspection Points of Steel Structures Inspection Points of Steel Structures

Column-Base Connections From: Connections Teaching Toolkit: A Teaching Guide for Structural Steel Connections,
From: Joint in Steel Construction, Steel Construction Institute, London American Institute of Steel Construction

Inspection Points of Steel Structures Inspection Points of Steel Structures

From: Connections Teaching Toolkit: A Teaching Guide for Structural Steel Connections, From: Connections Teaching Toolkit: A Teaching Guide for Structural Steel Connections,
American Institute of Steel Construction American Institute of Steel Construction

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Inspection Points of Steel Structures Inspection Points of Steel Structures

From: Connections Teaching Toolkit: A Teaching Guide for Structural Steel Connections, American Institute of From: Connections Teaching Toolkit: A Teaching Guide for Structural Steel Connections, American Institute
Steel Construction of Steel Construction

Inspection Points of Steel Structures Inspection Points of Steel Structures

From: Connections Teaching Toolkit: A Teaching Guide for Structural Steel Connections, American Institute
of Steel Construction From: Joint in Steel Construction, Steel Construction Institute, London

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Inspection Points of Steel Structures Post-Earthquake Condition Designations

From: FEMA 352: Recommended Post-Earthquake

Evaluation and Repair Criteria for Welded Steel
From: Joints in Steel Construction, Steel Construction Institute, London Moment-Frame Buildings

Post-Earthquake Condition Designations Post-Earthquake Condition Designations

From: FEMA 352: Recommended Post-Earthquake From: FEMA 352: Recommended Post-Earthquake
Evaluation and Repair Criteria for Welded Steel Evaluation and Repair Criteria for Welded Steel
Moment-Frame Buildings Moment-Frame Buildings

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Inspection Points of Steel Structures Inspection Points of Steel Structures

Complete Partial
fracture fracture

Complete Partial
fracture fracture
propagating propagating
up into up into
column column
flange flange
From: FEMA351: Recommended Seismic Evaluation and Upgrade
Criteria for Existing Welded Steel-Moment Frame Buildings Weld failure modes in beam-column moment connection.

Inspection Points of Steel Structures

Fracture Lamellar tearing

across beam in column flange
flange at toe Base metal
of weld, weld discontinuity/
failure defect resulting in
tearing

Fracture
Fracture across
across column
column flange and
flange part of web
emanating emanating From: FEMA 352: Recommended
from weld toe from welding Post-Earthquake Evaluation and
toe Repair Criteria for Welded Steel
Weld and base metal failure modes in beam-column Moment-Frame Buildings

moment connection.

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From: FEMA 352: Recommended Post- From: FEMA 352: Recommended Post-
Earthquake Evaluation and Repair Criteria Earthquake Evaluation and Repair Criteria
for Welded Steel Moment-Frame Buildings for Welded Steel Moment-Frame Buildings

From: FEMA 352: Recommended Post-

Earthquake Evaluation and Repair Criteria
for Welded Steel Moment-Frame Buildings From: FEMA 352: Recommended Post-Earthquake Evaluation and
Repair Criteria for Welded Steel Moment-Frame Buildings

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Inspection Points of Steel Structures Inspection Points of Steel

Structures

Corroded and/or missing bolt/nut/washer bolt holes much larger than bolt
diameter Corroded Joints

Inspection Points of Steel Structures Inspection Points of Steel Structures

Poor welded joint

Poor Welded Joints

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Inspection Points of Steel Structures Inspection Points of Steel Structures

Bolted moment connection showing failure of the angle bar connector

too thin to resist tension from the top chord.

Inspection Points of Steel Structures Inspection Points of Steel Structures

This fault rupture from the Landers

Big Bear 1992 Earthquake went
between transmission tower legs
and caused damage to the
structure.
This view of the interior of the moderately damaged administration building at the
controller plant shows collapsed suspended ceiling, lights, and ventilation ducts. Post
OFF LIMITS.

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Inspection Points of Steel Structures Inspection Points of Steel Structures

Connection of
column and
base plate. buckled bracing

Inspection Points of Steel Structures

Concluding Remarks
Stability of Steel Structures depend on the following:

1. Stability of joints, supports

2. Adequacy of cross sections and bracings
Top chord to column 3. Properly maintained against corrosion
separation showing 4. Properly detailed to avoid warping, buckling
welding failure,

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Thank you for your attention!!!!

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