Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)

It is a psychological test that assesses personality traits and psychopathology. It is primarily intended to
test people who are suspected of having mental health or other clinical issues. Although it was not
originally designed to be administered to non-clinical populations. Appropriate for 18-80 years old.

The MMPI is currently commonly administered in one of two forms — the MMPI-2, which has 567
true/false questions, and the newer MMPI-2-RF, published in 2008 and containing only 338 true/false
items. While the MMPI-2-RF is a newer measure and takes about half the time to complete (usually 30
to 50 minutes), the MMPI-2 is still the more widely used test because of its existing large research base
and familiarity with psychologists. (Another version of the test — the MMPI-A — is designed exclusively
for teenagers.)

The 10 Clinical Subscales

The older MMPI-2 is made up 10 clinical subscales, which are a result of answering certain questions on
the test in a specific manner:

1. Hypochondriasis (Hs) – The Hypochondriasis scale tapes a wide variety of vague and nonspecific
complaints about bodily functioning. These complaints tend to focus on the abdomen and back,
and they persist in the face of negative medical tests. There are two primary factors that this
subscale measures — poor physical health and gastrointestinal difficulties. The scale contains 32
items.
2. Depression (D) – The Depression scale measures clinical depression, which is characterized by
poor morale, lack of hope in the future, and a general dissatisfaction with one’s life. The scale
contains 57 items.
3. Hysteria (Hy) – The Hysteria scale primarily measures five components — poor physical health,
shyness, cynicism, headaches and neuroticism. The subscale contains 60 items.
4. Psychopathic Deviate (Pd) – The Psychopathic Deviate scale measures general social
maladjustment and the absence of strongly pleasant experiences. The items on this scale tap
into complaints about family and authority figures in general, self alienation, social alienation
and boredom. The scale contains 50 items.
5. Masculinity/Femininity (Mf) – The Masculinity/Femininity scale measures interests in vocations
and hobbies, aesthetic preferences, activity-passivity and personal sensitivity. It measures in a
general sense how rigidly a person conforms to very stereotypical masculine or feminine roles.
The scale contains 56 items.
6. Paranoia (Pa) – The Paranoia scale primarily measures interpersonal sensitivity, moral self-
righteousness and suspiciousness. Some of the items used to score this scale are clearly
psychotic in that they acknowledge the existence of paranoid and delusional thoughts. This scale
has 40 items.
7. Psychasthenia (Pt) -The Psychasthenia scale is intended to measure a person’s inability to resist
specific actions or thoughts, regardless of their maladaptive nature. “Psychasthenia” is an old
term used to describe what we now call obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), or having
obsessive-compulsive thoughts and behaviors. This scale also taps into abnormal fears, self-
criticisms, difficulties in concentration and guilt feelings. This scale contains 48 items.
8. Schizophrenia (Sc) – The Schizophrenia scale measures bizarre thoughts, peculiar perceptions,
social alienation, poor familial relationships, difficulties in concentration and impulse control,
lack of deep interests, disturbing question of self-worth and self-identity, and sexual difficulties.
This scale has 78 items, more than any other scale on the test.
 9. Hypomania (Ma) – The Hypomania scale is intended to measure milder degrees of excitement,
characterized by an elated but unstable mood, psychomotor excitement (e.g., shaky hands) and
flight of ideas (e.g., an unstoppable string of ideas). The scale taps into overactivity — both
behaviorally and cognitively — grandiosity, irritability and egocentricity. This scale contains 46
items.
0. Social Introversion (Si) – The Social Introversion scale measures the social introversion and
extroversion of a person. A person who is a social introvert is uncomfortable in social
interactions and typically withdraws from such interactions whenever possible. They may have
limited social skills, or simply prefer to be alone or with a small group of friends. This scale has
69 items.

While there are dozens of additional content scales that have been independently developed around
the MMPI-2, these are the core 10 scales used by the test.

The 4 Validity Scales

The MMPI-2 is not a valid measure of a person’s psychopathology or behavior if the person taking the
test does so in a way that is not honest or frank. A person may decide, for whatever reasons, to
overreport (exaggerate) or underreport (deny) the behavior being assessed by the test.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) contains four validity scales designed to
measure a person’s test-taking attitude and approach to the test:

 Lie (L) – The Lie scale is intended to identify individuals who are deliberately trying to avoid
answering the MMPI honestly and in a frank manner. The scale measures attitudes and practices
that are culturally laudable, but rarely found in most people. In other words, people who make
these items are often trying to make themselves look like a better person than they really are
(or that anybody is). The scale contains 15 items.
 F – The F scale (the “F” does not stand for anything, although it is mistakenly sometimes
referred to as the Infrequency or Frequency scale) is intended to detect unusual or atypical ways
of answering the test items, like if a person were to randomly fill out the test. It taps a number
of strange thoughts, peculiar experiences, feelings of isolation and alienation, and a number of
unlikely or contradictory beliefs, expectations and self-descriptions. If a person answers too
many of the F and Fb scale items incorrectly, it will invalidate the entire test. Contrary to some
descriptions of the scale, F scale items are scattered throughout the entire test up until around
item 360. The scale contains 60 items.
 Back F (Fb) – The Back F scale measures the same issues as the F scale, except only during the
last half of the test. The scale has 40 items.
 K – The K scale is designed to identify psychopathology in people who otherwise would have
profiles within the normal range. It measures self-control, and family and interpersonal
relationships, and people who score highly on this scale are often seen as being defensive. The
scale contains 30 items.
Reliability: Reliability information on the new MMPI-2 basic scales was computed from test-retest data
on 82 males and 111 females retested after a median of 7 days. Correlation coefficients ranged from .67
to .92 for males (median r = .82), and from .58 to .91 for the females (median r = .79).
Validity: Additional validity indicators have been developed for MMPI-2. The FB (Back F) scales identifies
individuals who are likely to be completing the inventory in an invalid manner. Also, the VRIN (Variable
Response Inconsistency) and TRIN (True Response Inconsistency) scales provide an index of a subject's
tendency to respond in ways that are either inconsistent or contradictory.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI)

 The test was developed by of Isabel Briggs Myers, and her mother, Katharine Briggs.
 The purpose of the test is to make the theory of psychological types described by C. G. Jung
understandable and useful in people's lives.
 The essence of the theory is that much seemingly random variation in the behavior is actually
quite orderly and consistent, being due to basic differences in the ways individuals prefer to use
their perception and judgment.

Four dichotomies specified or implicit in Jung's theory, that will identify and describe an individual’s
distinctive personality types that result from the interactions among the preferences

 Favorite world: Do you prefer to focus on the outer world or on your own inner world? This is
called
o Extraversion (E):
o Introversion (I):

 Information: Do you prefer to focus on the basic information you take in or do you prefer to
interpret and add meaning?
o Sensing (S)
o Intuition (N)

 Decisions: When making decisions, do you prefer to first look at logic and consistency or first
look at the people and special circumstances?
o Thinking (T)
o Feeling (F)

 Structure: In dealing with the outside world, do you prefer to get things decided or do you
prefer to stay open to new information and options?
o Judging (J)
o Perceiving (P)

The 16 personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® or the Type Table

ISTJ
Quiet, serious, earn success by thoroughness and dependability. Practical, matter-of-fact, realistic, and
responsible. Decide logically what should be done and work toward it steadily, regardless of distractions.
Take pleasure in making everything orderly and organized - their work, their home, their life. Value
traditions and loyalty.
ISFJ
Quiet, friendly, responsible, and conscientious. Committed and steady in meeting their obligations.
Thorough, painstaking, and accurate. Loyal, considerate, notice and remember specifics about people
who are important to them, concerned with how others feel. Strive to create an orderly and harmonious
environment at work and at home.
INFJ
Seek meaning and connection in ideas, relationships, and material possessions. Want to understand
what motivates people and are insightful about others. Conscientious and committed to their firm
values. Develop a clear vision about how best to serve the common good. Organized and decisive in
implementing their vision.

INTJ
Have original minds and great drive for implementing their ideas and achieving their goals. Quickly see
patterns in external events and develop long-range explanatory perspectives. When committed,
organize a job and carry it through. Skeptical and independent, have high standards of competence and
performance - for themselves and others.

ISTP
Tolerant and flexible, quiet observers until a problem appears, then act quickly to find workable
solutions. Analyze what makes things work and readily get through large amounts of data to isolate the
core of practical problems. Interested in cause and effect, organize facts using logical principles, value
efficiency.

ISFP
Quiet, friendly, sensitive, and kind. Enjoy the present moment, what's going on around them. Like to
have their own space and to work within their own time frame. Loyal and committed to their values and
to people who are important to them. Dislike disagreements and conflicts, do not force their opinions or
values on others.

INFP
Idealistic, loyal to their values and to people who are important to them. Want an external life that is
congruent with their values. Curious, quick to see possibilities, can be catalysts for implementing ideas.
Seek to understand people and to help them fulfill their potential. Adaptable, flexible, and accepting
unless a value is threatened.

INTP
Seek to develop logical explanations for everything that interests them. Theoretical and abstract,
interested more in ideas than in social interaction. Quiet, contained, flexible, and adaptable. Have
unusual ability to focus in depth to solve problems in their area of interest. Skeptical, sometimes critical,
always analytical.

ESTP
Flexible and tolerant, they take a pragmatic approach focused on immediate results. Theories and
conceptual explanations bore them - they want to act energetically to solve the problem. Focus on the
here-and-now, spontaneous, enjoy each moment that they can be active with others. Enjoy material
comforts and style. Learn best through doing.

ESFP
Outgoing, friendly, and accepting. Exuberant lovers of life, people, and material comforts. Enjoy working
with others to make things happen. Bring common sense and a realistic approach to their work, and
make work fun. Flexible and spontaneous, adapt readily to new people and environments. Learn best by
trying a new skill with other people.
ENFP
Warmly enthusiastic and imaginative. See life as full of possibilities. Make connections between events
and information very quickly, and confidently proceed based on the patterns they see. Want a lot of
affirmation from others, and readily give appreciation and support. Spontaneous and flexible, often rely
on their ability to improvise and their verbal fluency.

ENTP
Quick, ingenious, stimulating, alert, and outspoken. Resourceful in solving new and challenging
problems. Adept at generating conceptual possibilities and then analyzing them strategically. Good at
reading other people. Bored by routine, will seldom do the same thing the same way, apt to turn to one
new interest after another.

ESTJ
Practical, realistic, matter-of-fact. Decisive, quickly move to implement decisions. Organize projects and
people to get things done, focus on getting results in the most efficient way possible. Take care of
routine details. Have a clear set of logical standards, systematically follow them and want others to also.
Forceful in implementing their plans.

ESFJ
Warmhearted, conscientious, and cooperative. Want harmony in their environment, work with
determination to establish it. Like to work with others to complete tasks accurately and on time. Loyal,
follow through even in small matters. Notice what others need in their day-by-day lives and try to
provide it. Want to be appreciated for who they are and for what they contribute.

ENFJ
Warm, empathetic, responsive, and responsible. Highly attuned to the emotions, needs, and
motivations of others. Find potential in everyone, want to help others fulfill their potential. May act as
catalysts for individual and group growth. Loyal, responsive to praise and criticism. Sociable, facilitate
others in a group, and provide inspiring leadership.

ENTJ
Frank, decisive, assume leadership readily. Quickly see illogical and inefficient procedures and policies,
develop and implement comprehensive systems to solve organizational problems. Enjoy long-term
planning and goal setting. Usually well informed, well read, enjoy expanding their knowledge and
passing it on to others. Forceful in presenting their ideas.

Reliability:
 Reliability (when scores are treated as continuous scores, as in most other psychological
instruments) is as good as or better than other personality instruments.
 On retest, people come out with three to four type preferences the same 75% to 90% of the time.
 When a person changes type on retest, it is usually on one of the dichotomous pairs (e.g., E-I or S-N),
and in a dichotomy where the preference clarity was low.
 The reliabilities are quite good across most age and ethnic groups.
 When the MBTI instrument is used with groups where reported reliabilities are lower or data are
lacking, caution should be exercised and the professional should evaluate appropriate use.

Validity
Many studies over the years have proven the validity of the MBTI instrument in three categories: (1) the
validity of the four separate preference scales; (2) the validity of the four preference pairs as
dichotomies; and (3) the validity of whole types or particular combinations of preferences.

Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale

The Vineland is designed to measure adaptive behavior of individuals from birth to age 90. The
Vineland-II contains 5 domains each with 2-3 subdomains. The main domains are: Communication, Daily
Living Skills, Socialization, Motor Skills, and Maladaptive Behavior (optional). The domain scores yield an
adaptive behavior composite.

The Vineland-II is a standardized norm-referenced assessment tool that can be used for:
• measuring an individual’s daily functioning
• measuring deficits in adaptive behavior
• clinical diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders, genetic disorders, developmental
• delays, emotional and behavioral disturbances as well as other mental, physical or
• injury related conditions
• developmental evaluations
• progress monitoring
• program planning
• research

Subscales: The Vineland-II consists of 5 domains each with subdomains. The manual lists the following
description of the Vineland-II (p.3):

1. Communication Domain:
a. Receptive: How the individual listens and pays attention and what he or she
understands.
b. Expressive: What the individual says, how he or she uses word and sentences to gather
and provide information.
c. Written: What the individual understands about how letters make words, and what he
or she read and writes.
2. Daily Living Skills Domain:
a. Personal: How the individual eats, dresses, and practices personal hygiene.
b. Domestic: What household tasks the individual performs.
c. Community: How the individual uses time, money, the telephone, the computer, and
job skills.
3. Socialization Domain:
a. Interpersonal Relationships: How the individual interacts with others.
b. Play and Leisure Time: How the individual plays and uses leisure time.
c. Coping skills: How the individual demonstrates responsibility and sensitivity to others.
4. Motor Skills Domain:
a. Gross Motor: How the individual uses arms and legs for movement and coordination.
b. Fine Motor: How the individual uses hands and fingers to manipulate objects.
5. Maladaptive Behavior Domain (Optional):
 a. Maladaptive Behavior Index: A composite of Internalizing, Externalizing and other types
of undesirable behavior that may interfere with the individual’s adaptive functioning.
b. Maladaptive Behavior Critical Items: More severe maladaptive behaviors that may
provide clinically important information.
c. Adaptive Behavior Composite: A composite of the communication, daily living skills,
socialization, and motor skills domains.

Reliability: Four methods were used to evaluate the reliability of the Vineland-II.

Internal Consistency: A split-half reliability test determined the reliability of scores for two halves of the
test using the standardization sample data. The spearman-brown formula was used to determine
correlations of the domains and subdomains. Across the age groups, the communication domain
correlations ranged from .84 to .93. For the Daily Living Skills domain correlations ranged from .86 to
.91. The Socialization domain ranged from .84 to .93. The Motor Skills domain ranged from .77 to .90.
The Maladaptive Behavior Index demonstrated internal consistency coefficients ranging from .85 to .91
across age groups. The Adaptive Behavior Composite reliability was determined by the formula from
Nunnally (1978); correlations for this composite ranged from .93 to .97 across the age groups.

Test-retest Reliability: The manual notes that in order to determine test stability a sample of 414
respondents from the standardization sample completed two forms of the Vineland-II on separate
occasions (between 13 and 34 days from the first administration). Average correlations were found to
range between .76 and .92 across domains (with the exception of the Maladaptive Behavior Subscales
and Index), subdomains, and ages. The Maladaptive Behavior Subscales and Index have test-retest
correlations ranging from .74 to .98.

Inter-interviewer Reliability: In order to determine if scores remain consistent and do not change
drastically depending on interviewer, 148 respondents were interviewed on two different occasions by
two different interviewers. Average correlations ranged between .70 to .76 across domains/subdomains
(with the exception of the Maladaptive Behavior Subscales and Index) and ages. The Maladaptive
Behavior Subscales and Index demonstrate correlations ranging from .59 to the mid .80s across age
groups

Interrater Reliability: Interrater reliability measures the degree to which scores from different
respondents about the same individual are consistent. Data from 152 individuals were used to
determine interrater reliability. Average correlations ranged between .71 to .81 across
domains/subdomains (with the exception of the Maladaptive Behavior Subscales and Index) and ages.
The Maladaptive Behaviors Subscales and Index demonstrated correlations between .59 and .83 for the
Survey Interview Form and between .39 and .87 for the Parent/caregiver rating form across age groups.

Validity: The sources of validity evidence listed in the Vineland-II manual come from test content,
response process, test structure, clinical groups, and relationships to other measures.

Test Content: The Vineland-II was designed to measure 4 major aspects of adaptive functioning:
Communication, Daily Living Skills, Socialization and Motor Skills. Each of the domains has subdomains
each with target behaviors which are deemed important to adaptive functioning. The content of the
Vineland-II is supported from several important sources including American Association on Cognitively
delayed (2002), American Psychological Association (1996), and the National Academy of Sciences, as
well as from the previous version of the Vineland (Vineland ABS).

Sixteen personality factor questionnaire (16 PF)

16PF Authors: Raymond B. Cattell, A. Karen Cattell, & Heather E. P. Cattell

Manual Authors: Mary Russell, Darcie Karol

 16PF Questionnaire, has been very popular in applied psychology like contexts such as counselling
and human resources.
 The 16PF questionnaire is a broad assessment of normal adult personality. Appropriate for
individuals 16 years and older.
 The purpose of the measure is to provide a comprehensive snapshot of an individual’s personality
profile, by reporting on 16 primary personality factor scales as well as five broader global scales
 The 16PF can be used in a variety of settings. It can be used as a starting point in therapy, to give a
counselor an overall view of a client’s personality profile and serve as a guide to an individualize
counseling plan.
 The 16PF provides a measure of behavioral trends including anxiety and adjustment, which can
facilitate diagnostic and treatment strategies. The 16PF may also be used as a way to evaluate
management potential, facilitate leadership development and executive coaching, supplement
individual and couple’s counseling, and inform career and vocational counseling.

Scales

Bipolar Dimensions of Personality

Warmth (Reserved vs. Warm; Factor A)

Reasoning (Concrete vs. Abstract; Factor B)
Emotional Stability (Reactive vs. Emotionally Stable; Factor C)
Dominance (Deferential vs. Dominant; Factor E)
Liveliness (Serious vs. Lively; Factor F)
Rule-Consciousness (Expedient vs. Rule-Conscious; Factor G)
Social Boldness (Shy vs. Socially Bold; Factor H)
Sensitivity (Utilitarian vs. Sensitive; Factor I)
Vigilance (Trusting vs. Vigilant; Factor L)
Abstractedness (Grounded vs. Abstracted; Factor M)
Privateness (Forthright vs. Private; Factor N)
Apprehension (Self-Assured vs. Apprehensive; Factor O)
Openness to Change (Traditional vs. Open to Change; Factor Q1)
Self-Reliance (Group-Oriented vs. Self-Reliant; Factor Q2)
Perfectionism (Tolerates Disorder vs. Perfectionistic; Factor Q3)
Tension (Relaxed vs. Tense; Factor Q4)

1. Warmth, which is considered to indicate friendliness towards others and willingness to

participate.
2. Reasoning, which is thought to be indicative of cognitive ability and intellect;
 3. Emotional Stability, which refers to the candidate’s ability to adapt while under stress and
whether they are easily upset.
4. Dominance, which ascertains to levels of aggression, assertiveness and co-operation.
5. Liveliness, which tends to indicate whether the candidate is likely to be cheerful or expressive as
opposed to introverted or serious.
6. Rule-Consciousness, which generally conveys attitudes towards authority and likelihood of
obedience.
7. Social Boldness, which refers to whether an individual is likely to be timid or shy as opposed to
being uninhibited or out-going.
8. Sensitivity, which considers whether the candidate is compassionate and sympathetic to others
or if they tend to be more objective.
9. Vigilance, which specifies how trusting, accepting or suspicious the individual may be around
others.
10. Abstractedness, which can refer to being imaginative or solution orientated but at the higher
level can also suggest being impractical.
11. Privateness, which can indicate how forthright or non-disclosing an individual might be.
12. Apprehension, which is descriptive of whether someone may be more self-assured or insecure.
13. Openness to Change, which is regarded as flexibility and a liberal attitude as opposed to being
attached to the familiar.
14. Self-Reliance, which identifies how self-sufficient or group orientated an individual might be.
15. Perfectionism, which refers to self-discipline and precision as opposed to impulsiveness.
16. Tension, which conveys the likelihood of being time driven or impatient instead of being relaxed
and patient.

Global Factors
Extraversion
Anxiety
Tough-Mindedness
Independence
Self-Control
Criterion Scores
Self-Esteem*
Emotional Adjustment*
Social Adjustment*
Emotional Expressivity*
Emotional Sensitivity*
Emotional Control*
Social Expressivity*
Social Sensitivity*
Social Control*
Empathy*
leadership Potential*
Creative Potential*
Creative Achievement*
Dyadic Adjustment*
*Not included on all reports
Vocational Themes
Realistic*
Investigative*
Artistic*
Social*
Enterprising*
Conventional*
*Not included on all reports

Validity Scales
Impression Management
Infrequency
Acquiescence

Degree of Compatibility
Degree of Compatibility (DOC)*
*Not included on all reports

Couple's Compatibility Score

Couple's Compatibility (COM)*
*Not included on all reports

Leadership Scores
Assertive*
Facilitative*
Permissive*
Leadership Style*
*Not included on all reports

Validity

Construct validity demonstrates that the test measures sixteen distinct personality traits. When the test
was being developed, factor analysis was used to “discover 16 primary factors that explain the larger
domain of personality descriptors in the English language” (Cattell et al., 2002, p. 71). Cattell chose to
use oblique factors, which are permitted to intercorrelate; the sixteen basic factors intercorrelate along
global factors.

The 16PF uses several other assessments and measures to assess the validity of the its factors. Scores on
the sixteen primary factors can be correlated with similar personality constructs measured via other
instruments. In its development, the 16PF fifth edition was compared to the Personality Research Form
(PRF), the California Psychological Inventory (CPI), the NEO PI-R, and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
(MBTI). While correlations existed between these tests and a variety of the basic factor scales found in
the 16PF, the correlations were particularly strong with the 16PF’s global factors. For example, the 16PF
extraversion global factor correlates positively with the MBTI Extraversion type and negatively with the
Introversion type (r = .68 and r = -.61). The Reasoning Factor was validated separately, as this scale
measured reasoning ability instead of personality. This factor was validated against the Information
Inventory and Scale 2 of the Culture Fair Intelligence Test. The factor was found to be a “generally
unbiased gauge of reasoning skill,” however, the author notes that it was not designed to be used as a
measure of intelligence (Cattell et al., 2002, p. 90). The 16PF has additional validity in the form of a
demonstrated ability to predict certain criterion scores, such as those in the domain of self-esteem and
creative potential.

NEO-PI-R

The NEO PI-R is a concise measure of the five major domains of personality, as well as the six traits or
facets that define each domain. Taken together, the five domain scales and 30 facet scales of the NEO
PI-R facilitate a comprehensive and detailed assessment of normal adult personality. The NEO PI-R has
useful applications in counselling, clinical psychology, psychiatry, behavioural medicine and health
psychology, vocational counselling and industrial/organizational psychology, and educational and
personality research.

N: Neuroticism
- refers to the chronic level of emotional adjustment and instability. High N identifies individuals who are
prone to psychological distress

N1: Anxiety
N2: Angry, Hostility
N3: Depression
N4: Self-conscientiousness
N5: Impulsiveness
N6: Vulnerability

E: Extraversion
refers to the quantity and intensity of preferred interpersonal interactions, activity level, need for
stimulation, and capacity for joy. High E identifies individuals who tend to be sociable, active, talkative,
person oriented, optimistic, fun loving, and affectionate.

E1: Warmth
E2: Gregariousness
E3: Assertiveness
E4: Activity
E5: Excitement-seeking
E6: Positive emotions

O: Openness
refers to the active seeking and appreciation of experiences for their own sake. High O identifies
individuals who are curious, imaginative, and willing to entertain novel ideas and unconventional values.

O1: Fantasy
O2: Aesthetics
O3: Feelings
O4: Action
O5: Ideas
O6: Values
A: Agreeableness
refers to the kinds of interactions an individual prefers along a continuum from compassion to
antagonism. High A identifies individuals who tend to be soft-hearted, good natured, trusting, helpful,
forgiving, and altruistic.

A1: Trust
A2: Straightforwardness
A3: Altruism
A4: Modesty
A5: Modesty
A6: Tender-mindedness

C: Conscientiousness
- assesses the degree of organization, persistence, control, motivation in goal-directed behaviour. High C
identifies individuals who tend to be organized, reliable, hard-working, self-directed, punctual,
scrupulous, ambitious, and persevering.

C1: Competence
C2: Order
C3: Dutifulness
C4: Achievement striving
C5: Self-discipline
C6: Deliberation

References:

Community-University Partnership for the Study of Children, Youth, and Families (2011). Review of the
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Second Edition (Vineland-II). Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

De Prey, J. (2011). Test Review: 16PF: Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (5th edition). Retrieved
from https://jenniferdeprey.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/16-pdf-test-review.pdf

Framingham, J. (2016). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Psych Central. Retrieved
on August 25, 2017, from https://psychcentral.com/lib/minnesota-multiphasic-personality-inventory-
mmpi/

Myers & Briggs Foundation. (2017). Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Retrieved on August 25, 2017, from
http://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/

Pearson Education, Inc., (2017). Product - 16pf fifth edition. Retrieved from
http://www.pearsonclinical.com/psychology/products/100000483/16pf-fifth-edition.html#tab-faq

Psych Press, Inc (2017). Neo-pi-r. Retrieved from https://www.psychpress.com.au/talent-management-

solutions/identify-talent/psychometric-testing/NEO-PI-R/index.php