Professional Documents
Culture Documents
on
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
by
KARTHIK V (1010910090)
SASIDHAR K.V (1010910092)
NEERAJ PORWAL (1010910118)
ABHINAV N (1010910119)
Mrs. VASANTHI.P
Assistant Professor (O.G)
1
(Under section 3 of UGC Act, 1956)
MAY 2013
PROJECT REPORT
on
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
by
KARTHIK V (1010910090)
SASIDHAR K.V (1010910092)
NEERAJ PORWAL (1010910118)
ABHINAV N (1010910119)
Mrs. VASANTHI.P
Assistant Professor (O.G)
2
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SRM UNIVERSITY
(Under section 3 of UGC Act, 1956)
MAY 2013
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
reported herein does not form part of any other project report or dissertation
3
Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD
DATE:
ABSTRACT
4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
5
The author expresses his sincere thanks and Gratitude to HOD Dr. R.
ANNADURAI, Department of Civil Engineering, for his valuable suggestions and
advice in carrying out this thesis work.
The author hereby acknowledges with deep sense of gratitude the valuable
guidance given by the Guide Mrs.VASANTHI P, Assistant Professor, Department of
Civil Engineering, for initiative and motivation during the course of this work.
The author is extremely grateful to the valuble advices given by the class
incharge Mr.K.PRASANNA, Assistant professor,Department of Civil Engineering, for
constant support.
Finally, the author expresses his hearty thanks to Friends for their kind help and
encouragement throughout the course of this thesis work.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT iv
6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x
ABBREVATIONS xi
1 OVERVIEW 1
1.1 OBJECTIVE 1
1.2 NECESSITY 1
1.3 SCOPE 2
1.4 METHODOLOGY 2
1.5 MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE 2
7
2.4.2 Security Deposits 10
8
4.3 DESIGN OF SOLAR PANEL AND ITS COMPONENTS 54
4.3.1 Solar power system components
54 4.3.2 Working of Solar Panel
55
4.3.3 Description of Individual Solar Panel components 55
4.3.3.1 Solar Panels 55
4.3.3.2 Solar Regulator 55
4.3.3.3 Power Inverter 56
4.3.3.4 Solar Batteries 56
4.3.4 Designing of Solar Panel 57
4.4 RATE ANALYSIS OF SOLAR PANELS 59
4.5 INFRARED THERMOMETER 60
4.6 HOLLOW BRICK 62
4.6.1 Parameters of Hollow Brick 62
5 CONCLUSION 72
5.1 CONCLUSION 72
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE 72
REFERENCES 73
9
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE
PAGE 1.1 Codes Used
3
1.2 Earlier Course Work Used
4
10
2.1 Front Setback
8
2.2 Rear Setback
9
2.3 Side Setback
9
4.1 Values of slenderness ratio
48
4.2 Stress reduction factor for slenderness ratio
48
4.3 Calculation of permissible stress
49
4.4 Safe allowable load
49
4.5 Calculations of loads
57
4.6 Abstract Estimate of Conventional Building
65
4.7 Abstract Estimate of NZERB
67
4.8 Rate Analysis of Proposed Conventional Building
70
4.9 Rate Analysis of Proposed NZERB
71
11
LIST OF FIGURES
12
ABBREVIATIONS
13
Sv - Spacing of stirrups
fy - Yield stress of steel
Asv - Total cross sectional area of stirrup legs
kt - Modification factor for tension reinforcement
kc - Modification factor for compression reinforcement
kf - Reduction factors for flanged beams
Pu - Ultimate load
τc - Permissible shear stress
Ag - Gross area of cross section
Ly - Length in y direction
Lx - Length in x direction
Wu - Ultimate load
αx - Bending moment coefficient for short span
αY - Bending moment coefficient for long span
Mx - Moment in short span direction
My - Moment in long span direction
dreq - Required depth
dprov - Provided depth
Mu,max - Maximum ultimate moment
Ast( reqd) - Area of steel required
Ast (min) - Area of minimum steel required
ast - Area of 1 bar
D.L - Dead Load
L.L - Live Load
Φ - Angle of internal friction
NC , NY, Nq - Bearing capacity factors
CMDA - Chennai metropolitian development authority
PWD - Public works department
NBC - National Building Code
14
KKNP - Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant
W.h - Watt hour
A.h - Ampere hour
CHAPTER 1
15
OVERVIEW
1.1 OBJECTIVE
1.2 NECESSITY
1.3 SCOPE
16
ii. Design of load bearing structure using hollow bricks
iii. Design of solar panels
iv. Comparison of room temperature between NZERB and conventional
building
v. Comparison of energy consumption between NZERB and conventional
building.
1.4 METHODOLOGY
This entire project is an planning and design in nature and the methodology
followed in this project is listed as below.
i. Selection of site where renewable energy is available
ii. Study the climate conditions of area
iii. Aligning the building to utilize maximum amount of renewable resources
iv. Planning and design of proposed NZERB building
v. Comparison of the NZERB building with other conventional building
Design experience in the following areas has been gained during the course of
the project
i. Design of slabs
17
i. Economic: Building shall be designed such that the entire energy requirements
are met by solar energy only due to shortage of conventional energy.
ii. Sustainability Constraints: The design shall be such that the requirement of
cooling do not fluctuate throughout the year.
iii. Economic Constraint: The materials adopted for construction are economical
compared to conventional materials.
The codes for design of buildings and structures, Design co-efficient, Limit
state design method and Fixing of dimensions are shown in Table 1.1
18
1.8 APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORK
The codes for Computer aided building drawing, layout and planning and
Byelaws, Setbacks, Open space, Floor area ratio are shown in Table 1.2
Table 1.2 Application of earlier course work
Course Code and Name Context
CE 0104- Computer aided building
Computer aided building drawing
drawing
CE0102- Elements of building science
layout and planning
and Architecture
Byelaws, Setbacks, Open space, Floor
CE0209- Building technology
area ratio
CE0303-Structural Design II R.C.C Design
CE0304-Structural Design III R.C.C Design
i. Auto CAD
ii. MS EXCEL
iii. MS WORD
19
1.11 CONCLUSION
The two types of buildings are analyzed with respect to cost, time,
availability of skilled labour and ease in construction.
AVAILABILITY
COST ELECTRICITY OF
RESOURSES
NORMAL
It requires an Easily Available
CONVENTIONAL Low
active source
BUILDING
20
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
2.1 GENERAL
21
This project envisages the preparation of a Residential layout by incorporating the
Tamil Nadu Government rules and the preparation of a plan for a residential building in
a plot by using software AutoCAD. Finally this project will end up with the preparation
of an estimation of the prepared plan (Ref 1).
Anna Joanna,
Aalborg University, Department of Civil Engineering,
According to ANNA, “With energy conservation arrangements, such as high-
insulated constructions, solar heating system. Extra Energy supply for the electric
installations in the house is taken from the municipal mains” (Ref 2).
Saitoh, (1988) (JAPAN)
According to SAITOH, “… a multi-purpose natural energy autonomous
house will meet almost all the energy demands for solar panel and cooling as well as
supply of hot water. For this purpose, solar energy, the natural underground coldness and
sky radiation cooling are utilized.”
i. Solar panels are designed to harness.
ii. Solar energy in buildings include systems that capture heat (such as Solar water
heating systems and passive heating).
iii. It converts solar energy into electrical energy, its done with the help of
photovoltic (PV) systems (Ref 3).
22
2.3 DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES FOR CHENNAI METROPOLITAN
AREA, 2004
In this primary residential use zone, buildings shall be permitted only for the
following purposes and accessory uses.
(a) Professional consulting offices of the residents and incidental uses there to occupy a
floor area not exceeding 40 square meters.
(b) Petty shops dealing with daily essentials including retail sale of provisions, soft
drinks, cigarettes, newspapers, tea stalls, mutton stall and milk kiosks, cycle repair shops
and tailoring shops.
23
Table 2.2 Rear Set Back
Depth of Plot Rear Set Back
Up to 15m 1.5m
Between 15m to 30m 3.0m
Above 30m 4.5m
24
2.4.1 Fire Safety, Detection and Extinguishing Systems
The applicant shall deposit a sum at the rate of Rs.100 per square meters
of floor area as a refundable non-interest earning security and earnest deposit. The deposit
shall be refunded on completion of development as per the approved plan as certified by
CMDA, if not, it would be forfeited.
25
CHAPTER 3
3.1 OBJECTIVE
iii. Comparing the net zero energy building with conventional building.
26
3.2 SCOPE
3.3 METHODOLOGY
27
CHAPTER 4
4.1 PLANNING
The key plan of the residential building is drawn by considering the alignment of
the building with respect to the CMDA.
The key plan of the site is shown in Figure 4.1
28
The ground floor of the building consist of one hall, two bedrooms, one dinning,
one kitchen. The allocations of the rooms in the plan has been done with due
consideration of sun diagram as per the requirement of zero energy building. The plan
has been prepared using Auto CAD software.
The Ground Floor plan is shown in Figure 4.2
29
The first floor of the building consist of one hall, two bedrooms, one dinning, one
kitchen. The allocations of the rooms in the plan has been done with due consideration
of sun diagram as per the requirement of zero energy building. The plan has been
prepared using Auto CAD software.
The First Floor plan is shown in Figure 4.3
30
4.2 ANALYSIS AND DESIGNS
SLAB DESIGN (Ref 6)
The analysis and designs of the slab for Hall, Bedroom, Bathroom,
Dinning, Kitchen, Stair case, Portico are done with proper considerations as per
IS 456:2000.
4.2.1 Design of Hall
Using M 20 Concrete
Fe 415 steel
1. Effective Span
Lx = 3.26 m
Ly = 5.1 m
31
Factored Load (Wu) = 1.5 × 6.21 = 9.315
Refer Table 26
Short Span αx = 0.068
Long Span αy = 0.037
[Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only
coefficient varies].
Mu = Wu × Co-efficient × Lx2 (4.1)
Mu is calculated by equation 4.1
Where,
Mu,lim= * + (4.2)
(or)
= 0.138fckb d2
32
Mu,lim = Ultimate limiting moment of resistance
fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete
b = Width
d = Effective depth
= 0.138 × 20 × 1000 × 1052
=30.42 kN.m
(Mu Limit) > (Mu Short)
Hence its ok
4. Calculation of Steel
= 184.27 mm2
Minimum Steel = 0.12% × D × B
Ast,min = ( )× 130 × 1000 = 156 mm2
33
d for long span bars
d = D – Clear Cover – -
= 130 – 20 – - 10 = 95 mm
Ast(+)Long [1 - 1- 4.598 ]
R= d2
= × 952
= 0.4057
Ast(+)Long = 1000 × 95 × ( )× 415 [1 – 4.598 × ]
= 109.37 mm2
Ast(+)Long<Ast,min
7. Spacing for all Steel
i. 3d = 3 × 95 = 285 mm
ii. 300
Spacing = 285 mm
8. Check for Deflection
Short Span Lx = 3260 mm
Ast(+) Short = 116.37 mm2
Basic Value = 20
= 0.175%
Modification Factor = 1.62
Modified Basic Value = 20 × 1.62 = 32.8
= = 31.047
34
31.047 < 32.8
Hence its ok
Live Load = 2
1. Effective Span
Lx = 3 m
Ly = 3.5 m
2. Load Calculation
Assuming Slab Thickness
Imposed Load =2
35
Refer Table 26, Page No.91 of IS456
Two adjacent edges are discontinuous
Refer Table 26
Short Span αx = 0.043
Long Span αy = 0.035
[ Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only
coefficient varies ].
Mu,lim= * +
(or)
Mu,lim = 27.6
(Mu Limit) > (Mu Short)
Hence its ok
4. Calculation of Steel
36
R= = 4.1 × × 1000 = 0.41
= 116.37 mm2
Minimum Steel = 0.12% × D × B
d= D – Clear Cover – -
d= 125 – 20 – 10/2 - 10
d= 90 mm
6. Calculation of Ast for Long Span
Ast(+)Long [1 - 1- 4.598 ]
R=
= 3.33 ×
= 0.33
= 93.2 mm2
Ast(+)Long<Ast,min
7. Spacing for Steel
Ast ×102 = 78.5 mm2
37
Ast(+)Short = × 1000 = 674.5 mm
32.3 < 34
Hence its ok
Live Load = 2
1. Effective Span
Lx = 3.85 m
Ly = 3.95 m
38
d = 120.31mm = 120 mm
= 3.75
Assume 40 mm Floor Finish
Imposed Load = 2
Refer Table 26
Short Span αx = 0.048
Long Span αy = 0.047
[ Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only
coefficient varies ].
Mu = Wu× Co-efficient × Lx2
Same as equation 4.1
Mu(+) Short = 0.048 × 10.125 × 3.852 = 7.203 kN.m
39
Mu(+) Long = 0.047 × 10.125 × 3.852 = 7.063 kN.m
Take the Highest Moment and check for adequacy of the section.
Mu,lim= * +
(or)
= 0.138fckb d2
Same as equation 4.2
= 0.138 × 20 × 1000 × 1252
= 43.125 kN.m
(Mu Limit) > (Mu Short)
Hence its ok
4. Calculation of Steel
= 164.08 mm2
Minimum Steel = 0.12% × D × B
Ast,min = ( )× 150 × 1000
= 180 mm2
Ast(+) Short <Ast,min
5. Check for maximum Spacing
i. 3d = 3 × 125 = 375 mm
ii. 300
Max Spacing = 300 mm
d for long span bars
d= D – Clear Cover – -
d= 150 – 20 – - 10
40
d= 115 mm
6. Calculation of Ast for Long Span
Ast(+)Long [1 - 1- 4.598 ]
R= =
= 0.553
Ast(+)Long = 1000 × 115 × ( ) × 415 [1 – 4.598 × ]
= 181.11 mm2
Ast(+)Long<Ast,min
7. Spacing for all Steel
i. 3d = 3 × 115 = 345 mm
ii. 300
Spacing = 300 mm
8. Check for Deflection
Short Span Lx = 3850 mm
Ast(+)Short = 181.11 mm2
Basic Value = 20
= 0.157%
Modification Factor = 1.8
Modified Basic Value = 20 × 1.8 = 36
= = 30.8
41
4.2.4 Design of Bathroom
Using M20 Concrete
Fe415 steel
Live Load = 2
1. Effective Span
Lx = 2.38 m
Ly = 4.28 m
d= = 74.375 mm = 80 mm
= 2.75
Assume 40 mm Floor Finish
Imposed Load = 2
42
3. Finding Design Bending Moment
Refer Table 26, Page No.91 of IS456
Two adjacent edges are discontinuous
Refer Table 26
Short Span αx = 0.085
Long Span αy = 0.047
[ Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only
coefficient varies ].
Mu = Wu× Co-efficient × Lx2
Same as equation 4.1
Mu(+) Short = 0.085 × 8.625 × 2.382 = 4.127 kN.m
Mu(+) Long = 0.047 × 8.625 × 2.382 = 2.29 kN.m
Take the Highest Moment and check for adequacy of the section.
Mu,lim= * +
(or)
= 0.138fckb d2
Same as equation 4.2
= 0.138 × 20 × 1000 × 852
=19.94 kN.m
(Mu Limit) > (Mu Short)
Hence its ok
4. Calculation of Steel
R = = 4.1527 ×( = 0.574
)
43
= 139.92 mm2
Minimum Steel = 0.12% × D × B
Ast,min= ( ) × 110 × 1000 = 132 mm2
d= D – Clear Cover – -
d= 110 – 20 – - 10
d= 75 mm
6. Calculation of Ast for Long Span
Ast(+)Long [1 - 1- 4.598 ]
R=
= 0.4082
Ast(+) Long = 1000 × 75 × ( ) × 415 [1 – 4.598 × = 86.88 mm2
44
Basic Value = 20
= 0.1646%
Modification Factor = 1.9
Modified Basic Value = 20 × 1.9 = 38
= = 28
28 < 38
Hence its ok
Live Load = 2
1. Effective Span
Lx = 3.78 m
Ly = 6.93 m
d = 118.124 mm = 120 mm
D = 120 = 150 mm
45
= 3.75
Assume 40 mm Floor Finish
Imposed Load = 2
Refer Table 26
Short Span αx = 0.087
Long Span αy = 0.047
[ Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only
coefficient varies ].
Mu = Wu× Co-efficient × Lx2
Same as equation 4.1
Mu(+) Short = 0.087 × 10.125 × 3.782 = 12.58 kN.m
Mu(+) Long = 0.047 × 10.125 × 3.782 = 6.79 kN.m
Take the Highest Moment and check for adequacy of the section.
Mu,lim= * +
(or)
= 0.138fckb d2
Same as equation 4.2
46
= 0.138 × 20 × 1000 × 1252
= 43.125 kN.m
(Mu Limit) > (Mu Short)
Hence its ok
4. Calculation of Steel
R= = = 0.805
= 184.27 mm2
Minimum Steel = 0.12% × D × B
Ast,min = ( )× 130 × 1000
= 156 mm2
Ast(+) Short <Ast,min
5. Check for maximum Spacing
i. 3d = 3 ×105 = 315 mm
ii. 300
Max Spacing = 300 mm
d for long span bars
d= D – Clear Cover – -
d= 130 – 20 – 10/2 - 10
d= 95 mm
6. Calculation of Ast for Long Span
Ast(+)Long [1 - 1- 4.598 ]
R=
47
=
= 0.4057
Ast(+)Long = 1000 × 95 × ( )× 415 [1 – 4.598 × ]
= 109.37 mm2
Ast(+)Long<Ast,min
7. Spacing for all Steel
i. 3d = 3 × 95 = 285 mm
ii. 300
Spacing = 285 mm
8. Check for Deflection
Short Span Lx = 3260 mm
Ast(+) Short = 116.37 mm2
Basic Value = 20
= 0.175%
Modification Factor = 1.62
Modified Basic Value = 20 × 1.62
=32
= = 31.047
Live Load = 2
1. Effective Span
48
Lx = 2.23 m
Ly = 3.73 m
Aspect ratio
d= = 65 mm
D = 65+ +20 = 90 mm
= 2.25
Assume Floor Finish = 40 mm
Imposed Load = 2
Refer Table 26
Short Span αx = 0.06
49
Long Span αy = 0.035
[ Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only
coefficient varies ].
Mu = Wu× Co-efficient × Lx2
Same as equation 4.1
Mu(+) Short = 0.06 × 7.88 × 2.232 = 2.35 kN.m
Mu(+) Long = 0.035 × 7.88 × 2.232 = 1.373 kN.m
Take the Highest Moment and check for adequacy of the section.
Mu,lim= * +
(or)
Mu,lim = 0.138 fckb d2
Same as equation 4.2
= 0.138 × 20 × 1000 × 652
=11.66 kN.m
(Mu Limit) > (Mu Short)
Hence its ok
3. Calculation of Steel
R= = 2.735 × = 0.55
= 103.56 mm2
Minimum Steel = 0.12% × D × B
Ast,min × 90 × 1000
= 108 mm2
Ast(+) Short <Ast,min
4. Check for maximum Spacing
50
i. 3d = 3 × 65 = 195 mm
ii. 300
Max Spacing = 195 mm
d for long span bars
d= D – Clear Cover – -
d= 90 – 20 – - 10
d= 55 mm
5. Calculation of Ast for Long Span
Ast(+)Long [1 - 1- 4.598 ]
R= = 1.373 ×
= 0.115
Ast(+) Long =1000 × 55 × × 415 [1 – 4.598 × ]
= 71.05 mm2
Ast(+) Long <Ast,min
6. Spacing for all Steel
Ast = × 102 = 78.5 mm2
= 0.16%
51
Modification Factor = 1.8
Modified Basic Value = 20 × 1.8 = 36
34.3 < 36
Hence its ok
Live Load = 2
1. Effective Span
Lx = 2.6 m
Ly = 3.73 m
Aspect ratio
d=
Self Weight of
= 2.625
Assume Floor Finish = 40 mm
Imposed Load =2
52
Total Load = 5.62
Refer Table 26
Short Span αx = 0.049
Long Span αy = 0.028
[ Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only
coefficient varies ].
Mu = Wu× Co-efficient × Lx2
Same as equation 4.1
Mu(+) Short = 0.049 × 8.43× 2.62 = 2.79 kN.m
Mu(+) Long = 0.028 × 8.43 × 2.62 = 1.595 kN.m
Take the Highest Moment and check for adequacy of the section.
Mu,lim= * +
(or)
Mu,lim = 0.138fckb d2
Same as equation 4.2
Mu,lim = 0.138 × 20 × 1000 × 802
Mu,lim =17.66 kN.m
(Mu Limit) > (Mu Short)
Hence its ok
4. Calculation of Steel
53
Ast(+) Short = [1 - 1-4.598 ]
R= = 2.79 × = 0.435
= 126 mm2
Ast(+) Short <Ast,min
5. Check for maximum Spacing
i. 3d = 3 × 80 = 240 mm
ii. 300
d= D – Clear Cover – -
d= 105 – 20 – - 10
d= 70 mm
6. Calculation of Ast for Long Span
Ast(+)Long [1 - 1- 4.598 ]
R=
= 1.595 ×
= 0.325
Ast(+) Long =1000 × – 4.598 × ]
= 64.34 mm2
54
Ast(+) Long <Ast,min
7. Spacing for Steel
Ast = × 102 = 78.5 mm2
Fs = 0.
( )
Pt
= 0.14%
Modification Factor = 1.8
Modified Basic Value = 20 × 1.8 = 36
= 32.5
32.5 < 36
Hence its ok
Live load =2
2. Assumptions
55
Height of the Plinth from ground = 0.5 m
Height of the Plinth above Footing = 1 m
Height of the Parapet Wall =1m
Thickness of Roof Slab =110 mm
Brick Size = 230 × 115 × 75
3. Slenderness Ratio and Stress Factor
Ground Floor + First Floor
H = 3+0.115+0.5+3+0.115+1 = 7.73 m
Effective Height (h) = 0.75H = 0.75 × 7.73 = 5.797 m
Slenderness Ratio
56
Fc = 0.44 × 0.48 × 1 × 1
8. Safe Load
Q=( )
= 63
9. Wall Area
Outer wall = Total Perimeter x 3(floor height)
= ((11.31×2) + (8.93×2))×3
= 40.83 m3
Inner wall = (4.87×3) + (4.87×3) + (3.5×2×3)
= 29.22 + 21 = 50.22 m3
Total wall volume = 91.05 m3
10. Deductions:
Outer Deductions = 1.098+1.089+2.226+1.089+1.4884+1.4884+1.4884+
1.4884+1.4884+1.098
= 14.042 m3
Inner Deductions = 1.89+1.89+2.496+1.746+1.746
= 9.768 m3
Total Deduction =23.81 m3
Total wall volume – Total Deductions = 91.05 -23.81 = 67.25 m3
% Opening =
= 35.4 %
Thickness = 1 Brick thick wall (using nomograms)
11. For Hall :
57
Where,
Wu= Factored load
W=Load from the slab
Lx=Short span
Ly=Long span
( ))
Wu =( * }
Wu = 13.11 103
Wu= * ( ) }
( ))
= (9.127 × × {3- * + }
= 11.055 103
= 9.81 103
63>33.98
58
1. Area of Footing =
A = = 0.47 m2
Live load =2
Step 2: Assumptions
59
Height of the Plinth from ground = 0.5 m
Height of the Plinth above Footing =1m
Height of the Parapet Wall =1m
Thickness of Roof Slab = 0.120 m
Hollow Brick Size = 0.40 × 0.20 ×0. 20 m
60
Step 3: Slenderness ratio and stress factor
Ground floor:
H = 2.6+0.6+1 = 4.2 m
Effective height = 0.75 × H = 3.15 m
=
Slenderness ratio = = 15.75
=
=1
61
Effective height = 0.75 × H = 2.55 m
= = =
1
The values of slenderness ratio for effective length and height of the building is
given in Table 4.1
62
H L S.R H L S.R
A 3.15 3.44 15.75 2.55 3.44 12.75
B 3.15 2.58 12.92 2.55 2.58 12.75
C 3.15 3.33 15.75 2.55 3.33 12.75
D 3.15 2.88 14.4 2.55 2.88 12.75
E 3.15 2.056 10.28 2.55 2.056 10.28
F 3.15 2.52 12.6 2.55 2.52 12.6
G 3.15 3.7 15.75 2.55 3.7 12.75
H 3.15 2.90 14.5 2.55 2.9 12.75
I 3.15 3.44 15.75 2.55 3.44 12.75
J 3.15 3.44 15.75 2.55 3.44 12.75
K 3.15 2.976 14.88 2.55 2.976 12.75
L 3.15 1.935 9.7 2.55 1.935 9.675
M 3.15 5.07 15.75 2.55 5.07 12.75
The values of stress reduction factor for slenderness ratio of the building is given
in Table 4.2
63
Fc=ks×kp×ka× basic compressive stress
Permissible stress- ground Permissible stress- first
Wall type
floor(N/mm2) floor(N/mm2)
A 0.528×0.74=0.390 0.528×0.81=0.427
B 0.528×0.81=0.427 0.528×0.81=0.427
C 0.528×0.74=0.390 0.528×0.81=0.427
D 0.528×0.75=0.396 0.528×0.81=0.427
E 0.528×0.89=0.469 0.528×0.89=0.469
F 0.528×0.83=0.4382 0.528×0.83=0.4382
G 0.528×0.74=0.390 0.528×0.81=0.427
H 0.528×0.75=0.396 0.528×0.81=0.427
I 0.528×0.75=0.396 0.528×0.81=0.427
J 0.528×0.74=0.390 0.528×0.81=0.427
K 0.528×0.75=0.396 0.528×0.81=0.427
L 0.528×0.88=0.4646 0.528×0.88=0.4646
M 0.528×0.75=0.390 0.528×0.81=0.427
The values of safe allowable load for the building is given in Table 4.4
64
Load from Wall = 78
Load from wall (critical wall M) +10% for the weight of the Building + weight
of slab (hall, bed room & dining) + floor finish
=100.236
=100
The Projection of P.C.C beyond the brick work should not be more than ½ of the
thickness of P.C.C
= = 150 mm
65
The thickness of each step is given by hollow brick = 200 mm
The footing design is shown in the Figure 4.4
Live load =2
Rise = 150 mm
Thread = 250 mm
Using M20 Concrete and Fe415
D = 200 mm
66
D =Diameter
R =Rise
T =Thread
Floor Finish = × 24 = 1
3. Live load =3
Wu = 11.075
Step3: Calculation of Mu
Mu = = 35 kN.m
Mu,lim = * +
67
R= = 2.43
drequired = = = 104.166 mm
dactual = 120 mm
68
4.3 DESIGN OF SOLAR PANEL AND ITS COMPONENTS
4.3.1 Solar Power System Components
Brief revision of the major components found in a basic solar power system.
A basic solar powered system is shown in Figure 4.5
69
4.3.2 Working of solar panels
The solar panel converts sunlight into DC power or electricity to
charge the battery.
i. This DC electricity (charge) is controlled via a solar regulator which
ensures the battery is charged properly and not damaged and that power is
not lost/(discharged).
ii. DC appliances can then be powered directly from the battery.
iii. AC appliances need a power inverter to convert the DC electricity into
220 Volt AC power.
70
4.3.3.3 Power Inverter
The power inverter is the main component of any independent power system
which requires AC power. The power inverter will convert the DC power stored in the
batteries and into Ac power to run conventional appliances. There are three waveforms
produced by modern solid state power inverters. The simplest, a square wave power
inverter, used to be all that was available. Today, these are very rare, as many appliances
will not operate on a square wave. True Sine wave inverters provide AC power that is
virtually identical to, and often cleaner than, power from the grid. Power inverters are
generally rated by the amount of AC power they can supply continuously. Manufacturers
generally also provide 5 second and ½ hour surge figures. The surge figures give an idea
of how much power can be supplied by the inverter for 5 seconds and ½ an hour before
the inverter‟s overload protection trips and cuts the power.
4.3.3.4 Solar Batteries
Deep cycle batteries are usually used in solar power systems and are designed to
be discharged over a long period of time (e.g. 100 hours) and recharged hundreds or
thousands of times, unlike conventional car batteries which are designed to provide a
large amount of current for a short amount of time. To maximize battery life, deep cycle
batteries should not be discharged beyond 50% of their capacity. i.e. 50 % capacity
remaining. Discharging beyond this level will significantly reduce the life of the
batteries. Deep cycle batteries are rated in Ampere Hours (Ah). This rating also includes
a discharge rate, usually at 20 hours. This rating specifies the amount of current in Amps
that the battery can supply over the specified number of hours. As an example, a battery
rated at 120A.H at the 100 hour rate can supply a total of 120A.H over a period of 100
hours. This would equate to 1.2A per hour for 100 hours.
71
Table 4.5 Calculation Of Loads (Ref 12)
CFL (Ref
HALL 4 5 20 400 80
13)
FAN 2 5 50 500 100
T.V 1 5 80 400 80
BED ROOM 1 CFL 2 3 15 90 30
FAN 1 10 50 500 50
BED ROOM 2 CFL 2 3 15 90 30
FAN 1 10 50 500 50
KITCHEN OVEN 1 1 900 900 900
CFL 3 4 15 180 45
EXHAUS
1 4 50 200 50
T
Mixer 1 1 450 450 450
DINING AUTO-
1 18 150 2700 195
ROOM FRIDGE
CFL 3 4 15 180 45
FAN 1 3 50 150 50
TOILET 1 CFL 1 1 15 15 15
TOILET 2 HEATER 1 1 150 150 150
CFL 1 2 15 30 15
WATER
1 1 750 750 750
PUMP
WASHING
1 2 90 180 90
MACHINE
8365 3175
72
Power Invertor Sizing
Appliance total power draw = 3175 W
To provide a small buffer or margin your minimum size inverter choice should be
around 3500W.
A modified sine wave inverter with a 3500W continuous power rating will therefore
be your obvious choice in this specific solar system design.
Determining the Size And Number Of Solar Panels
Divide the total daily power requirement by the number of charge hours for that
geographic region eg. (8365×1.2)\6=1673 WATTS
250 Watt Solar Panel
Total watt/ 250 watt solar panel =
=7 PANELS
= 7 x 250 W panels.
Number of Batteries
250W panels produce 4.8Amps, thus 14x 4.8 A = 67.2A x 6 Hrs
= 403.2.Ah
105Ah batteries, should be discharged to no more than 50%, thus we divide total
amps by 105A x 50% = 50A.h
= 8.08 x 105Ah batteries.
For ease of possible 24V or 48V configuration, this would mean 3 in series of 3
batteries.
Size of Regulators
Let‟s say we had 20A regulators at our disposal.
One 250W panel produces around 4.8Amps.
The regulators are put in series
14 x 4.8A=67.2
So 14 solar panels would need 4 x 20 A solar regulators
.
The total cost of the solar panel is Rs. One lakh forty two thousand six hundred for
our residential building .In these solar panel cost is based on the solar panels, regulator,
batteries and inverter. The output of solar panel can be expected to vary by 0.25% for every 5
degrees variation in temperature.
In NZERB, decrease in temperature for using of hollow bricks and solar panels
produces the electricity. When compared to conventional building, the intial cost is high but
in future the electricity cost is reduced.
ii
Fig.4.6 Infrared Thermometer
The instrument Infrared Thermometer is shown in Figure 4.6
I. An infrared thermometer is a thermometer which infers temperature from a
portion of the thermal radiation sometimes called blackbody radiation emitted
by the object being measured.
II. They are sometimes called laser thermometers if a laser is used to help aim the
thermometer, or non-contact thermometers or temperature guns, to describe
the device's ability to measure temperature from a distance refer Figure.4.6
III. By knowing the amount of infrared energy emitted by the object and
its emissivity, the object's temperature can often be determined.
IV. Infrared thermometers are a subset of devices known as "thermal radiation
thermometers".
V. The most basic design consists of a lens to focus the infrared thermal radiation
on to a detector, which converts the radiant power to an electrical signal that
can be displayed in units of temperature after being compensated for ambient
iii
temperature. This configuration facilitates temperature measurement from
a distance without contact with the object to be measured.
VI. Infrared thermometers can be used to serve a wide variety of temperature
monitoring functions. A few examples provided to this article include:
VII. Detecting clouds for remote telescope operation
VIII. Checking mechanical equipment or electrical circuit breaker boxes or outlets
for hot spots
IX. Checking heater or oven temperature, for calibration and control purposes
X. Detecting hot spots / performing diagnostics in electrical circuit board
manufacturing
XI. Checking for hot spots in fire fighting situations
XII. Monitoring materials in process of heating and cooling, for research and
development or manufacturing quality control situations
XIII. The distance-to-spot ratio (D:S) is the ratio of the distance to the object and
the diameter of the temperature measurement area. For instance if the D:S
ratio is 12:1, measurement of an object 12 inches (30 cm) away will average
the temperature over a 1-inch-diameter (25 mm) area. The sensor may have an
adjustable emissivity setting, which can be set to measure the temperature of
reflective (shiny) and non-reflective surfaces.
XIV. The most common infrared thermometers is the:
XV. Spot Infrared Thermometer or Infrared Pyrometer, which measures the
temperature at a spot on a surface (actually a relatively small area determined
by the D:S ratio).
iv
4.6 CHARACTERISTICS OF HOLLOW BRICKS
4.6.1 Parameters of Hollow Brick Used In Net Zero Energy Residential Building
I. LENGTH : 400 mm
II. WIDTH : 200 mm
III. HEIGHT: 200 mm
IV. WEIGHT: 11.1 kg
V. DENSITY: 694 kg/m³
VI. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH : 4.1
Available Sizes
Hollow Brick
Bigger Size
I. Hollow brick is same in size as that of concrete blocks
II. 1 Hollow brick = 9 Clay Bricks
III. Less mortar joints, hence less plumb & alignment
IV. Faster construction
Light Weight
I. Ease of handling, Transportation
II. Saves labour
III. Less dead load, Savings in Structural Cost
IV. (Steel & Concrete) by 10 to 15%
v
Thermal Insulation
I. Savings on mortar
II. Low „U‟ Values – 1.0 W/m²
III. Better Thermal Insulation = less energy loss through walls
IV. Savings on Energy consumption ,Comfortable inside temperature
U-value determines thermal Insulation.Lesser the Value higher the Insulation and vice
versa. U-values are mentioned in Figure 4.7
Fig.4.7 U-VALUES
vi
iii. Fire Resistant
iv. Provide thermal and sound insulation: The air in hollow of the brick,
does not allow outside heat or cold in the house. So it keeps house cool
in summer and warm in winter.
v. Environment Friendly, fly ash used as one of the raw materials.
Constructional Advantages
4.7 ESTIMATION
4.7.1 Abstract estimate of conventional building
The quantities of the various materials in conventional building are calculated as
shown in the Table 4.6
The abstract estimate of conventional building is given in Table 4.6
Table 4.6 Abstract estimate of conventional building
Length Breadth Depth Quantity
S.No Description Nos
(m) (m) (m) (m3)
1 Excavation
Exterior wall 1 39.48 0.76 0.53 15.9
Interior wall 1 22.51 0.76 0.53 9.06
24.96
vii
2 P.C.C
Exterior wall 1 39.48 0.76 0.3 9
Interior wall 1 22.51 0.76 0.3 5.13
14.13
3 Brick work
1st Footing
Exterior wall 1 39.48 0.46 0.115 2.08
Interior wall 1 22.51 0.46 0.115 1.19
2nd Footing
Exterior wall 1 39.48 0.31 0.115 1.4
Interior wall 1 22.51 0.31 0.115 0.8
3 Wall
Exterior wall 1 39.48 0.23 7.5 68.1
Interior wall 1 22.51 0.23 7.5 38.82
112.39
Deductions
Window W 1×2 1.22 0.23 0.9 0.51
Window W1 1×5 1.22 0.23 1.22 1.71
Window W2 1×2 0.9 0.23 1.21 0.5
Door D 1×2 0.84 0.23 2.1 0.81
Door D1 1×3 0.75 0.23 2 1.035
Door D2 1 0.9 0.23 2.1 1.035
Spacing S1 1 1.2 0.23 2.08 0.57
Spacing S2 1 0.9 0.23 2.1 0.43
6.6
4 Earth Filling
Hall 1 3.03 4.87 0.5 7.378
Water closet 1 3.62 2.15 0.5 3.89
Bed Room1 1 3.62 3.72 0.5 6.73
Bed Room2 1 3.5 3 0.5 5.25
Dinning 1 3.5 2.37 0.5 4.147
Kitchen 1 3.5 2.6 0.5 4.55
31.649
5 Flooring Concrete
Hall 1 3.03 4.87 0.1 1.48
Water closet 1 3.62 2.15 0.1 0.778
Bed Room1 1 3.62 3.72 0.1 1.346
Bed Room2 1 3.5 3 0.1 1.05
Dinning 1 3.5 2.37 0.1 0.829
Kitchen 1 3.5 2.6 0.1 0.91
5.473
6 R.C.C
Lintel & Sun shades
Door D 1×2 1.4 0.23 0.15 0.078
viii
Door D1 1×3 1.05 0.23 0.15 0.108
Door D2 1 1.2 0.23 0.15 0.04
Sun Shade 1 1.2 0.45 0.075 0.04
Window W 1×2 1.52 0.23 0.15 0.104
Sun Shade 1×2 1.52 0.45 0.075 0.103
Window W1 1×5 1.52 0.23 0.15 0.2622
Sun Shade 1×5 1.52 0.45 0.075 0.26
Window W2 1×2 1.2 0.23 0.15 0.083
Sun Shade 1×2 1.2 0.45 0.075 0.081
1.1592
Roof Slab
Hall, Water Closet, Bed Room1 1 6.65 4.87 0.1 3.24
Bed Room2,Dinning,Kitchen 1 3.5 7.97 0.1 2.79
6.8496
7 Plastering
Exterior wall 1 39.48 - 7.5 296.1
Interior wall 1 22.51 - 7.5 168.8
464.92
Deductions
Window W1 1×2 1.22 - 0.9 2.196
Window W2 1×5 1.22 - 1.22 7.442
Window W3 1×2 0.9 - 1.21 2.178
Door D 1×2 0.84 - 2.1 3.528
Door D1 1×3 0.75 - 2 4.5
Door D2 1 0.9 - 2.1 1.89
Spacing S 1 1.2 - 2.08 2.496
Spacing S1 1 0.9 - 2.1 1.89
26.12
8 White Washing - - - - 438.8
9 Colour Washing - - - - 438.8
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3 Brick work
1st Footing
Exterior wall 1 39.24 0.4 0.2 3.13
Interior wall 1 22.51 0.4 0.2 1.8
2nd Footing
Exterior wall 1 39.24 0.25 0.2 1.96
Interior wall 1 22.51 0.25 0.2 1.12
3 Wall
Exterior wall 1 39.24 0.2 7.5 58.86
Interior wall 1 22.51 0.2 7.5 33.76
Deductions
Window W 1×2 1.22 0.2 0.9 0.4392
Window W1 1×5 1.22 0.2 1.22 1.4884
Window W2 1×2 0.9 0.2 1.21 0.432
Door D 1×2 0.84 0.2 2.1 0.705
Door D1 1×3 0.75 0.2 2 0.9
Door D2 1 0.9 0.2 2.1 0.378
Spacing S1 1 1.2 0.2 2.08 0.504
Spacing S2 1 0.9 0.2 2.1 0.378
95.02
4 Earth Filling
Hall 1 3.03 4.87 0.5 7.378
Water closet 1 3.62 2.15 0.5 3.89
Bed Room1 1 3.62 3.72 0.5 6.73
Bed Room2 1 3.5 3 0.5 5.25
Dinning 1 3.5 2.37 0.5 4.147
Kitchen 1 3.5 2.6 0.5 4.55
31.649
5 Flooring Concrete
Hall 1 3.03 4.87 0.1 1.48
Water closet 1 3.62 2.15 0.1 0.778
Bed Room1 1 3.62 3.72 0.1 1.346
Bed Room2 1 3.5 3 0.1 1.05
Dinning 1 3.5 2.37 0.1 0.829
Kitchen 1 3.5 2.6 0.1 0.91
5.473
6 R.C.C
Lintel & Sun shades
Door D 1×2 1.4 0.23 0.15 0.0684
Door D1 1×3 1.05 0.23 0.15 0.0945
Door D2 1 1.2 0.23 0.15 0.036
Sun Shade 1 1.2 0.45 0.075 0.0405
Window W 1×2 1.52 0.23 0.15 0.07512
x
Sun Shade 1×2 1.52 0.45 0.075 0.1026
Window W1 1×5 1.52 0.23 0.15 0.228
Sun Shade 1×5 1.52 0.45 0.075 0.0256
Window W2 1×2 1.2 0.23 0.15 0.072
Sun Shade 1×2 1.2 0.45 0.075 0.081
0.8237
Roof Slab
Hall, Water Closet, Bed Room1 1 6.65 4.87 0.1 3.24
Bed Room2,Dinning,Kitchen 1 3.5 7.97 0.1 2.79
6.8496
7 Plastering
Exterior wall 1 39.24 - 7.5 294.3
Interior wall 1 22.51 - 7.5 168.82
463.12
Deductions
Window W1 1×2 1.22 - 0.9 2.196
Window W2 1×5 1.22 - 1.22 7.442
Window W3 1×2 0.9 - 1.21 2.178
Door D 1×2 0.84 - 2.1 3.528
Door D1 1×3 0.75 - 2 4.5
Door D2 1 0.9 - 2.1 1.89
Spacing S 1 1.2 - 2.08 2.496
Spacing S1 1 0.9 - 2.1 1.89
26.12
8 White Washing - - - - 437
9 Colour Washing - - - - 437
xi
4.7.3 Rate Analysis
The rate analysis for various description of work are calculated based on the PWD.
The rate analysis proposed for conventional building is given in the Table 4.8
Table 4.8 Rates Proposed Conventional Building
QTY in QTY in
S.NO DESCRIPTION OF WORK RATE PER AMOUNT
m³ cft
1 Earth Work Excavation 24.96 882.33 9.50 Cft 8382.00
2 Sand Filling with good river sand 31.65 1118.82 35.00 Cft 39158.00
5 Flooring Work
PCC 1:4:8 5.50 194.23 90.00 Cft 17480.00
xii
The rate analysis proposed for NZERB building is given in the Table 4.9
Table 4.9 Proposed NZERB Building
QTY in
S.NO DESCRIPTION OF WORK QTY in cft RATE PER AMOUNT
m³
1 Earth Work Excavation 21.60 763.56 9.50 Cft 7253.82
5 Flooring Work
PCC 1:4:8 5.50 194.23 90.00 Cft 17480.50
R.C.C (LINTEL,SUNSHADES
6
& ROOF SLAB) 6.84 241.55 350.00 Cft 84542.50
9
Colour washing 437.00 15448.00 5.00 Sft 77240.00
10
Steel 501.00 60.00 kg 30060.00
11
Solar Panel System 142600.00
TOTAL 1399046.82
CHAPTER 5
xiii
CONCLUSION
5.1 CONCLUSION
In this project we has completed the design of the Conventional building by using
modular bricks and Net Zero Energy Residential Building by using Hollow Brick .The plan
of the building was prepared by Auto-Cad software. IS 456:2000 code book was used to
design Slab and Footing. Design of wall was done by using IS 1905:1987.
The Comparison of the Conventional Building and NZERB was completed by using
the parameters such as the temperature by using instrument infrared thermometer which was
found to be 4oC less in NZERB compared to conventional building under same condition.
Hence by using the renewable resources the impact on the active energy loads can be
reduced, Thus we can conserve electricity locally and globally.
The building designed as a NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING produces its own
electricity, thus it can save a huge amount in electricity bill. These kind of buildings are
environmental friendly reducing the environmental hazards (eg. It would release zero carbon
content that would help in controlling global warming).The design for the building should be
such that the requirement of temperature regulation does not fluctuate throughout the year.
REFERENCES
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-energy_building
2. http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/annajohanna
3. http://zeb.buildinggreen.com/saitoh
xiv
4. National Building Code of India (NBC) and Chennai Metropolitan
Development Authority (CMDA).
5. S.P. Arora and S.P Bindra .(2010), Building Construction , Fifth edition,
Dhanpat Rai publishing company limited, New Delhi.
6. IS: 456 : 2000, Indian Standard Code of practice for plain and reinforced
concrete (Fourth Revision ), Bureau if Indian Standards, New Delhi
7. IS: 1905 (1987), Code of Practice for Structural use of unreinforced masonry.
8. IS 875 : Part 2 : 1987 Code of practice for design loads (other than
earthquake) for buildings and structures: Part 2 Imposed loads
9. IS 875 : Part 1 : 1987 Code of practice for design loads (other than
earthquake)for buildings and structures Part 1 Dead loads - Unit weights of
building material and stored materials (Incorporating IS:1911-1967)
10. SP 20 (S & T):1991 Handbook on masonry design and construction.
11. IS 2572:1963(R 1997) Code of practice for design of Hollow bricks
12. http://www.solarpanel.co.za/solar-power-calculator.htm
xv