23/10/2018 What is the internet?

13 key questions answered | Technology | The Guardian

What is the internet? 13 key questions

nswered
Thousands of miles of cables connected to data centres underpin our way of life. How
many people are online, what are they doing there and what comes next?

by , Science editor
Main image: Photograph: Jamie Jones/Getty Images/Ikon Images

Mon 22 Oct 2018 06.00 BST

What is the internet?

The internet is the wider network that allows computer networks around the world run by
companies, governments, universities and other organisations to talk to one another. The result is
a mass of cables, computers, data centres, routers, servers, repeaters, satellites and wifi towers
that allows digital information to travel around the world.

It is that infrastructure that lets you order the weekly shop, share your life on Facebook, stream
Outcast on Netflix, email your aunt in Wollongong and search the web for the world’s tiniest cat.

How big is the internet?

One measure is the amount of information that courses through it: about five exabytes a day.
That’s equivalent to 40,000 two-hour standard definition movies per second.

It takes some wiring up. Hundreds of thousands of miles of cables criss-cross countries, and more
are laid along sea floors to connect islands and continents. About 300 submarine cables, the deep-
sea variant only as thick as a garden hose, underpin the modern internet. Most are bundles of
hair-thin fibre optics that carry data at the speed of light.

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World wired web Photograph:

TeleGeography/www.telegeography.com

The cables range from the 80-mile Dublin to Anglesey connection to the 12,000-mile Asia-
America Gateway, which links California to Singapore, Hong Kong and other places in Asia. Major
cables serve a staggering number of people. In 2008, damage to two marine cables near the
Egyptian port of Alexandria affected tens of millions of internet users in Africa, India, Pakistan
and the Middle East.

Last year, the chief of the British defence staff, Sir Stuart Peach, warned that Russia could pose a
threat to international commerce and the internet if it chose to destroy marine cables.

How much energy does the internet use?

The Chinese telecoms firm Huawei estimates that the information and communications
technology (ICT) industry could use 20% of the world’s electricity and release more than 5% of the
world’s carbon emissions by 2025. The study’s author, Anders Andrae, said the coming “tsunami
of data” was to blame.

In 2016, the US government’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory estimated that American
data centres – facilities where computers store, process and share information – might need 73bn
kWh of energy in 2020. That’s the output of 10 Hinkley Point B nuclear power stations.

What is the world wide web?

The web is a way to view and share information over the internet. That information, be it text,
music, photos or videos or whatever, is written on web pages served up by a web browser.

Google handles more than 40,000 searches per second, and has 60% of the global browser market
through Chrome. There are nearly 2bn websites in existence but most are hardly visited. The top
0.1% of websites (roughly 5m) attract more than half of the world’s web traffic.

Among them are Google, YouTube, Facebook, the Chinese site Baidu, Instagram, Yahoo, Twitter,
the Russian social network VK.com, Wikipedia, Amazon and a smattering of porn sites. The rise of
apps means that for many people, being on the internet today is less about browsing the open web
than getting more focused information: news, messages, weather forecasts, videos and the like.

What is the dark web?

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A search of the web does not search all of it. Google the word “puppies” and your browser will
display web pages the search engine has found in the hundreds of billions that has logged in its
search index. While the search index is massive, it contains only a fraction of what is on the web.

Far more, perhaps 95%, is unindexed and so invisible to standard browsers. Think of the web as
having three layers: surface, deep and dark. Standard web browsers trawl the surface web, the
pages that are most visible. Under the surface is the deep web: a mass of pages that are not
indexed. These include pages held behind passwords – the kind found on the office intranet, for
example, and pages no one links to, since Google and others build their search indexes by
following links from one web page to another.

Buried in the deep web is the dark web, a bunch of sites with addresses that hide them from view.
To access the dark web, you need special software such as Tor (The Onion Router), a tool
originally created by the US navy for intelligence agents online. While the dark web has plenty of
legitimate uses, not least to preserve the anonymity of journalists, activists and whistleblowers, a
substantial portion is driven by criminal activity. Illicit marketplaces on the dark web trade
everything from drugs, guns and counterfeit money to hackers, hitmen and child pornography.

How many people are online?

It depends how you measure it. One metric popular with the International Telecommunications
Union (ITU), a UN body, counts being online as having used the internet in the past three months.

It means people are not assumed to use the internet simply because they live in a town with an
internet cable or near a wifi tower. By this yardstick, some 3.58 billion people, or 48% of the global
population, were online by the end of 2017. The number should reach 3.8 billion, or 49.2%, by the
end of 2018, with half of the world being online by May 2019.

Fixed-line internet connections are expensive in developing countries, so most people connect
through their mobile phones. The trend leads to a two-tier experience of the internet that is
hidden by growth figures. What can be done on a mobile phone is a fraction of what can be
achieved with a desktop, laptop or tablet, as anyone who has tried to file their tax return on their
mobile will know.

“The distinction often gets lost in the discussion around access and affordability,” says Dhanaraj
Thakur, research director at the Web Foundation. “We can say that 50% of the world is using the
internet, but the majority are using it on their phones. In terms of productivity, that is completely
different to using a desktop or laptop.”

The popularity of mobile internet leads to other issues too. In Africa, for example, the telcos
incentivise people to buy 20MB to 1GB data bundles by offering access to key apps such as
Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, Gmail and Twitter, even when they run out of data. The upshot
is that people associate the internet with those platforms rather than the open web. Some even
fail to realise they are using the internet.

The issue came to light when surveys and focus groups in Africa and southeast Asia found that
more people said they used Facebook than went online. “For them Facebook is the internet. They
are not exploring beyond it,” said Nanjira Sambuli, who leads the Web Foundation’s efforts to
promote equality in access to the web.

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Who are they?

In some countries nearly everyone is online. More than 98% of Icelanders are on the internet,
with similar percentages in Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg and Bahrain, the ITU says. In Britain
about 95% are online, compared with 85% in Spain, 84% in Germany, 80% in France and only 64%
in Italy.

Meanwhile, a 2018 report from the Pew Research Center found that 89% of Americans are online.
The unconnected tend to be poorer, older, less educated and rural. The west does not dominate
the online world, though. While the US has around 300 million internet users, China notched up
more than 800 million in 2018, with 40% of its population still unconnected. India reached an
estimated 500 million internet users this year, with 60% of the nation still offline.

What are they doing?

A minute on the internet looks like this: 156m emails, 29m messages, 1.5m Spotify songs, 4m
Google searches, 2m minutes of Skype calls, 350,000 tweets, 243,000 photos posted on Facebook,
87,000 hours of Netflix, 65,000 pictures put on Instagram, 25,000 posts on Tumblr, 18,000
matches on Tinder, and 400 hours of video uploaded to YouTube.

Most consumer internet traffic is video: add up all the online video watched on websites,
YouTube, Netflix and webcams and you have 77% of the world’s internet traffic, according to US
tech firm Cisco.

What places are offline?

There is a stark divide between the haves and have-nots and poverty is an overwhelming factor.
In the urban centres of some African nations, internet access is routine.

More than half of South Africans and Moroccans are online, and parts of other countries, such as
Botswana, Cameroon and Gabon, are connecting fast. Mobile phones are driving growth thanks to
mobile broadband costs falling 50% in the past three years.

But plenty of places are not keeping pace. In Tanzania, Uganda and Sudan, around 30 to 40% can
get online. In Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone only 7 to 11% are online.

In Eritrea and Somalia, less than 2% have access. To build a mobile hotspot in a remote, off-grid
village can cost three times the urban equivalent, which reaches far more people and so brings a
much greater return on investment. In rural communities, there is often little demand for the
internet because people do not see the point: the web does not serve their interests.

Are certain groups offline?

There is a clear age divide: far fewer older people use the internet than younger people. In Britain,
where 99% of 16- to 34-year-olds are online, the 75-and-overs make up more than half of the 4.5
million adults who have never used the internet, according to the Office of National Statistics.

There is a serious gender gap too. In two-thirds of the world’s nations, men dominate internet
usage. Globally, there are 12% fewer women online than men. While the digital gender gap has
narrowed in most regions since 2013, it has widened in Africa. There, 25% fewer women than men
use the internet, the ITU says.

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Meanwhile, in Pakistan, men outnumber women online by nearly two-to-one, while in India, 70%
of internet users are men. The divide largely reflects patriarchal traditions and the inequalities
they instil.

Some countries buck the trend, notably Jamaica, where more women than men are online. This
may be because more women than men enrol at the University of the West Indies in Kingston. The
country has the highest proportion of female managers in the world.

How will the whole world get online?

A major challenge is to get affordable internet to poor, rural regions. With an eye on expanding
markets, US tech firms hope to make inroads. Google’s parent company, Alphabet, scrapped plans
for solar powered drones and is now focusing on high-altitude balloons to provide the internet
from the edge of space. Elon Musk’s SpaceX and a company called OneWeb have their own plans
to bring internet access to everyone in the world via constellations of microsatellites.

Facebook, which saw its Free Basics service banned under India’s net neutrality laws, has also
abandoned plans for internet-beaming drones and is now working with local companies to
provide affordable mobile services.

Microsoft, meanwhile, is using TV white spaces – the unused broadcast frequencies – for wireless
broadband. Another approach, community networks, is also gaining ground. These mobile
networks typically use solar-powered stations and are built by and for local communities. Run by
cooperatives, they are cheaper than the alternatives and keep skills and profits in the area.

Further reading
Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-
Lee

The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It, by Jonathan Zittrain

Googled: The End of the World As We Know It, Ken Auletta

You Are Not a Gadget, Jaron Lanier

Republic.com, Cass Sunstein

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