Corrosion When two dissimilar metals are connected in an electrolyte such as

sea water, a corrosion cell is formed in which one metal becomes

the cathode and is preserved.
Anodic and cathodic areas exist on the surface off all steel
structures due to slight variations in materials composition, local
stresses, different in coating condition and avaliability of oxygen.

On are bare steel plate in seawater, these areas from on what is

apparently a uniform surface. Since corrosion will result in metal
lost, roughening and wastage will occur on an uncoated plate.
Where an imperfect coating exist, corrosion will take the from of
accelerated pitting at the location of the bare spots and eventual
breakdown of the coating.
Whatever the circumstances, in the absence of cathodic protection,
corrosion will eventually occur.

Cathodic Protection The principle of cathodic protection involves the introduction into
the electrical circuit of metal that is more electro-negative than the
existing anodic and cathodic areas.
This additional metal bocomes the anode and will corrode while
providing current to the metal it is protecting, thereby overcoming
the local anodic areas and making them cathodic.
This classic cathodic protection solution to a galvanic corrosion
problem is to introduce an anode in suitable alloy of Magnesium,
Alumunium or Zinc which will suffer corrosion and so be
“sacrificed” in protecting the cathode. This approach is used in
Sacrificial System.
As an alternative solution, the protective current needed to make
the structure fully cathodic may be obtained by applying low
voltage DC derived from normal AC mains supply.
This is achieved by transformer rectifiers which supply DC to
specially designed inert anodes which will dissipate large currents
without themselves suffering significant wastage. This approach is
used in Impressed Current System.
Cathodic Protection System whether of the Sacrificial or Impressed
Current type can be either used as the sole method of corrosion
control, or in many instances, in conjunction with a coating.
Protection event with the best and most expensive coating alone is
seldom adequate. Coating are always vulnerable to damage and can
only be as good as atmospheric and surface conditions permit at
the time of their application.
Cathodic Protection is therefore an essential ingrediant in an
overall corrosion control system for applications on ship as whell
as on off shore structure, jetties, storage tanks and pipelines, both
underground and subsea.
Ship Hull Protection Hulls of ships are prone to corrosion of an aggressive nature in the
form of pitting unless they are cathodically protected.
Protection with the best and most expensive coating alone is not
enough because the coating is vulnerable to mechanical damage at
sea or in port and to imperfections at the time of application.
HAKA have two-main types of sacrificial anodes High Purity Zinc
and Alumunium. The HAKA Impressed Current System,
Hullmatic,is expalined on a data sheet enclosed.
For Hull protection, zinc anodewith their high electrical efficiency,
are of particular value when the aim to restrict current out put and
so achieve a long system life from anodes of small bulk.
Alumunium anodes combine high electrical capability with light
weight and offer a lower cost per ampere hour of available current
and the need of fewer anodes. As an added benefit fewer anodes
mean a reduced frictional resistance on the hullof the ship.

Ship Tank Protection The corrosion patttern in cargo tanks of crude oil carriers is very
different from that on the ship hull but can prove even more
damageing and expensive. The Cargo tanks are alternated with sea
water and this environment the corrosion problem takes the from
of pitting on horizontal surface such as the inner bottom shell
plating , the upper surface of stringer platforms and the face plates
of longitudinal and transverse members. Uniform wastage of
vertical surfaces is inevitable.
Pitting may also occur in lower areas where water may be present
beneath oil cargoes and where residual ballast water is present
intanks which are supposed to be empty.
The wastage of internal surface of permanent ballast tanks is
usually uniform in nature and can be inhibited by the installation of
anodes distributed evenly throughout conditions structure.
Corrosion of these types can be controlled simply and economically
with either Zincalloy or Alalloy anodes or combination of both,
depending on the particular environment conditions of each
installation.
Zincalloy can be invaulable in tank application, particularly in the
upper areas where the installation of alumunium anodes (Alalloy)
is restricted. However it provides the most effective and
economical solution to the corrosion problem.

Flexyble Alalloy, an extruded alumunium anodes, can be

manipulated through complex double bottom tanks structures and
fixed by clamp. Welding is eliminated and labour costs are reduced.
Whatever the galvanic corrosion problem on a ship, HAKA have the
experience in both design and protection to offer the optimum
solution backed by the latest technological development and
worldwide service capability.
Alumunium Anode

Characteristics Alumunium Anodes are cast from special Alumunium alloys

developed by HAKA . Suitable formulated for specific application,
they are characteristic by light weight, smooth corrosion pattern,
high electrical capacity and stability. Fewer anodes may be used for
a given installation compared with other materials and
substantially lower cost per installed system is achived. Flexible
Alalloy anodes is extrudedonto amild stell core wire from a special
patented alumunium alloy. The flexibilty and light weight of this
extruded anode. Together with the method of clamping, permits its
use in applications where the use of cast block anodes may be
difficult or uneconomic.

Materials Different alloy formulation are available specially design for

different applications. Alalloy anodes are cast in alloys of
Alumunium and Indium plus addition and have been developed
specially for use sea water. The materialsare very stable in driveing
potential and effeciency even in electrolytes of varying conductivity
and temperature. In normal sea water, having receptivity of about
25 ohm cm, approximately 2700 ampere hours of current are
provided by each kilogramof alloy which will maintain a potential
of alloy which will maintain a potential of 1100mV when
measured againts a silver/silver chloride refference half cell.

Product Range The standard range of Alalloy anodes is listed overleaf. However,
HAKA specializes in designing and producing, anodes to meet any
individual requirement and make their own mould to do so.
Thereby they ensure both the optimum solution to each problem
and total control over the quality of the finished anodes.

Applications Alalloy anodes are suitable for a wide variety of applications

including the hull and tanks of ship, fixed off-shore structure, semi
submersible,pipelines and jetties.

Chemical Composition :
Haka Alloy III Al Alloy III
Zinc 2,0 – 6,0 % 2,8 – 6,5 %
Indium 0,01 – 0,03 % 0,01 – 0,03 %
Iron 0,12 % max 0,13 % max
Silicon 0,15 % max 0,15 % max
Coopper 0,006 % max 0,006 % max
Other (Each) 0,02 % max 0,02 % max
Alumunium Balance Balance
Electrochemical Properties :
Nominal Potential -1100mV Ag/Agcl Sea Water
Nominal Current Capavity 2700 Ah/Kg
ZINC ALLOY ANODES

Characteristics
Zinc Alloy Anodes are cast from high grade zinc alloy to ensure an
even corrosion pattern, reliable electrical effeciency and long
working life.
Materials
Zinc Alloy anodes are cast to U.S. Military specifications U.S.MIL A-
18001 K and yield 780 amphere hours per kilogram of alloy with a
solution potential of -1100mV as measured against a silver chloride
reference cell.
Product Range
The standard HAKA range of zinc alloy anodes is listed overleaf.
However HAKA has the facility of designing and producing anodes
to meet any individual requirement and make their own moulds to
do so. Thereby, they ensure both the optimum solution to any
particular problem and total control over the quality of the finished
anodes.
Applications
Zinc Alloy anodes are particularly suitable for ballast tanks and hull
of ship, jetties and subsea pipeline applications in bracelet
configuration. Zinc alloy anode is not suitable in high temperature
environment of 50 C and above.
Chemical Composition
U.S.-Mil-A-18001 K

Alumunium 0,01 – 0,50 %

Cadnium 0,025 – 0,07 %
Iron 0,005 % max
Copper 0,005 % max
Lead 0,006 % max
Other 0.10 % max
Zinc Balance

Electrochemical Properties :

Nominal Potential -1,050 V Ag/AgCl

Nominal Capacity 780 AH/Kg
ALUMUNIUM – ZINC ALLOY
ANODES FOR HULL

ALUMUNIUM ANODES FOR HULL

TYPE ANODES CORE Nett Gross

OF DIMENSIONS DIMENSIONS Wight Weight
ANODE (LxWxT) mm (LxWxT)mm (Kg) (Kg)
HK 26 AWB 270 x 150 x 30 350 x 40 x 6 2,6 3,2
HK 40 AWB 305 x 152 x 38 425 x 30 x 6 4,0 4,4
HK 86 AWB 550 x 127 x 50 750 x 40 x 6 8,6 9,8
HK 105 AWB 550 x 130 x 70 750 x 40 x 6 10,5 11,8
HK 165 AWB 550 x 130 x 96 750 x 40 x 6 16,5 18,0
HK 126 AWB 550 x 130 x 75 750 x 40 x 6 12,6 14,1
HK 141 AWB 915 x 130 x 50 1020 x 50 x 6 14,1 16,0
HK 210 AWB 915 x 130 x 75 1020 x 50 x 6 21,0 24,0
HK 300 AWB 920 x 130 x 75 1020 x 50 x 6 30,0 33,0

ZINC ALLOY FOR HULL

TYPE ANODES CORE Nett Gross

OF DIMENSIONS DIMENSIONS Wight Weight
ANODE (LxWxT) mm (LxWxT)mm (Kg) (Kg)
HK 41 ZWB 305 x 75 x 38 425 x 30 x 4 4,1 4,5
HK 64 ZWB 305 x 90 x 45 425 x 30 x 4 6,4 6,8
HK 81 ZWB 305 x 152 x 32 425 x 30 x 4 8,1 8,5
HK 93 ZWB 305 x 152 x 35 425 x 30 x 4 9,3 9,7
HK 100 ZWB 305 x 152 x 38 425 x 30 x 4 9,6 10,0
HK 140 ZWB 456 x 102 x 53 625 x 32 x 4 14,0 15,0
HK 170 ZWB 585 x 134 x 37 750 x 38 x 6 17,0 18,3
HK 250 ZWB 585 x 142 x 53 750 x 38 x 6 25,0 26,3
HK 350 ZWB 585 x 149 x 69 750 x 38 x 6 35,0 36,3

BOLTED HULL ANODES ZINC ANODES AL ANODES

TYPE L W T D NETT GROSS NETT GROSS
WT WT WT WT
B2 150 75 25 75 1,35 1,45 0,6 0,7
B3 200 100 20 110 2,36 2,5 0,93 1,07
B4 200 100 30 110 3,46 3,6 1,31 1,45
B4E 200 100 40 110 4,06 4,2 1,66 1,8
B6 300 150 20 160 5,7 5,9 2,45 2,65
B8 300 150 25 160 7,1 7,3 2,69 2,89
B9 300 150 30 160 8,1 8,3 3,11 3,31
B9E 300 150 40 160 10,8 11,0 4,4 4,6
B9F 300 150 50 160 13,6 13,8 5,3 5,5
B9G 300 150 75 160 21,8 22,0 8,3 8,5
B12 300 200 40 160 15,0 15,2 5,8 6,0
B12E 300 200 65 160 26,6 26,8 10,5 10,7
ALUMINIUM ANODE FOR TANK

TYPE L Dia L T B NETT GROSS

Core Core Alloy Alloy Alloy WT WT
HK 156 T 765 13 305 75 57,5 3,3 3,8
HK 155 T 1070 13 610 75 57,5 7,1 8,1
HK 154 T 1225 13 765 75 57,5 8,7 10,0
HK 153 T 1475 13 1015 75 57,5 11,6 13,1
HK 152 T 1730 13 1270 75 57,5 14,5 16,3
HK 151 T 1985 13 1525 75 80 17,3 19,3
HK 196 T 765 13 305 95 80 5,8 6,3
HK 195 T 1060 13 600 95 80 12,2 13,2
HK 194 T 1210 13 750 95 80 15,0 16,3
HK 193 T 1465 13 1005 95 80 20,2 21,7
HK 192 T 1720 13 1260 95 80 25,4 27,2
HK 191 T 1985 13 1525 95 80 30,9 32,9

ZINC ANODE FOR TANK

TYPE L Dia L T B NETT GROSS

Core Core Alloy Alloy Alloy WT WT
HK 25 ZT 1066 13 610 57 64 10,6 11,3
HK 35 ZT 1066 13 610 69 77 15,2 15,9
HK 45 ZT 1066 13 610 79 83 20,4 21,1
HK 50 ZT 1676 13 1220 57 64 21,3 22,6
HK 70 ZT 1676 13 1220 69 77 30,4 31,8
HK 90 ZT 1676 13 1220 79 83 40,8 42,2
HK 110ZT 1676 13 1220 91 94 50,0 53,8