.INTRODUCTION.

Shear Forces occurs when two parallel forces act

out of alignment with each other. For example, in a
large boiler made from sections of sheet metal
plate riveted together, there is an equal and
opposite force exerted on the rivets, owing to the
expansion and contraction of the plates.
Bending Moments are rotational forces within the
beam that cause bending. At any point within a
beam, the Bending Moment is the sum of: each
external force multiplied by the distance that is
perpendicular to the direction of the force.
The shearing force (SF) at any section of a beam
represents the tendency for the portion of the beam
on one side of the section to slide or shear laterally
relative to the other portion.
In a similar manner it can be seen that if the Bending
moments (BM) of the forces to the left of AA are
clockwise, then the bending moment of the forces to
the right of AA must be anticlockwise
Where forces are neither in the lateral or axial
direction they must be resolved in the usual way and
only the lateral components are used to calculate the
shear force.
In a similar manner it can be seen that if the Bending
moments (BM) of the forces to the left of AA are
clockwise, then the bending moment of the forces to
the right of AA must be anticlockwise.
Bending Moment at AA is defined as the algebraic sum
of the moments about the section of all forces acting
on either side of the section.
Bending moments are considered positive when the
moment on the left portion is clockwise and on the
right anticlockwise. This is referred to as a sagging
bending moment as it tends to make the beam
concave upwards at AA. A negative bending moment is
termed hogging.
Shear stress is a kind of stress that acts parallel or
tangential to the surface. The shear stress is denoted
by τ (tau). Shearing stresses are commonly found in
rivets, pins and bolts. If the plates, which are
connected by a rivet as shown in the following figure,
are subjected to tension forces, shear stresses will
develop in the rivet. The shear force P in the shear
plane is equal to tension force F. The average shear
stress in the plane is τave= F/A. This joint is said to be in
single shear.
.Introduction to micro projest.

The idea of shear force might seem odd, maybe this

example will help clarify. Imagine pushing an object
along a kitchen table, with a 10N force. Even though
you're applying the force only at one point on the
object, it's not just that point of the object that moves
forward. The whole object moves forward, which tells
you that the force must have transferred all along the
object, such that every atom of the object is
experiencing this 10N force.
 .APLLICATION.
SHEAR CONNECTOR APPLICATION
Shear connectors also named shear studs, shear
connector studs, headed studs, concrete anchor, and
also wellknown as nelson stud, are typically used in
composite steel construction to tie the concrete to
steel members and resist shear forces between the
concrete slab and steel members. They are widely used
in steel building, bridges, etc. Welding Through Metal
Deck are available for this stud, for this option, special
ceramic ferrule type UFT are recommended.
 High-rise steel structure stiffened column
 Most of bearing structure for high-rise steel
structure use stiffened colume, that profile steel
encased by concrete. The shear connector weld on
the profile steel to tie the concrete to profile steel
and resist shear force between concrete slab and
profile steel.
 Steel Structure Through Deck Welding
 A typical application of shear connectors, it’s used
for weld through metal deck to steel beam to
resist shear force between concrete slab and steel
beam. When the beams and decks are bent under
vertical loads, the shear force (horizontal
direction) is greatest in the axial planes, and the
overlapped surface of the superposed beams and
 plate members is located there (or close to it).
Shear connectors are used to resist the shear force
to ensure that the beam and the plate are able to
flexure.
 Shear Connector Weld to Steel Structure Beam
 Shear Connector weld to steel beam directly,
laying composite deck and concreting. In this
condition, the shear connector usually process
weld in steel structure workshop.
 Steel Bridge Shear Connector Welding
In modern steel bridge fabrication, shear connector are
widely used.
 Project work
 Project theory
 Diagram representation
 Actual project
 Project theory

there is an equal and opposite force exerted on

the rivets, owing to the expansion and contraction
of the plates.
Bending Moments are rotational forces within the
beam that cause bending. At any point within a
beam, the Bending Moment is the sum of: each
external force multiplied by the distance that is
perpendicular to the direction of the force.
The shearing force (SF) at any section of a beam
represents the tendency for the portion of the beam
on one side of the section to slide or shear laterally
relative to the other portion.
 Diagram representation
 Actual project
 Conclusion

From this micro project, we were able to determine

how shear force varies with an increasing point
load. It was also seen how shear force varies at the
cut position of the beam for various loading
conditions. From this lab experiment, it can be
concluded that when the load we placed at the
beam is increasing, the Shear Force will also
increase. As well it was proved that Shear force at
the cut section is equal to the forces acting both
right and left side of the cut section on the beam.
Students should learn that the shear force required
to shear the pin in double shear is twice the shear
force required in single shear since there are two
shear planes (the total shear area is doubled).
 However, while the shear force is doubled, the
shear stress at failure is the same in both cases.
 References

[1] Hibbeler, R., Statics and Mechanics of Materials

(4/E). Singapore: Prentice Hall. (G. Seow, & J. Wong,
Eds.), 2013.
[2] University of Ontario Institute of Technology,
ENGR 3380U Lab 1: Shear Force Experiment.
Oshawa, Ontario. (2014).
[3] Beer, Ferdinand P.; E. Russell Johnston; John T.
DeWolf, Mechanics of Materials . Tata McGraw-Hill
Education, 2004, pp. 322–323.
[4] Frank Durka and Hassan Al Nageim , Structural
Mechanics: loads, analysis, design and materials (6/E) .
Longman Group, United Kingdom, 2002, pp. 45-65. 11
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