Exercise 7: Respiratory System Mechanics: Activity 1: Measuring Respiratory Volumes and Calculating Capacities Lab

Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. Which of the following statements describing the mechanics of breathing is false?

You correctly answered: d. Ventilation relies exclusively on contracting skeletal muscles.

2. The contraction of which of the following muscles will increase the thoracic cavity volume during inspiration?
You correctly answered: c. the external intercostals

3. At the beginning of inspiration, the

You correctly answered: b. thoracic cavity volume increases.

4. At the beginning of expiration, the

You correctly answered: a. pressure in the thoracic cavity increases.

5. A tidal volume refers to the

You correctly answered: b. amount of air inspired and then expired with each breath under resting conditions.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: Lung diseases are often classified as obstructive or restrictive. An obstructive disease affects airflow,
and a restrictive disease usually reduces volumes and capacities. Although they are not diagnostic, pulmonary function
tests such as forced expiratory volume (FEV1) can help a clinician determine the difference between obstructive and
restrictive diseases. Specifically, an FEV1 is the forced volume expired in 1 second.

In obstructive diseases such as chronic bronchitis and asthma, airway radius is decreased. Thus, FEV1 will
Your answer : a. decrease proportionately.

Stop & Think Questions:

Which muscles contract during quiet expiration?
You correctly answered: d. None of these muscles contract during quiet expiration.

6. Minute ventilation is the amount of air that flows into and then out of the lungs in a minute. Minute ventilation (ml/min) =
TV (ml/breath) x BPM (breaths/min).

Enter the minute ventilation in the field below and then click Submit to record your answer in the lab report.
You answered: 7500 ml/min

11. A useful way to express FEV1 is as a percentage of the forced vital capacity (FVC). Using the FEV1 and FVC values
from the data grid, calculate the FEV1 (%) by dividing the FEV1 volume by the FVC volume (in this case, the VC is equal to
the FVC) and multiply by 100%.

Enter the FEV1 (%) for an airway radius of 5.00 mm in the field below and then click Submit to record your answer in the
lab report.
You answered: 73.9

12. A useful way to express FEV1 is as a percentage of the forced vital capacity (FVC). Using the FEV1 and FVC values
from the data grid, calculate the FEV1 (%) by dividing the FEV1 volume by the FVC volume (in this case, the VC is equal to
the FVC) and multiply by 100%.

Enter the FEV1 (%) for an airway radius of 3.00 mm in the field below and then click Submit to record your answer in the
lab report.
You answered: 70.2

Experiment Data:

Radius Flow TV ERV IRV RV VC FEV1 TLC Breath Rate

(L/min)
5.00 7485 499 --- --- --- --- --- --- 15
5.00 7500 500 1200 3091 1200 4791 3541 5991 15
4.50 4920 328 787 2028 1613 3143 2303 4756 15
4.00 3075 205 492 1266 1908 1962 1422 3871 15
3.50 1800 120 288 742 2112 1150 872 3262 15
3.00 975 65 156 401 2244 621 436 2865 15

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. To calculate a person's vital capacity, you need to know the TV, ERV, and
You correctly answered: c. IRV.

2. Measuring a person's FVC means that you are measuring

You correctly answered: d. the amount of air that can be expelled when the subject takes the deepest possible inspiration
and then forcefully expires as completely and rapidly as possible.

3. Measuring a person's FEV1 means that you are measuring

You correctly answered: b. the amount of the VC that is expired during the first second of the FVC test.

4. For a person suffering an asthma attack, inhaler medications are expected to

You correctly answered: a. reduce the airway resistance.

5. Which of the following values does not include the ERV?

You correctly answered: c. TV

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Review Sheet Results
1. What would be an example of an everyday respiratory event the ERV simulates?
Your answer:
Cuando se produce una ostruccion en las fosas nasales.

2. What additional skeletal muscles are utilized in an ERV activity?

Your answer:
Los músculos de la paredabdominal y los músculos intercostal.

3. What was the FEV1 (%) at the initial radius of 5.00 mm?
Your answer:
Fue 73.9 %

4. What happened to the FEV1 (%) as the radius of the airways decreased? How well did the results compare with your
prediction?
Your answer:
Cuando hay menor radio habra menos captacion de oxigeno en los alveolos pulmonares por lo tanto esto decrecera el
FEV.

5. Explain why the results from the experiment suggest that there is an obstructive, rather than a restrictive, pulmonary
problem.
Your answer:
Obstructiva es el asma o la bronquiectasis y restrictiva como fibrosis pulmonar o la sarcoidosis.

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Exercise 7: Respiratory System Mechanics: Activity 2: Comparative Spirometry Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. A normal resting tidal volume is expected to be around

You correctly answered: d. 500 ml.

2. Which respiratory process is impaired the most by emphysema?

You correctly answered: c. expiration

3. During an asthma attack

You correctly answered: b. inspiration and expiration are impaired.

4. During moderate aerobic exercise, which respiratory variable increases the most?
You correctly answered: a. tidal volume

5. Inhaler medications for an asthma patient are designed to

You correctly answered: b. dilate the patient's bronchioles.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: With emphysema, there is a significant loss of elastic recoil in the lung tissue and a noticeable,
exhausting muscular effort is required for each expiration. Inspiration actually becomes easier because the lung is now
overly compliant.

What lung values will change (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when the patient with emphysema is
selected (select all that apply)?
Your answer : b. ERV c. IRV d. RV e. FVC g. FEV1 h. FEV1 (%)

Predict Question 2: During an acute asthma attack, airway resistance is significantly increased by (1) increased thick
mucous secretions and (2) airway smooth muscle spasms.

What lung values will change (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when the patient suffering an acute asthma
attack is selected (select all that apply)?
Your answer : a. TV b. ERV c. IRV d. RV e. FVC g. FEV1 h. FEV1 (%)

Predict Question 3: When an acute asthma attack occurs, many people seek relief from the increased airway resistance by
using an inhaler. This device atomizes the medication and induces bronchiole dilation (though it can also contain an
anti-inflammatory agent).

What lung values will change back to those of the normal patient in the spirogram after the asthma patient uses an inhaler
(select all that apply)?
Your answer : a. TV b. ERV c. IRV d. RV e. FVC g. FEV1 h. FEV1 (%)

Predict Question 4: During moderate aerobic exercise, the human body will change its respiratory cycle in order to meet
increased metabolic demands. During heavy exercise, further changes in respiration are required to meet the extreme
metabolic demands of the body.

Which lung value will change more during moderate exercise, the ERV or the IRV?
Your answer : a. IRV

Stop & Think Questions:

When obstructive lung disease develops, what happens to the FEV1 (%)?
You correctly answered: b. It decreases.

Compared with the normal patient, what happened to the FVC in this patient?
You correctly answered: b. It decreased.

Compared with the normal patient, what happened to the FEV1 in this patient?
You correctly answered: b. It decreased.

Compared with the normal patient, what happened to the FVC in this patient?
You correctly answered: b. It decreased.

Compared with the normal patient, what happened to the FEV1 in this patient?
You correctly answered: b. It decreased.

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Which values in this spirogram have not returned to those of the normal patient (select all that apply)?
You correctly answered: c. IRV d. RV e. FVC g. FEV1
For both types of exercise, the tidal volumes and breathing rates were increased. Compared with normal values, did tidal
volume or breathing rate increase more during moderate exercise? (Determine the percentage by which each value
changed.)
You correctly answered: b. tidal volume

Experiment Data:

Patient Type TV ERV IRV RV FVC TLC FEV1 FEV1 (%)

Heavy Exercise 3650 750 600 1000 ND 6000 ND ND
Moderate Exercise 1875 1125 2000 1000 ND 6000 ND ND
Plus Inhaler 500 1500 2800 1200 4800 6000 3840 80%
Acute Asthma Attack 300 750 2700 2250 3750 6000 1500 40%
Emphysema 500 750 2000 2750 3250 6000 1625 50%
Normal 500 1500 3000 1000 5000 6000 4000 80%

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. Which of the following respiratory values represents a decreased flow rate during the obstructive lung disease(s)?
You correctly answered: c. FEV1

2. Calculate the ERV of an individual with the following respiratory volumes: TLC = 6000 ml, FVC = 4800 ml, RV = 1200
ml, IRV = 2900 ml, TV = 500 ml.
You correctly answered: d. 1400 ml

3. Calculate the FVC of an individual with the following respiratory volumes: RV = 1000 ml, IRV = 3000 ml, TV = 500 ml,
ERV = 1500 ml.
You correctly answered: b. 5000 ml

4. What is the largest volume for the normal patient?

You correctly answered: a. IRV

5. What happened to the RV for the emphysema patient and the asthmatic patient?
You correctly answered: d. It increased for both patients.

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Review Sheet Results
1. What lung values changed (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when the patient with emphysema was
selected? Why did these values change as they did? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Los unicos valores que no cambian son TV y el TLC.

2. Which of these two parameters changed more for the patient with emphysema, the FVC or the FEV1?
Your answer:
Lo que en mas cantidad cambio fue el FEV1

3. What lung values changed (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when the patient experiencing an acute
asthma attack was selected? Why did these values change as they did? How well did the results compare with your
prediction?
Your answer:
En este experimento permanece constante el TLC.

4. How is having an acute asthma attack similar to having emphysema? How is it different?
Your answer:
Aparte del TLC tambien es igual el ERV

5. Describe the effect that the inhaler medication had on the asthmatic patient. Did all spirogram values return to "normal"?
Why do you think some values did not return all the way to normal? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Despues de un ataca asmatico el inhalador produce la normalizacion o casi normalizacion de los valores exepto por el TLC
que siempre permanece constante.

6. How much of an increase in FEV1 do you think is required for it to be considered significantly improved by the
medication?
Your answer:
Segun el expirmento el rango seria de 2340 a 2215.

7. With moderate aerobic exercise, which changed more from normal breathing, the ERV or the IRV? How well did the
results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
El valor que tuvo mayor modificacion fue IRV.

8. Compare the breathing rates during normal breathing, moderate exercise, and heavy exercise.
Your answer:
La frecuencia de respiracion aumenta en el ejercicio inteso.

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Exercise 7: Respiratory System Mechanics: Activity 3: Effect of Surfactant and Intrapleural Pressure on Respiration Lab
Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. Which of the following statements about surface tension is false?

You correctly answered: c. Surface tension acts to increase the size of the alveoli within the lungs.

2. Which of the following statements about surfactant is false?

You correctly answered: d. Surfactant works by increasing the attraction of water molecules to each other.

3. Just before an inspiration begins, the pressure within the intrapleural cavity
You correctly answered: b. is less than the pressure within the alveoli.

4. The respiratory condition of pneumothorax refers to

You correctly answered: c. any opening that equalizes the intrapleural pressure with the atmospheric pressure.

5. A pneumothorax can lead to

You correctly answered: b. atelectasis.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: What effect will adding more surfactant have on these lungs?
Your answer : b. Airflows will further increase.

Predict Question 2: What will happen to the collapsed lung in the left side of the glass bell jar if you close the valve?
Your answer : c. The lung will remain collapsed.

Stop & Think Questions:

Why did the sequential additions of surfactant change this lung system?
You correctly answered: a. Surface tension was sequentially decreased.

Premature infants often have difficulty breathing because the amount of surfactant in their lungs is
You correctly answered: b. too low.

What happened to the left side of the bell jar when the valve was opened?
You correctly answered: b. The intrapleural pressure equalized with the atmospheric pressure.

Did the collapsed left lung reinflate?

You correctly answered: b. No, it did not.

Experiment Data:

Radius Breath Rate Surfactant Pressure Left Pressure Right Flow Left Flow Right Total Flow
5 15 0 -4 -4 49.69 49.69 99.38
5 15 2 -4 -4 69.56 69.56 139.13
5 15 4 -4 -4 89.44 89.44 178.88
5 15 0 -4 -4 49.69 49.69 99.38
5 15 0 0.00 -4 0.00 49.69 49.69
5 15 0 0.00 -4 0.00 49.69 49.69
5 15 0 -4 -4 49.69 49.69 99.38

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The addition of surfactant to the lung interior

You correctly answered: c. increased airflow.

2. Opening the valve in the side of the glass bell jar

You correctly answered: d. simulated pneumothorax.

3. In this activity a pneumothorax is automatically followed by

You correctly answered: b. atelectasis.

4. The best way to rapidly reinflate a person's collapsed lung is to

You correctly answered: a. pump air out of the intrapleural space to recreate negative pressure.

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Review Sheet Results
1. What effect does the addition of surfactant have on the airflow? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Aumentara la captacion de oxigeno.

2. Why does surfactant affect airflow in this manner?

Your answer:
Los sufractantes reducen la atracción de las moléculas de agua entre sí por ello la tensión superficial disminuye.

3. What effect did opening the valve have on the left lung? Why does this happen?
Your answer:
Se produjo una disminucion del pulmon debido que se igualo la presion intrapleural que es baja y la presion atmosferica
que es mayor.

4. What effect on the collapsed lung in the left side of the glass bell jar did you observe when you closed the valve? How
well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
No se logra recuperar el pulmon, queda colapsado.

5. What emergency medical condition does opening the left valve simulate?
Your answer:
Una toracotomía es una incisión quirúrgica que el cirujano hace para abrir la pared del tórax.

6. In the last part of this activity, you clicked the Reset button to draw the air out of the intrapleural space and return the
lung to its normal resting condition. What emergency procedure would be used to achieve this result if these were the lungs
in a living person?
Your answer:
Se puede utilizar un tubo torácico para extraer el aire adicional. El tubo plástico flexible se coloca entre las costillas y se
inserta en el espacio pleural. Una máquina conectada al tubo torácico succionará el aire de la cavidad torácica. El tubo
torácico puede necesitar ser dejado en su lugar durante varios días si usted tiene un colapso pulmonar grande.

7. What do you think would happen when the valve is opened if the two lungs were in a single large cavity rather than
separate cavities?
Your answer:
La atelectasis afectaria a los 2 pulmones y esto produciria la muerte inmediata del inviduo.

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