Material

1.1 Introdution.
An understanding of the materials characteristics and behavior under load is fundamental
to understanding the performance of structural concrete, and to safe ,economical, and
serviceable design of concrete structures.
1.2 Cement.
A cementitious material is adhesive and cohesive properties necessary to Bind up agregat
into a solid mass And have good strength and durability.For making structural concrete,water
is needed for chemical process hydration in which the cement powder Bind up the aggregates
and become a solid mass.Portland cement was first patented in england in 1824.The common
raw materials of portland cement which it is made are limestones, wich provide CaO, and
clay or shales which furnish SiO2 and Al2O3.
Over the year, five standar types of portland cement have been developed. Type I (normal
portland cement),concrete made with this type need about two weeks to have a ideal strength
so beams and slabs who cover the concrete can be removed and the load can be put on
that.they can get their best strength after 28 days and continue to gain strength thereafter.
And then cement type III ( High early strength cement ) they are costlier then ordinary
portland cement,and they can get its ideal strength at 7 to 14 days.This type contains the
same basic compound as type I.
When cement is mixed with other and be a soft paste,it gradually stiffens until it becomes
a solid.This proces is called as setting and hardening.The water in the paste dissolves
material at the surfaces of he cement grains and forms gel that gradually increasesin volume
and stiffness.Hidration continued to proces deeper into the cement grains, at decreasing
speed, with continued stiffening and hardening of the mass.
To complete cement hidration,an amount of water equal to about 25% of the cement.For
normal concrete,the water cement ratio is geneally in the range of about 0.40 to 0.60,
The chemical proses in the setting and hardening liberates heat,called as heat of
hydration.
1.3 Aggregates.
In structursl concrete,the aggregates occupy about 70 to 75% of the volume of the
hardened mass.Agregat make concrete more economies and durabilities.The gradation of
prticle size on aggregate is important that the agregate has good strength,durability,and
wheather resintance.Natural agregat are generally classified as fine and coarse.Fine
aggregate is any material that will pass at no. 4 sieve.And material coarser can’t pass at
no.4 sieve.To get favorable gradation,the fine grained must be combined with coarse
grained,thiscan be combined acording to grading chart to result in densely packed
aggregate.
The unit weight of concrete with natural stones aggregate,varies from about 140
to 152 pounds per cubic foot (pef) and can generally be assumed to be 145 pef.
The light weight aggregates such as pumice and cinders are used for structural
lightweight concrete,and shales,clays,slates,slags,or fly ash, are light in weight
aggregate.requirements for satisfactory light weight aggregates are found in ASTM C
330.
Heavyweight concrete is used to shielding the structural of the gamma and x
radiation in nuclear reactor,etc.Heavy weight agregate is used for concrete,these made of
iron ores,barrium sulfat (Barite) rock crushed to suitable sizes.Heavy weight aggregate
have natural heavy about 200 to 230 pef.
1.4 Proportioning And Mixing Concrete.
The various components of a mix are proportioned ( The gradation on the
concrete must be absolutely exactly).The better gradation of aggregate is used so as to the
smaller is filled the void ratio.
Much various method to mix properties with cement and aggregate with hand,
Trial-Batch-Method.This method is used slamp to control the concrete.With use the salamp
we can string the total water content in the mix and kept work ability of mixed.Slump for
concrete in building building construction generally range from 2 to 5 in.
The princial purpose of mixing is to produce an intimate mixture of cement.
In large project,concrete is ordered so as to kept the quality of the concrete.
1.5 Conveying, Placing, Compacting, And Curing.
The risk during conveying is segregation can happened.The heavier grael will under
separate with lighter material and water.
Placing is the proces to transfering the fresh concrete from the conveying device to its
final place in the form.to placement the concrete should be consolidated, usually by meamof
vibration.
Frsh concrete strength rapidly during the first few days and weeks.the final concrete
strength depends greatly on the condition of moisturre and temperature during this initial
perion.
Curing is maintenace of proer condition during the time to get strength.freezing of fresh
concrete may reduce its strength by 50 percent or more.Concrete shoud be protect from loss
of moisture for at last 7 days,and in more sensitive work ,up to 14 days.Curing can be
achieved by keeping exposed surfaces continually wet throught sprinkling, ponding, or
covering with plastic film or by the use of sealing compounds, which,whenproperly used,
form evaporation-reterding membranes.
1.6 Quality Control.
The Quality of concrete,produced materials,reinforcing steel,etc.Usually is used
specified control of ASTM standars.
To provide srtuctural safetyContinious control is necessary to ensure that the
strength of the concrete as furnished is in satisfactory agreement with the value called for
by designer.
If concrete were proportioned so tha is mean strength were just equa to the reuired
strength f’e, it would not pass these quality requirements,because about half of its strength
test results would fall below the required f’c, used as the basis for selection of suitable
proportions,exceeds the required design strength f’c by an amount sufficient to ensure that
the two quoted requirements are met.
On the basic of such studies, the ACI code requires that concrete production
facilities maintain record from which the standar deviation achieved in particular facility
can be determined.
1.7 Admixture.