FM CIRCUITS

BY: Maria Victoria C. Padilla, ECE

TUP-COE-ECE 1 st SEM, AY 2017-18

I. FREQUENCY
MODULATORS
- A circuit that varies carrier frequency in
accordance with the modulating signal. The carrier
is generated by either LC or a crystal oscillator
circuit.

• Varactor Operations
• Varactor Modulators
• Frequency-Modulating a Crystal Oscillator
• Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
 Varactor Operations

Schematic symbols of a Capacitance versus reverse junction voltage for

varactor diode. a typical varactor.
Varactor Modulators
A direct-frequency-modulated carrier oscillator using a varactor
diode.
Example 1:
• The value of capacitance of a varactor at the center
of its linear range is 40 pF. This varactor will be in
parallel with a fixed 20-pF capacitor. What value
of inductance should be used to resonate this
combination to 5.5 MHz in an oscillator? Total
capacitance CT = 40 + 20 = 60 pF.
Frequency-Modulating a
Crystal Oscillator

Frequency modulation of a crystal oscillator with a VCO.

Frequency-Modulating a
Crystal Oscillator
How frequency multipliers increase carrier
frequency and deviation.
Voltage-Controlled
Oscillator

A 10-GHz SiGe integrated VCO.

CMOS VCO

A CMOS VCO for a 2.4-GHz FSK.

IC VCO

Frequency modulation with an IC VCO. (a) Block diagram with an

IC VCO. (b) Basic frequency modulator using the NE566 VCO
II. PHASE MODULATORS
• Phase shift

• Phase angle

RC phase-shifter basics.
Varactor Phase Modulator
Example 2:
• A transmitter must operate at a frequency of
168.96 MHz with a deviation of 65 kHz. It uses
three frequency multipliers––a doubler, a tripler,
and a quadrupler. Phase modulation is used.
Calculate (a) the frequency of the carrier crystal
oscillator and (b) the phase shift ¢ϕ required to
produce the necessary deviation at a 2.8-kHz
modulation frequency.
• A.
fd = 5 5 kHz/24 5 6208.33 Hz

• B.
Example 3:
• For the transmitter in Example 6-2, a phase
shifter like that in Fig. 6-10 is used, where C is a
varactor and R 5 1 kV. Assume that the total
phase-shift range is centered on 45°. Calculate the
two capacitance values required to achieve the
total deviation. The phase range is centered on
45°, or 45°± 4.263° = 40.737°and 49.263°. The total
phase range is 49.263 - 40.737 = 8.526°. If ϕ = 5
tan^-1 (R/XC), then tan ϕ = R/XC.
III. FREQUENCY
DEMODULATORS
• Slope Detectors
• Pulse-Averaging Discrimators
• Quadrature Detectors
• Phase-Locked Loop
Slope Detectors

Slope detector operation.

Pulse-Averaging
Discrimanators
Pulse-Averaging
Discrimanators

(a) FM input. (b) Output of zero-crossing detector. (c) Output of one

shot. (d) Output of discriminator (original modulating signal).
Quadrature Detectors
Phase-Locked Loop
• A phase-locked loop (PLL) is a frequency- or phase-
sensitive feedback control circuit used in frequency
demodulation, frequency synthesizers, and various
filtering and signal detection applications. All
phase-locked loops have the three basic elements,
shown in next slide
• 1. A phase detector is used to compare the FM
input, sometimes referred to as the reference
signal, to the output of a VCO.
• 2. The VCO frequency is varied by the dc output
voltage from a low-pass filter.
• 3. The low-pass filter smoothes the output of the
phase detector into a control voltage that varies
the frequency of the VCO..
Phase-Locked Loop

Phase-Locked Loop
Phase-Locked Loop
• free-running frequency, its normal operating
frequency as determined by internal frequency-
determining components

Capture and lock ranges of a PLL.

A PLL FM demodulator
using the 565 IC
END