2 Expansions of The Universe Verified 26 Years Later

Cosmology
Prediction & 2 Expansions of the Universe

Confirmed 26 Years Later
Benjamin Gal-‐Or
Editor-‐in-‐Chief, Intenational Journal of Turbo & Jet Engines
Galor1benjamin@gmail.com

ABSTRACT-‐SUMMARY: The first ever, 1972 cosmology prediction
[1] republished in 1981 by a worldwide acclaimed book "Cosmology,
Physics and Philosophy" [5], claims that (i) verified, fast-‐flowing,
stellar and galactic winds irreversibly dissipate in (1964 detected)
inter-‐galactic, coldest, cosmic voids, whereby, under momentum
conservation, compact galaxies into Clusters of Voids Each Encircled
by "Walls" ("COVEEW") within a newly defined expanding "SPACE-‐1"
(FIG. 1), which generates energy gradients in Non-‐Expanding SPACES
"2" and "3", that allow (i) any stellar evolution, (ii) generation of the
elements planets and life, (iii) reverse earlier, gravity-‐caused,
slowing down expansion rate of the universe into an accelerated
one confirmed 26 years later, in 1998 -‐-‐ against the scientific
community convictions -‐-‐ and again in 2016.
This work revives the 1972 Gold-‐Awarded New Astrophysical
School of Themodynamics ("NAST") [1], which refutes obsolete
association of human "Order and Entropy" to the universe, [1-‐6[.
Since fundamental equations of physics are symmetric under
time and space or prediction and retrodiction reversals, NAST adds
a hidden, second, neglected simultaneous expansion of the universe
as inter alia the generator of the 2nd law of thermodynamics.

By Benjamin Gal-Or, All Rights Reserved
Basic Definitions of NAST DYNAMICS
FIG. 1: "CLUSTER I" and II represent mid-‐term effect of the 2nd simultaneous expansion of the
universe, namely, prior to being further compacted into superclusters and filaments (FIG. 1).
"RADIATION ENERGY DENSITY" vs. "DISTANCE" defines "DIRECTION OF NET RADIATION FLOW"
as "3rd COSMOLOGICAL ARROW", generate energy-‐density gradients that lead to the
"2nd COSMOLOGICAL ARROW", that represents "EXPANDIND SPACE "1" CONFINED TO THE
COLD-‐DARK, INTERGALACTIC VOIDS and NOT involving spaces "2" and "3" within the filaments,
within galaxies, within stellar systems, within planetary systems.
2
"VOIDS/SPACE "1" is thus the sole MASTER of world phenomena that lead to
the emergence of life in non-‐expanding gravitational systems, [5].

FIG. 2: The scientific community has not only neglected NAST DYNAMICS [1-‐6], but
ignores factual evidence that (a) supports two simultaneous expansions of the universe
that (b) compact galaxies into clusters (Fig. 1), (c) further compact the clusters into the
well-‐recorded superclusters of galaxies as 'Filaments Structures' ("FS") or COVEEW, (d)
provide the sole verifiable cause for reversing early slowing down of the expansion of the
3
universe by gravity into accelerating expansion, as discovered in 1998. NOTE THE 100
MILLION LIGHT YEARS SCALE.
The four yellow arrows depicted should be inserted into each and all recorded dark
voids to illustrate that opposing, rocket-‐type-‐winds compact galaxies from both opposing
sides of each filament, thus accelerating the expansion of each and OF all, collectively.
THESE ARROWS REPRESENT super-‐fast "winds" that are emitted from any opposite
filament sides, thus keeping thrust-‐compacting each, like opposing rockets.
The net result is thrusting away each and all voids' "filaments borders", "Walls" or FS.
Interim conclusion: MOST IMPORTANT is not just refuting unsubstantiated, mysterious

DARK ENERGY, but wrongly induced dictums associated with it in Hawking type media
festivals vs. understanding the 1981 predictions behind FIG. 1 definitions of "SPACE "1".
Expanding SPACE "1" vs. Non-‐Expanding SPACES "2" and "3"
Fig. 3: SPACE-‐"2" wraps all

non-‐expanding galaxies
[Fig. 1] and non-‐expanding
SPACE-‐"3" where super-‐fast,
interstellar winds, flow out to
SPACE-‐"2" and next,
irreversibly dissipate in SUPER-‐
COLD EXPANDING FILAMENT
COMPACTING SPACE-‐"1", composed of 2nd-‐expansion of the
4
universe VOIDS located between all Super-‐Clusters-‐filaments of

galaxies. [Figures 1 to 2].
Fig. 4: This figure does not show the astronomy verified chain of facts that
the galaxies depicted have been later compacted first into clusters (Fig. 2)
then further compacted into super-‐clusters 'FILAMENTS' that surround each
5
and all cold, expanding, intergalactic voids, or what had been defined by
Volume I of this Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy series, an independently
expanding SPACE-‐"1" by the inflowing stellar and galactic winds (Figs. 2 & 3).

Fig. 5: The earliest detected intergalactic voids (dark blue) vs. early
galaxies that radiate galactic-‐stellar winds (Fig. 2). These voids have
been expanding with the Big-‐Bang expansion (Figs. 1 to 4). As the
number and intensities of emitters has increased, the
thermodynamic processes defined by Figs. 1 to 3, have established
an independent, second, simultaneous expansion of the universe.
Source: The cosmic background radiation discovered in 1964.
6
The MASTER ARROW OF TIME

These definitions also present the (1) MASTER OF TIME
ASYMMETRIES, (2) THE ROOT CAUSE of the 2ND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS, (3) The largest, expanding, un-‐saturable,
thermodynamic sink of disposed energy from the surfaces of active
emitters in the universe.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
(1) Deterministic physics and engineering may begin with symmetric partial
differential equations. To agree with observations, asymmetry is forced
on in presented or published 'proofs', that proceed only under
imposed INITIAL CONDITIONS (for future time evolution), while
rejecting FINAL CONDITIONS (for symmetric past time 'evolution'.).
(2) Common example: Retarded solutions in electromagnetism that

conform with observations are in, while ADVANCED SOLUTIONS (which
do not conform with observations.) are out.
(3) FIG. 2 defines the most important energy-‐densities gradients that keep
allowing and maintaining stellar evolution.
(4) Each void-‐sink removes energy from emitters around it by its very
increase in volume.
1. Stars cannot evolve without disposing its inner energy.
2. That energy is irreversibly removed from their surfaces and being

disposed in the depths of 2 expansions that generate the largest sink of
the universe.
3. WHEREFORE, without the 2nd simultaneous expansion of the universe,

all heavy elements in the universe, including the elements essential to
generate life, like oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, are impossible.
7
4. Also impossible without the 2nd expansion are supernovae, that allow
planets to be formed and life to emerge by gravitation – a complicated
process that is described next.
5. Localized black holes at the center of galaxies, and elsewhere, should

be accounted for, but their effects do not change these predictions,
assertions and facts as detailed herein and by Volume I.
6. Existence of super-‐fast, stellar-‐galactic winds that are becoming strong

during the last 6 or so billion years, has been well-‐verified by all
astronomic observations.
7. Such winds are flowing into each, almost equally distributed

intergalactic voids.
8. The voids themselves are present from earlier time, as proven by the
1964-‐discoveed black-‐body radiation. Fig. 5.
9. The winds originate in and emerge only from inside the filaments that
surround each void – and spread out from the opposite sides of each
filament.
10. The winds enter each void from all 3D-‐directions, thus causing
each and all to enhance the expansion rate the inertia remnant of the
Big-‐Bang expansion. FIGS. 1, 4.
11. Subject to momentum conservation, like in opposing rockets in

space, the super-‐fast winds on both opposing sides of any
filament or void border [FIG. 1] thrust-‐push-‐away both border-‐
sharing-‐voids from each other, collectively providing extra expansion-‐
thrusting-‐away against all other similarly expanding voids – the 2nd
expansion of the universe neglected or rejected by all proponents of
theoretical physics, astrophysics, astronomy, cosmology and the
various philosophies of physics, thermodynamics, space sciences and
the origin of life.
12. This process not only compacts galaxies into clusters and next
into superclusters and filaments, but reverses earlier, gravity-‐induced,
decelerated expansion of the universe.
8
13. These newly defined dynamics generate energy-‐densities

gradients (Fig. 2) that allow all stellar evolution by removing energy
from emitters to the largest energy sink in the universe, without which,
no heavy elements, supernova, planets and life are possible.
14. There is no transfer of energy from one expanding void

to another due to uniform distribution of intergalactic voids in SPACE-‐
1.
15. Almost all dissipating stellar-‐galactic winds originate from stars

and galaxies that surround each void
16. A minor fraction of these winds proceeds across the universe to
reach our telescopes, allowing NASA and other sources to record FIG.
1.
17. Various claims and dictums are refuted by this newly defined
world outlook, factual dynamics and associated new revolutionary
theories in science and philosophy [1-‐6].
18. Wheeler-‐Feynman static-‐space-‐theory should be redefined for

two simultaneous space expansions between emitters and absorbers.
19. Dark energy claims -‐-‐ and associated attempts to change general
relativity -‐-‐ should be replaced by these two proven simultaneous
expansions of the universe and associated revolutionary theories.
20. Quantum-‐statistics/probabilities are symmetric for

prediction AND retrodiction. A common self-‐fooling example:
Predictions that conform with observations are accepted "proofs" or
theorems or dictums or "aws of physics, while the rejected retrodiction
is not "legal" in obsolete science because it is simply thrown out the
window. Thus, such procedures do not constitute any 'proof' of 2nd
law, unless one fools himself and fellow scientists.
21. Endless known linguistic game-‐terminologies exist -‐ aimed to

(wrongly) "justify" symmetry breaking. Beyond being fundamentally
wrong, some prevent quantum model unification with deterministic
Einsteinian Gravity Physics (general relativity). But this is not to be
further treated herein.
9
Interim Concluding Remarks
1. Super-‐fast stellar-‐galactic winds flow from filaments to voids on both sides
of each next dissipate in each attached dark-‐cold void. FIG. 2.
2. Entering each void from all 3D directions, momentum conservation

dictates thrust-‐push of all filaments-‐voids-‐systems voids away from each
other, collectively providing extra expansion away from all other similarly
expanding voids.
3. This process is herein defined 2nd, simultaneous, accelerated expansion of
the universe as one interconnected-‐system termed EXPANDING
VOIDS/SPACE-‐1. FIG. 2.
4. The net result of these SPACE-‐1-‐Dynamics is compacting most galaxies first
into clusters secondly into superclusters and filaments that are thus locked
and compacted between all these voids. FIG. 1).
5. The 2nd expansion is integrated with and affects the 1st gravity-‐induced
slowing down of the Einstein-‐Hubble expansion since the Big-‐Bang. FIG. 4.
6. SPACE-‐1-‐Expansion (FIG. 2) gradually causes REVERSAL of the earlier,

decelerated expansion of the universe, into a slightly accelerated one
affirmed by the 1998 discovery of slightly accelerated expansion of the
universe, namely, there is no need for any un-‐measurable, mystic, dark
energy to explain these observed records or to modify Einstein's general
relativity (gravity physics).
10
Induced Assertions of NAST DYNAMICS

Assertion 1: Gravity Selection is, in fact, “Natural selection”.
The first local "aggregates" of matter in the solar system have already
contained gas, supernovae debris, dust, rocks.
It was gravity that stratified these compounds in ‘horizontal’ layers according
to their “specific gravity”, a term to used below in modified “natural
selection”.
The atmosphere and geological strata wee ordered-‐selected by specific gravity
of their chemical components. It was gravity that put the early components of
living systems at one and the same strata for life to begin.
Gravity is therefore the universal builder of structures, including all chemistry

in the cores of gravitationally pressed-‐heated stars [Fusion in Lecture 1, CPP,
Ref. 8], geological strata, earth morphology the entire evolution of life,
village/city structures, transportation systems, linguistic hierarchy, recorded
symbols, letters, grammar vs. time, structure of sentences, pages, books.
The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced out to gravity-‐

induced forces. Even “innate patterns" are wrongly dissociated from simple
movements in the field of gravitation, i.e., as "up-‐ward-‐downward" balancing
of the biological body vis-‐à-‐vis the gravity pointers in each biological cell.
Gravity periodicities around the sun emerge as prime sources of order via
time and the arrow of time [Lecture 1].
Assertion 2: Gravity-‐Induced human concepts "Orientation" and "Order"
Using gravity pointers we say ‘up’, ‘down’, ‘left’, ‘right’ and generate symbols,
codes, signs, numbers and letters for a later use and for other to read.
Animals are also 'conscious' of the commonly-‐shared "up-‐ down"

surroundings, and about "weight" and acceleration.
Plants also harbor innate sensors that guide them in which direction to grow
11
even on a mountain slope.
Additional examples range from gyroscope inertial changes, balancing

machines, heading indicators and gravity-‐induced changes involving the fluid
in the vertebrate inner ear to a crystallizing suspension of organic spheres in
water.
Assertion 3: Gravity-‐induced Plant Growth and Animal Behavior
The sensing devices which plants and animals use for "gravity
perception" ("gravity receptors", "g-‐ perception", "bio-‐ accelerometers",
"gravity-‐ induced biological clocks", etc.) are not yet well understood, even
though a voluminous literature has been published on this subject. But what
we already know justifies the central role we claim gravity plays in living
systems and society.
Plants ‘know’ to grow vertically upward when, undisturbed, they start

growing in total darkness as seeds inserted deep into the ground; -‐-‐ even
when they grow on a steep mountain slope.
As most high-‐growing trees they align their growth under the control of the
gravity vector.
Assertion 4: Gravity-‐controlled adaptations of organisms
If a growing higher plant is displaced with respect to the "upright" position,

some tens of minutes later it will adapt its growth in such a way as to restore
its original orientation in coincidence with the gravity vector. (If it is displaced
only briefly and then restored to its original orientation well before the
growth response can set in, it still responds to that displacement.)
Gravity-‐induced orientation-‐adaptation of an organism may occur when an

organism orients itself by a gravity-‐induced gradient of density differences or
hydrostatic pressure.
Small organisms (including all bacteria) may have no means for sensing
gravity, but they are affected by it. Animals low on the evolutionary scale
12
characteristically exhibit innate patterns that depend little on learning, and

have a lesser adaptability to changes in the environment.
Consequently, their dependence on heredity-‐geophysical-‐gravitational origins

is ‘high’ in proportion to animals that are ‘high’ on the evolutionary scale.
While the latter show some signs of innate patterns, they harbor a greater
capacity to produce a much more flexible mechanism to respond to a variety
of other external changes that stimulate them. The evolutionary origin of the
so-‐called "innate ideas" may, therefore, be external rather than internal.
Even the computer page is ordered by up, bottom, left, right margins and
footnotes. And it takes time to read them and to comprehend them; the time
that always advances from past to future; the time that we term Linguistic
Arrow of Time. Similarly, gravity-‐induced ordering of shelves, files, documents
and books in a library introduces order into our life.
Assertion 5: Gravity-‐Chained Seconds, Minutes, Days, Years
Whole civilizations religions constructed on gravity-‐induced orientability,

concepts, spirituality, art, music, home structure, wells, canals, trade roads,
agriculture, and even law enforcement by hanging. Such gravity-‐induced
cultural phenomena may proceed beyond grammar and social order into the
spiritual and hierarchical cultures, and have been domains: High priest, low
deck, high commissioner, and highness, heaven, lofty, go to the bottom of the
subject, etc. [see below].
Assertion 6: Gravity Caused Biological Clocks
The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced back in time and out
to external physical influences. Gravity and geophysical periodicities thus
emerge as prime sources of order and information in all non-‐living and living
systems.
Animals low on the evolutionary scale depend little on learning, and have a
lesser adaptability to changes in the environment. Consequently, their
dependence on heredity-‐geophysical-‐gravitational origins is high in
proportion to animals high on the evolutionary scale.
13
Assertion 7: Vertigo v. Loss of Coordination-‐Balancing
Biological structures in the inner ear include semicircular canals and a fluid
that moves by gravity force, and activates a system that transmits linear and
rotational motions vis-‐à-‐vis the gravity vector to the vestibular nerve, which
carries these signals through the brainstem to our brain cerebellum, which, in
turn, uses them to control our balancing, orientation, coordination and
movement.
The vestibular system in our ears comprises two semi-‐circular ‘canals’, which
are used to indicate our rotational movements, and otoliths, which indicate
linear translations.
Vertigo is a loss of coordination, balancing and orientation vis-‐à-‐vis space and

the gravity-‐induced horizon.

The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that
control our eye movements, and to the Cerebellum-‐muscles system that
keeps us upright and helps maintain clear vision-‐orientation vs. the gravity
vector.
Assertion 8: Biological Cells, Reproduction, Immunity System & Gravity
Gravity causes changes in cell division, metabolism and the immunity system.
Reproduction is also impaired and the immune cells cannot differentiate into
mature cells in low or zero gravity conditions attainable in space craft.
The size of a biological cell depends on the local gravity vector – its size
increases in larger local gravitational field-‐force values. Bone cells must attach
themselves to something and will die if they cannot. Without the gravity
force-‐ field they float around and perish. When animals evolve on land,
outside the oceans, they develop stronger skeletons to cope with larger
gravity forces vis-‐à-‐ vis the reduced one due to buoyancy in the waters. Earlier
life forms in the oceans were smaller and had a jellyfish-‐like configuration.
Thus, without strong skeletons, land animals cannot evolve.
14
Assertion 9: Gravity-‐Induced Tropism and Social Dynamics of Animals
Gravimorphism, gravitropism and tropism are directional movements of a

plant with respect to a directional stimulus. One such tropism is
gravimorphism -‐-‐ the growth or movement of a plant with respect to gravity.
Plant roots grow in the direction of gravity while shoots and stems grow
against it.
Gravity generates structures and controls all geological layers and global
phenomena ranging from mountain crests, gravity-‐induced tectonic folds,
valleys, beaches, oceans and lagoons, to springs, wells, swamps, glaciers and
rivers, and the bio-‐systems connected with them.
Assertion 10: Gravity Induced Rules of Grammar and Social Life
Without gravity-‐induced orientation-‐order and so induced time-‐space

grammar we are lost in any given written language.
Gravity-‐induced grammar prevents us from vertical reversals.
Similarly, horizontal reversals prevent us, say, from reversals of W to M.
There are more complicated gravity-‐induced grammar rules. They range from
preventing reversal of past into future, and vice versa, to use gravity-‐induced
structures as reference.
Assertion 11: Gravity-‐Vector-‐Detectors of Trees
Spacial Gravity-‐sensing-‐cells function as detectors of the direction of the

gravity vector on earth.
The fluid-‐particles systems inside our cells initiate inner convective currents
that change under zero gravity.
Thus, the absence of gravity affects the contacts of cells via their membrane
potential and their cytoskeletons.
Gravity-‐Induced Village and City Structures
Gravity generates structures and controls all geological layers and global
15
phenomena ranging from mountain crests, tectonic folds, geological uplifts,

valleys, village and city structures,
transportation systems, oceans and lagoons, to springs, wells, swamps,

glaciers and rivers, as well as the ecological-‐systems connected with them.
Assertion 12: Gravity-‐induced Life Evolution and Health
The evolution and everyday functioning of our bones, legs, hips, joints,
cartilages, ligaments, femurs, tibia, pelvis and muscles, has been "in
response" to the force and direction of gravity.
Gravity plays a key factor in hygiene and in heart failure associated with
swollen legs, in flooded lungs, walking, sleeping needs, etc.
Nevertheless, the cardinal role gravity plays in the treatment of gravity-‐

induced disorders in biological systems, human perception, health and
longevity, has been largely overlooked by health providers and researchers,
partly because the key role of gravity as the universal generator of all socio-‐
gravity-‐dynamics, has not yet been well understood and investigated
Assertion 13: Mathematical illusions of False Proofs of the

Origin of Irreversibility in Nature

Initial conditions are also symmetric with final conditions. If one a
priori selects only initial conditions, one fools himself that a proof
was made, and again the conclusion is as stated above.
Linguistics foolings are also ve common: E.g., "the particles
were "un-‐correlated" and then "correlated", therefore …. or other
linguistic manipulations that had been well-‐reviewed and published
as articles of top science proofs. This includes the semi-‐sacrosact
Boltzman Theorem, and endless statistical and quantum theories
claimed "proofs".

16
Some artificially imposed, non cosmological 'SYMMETRY

BREAKING' are imposed on various string mathemacal games that
preseve quantum axioms and similar failing attempts to unify the
standard quantum model with Einstein's deterministic gravity
physics -‐-‐ which only block unification.
It is like Nobel-‐Laurate-‐Prigogine hiding his smuggling
asymmetry into symmeric dynamic equations to present false
'proofs' before laymen, editors, the public and Nobel-‐awards-‐
people and their friends, that fraudulently (mathmatically) agree
that he had indeed found the final, greatest universal proof vis-‐a-‐vis
all previously failed attempts. And he secured the Nobel for
smuggling asymmetry into symmery equations without declaring his
contraband.

17
Illustrated Appendix, Reviews and References
Gravity Controls the Solar System, (CPP, Vol. I)
18
Gravity and Intergalactic Dark

Voids -‐ Not Black Holes -‐
Control Ours & Similar
Galaxies, FIGS. 1 to 5

19
Note the scale 1 million light years

when examining Dark Voids between
Super-‐clusters of Galaxies as Filaments
20
Note the bigger 10 million light years scale

when locating 'our' local Group and VIRGO
Cluster in FIG. 1 of SUPER-‐CLUSTERS of
Galaxies

21

Note the scale 100 million light years

'our' local group and VIRGO CLUSTERS are
less than a dot in the VIRGO supercluster of
galaxies compacted by Dark Expanding
VOIDS BETWEEN ALL COMPACTED
FILAMEMTS,
NEITHER BY BLACK HOLES NOR BY DARK
CHIMERA CALLED DARK ENERGY

22
CONCLUSIONS
v INTERGALACTIC VOIDS control all stellar evolution (Fig. 1),

v INTERGALACTIC VOIDS control generation of life elements,
v INTERGALACTIC VOIDS control all supernovae explosions,
v INTERGALACTIC VOIDS control our solar system,
v INTERGALACTIC VOIDS control all trees, flowers and birds,
v By it we come, by it we live and die.
Appendix
23
Published Review of Volume I

"Einstein's time-‐symmetric tensor was elevated by Gal-‐Or’s “New Astronomical
School of Unified Thermodynamics” to the status of the source of “Master
Asymmetry” controlling not only irreversible thermodynamics, but all physical
and biological phenomena!
Gal-‐Or calls “GRAVITISM” (his philosophy) that gravitation is the prime cause of
structures, irreversibility, time, geo-‐chemical and biological evolution -‐-‐ that the
expansion of the universe is the cause of the second law of thermodynamics -‐-‐
that
microscopic physics, and thermodynamics in particular, cannot be understood
without reference to cosmology.
He ties “irreversibility” to the “expansion of space itself”, i.e. as far as space is
expanding, the contribution of all kinds of radiation in space is weakened
“irreversibly” due to the expansion phenomenon itself.
Such loss, or “degradation” of energy in the depth of inter-‐cluster expanding
space, may then be considered as a universal sink for all the radiation flowing
out of the material bodies in the expanding universe.”
Advancement of Physics

"Gal-‐Or launches a new spirit of inquiry by his excellent and thought provoking
writings. I would recommend awarding a prize and would hope that this would
serve to focus attention on a most important subject.”
Gold Award by N.Y. Academy of Science

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS:
“Gal-‐Or's remarkable book sees and seizes the world whole.
He emphasizes that all scientists operate under some set of philosophical
prejudices, and that failure to acknowledge this is self-‐delusion. Furthermore,
he argues that a failure to attend to the philosophical base of physics leads to
an empty scientism.
24
His work is challenging on many levels, constituting a review 'with
derivations' of general relativity 'as applied to
cosmology', thermodynamics, the current state of theoretical particle physics,
astrophysics, as well as a summary history of western philosophy, 'especially
the philosophies of time and mind' and critiques of western society, the
intelligentsia and the relationship between academic science and government.
One 'and perhaps the central' theme explored, is that of the interplay
between symmetry and asymmetry.
His primary interest is not in the recent progress in the unification of forces
in gauge theory, although he finds support in it for his Einsteinian outlook, but is
rather time, time's arrow, and the asymmetry between past and future. Around
time are accumulated discussions, both mathematical and philosophical, of
thermodynamic reversibility, time reversibility, the nature of causality, and the
use of advanced and retarded solutions to wave equations.
The second major theme is that of gravity and its overwhelming domination
of the actual form of the universe, at all scales.
The combination of these themes is not accidental; they are point and
counterpoint to his thesis that the time asymmetries are connectable to and
perhaps even determined by the master asymmetry given by the gravity of
general relativity: the remorseless cosmological expansion.
He argues that only the expansion can provide the unification of time
asymmetries.
The expansion provides, among other things, an unsaturable sink for
radiation, which, in turn, permits the establishment of gradients in temperature
and density, which provide the basis for the physical process that leads to life.
He also criticizes the sloppy and improper use of the concepts of entropy 'and
the related notions in information theory' and quantum indeterminism,
especially as covers for an inadequate understanding of temporal asymmetries.
Taking an Einsteinian position on the interpretation of quantum mechanics,
he looks forward to revitalization of Einstein's quest for a deterministic
interpretation of quantum events.
25
The value of this book lies in the challenging combination of ideas
which Gal-‐Or presents, which goes far beyond what can be sensibly described in
a review.
[This] work may be too large to digest as a text in these days of the
decline of academic institutions "as Gal-‐Or describes them", but that will be
the loss of both the faculty and the students.”
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS

"This is a great book, and an exciting book;
readable, worth reading and enlightening."
Sir Karl Popper, the Greatest Philosopher of Science

"I do not know a better modern expression of science, philosophy and classical
humanism than that of Gal-‐Or’s book." Israeli HaAretz Daily

"We are all Gal-‐Orians ! " Editor, Foundations of Physics

"Gal-‐Or’s “beauty” has always been the object of science, which, he lyrically
observes as “a most fundamental aesthetic frame of mind,
a longing for the run-‐away horizons of truth and symmetry
that we always try to reach.”
Order Amidst Chaos, Enlightenment Aesthetics

Recommended by Encyclopedia Britannica, "Nature, Philosophy of"

"This is one of the most beautiful books that I have read."
Outstanding Books List

"Tour de force. A magnificent and sustained piece of work!
Gal-‐Or’s net is widely cast – it reaches as far as science policy and political
philosophy."
A. Cottrell, V. Chancellor, Cambridge University
26

"Appeals to scientists of all disciplines who are prepared to open their minds.
Shines a welcome light in some dark corners of science.
Sir Karl Popper, in a Foreword, correctly describes it “a great book”.
New Scientist Magazine

"Evokes a person heart !!
Has generated a large number of responses from around the world,
some declaring that it has turned them into “Gal-‐Orians”.
Since the thought presented by this book is so rich, translators of our country
should recommend this book with all their intellectual power."
Chinese Academy of Sciences

"A Master Piece. The well-‐known author bases his philosophy on a very sound
knowledge of present-‐day scientific theories. " Indian Journal of Physics

"The works of scientists like Gal-‐Or, Bohm, and (Noble Prize-‐Winner) Prigogine
provide important resources. Prigogine's formalisms do not really tell us how
irreversible change emerges from reversible [mathematics]. (in this Gal-‐Or is
superior)." The Crisis of the Sciences

“I have in the meantime studied your book, with great interest, and made
pages of notes on it.
I feel as if I had been on numerous walks and talks with you on the great
questions, and know that would be great to go on with them!
Who cannot be impressed by your love for the great men of all times and all
countries, by your phrase “working back and forth between theory and fact”, by
your belief that philosophy is too important to be left to the philosophers, by
your concern for where thought and language lie in the scheme of things – and
by so much more!
I continue to reflect, again and again, on your central thesis that expansion
is the origin of all asymmetry in time.
What an ingenious phrase is your,
27
“smuggle irreversibility in without declaring the contraband”!

I regard your book as seeking to accomplish two tasks – and being two
books – at the very least One is the exposition of your central thesis, with
clarity, and careful mustering of every argument pro and con that can lead to
testable consequences.
I don’t see how it is possible to do proper justice to a thesis of such
importance by mixing it in with the other great task.
That is to give students an appreciation of the unity of philosophy and modern
physics. You do both tasks far better than I could hope to.
I give you my personal thanks for putting the two books into a pacackage that I
personally have found most thought-‐provoking.”
Prof. John Wheeler, Inst. of Advanced Studies, Princeton University

Referencesa

1. Gal-‐Or Benjamin, Entropy, Fallacy, and the Origin of Irreversibility: An Essay
on the Einsteinian New Astrophysical Revolutionary School of
Thermodynamics; Annal. N.Y. Acad. Acad. Sci., 196 (A6) 305 (1972).
Awarded the Gold Medal,
2. Gal-‐Or Benjamin, cosmological origin of thermodynamics, Nature 230,
1971); 234, 217 (1971);
3. Gal-‐Or Benjamin, The Origin of Irreversibility in nature, Science, 176, 11
(1972); 178, 119 (1972);
4. Gal-‐Or Benjamin, On the Foudantions of Physics, Found. Phys. 6, 407 (1976);
6, 623 (1976); 7, 50 (1977);
5. Gal-‐Or Benjamin, Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy (CPP), Volumes I and
II, Springer Verlag, New York, 1981, 1983, 1987 reprinted unchanged to
present
6. Gal-‐Or Benjamin, TWO SIMULTANEOUS EXPANSIONS OF THE UNIVERSE,
ISSUU Online publication, 21 Feb. 2018, February

28
29

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Cosmology

Prediction & 2 Expansions of the Universe

Basic Definitions of NAST DYNAMICS

Interim conclusion: MOST IMPORTANT is not just refuting unsubstantiated, mysterious

Expanding SPACE "1" vs. Non-­‐Expanding SPACES "2" and "3"

Fig. 3: SPACE-­‐"2" wraps all

universe VOIDS located between all Super-­‐Clusters-­‐filaments of

Source: The cosmic background radiation discovered in 1964.

The MASTER ARROW OF TIME

(2) Common example: Retarded solutions in electromagnetism that

1. Stars cannot evolve without disposing its inner energy.

2. That energy is irreversibly removed from their surfaces and being

3. WHEREFORE, without the 2nd simultaneous expansion of the universe,

5. Localized black holes at the center of galaxies, and elsewhere, should

6. Existence of super-­‐fast, stellar-­‐galactic winds that are becoming strong

7. Such winds are flowing into each, almost equally distributed

11. Subject to momentum conservation, like in opposing rockets in

13. These newly defined dynamics generate energy-­‐densities

14. There is no transfer of energy from one expanding void

15. Almost all dissipating stellar-­‐galactic winds originate from stars

18. Wheeler-­‐Feynman static-­‐space-­‐theory should be redefined for

20. Quantum-­‐statistics/probabilities are symmetric for

21. Endless known linguistic game-­‐terminologies exist -­‐ aimed to

Interim Concluding Remarks

2. Entering each void from all 3D directions, momentum conservation

6. SPACE-­‐1-­‐Expansion (FIG. 2) gradually causes REVERSAL of the earlier,

Induced Assertions of NAST DYNAMICS

Gravity is therefore the universal builder of structures, including all chemistry

The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced out to gravity-­‐

Assertion 2: Gravity-­‐Induced human concepts "Orientation" and "Order"

Animals are also 'conscious' of the commonly-­‐shared "up-­‐ down"

even on a mountain slope.

Additional examples range from gyroscope inertial changes, balancing

Assertion 3: Gravity-­‐induced Plant Growth and Animal Behavior

Plants ‘know’ to grow vertically upward when, undisturbed, they start

Assertion 4: Gravity-­‐controlled adaptations of organisms

If a growing higher plant is displaced with respect to the "upright" position,

Gravity-­‐induced orientation-­‐adaptation of an organism may occur when an

characteristically exhibit innate patterns that depend little on learning, and

Consequently, their dependence on heredity-­‐geophysical-­‐gravitational origins

Assertion 5: Gravity-­‐Chained Seconds, Minutes, Days, Years

Whole civilizations religions constructed on gravity-­‐induced orientability,

Assertion 6: Gravity Caused Biological Clocks

Assertion 7: Vertigo v. Loss of Coordination-­‐Balancing

Vertigo is a loss of coordination, balancing and orientation vis-­‐à-­‐vis space and

Assertion 8: Biological Cells, Reproduction, Immunity System & Gravity

Assertion 9: Gravity-­‐Induced Tropism and Social Dynamics of Animals

Gravimorphism, gravitropism and tropism are directional movements of a

Without gravity-­‐induced orientation-­‐order and so induced time-­‐space

Gravity-­‐induced grammar prevents us from vertical reversals.

Assertion 11: Gravity-­‐Vector-­‐Detectors of Trees

Spacial Gravity-­‐sensing-­‐cells function as detectors of the direction of the

Gravity-­‐Induced Village and City Structures

phenomena ranging from mountain crests, tectonic folds, geological uplifts,

transportation systems, oceans and lagoons, to springs, wells, swamps,

Assertion 12: Gravity-­‐induced Life Evolution and Health

Nevertheless, the cardinal role gravity plays in the treatment of gravity-­‐

Assertion 13: Mathematical illusions of False Proofs of the

Some artificially imposed, non cosmological 'SYMMETRY

Illustrated Appendix, Reviews and References

Gravity Controls the Solar System, (CPP, Vol. I)

Gravity and Intergalactic Dark

Note the scale 1 million light years

Expanding SPACE "1" vs. Non-‐Expanding SPACES "2" and "3"

Fig. 3: SPACE-‐"2" wraps all

universe VOIDS located between all Super-‐Clusters-‐filaments of

6. Existence of super-‐fast, stellar-‐galactic winds that are becoming strong

13. These newly defined dynamics generate energy-‐densities

15. Almost all dissipating stellar-‐galactic winds originate from stars

18. Wheeler-‐Feynman static-‐space-‐theory should be redefined for

20. Quantum-‐statistics/probabilities are symmetric for

21. Endless known linguistic game-‐terminologies exist -‐ aimed to

6. SPACE-‐1-‐Expansion (FIG. 2) gradually causes REVERSAL of the earlier,

The origin of temporal behavior in animals can be traced out to gravity-‐

Assertion 2: Gravity-‐Induced human concepts "Orientation" and "Order"

Animals are also 'conscious' of the commonly-‐shared "up-‐ down"

Assertion 3: Gravity-‐induced Plant Growth and Animal Behavior

Assertion 4: Gravity-‐controlled adaptations of organisms

Gravity-‐induced orientation-‐adaptation of an organism may occur when an

Consequently, their dependence on heredity-‐geophysical-‐gravitational origins

Assertion 5: Gravity-‐Chained Seconds, Minutes, Days, Years

Whole civilizations religions constructed on gravity-‐induced orientability,

Assertion 7: Vertigo v. Loss of Coordination-‐Balancing

Vertigo is a loss of coordination, balancing and orientation vis-‐à-‐vis space and

Assertion 9: Gravity-‐Induced Tropism and Social Dynamics of Animals

Without gravity-‐induced orientation-‐order and so induced time-‐space

Gravity-‐induced grammar prevents us from vertical reversals.

Assertion 11: Gravity-‐Vector-‐Detectors of Trees

Spacial Gravity-‐sensing-‐cells function as detectors of the direction of the

Gravity-‐Induced Village and City Structures

Assertion 12: Gravity-‐induced Life Evolution and Health

Nevertheless, the cardinal role gravity plays in the treatment of gravity-‐

“Gal-‐Or's remarkable book sees and seizes the world whole.