J. Inst. Eng. India Ser.

C
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40032-018-0484-0

ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION

Free Vibration of Thermally Stressed Angle-Ply Laminated

Composite Using First-Order Shear Deformation Theory Model
with Assumed Natural Shear Strain
Abdelouahab Tati1 • Souhia Bouadjadja1 • Yassine Bada1

Received: 13 December 2017 / Accepted: 7 September 2018

 The Institution of Engineers (India) 2018

ðkÞ ðk Þ ðk Þ
Abstract A four-nodded rectangular finite element based G12 , G23 and G13 Shear modulus in the 1–2, 2–3 and
on first-order shear deformation theory is used to investi- 1–3 planes of the kth layer
gate the dynamic behavior of thermally stressed angle-ply fk g Curvature vector
laminated composite plates. Total potential energy and ½Ke  The elementary stiffness matrix
h i
Hamilton’s principles have been used to formulate stiff-
Kge The elementary geometrical matrix
ness, geometric and mass matrices. Assumed natural strain
method has been employed to avoid potential shear lock- ½m The inertia matrix
ing. Convergence of the first natural frequency and critical ½M  The mass matrix
temperature rise has been checked out through a set of Mx ; My and Mxy Moment resultants
examples whose results compare well with 3D solution and Nx ; Ny and Nxy Normal stress resultants
other finite elements models from the literature. The effects Ntx ; Nty and Ntxy Normal stress resultants due to
of side-to-thickness ratio, anisotropy degree and fibers temperature rise
orientation angle, on the first natural frequency and critical Na ðx; yÞ The bilinear Lagrange shape
temperature have also been investigated. Furthermore, the functions associated with node a
free vibration of thermally stressed angle-ply laminated Pi ð yÞ and Qi ð xÞ Interpolation functions
composite plates has been investigated for different side- fqg Elementary displacement vector
to-thickness ratios and fiber orientations. The results have ðkÞ
Qij The reduced stiffness components in
shown that the first natural frequency decreases linearly local coordinates system of the kth
with temperature rise, which is in accordance with those layer
from the literature. Qxz ; Qyz Transverse shear stress resultants
 ðkÞ
Q The reduced stiffness components in
11
Keywords Thermally stressed  Angle-ply  laminate coordinates system of the
Laminated plates  Finite element  Assumed natural strain  kth layer
Free vibration T Time parameter
T The kinetic energy
Notations u; v In-plane displacement vector
Aij ; Bij ; Dij and Hij Elasticity matrices of the laminate components
ðkÞ ðk Þ
E1 , E2 Young modulus of the material in the u0 ; v 0 In-plane displacement vector
1 and 2 directions of the kth layer components at the mid-plane of the
laminate ðz ¼ 0Þ
U The strain potential energy
& Abdelouahab Tati
abdeltati@yahoo.fr w Out-of-plane displacement vector
component
1
Energetic and Material Engineering Laboratory (LGEM), W The external forces work
University of Biskra, BP 145, RP, Biskra 07000, Algeria

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 J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C

x; y and z Coordinates of point within the plate Introduction

ðk Þ ðk Þ
a1 , a2 Coefficients of thermal expansion of
the kth layer in local coordinates Currently, fibrous composite materials are broadly used in
system different industry and construction domains because of
aðxkÞ ; aðykÞ and aðxykÞ Coefficients of thermal expansion of different advantages they present. The use of some struc-
the kth layer in laminate coordinates tural elements in severe thermal environment, such as the
system outer skin of the high-speed aircrafts, rockets and launch
ðk Þ
c12 In-plane shear strain of the kth layer vehicles, exposed to the extreme thermal load due to the
in local coordinates system aerodynamic heating, can induce the thermal buckling and
ðk Þ ðk Þ
c13 , c23 Transverse shear strain of the kth dynamic instability [1]. This problem has stimulated the
layer in local coordinates system researchers to provide an accurate prediction of free
fc s g Transverse shear strain vector vibration of laminated plates, subjected to thermal stresses.
cAxz ; cAyz The sampling points Numerous works have been presented for isothermal
da Displacement vector component stress free vibration, using analytic and finite elements
associated with node a methods. Srinivas et al. [2] presented a three-dimensional
dðx; yÞ The displacement vector component elasticity solution for the analysis of simply supported
of a given point M(x, y) within an homogeneous and laminated rectangular plates. In 1973,
element Srinivas [3] presented a refined analysis of composite lami-
DT The temperature rise nates for static and dynamic analyses of composite lami-
DTcr Critical temperature rise nates. Noor [4] used a three-dimensional elasticity solution
feg Strain vector to investigate the free vibrations of multilayered composite
e0 Membrane strain vector plates. Reddy and Kuppusamy [5] presented a study related
ðkÞ
e1 ; e2
ðk Þ
Membrane strain of the kth layer in to the free vibration of laminated anisotropic plates. Di
local coordinates system Sciuva [6] used a new displacement model for the analysis of
eðxkÞ ; eðykÞ Membrane strain of the kth layer in bending, buckling and vibration of simply supported thick
laminate coordinates system multilayered plates. Nayak et al. [7] used Reddy’s high-order
h Fibers orientation angle with respect theory for the analysis of dynamic behavior of composite
to laminate coordinates system sandwich plates. Zhen et al. [8] used a precise high-order
k Loading factor theory finite element model to investigate the free vibration
kcr Critical loading factor of laminates composite and sandwich plates. Kant and
Swaminathan [9] presented an analytical solution based on
ðk Þ ðk Þ
m12 , m21 Poisson’s ratios higher-order refined theory, for the free vibration of com-
p The total potential energy posite laminated and sandwich plates.
rK1 ; rK2 Normal stresses of the kth layer in Thermal buckling behavior has been of a great interest for
local coordinates system various researchers in the past and in the present. Among the
rðxkÞ , rðykÞ Normal stresses of the kth layer in first studies that dealt with investigating thermal buckling of
laminate coordinates system plates is that carried out by Gossard et al. [10]. Rayleigh–Ritz
ðk Þ ðk Þ
s13 , s23 Transverse shear stresses of the kth method has been used to calculate the critical buckling tem-
layer in local coordinates system perature of simply supported isotropic rectangular plates.
skxy In-plane shear stress of the kth layer Noor and Burton [11] used analytic three-dimensional elas-
in local coordinates system ticity solutions to tackle the thermal buckling problem of anti-
sðxykÞ In-plane shear stress of the kth layer symmetric multilayered anisotropic plates analysis. Whitney
in laminate coordinates system and Ashton [12] used energy formulation for thermal buckling
sðxzkÞ , sðxzkÞ Transverse shear stresses of the kth of simply supported symmetric, angle-ply layered composite
layer in laminate coordinates system plates. Zhen and Wanji [13] presented a study on buckling
ux Angle of rotation with respect to the response of angle-ply laminated composite and sandwich
y-axis plates using the global local higher-order theory with com-
uy Angle of rotation with respect to the bination of geometric stiffness matrix. In 2013, Singh et al.
x-axis [14] studied the buckling of laminated composite plates,
x The natural frequency subjected to mechanical and thermal loading, using meshless
collocations. And recently, in 2017, Cetkovic [15] presented a

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J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C

study on thermal buckling of laminated composite plates, method has been introduced to elevate the shear locking
hinging on Reddy’s layerwise theory and its new version. phenomenon. In order to analyze the effect of temperature rise
However, works carried out for thermally stressed lami- on the dynamic behavior of plates, a thermal buckling analysis
nated plates, free vibration, are rather less numerous in com- has been previously performed to evaluate the critical tem-
parison with those devoted to thermal buckling and isothermal perature rise. In addition, the precision of the proposed ele-
free vibration. Among the earlier works carried out on the ment is obtained by comparing the results with three-
vibration of laminated plates, subjected to thermal stresses is dimensional elasticity and other finite element solutions.
that presented by Lurie [16] on the lateral vibration as related
to structural stability. Noor and Burton [17] used three-di-
mensional solutions to investigate the free vibrations and
Mathematical Formulation
buckling of multilayered angle-ply anti-symmetric composite
Displacement Field and Kinematics
plates subjected to thermal stresses. They have presented
numerical results displaying the effects of variations in both
According to first-order formulation, the displacement
material characteristics and fiber orientation of different lay-
components vector u, v and w in x, y and z directions,
ers, in addition to the effects of initial thermal deformations on
respectively, of a point of coordinates (x, y, z) within the
the vibration and buckling responses of the plates. Zhou et al.
laminate, are given by
[18] observed the vibration of the thermally buckled com-
posite plate, taking into account the initial deflection. They u  uðx; y; z; tÞ ¼ u0 ðx; y; tÞ þ zux ðx; y; tÞ
used a triangle-shaped finite element founded on the classical v  vðx; y; z; tÞ ¼ v0 ðx; y; tÞ þ zuy ðx; y; tÞ ð1Þ
plate theory. Lee and Lee [19] studied the vibration of the
w  wðx; y; z; tÞ ¼ w0 ðx; y; tÞ
thermally post-buckled composite plate by means of the the-
ory of the first-order shear deformation plate (FSDT). Park where, u0 and v0 are the in-plane displacement vector
et al. [1] used the nonlinear finite element based on the FSDT components at any point (x, y, 0) in x and y directions,
to investigate the vibration of thermally post-buckled com- respectively. The transverse displacement w0(x, y) is con-
posite plates embedded with shape memory alloy fibers. sidered to be constant across the thickness of the plate.
Matsunaga presented [20] a first study on the vibration and The state of strain at any point in the overall plate is
stability of cross-ply laminated composite plates using a given by the following two strain vectors
global higher-order plate theory, followed in 2001 [21] by a  
fegT ¼ ex ; ey ; cxy
study on the vibration and stability of angle-ply laminated   ð2Þ
composite plates subjected to in-plane stresses. In 2005, [22] fcs gT ¼ cxz ; cxz
the author presented a two-dimensional global higher-order
Using the von Karman strain-displacement relationship,
deformation theory used in the free vibration and stability
the strain vector components are given by:
problems of angle-ply laminated composite and sandwich    
plates subjected to thermal loading. ou 1 ow 2 ou0 ou 1 ow 2 0
ex ¼ þ ¼ þz xþ ¼ ex þ zkx þ enl
x
Recently, Khanna and Kaur [24] presented a study look- ox 2 ox ox ox 2 ox
 2  2
ing into the outcome of thermal gradient on vibration of non- ov 1 ow ov0 ouy 1 ow
ey ¼ þ ¼ þz þ ¼ e0y þ zky þ enl
y
uniform visco-elastic rectangular plates. Thus, to examine oy 2 oy oy oy 2 oy
 
the effect of bilinear temperature on vibration of rectangular ou ov ow ow ou0 ov0 oux ouy
cxy ¼ þ þ ¼ þ þz þ
plate that is non-homogenous visco-elastic and of a non- oy ox ox oy oy ox oy ox
uniform thickness, the authors used a theoretical model. ow ow 0 nl
þ ¼ cxy þ zkxy þ cxy
They applied Rayleigh–Ritz technique to compute the ox oy
deflection conforming to the first two modes of vibration, for ou ow ow
cxz ¼ þ ¼ ux þ
different plate’s parameters, namely taper constant, aspect oz ox ox
ratio, non-homogeneity constants and thermal gradient. ov ow ow
cxz ¼ þ ¼ uy þ
In this paper, which is intended for the analysis of the oz oy oy
vibrations of thermally stressed laminates, a four-nodded ð3Þ
rectangular finite element based on first-order shear defor-
or in other term
mation [25–28] has been formulated. Total potential energy    
principle and Hamilton’s principle have been used to derivate feg ¼ e0 þ zfkg þ enl
( )
the stiffness, geometric and mass matrices. To take into   cxz ð4Þ
account the large displacements aspect due to thermal pre- cz ¼
cyz
buckling of laminates composite plates, the von Karman strain
tensor has been used. Furthermore, assumed natural strain

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 J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C

where
where E(k)
1 and E(k)
2 denote the Young modulus of the
8 9
> ou0 > material in the 1 and 2 directions, respectively, G(k) (k)
12 , G23 and
8 0 9> >
> ox
>
>
> (k)
e > > G13 are the elasticity transverse modulus in the 1–2, 2–3 and
 0  < x0 =< ov0 =
e ¼ ey ð5aÞ 1–3 planes, respectively, m(k) (k)
12 , m21 are Poisson’s ratios.
: 0 ;> oy >
cxy > >
> ou0 ov0 >
>
>
The stress–strain relationship of each layer in the global
>
: þ >
; coordinate system (x, y, z) is given by:
oy ox 8 ðkÞ 9 2 308 ðkÞ 9 8 ðkÞ 9 1
8 9 < rx = 11 Q
Q  12 Q16 < ex = < ax =
>
> oux >
> 26 5B C
8 9 > > >
> rðykÞ ¼ 4 Q 12 Q  22 Q @ ey
ðk Þ
 aðykÞ DT A
>
> ox >
> : ðkÞ ; 61 Q  62 Q66 : ; : ;
< kx = < ouy = s xy Q cðkÞ aðkÞ
xy xy
fk g ¼ ky ¼ ð5bÞ
: ; > > oy >
> ð8aÞ
kxy >
> ou ouy >
>
>
> x >
>
: þ ; and
oy ox ( ) " #( )
8  2 9  ðK Þ  ðk Þ
> 1 ow > sðxzkÞ Q 44 Q 45
c0xzðkÞ
>
> >
> ðkÞ ¼ ð8bÞ
8 nl 9 > > >
> syz  ðkÞ
Q
ðK Þ
Q55 c0yzðkÞ
< ex = <   2 >
>
> 2 ox >
=
54
 nl  nl 1 ow
e ¼ ey ¼ ð5cÞ where
: nl ; > > 2 oy > >
cxy > ow ow >
> > ðk Þ ðk Þ
>
>
>
>
>
> aðxkÞ ¼ a11 cos2 h þ a22 sin2 h
: ;
ox oy ðk Þ ðk Þ
aðykÞ ¼ a22 cos2 h þ a11 sin2 h ð9Þ
Constitutive Equations ðkÞ ðk Þ
aðxykÞ ¼ ða11  a11 Þ cos h sin h

The constitutive equations for an orthotropic layer in the and

local coordinates system (1, 2, 3), by neglecting r(k) 
3 = 0 of ðkÞ ¼ QðkÞ cos4 h þ 2 QðkÞ þ 2QðkÞ sin2 h cos2 h þ QðkÞ sin4 h
Q 11 11 12 66 22
kth layer, are expressed as: 
8 92 308 ðkÞ 9 8 ðkÞ 9 1
ð k Þ ðk Þ
 ¼ Q cos þ2 Q þ 2Q
Q 4 ð k Þ ðk Þ 2 2
66 sin cos þQ11 sin
ðk Þ 4
ðk Þ 22 22 12
< r1 >
> = Qk11 Qk12 0 <e >
> = < a1 = 

ðk Þ 4 k k 5 B 1ðkÞ C ðkÞ ¼ QðkÞ þ QðkÞ  4QðkÞ sin2 cos2 þQðkÞ sin4 þ cos4
Q
r2 Q12 Q 22 0 @ e2  aðkÞ DT A 12 11 22 66 12
> >
: ðk Þ ; 0 > >
: ðk Þ ; : 2 ;  
s12 0 Qk66 c12 0 ðkÞ ¼ QðkÞ  QðkÞ  2QðkÞ sin cos3 þ QðkÞ  QðkÞ þ 2QðkÞ sin3 cos
Q 11 12 12 22
16 66 66
 
ð6aÞ ðkÞ ¼ QðkÞ  QðkÞ  2QðkÞ sin3 cos þ QðkÞ  QðkÞ þ 2QðkÞ sin cos3
Q 26 11 12 66 12 22 66
( )  ( ) 

ðkÞ ðK Þ ðk Þ ðkÞ ¼ QðkÞ þ QðkÞ  2QðkÞ  2QðkÞ sin2 cos2 þQðkÞ sin4 þ cos4
s13 c13 Q
¼ Q44 0 66 11 22 12 66 66
ðkÞ  ðk Þ ð6bÞ
s23 0 Q5K
55 c23 ðkÞ ¼ QðkÞ cos2 þQðkÞ sin2
Q 44 44 55
ðkÞ ¼ QðkÞ sin2 þQðkÞ cos2
Q
where subscripts 1 and 2 indicate the fibers direction and 55

44 55

in-plane transverse to the fibers direction, respectively; ðkÞ ¼ QðkÞ  QðkÞ sin h cos h
Q 45 44 55
subscript 3 is the direction normal to the plate, a(k) (k)
1 and a2 ð10Þ
are thermal expansion coefficients of kth layer, and DT is
the temperature rise. The reduced stiffness components h is the fiber orientation angle with respect to material
ðkÞ coordinate system.
QIJ are given by:
ðk Þ
ðkÞ E1 Stress Resultants
Q11 ¼ ðkÞ ðkÞ
1  m12 m21
E2
ðk Þ The stress resultants through thickness of the laminated
ðkÞ
Q22 ¼ ðkÞ ðkÞ plate are given by:
1  m12 m21 2 3
ðk Þ ðk Þ
N x Mx
ðkÞ m21 E1 ð7Þ ½ N M  ¼ 4 N y My 5
Q12 ¼ ðkÞ ðkÞ
1 m12 m21 Nxy Mxy
2 38 9
ðkÞ ðk Þ
Xn Z zkþ1 Q11 Q12 Q  16 < eðxkÞ =
Q66 ¼ G12
¼ 4Q12 Q22 Q  26 5 eyð k Þ
f 1 z gdz
ðkÞ
Q44 ¼ G13
ðk Þ
k¼1 z
k
  : ðkÞ ;
Q61 Q62 Q66 cxy
ðkÞ ðk Þ
Q44 ¼ G23 ð11Þ

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J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C
8 9
< Ntx = y w
fNt g ¼ Nty z v
: ; ϕx
Ntxy
2 38 9
Xn Z
zkþ1 11
Q  12
Q 16 < aðxkÞ =
Q 4 u
4Q12  22 26 5 aðykÞ DTdz 3 ϕy
¼ Q Q ð12Þ
61  62 : ðkÞ ;
k¼1 k Q Q Q66 axy
z 2b
  x
n Z 
zkþ1
Qxz X skxz
¼ dz
Qyz skyz
k¼1
zk
X Zzkþ1 " #( )
n  ðK Þ
Q ðkÞ
Q c0xzðkÞ h 1 2
¼ 44 45 dz ð13Þ
k¼1
 ðk Þ
Q 54
ðK Þ
Q55 c0yzðkÞ 2a
zk

where n is the layers number. Fig. 1 Geometry and nodal variables of the element
The earlier equations can be rewritten in the matrix form
as follows: X
4

8 92 38 9 di ðx; yÞ ¼ Na ðx; yÞdai ði ¼ 1; 5Þ ð17Þ

< N = ½ A ½B 0 < e0 = a¼1
M 4 ½ B ½ D  0 5 k ð14Þ
: ; : ; where di(x, y) is the displacement vector of a given point
Q 0 0 ½H  cz
M(x, y) within the element.
The elasticity matrices components Aij ; Bij ; Dij ; Hij can dai and Na ðx; yÞ are displacement vector and the bilinear
be written as follows: Lagrange shape functions associated with node a,
respectively.
zkþ1

 n Z
X

 ðk Þ 1 da ¼ ua ; va ; wa ; uax or uay ða ¼ 1; 2; 3; 4Þ
Aij ; Bij ; Dij ¼ Q ij z z2 dz ð15aÞ
k¼1
zk and
n Z
z kþ1
1

 X N1 ðx; yÞ ¼ ða  x Þðb  y Þ
Hij ¼  ðkÞ  dz
Q ð15bÞ 4ab
ij
k¼1 1
zk N2 ðx; yÞ ¼ ða þ x Þðb  y Þ
4ab ð18Þ
The above equations can be rewritten in the following 1
N3 ðx; yÞ ¼ ða þ x Þðb þ y Þ
form: 4ab
X
n 1

 N4 ðx; yÞ ¼ ða  x Þðb þ y Þ
Aij ¼ Q ðkÞ zkþ1  zk 4ab
ij
k¼1
1 

X n 

Bij ¼ ðkÞ zkþ1 2  zk 2
Q
2 k¼1 ij Strain-Displacement Relationship Matrices

ð16Þ
1X n 

Dij ¼ ðkÞ zkþ1 3  zk 3
Q The strain-displacement relationship of Eq. (3) can be
3 k¼1 ij rewritten as follows:
X
n
  0
Hij ¼  ðkÞ zkþ1  zk
Q e ¼ ½Bm fqg
ij
k¼1 fkg ¼ ½Bb fqg
Finite Element Formulation fcg ¼ ½Bs fqg
8 9 ð19Þ
>
> ow >>
A four-noded rectangular finite element having five < =
ox
¼ ½Gfqg
degrees of freedom per node, based on the first-order shear >
> ow >
>
: ;
deformation theory, is formulated. oy
where
Displacement Interpolation and Shape Functions

The displacements field vector of the present finite element

can be defined in the following form (Fig. 1):

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 J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C

2 3 Z Z
oNi 1 b a

6 ox
0 0 0 0
7 p¼ fqgt ½Bm t ½ A½Bm  þ ½Bm t ½B½Bb 
6 7 2 b a
6 oNi
½ Bm  ¼ 6 0 0 0 077 ði ¼ 1; 2; 3; 4Þ ð20Þ þ ½Bb t ½B½Bm  þ ½Bb t ½D½Bb 
6 oy 7
4 oNi oNi 5 þ . . .. . .. . . þ ½Bs t ½H ½Bs Þfqgdxdy ð26Þ
0 0 0 Zb Za
oy ox 1
2 3 þ fqgt ½Gt ½Nt ½Gfqgdxdy
oNi 2
0 0 0 0 b a
6 ox 7
6 oNi 7
6 7 where
½ Bb  ¼ 6 0 0 0 0 7 ði ¼ 1; 2; 3; 4Þ ð21Þ
6 oy 7  
4 oNi oNi 5 Ntx Ntxy
0 0 0 ½Nt  ¼ ð27Þ
oy ox Ntxy Nty
2 3
oNi The cancelation of the second variation of the total
0 0
6 ox Ni 07 potential energy, with respect to the nodal values {q}, leads
½ Bs  ¼ 4 oNi 0 5 ði ¼ 1; 2; 3; 4Þ ð22Þ
0 0 Ni to the following eigenvalue problem
oy  h i
2 3 ½Ke  þ Kge fqg ¼ 0 ð28Þ
oNi
0 0
6 ox 0 07 Using the loading factor k, [Nt] = [N0t ].
½G ¼ 4 oNi 0 5 ði ¼ 1; 2; 3; 4Þ ð23Þ
0 0 0 The eigenvalue problem used to evaluate the critical
oy
temperature can be given by:
½Bm  and ½Bb  are (3 9 20) matrices, and the subscripts  h i
e
det ½Ke  þ k Kg0 ¼0 ð29Þ
m and b denote the membrane and the bending strains,
respectively.½Bs  and ½G are (2 9 20) matrices, and the
and the critical temperature rise is given by
subscript ‘‘s’’ denotes the shear strain.
And fqg is (20 9 1) matrix, given by: kcr  DT ð30Þ
 
fqgT ¼ ua va wa uxa uya ða ¼ 1; 2; 3; 4Þ where [Ke] and [Keg0] are the elementary stiffness matrix
and the elementary geometrical matrix, respectively.
Derivation of the Elementary Matrices The stiffness matrix [Ke] is the sum of five matrices as
follows:
The total potential energy principle is used to derivate the          
elementary stiffness matrix of the element. ½Ke  ¼ Kem þ Kec1 þ Kec2 þ Keb þ Kes ð31Þ
It is defined by: in which
p¼UW ð24Þ Z Z
 m b a

Ke ¼ ½Bm T ½ A½Bm  dxdy
U and W are the deformation potential energy and the b a
Z Z
external forces work, respectively.   b a

Equation (24) can be written in terms of stress resultants Ke c1
¼ ½Bm T ½ A½Bb  dxdy
b a
and the corresponding strains as follows: Z Z
  b a

Z c2
½Bb T ½ A½Bm  dxdy ð32Þ
1   t Ke ¼
p¼ fe0 gt fN g þ fkgt fM g þ cz fQg dA b
Z b
a
Z b
2 A  

Z ð25Þ Keb ¼ ½Bb T ½ A½Bb  dxdy
þ fenl gt fNt gdA b a
Z Z
A  s b a

Ke ¼ ½Bs T ½ A½Bs  dxdy
where A is the element area. b a
Using Eqs. (14), (20), (21) and (22), the total potential
energy can be written as The geometrical matrix can be written as
h i Z bZ a
  
e
Kg0 ¼ ½GT Nt0 ½G dxdy ð33Þ
 0
b a
0 
 0 Ntx Ntxy
where Nt ¼ 0 .
Ntxy Nty0t

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J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C

Assumed Natural Shear Strain Method y

4 (0,b) 3
To alleviate the locking phenomenon, the assumed strain
method is employed.
For natural assumed transverse shear strains cAxz and cAyz ,
the following sampling points are employed as shown in (a,0)
(-a,0) x
Fig. 2 [29].
According to Fig. 2, the sampling point coordinates are
given as:
1 2
cAxz : ð0; bÞ and ð0; bÞ cAyz : ða; 0Þ and ða; 0Þ (0,-b)
ð34Þ Fig. 2 Sampling point cAxz and cAyz
The assumed natural strains can be defined as follows
where T is the kinetic energy and t1 and t2 are initial and
by:
final instant, respectively.
X
2 X
2
Using Lagrange equation, the equation of motion can be
cðxz0ÞA ¼ Pi ð yÞcixz cðyz0ÞA ¼ Qi ð xÞciyz ð35Þ
expressed by:
1 1
½Mf€
qg þ ½KT fqg ¼ 0 ð40Þ
in which i denotes the position of the sampling point and
Pi ð yÞ and Qi ð xÞ are the interpolation functions given by: where [M] is the mass matrix, [KT] is the stiffness matrix,
2
1 1 including the thermal effect and fq€g ¼ dtd 2 fqg
P1 ð yÞ ¼ ðb þ yÞ P2 ð yÞ ¼ ðb  yÞ h i
2b 2b ð36Þ ½KT  ¼ ½K e  þ Kge ð41Þ
1 1
Q1 ð xÞ ¼ ða þ xÞ Q2 ð xÞ ¼ ða  xÞ
2a 2a Derivation of Mass Matrix
The relations of Eq. (35) can be rewritten in the
following matrix form The variation of kinetic energy, with respect to time, is
  given by:
cz ¼ ½Bs fqg ð37Þ Z
where ½Bs  is the assumed natural strain–displacement dT ¼ qðu€:du þ v€:dv þ w:dw
€ ÞdV ð42Þ
V
relationship matrix, given by:
where q and V are the material density and element vol-
½Bs  ¼ f P1 ð yÞ Q1 ð xÞ g ume, respectively.
2 3
oNi This expression can be rewritten as:
6 0 0 ð 0; b Þ N i ð 0; b Þ 0 7 Z
6 ox 7
4 oNi 5 dT ¼ I0 ðu€0 du0 þ v€0 dv0 þ wdw
€ Þ
0 0 ða; 0Þ 0 Ni ða; 0Þ A
oy
ð43Þ
þ I1 u€0 dux þ u €x du0 þ v€0 duy þ u
€y dv0


ð38Þ þI2 u €x dux þ u €y duy dA
þ f P2 ð y Þ Q 2 ð x Þ g
where
2 3 Z
oNi h
2

60 0 ð0; bÞ Ni ð0; bÞ 0 7 ðI 0 ; I 1 ; I 2 Þ ¼ q 1; z; z2 dz ð44Þ
6 ox 7
4 5 h2
oNi
0 0 ða; 0Þ 0 Ni ða; 0Þ
oy The inertia matrix is given by:
2 3
[BS] is substituted by ½BS  in the shear stiffness matrix I0 0 0 I1 0
[Kse]. 6 0 I0 0 0 I1 7
6 7
½m ¼ 6 0 0 I0 0 0 7 ð45Þ
4 I 0 0 I2 0 5
Natural Vibration of Thermally Stressed Plates 1
0 I1 0 0 I2
Hamilton principle is defined by: The mass matrix is given by:
Z t2
d ðp  T Þdt ¼ 0 ð39Þ
t1

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 J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C

Z Z
b a
 kcr ¼ a0 DTcr
½M  ¼ ½N t ½m½N  dxdy ð46Þ
b a The natural frequencies are normalized by the following
2
Substituting fq€g by - x {q} in Eq. (39), we obtain the equation:
following eigenvalue problem: rffiffiffiffiffi
q
 h i -¼xh
½Ke  þ Kge  x2 ½M  fqg ¼ 0 ð47Þ E2
qffiffiffiffi
and for Figs. 4, 5 and 6 - ¼ x  L Eq2 .
Results and Discussion
Convergence of the first natural frequency
The present finite element is used to analyze the effect of
temperature load on the fundamental natural frequencies of
A simply supported 10-layered anti-symmetric cross-ply
laminated plates.
(0/90/.…/0/90)10 square plate with (a/h = 5) is analyzed to
The general geometry of the plate and boundary con-
check the convergence of the first natural frequencies, for
ditions considered in the present analysis are shown in
k = 0 and for different degree of orthotropic values. Four
Fig. 3.
cases with 4 9 4, 8 9 8, 12 9 12 and 16 9 16 meshes are
Boundary conditions, employed in numerical tests, are
considered. The numerical results of the dimensionless first
as follows:
natural frequency, obtained by the present element and
Simply supported plate at all edges
those obtained by 3D analysis of Noor [4], are given in
u0 ¼ v 0 ¼ w ¼ u y ¼ 0 at x ¼ 0; x¼L Table 1.
u0 ¼ v 0 ¼ w ¼ u x ¼ 0 at y ¼ 0; y¼l

The material properties of the individual layer are taken

as follows:
E1 G12 G13 G23
¼ 15; ¼ ¼ 0; 5; ¼ 0:3356;
E2 E2 E2 E2
a1 a2
v12 ¼ 0; 3; ¼ 0:015; ¼ 1; q ¼ 1
a0 a0
W a0 is a normalization factor of thermal expansion
coefficients.
Subscripts 1 and 2 stand for parallel and perpendicular
directions to the fibers, respectively.
The dimensionless temperature rise is defined as:

k ¼ a0 DT
Fig. 4 Natural frequency -2 against temperature k of 10-layer angle-
and the dimensionless critical temperature is defined as ply square laminated composite plates (L/h = 5)

Fig. 3 Geometry and boundary y

conditions

u0 = v0 = w = ϕx =0

u0 = v0 = w = ϕy =0 u0 = v0 = w = ϕy =0
l

x
L
u0 = v0 = w = ϕx =0

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J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C

Convergence of the Critical Temperature

Critical temperature of cross-ply 0/90/0, simply supported

plate, subjected to uniform temperature rise is analyzed for
different side-to-thickness ratio. The plate is analyzed with
4 9 4, 8 9 8, 12 9 12 and 16 9 16 mesh divisions.
Table 3 shows that the results obtained by the present
element are in agreement with Cetkovic [15], 3D [4], and
HDST [14, 30].

Effect of Side-to-Thickness Ratio on the Critical

Temperature
Fig. 5 Natural frequency -2 against temperature k of 10-layer angle-
ply square laminated composite plates (L/h = 10)
The dimensionless critical temperature kcr of 10-layer
angle-ply [h/- h/…]10 square laminated composite plates
for different fiber orientations and for various side-to-
thickness ratios is analyzed. Tables 4, 5 show that the
obtained results are in good agreement with those of 3D
solution of Noor [17] and those of Matsunaga [23].

Free Vibration of Angle-Ply Laminated Composite

Plates, Under Thermal Loading

Free vibration of angle-ply simply supported square lami-

nated composite plates is analyzed under dimensionless
thermal loading k,  for different side-to-thickness ratios (L/
h). The same previous material proprieties are used.
Fig. 6 Natural frequency -2 against temperature k of 10-layer angle- Tables 6, 7, 8 show the values of the square of the first
ply square laminated composite plates (L/h = 100) natural frequency -2, corresponding to dimensionless
temperature rise k. The results show that -2 decrease with
Table 1 Convergence of non-dimensional natural frequency - 9 10 the increase in k. Thus, this shows that the plate loses its
for ðk ¼ 0Þ of 10-layer cross-ply [0/90/…]10 square laminated com-
rigidity until reaching 0 for k ¼ kcr .
posite plate with (a/h = 5)
The square of the first natural frequency -2 is plotted
E1/E2 3 10 20 30 40 with respect to the temperature parameter k in Figs. 4, 5
494 2.7640 3.6111 4.2520 4.5431 4.8785 and 6, respectively. The frequency curves are shown for
898 2.6608 3.4641 4.0939 4.4676 4.7159 h = 15, 30 and 45.
12 9 12 2.6457 3.4409 4.0645 4.4362 4.6861 The curves are linear for all side-to-thickness ratios and
16 9 16 2.6457 3.4292 4.0546 4.4272 4.6736
for all fiber orientations angle, and the value of -2 vanishes
3D (NOOR) [4] 2.6583 3.4250 4.0497 4.4011 4.6498
when k reaches the value of the dimensionless critical
temperature kcr .
Effect of the Side-to-Thickness Ratio According to curves of Figs. 4, 5 and 6, the linear
on Fundamental Natural Frequency relation between the square of the first natural frequencies
-2 and the dimensionless temperature rise k can be given
A simply supported 10-layered angle-ply (h/- h/…/ by the following expression:
h/- h)10 square plate is considered to analyze the effect of -2 k
the plate side-to-thickness ratio, on first natural frequency, 2
¼1 
-0 kcr
for k ¼ 0 and for different fibers orientation angles
(h = 15, 30 and 45). where -20 is the square of the first natural frequency of the
The dimensionless first natural frequencies obtained by unloaded plates.
the present finite element and those obtained by Matsunaga The above expression is coincided with that given by
[23] are presented in Table 2 which shows that the results Noor and Burton [1], Matsunaga [23] and previously by
are in good agreement for all side-to-thickness ratio. Lurie in 1952 [13].

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 J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C

 for k ¼ 0) of 10-layer angle-ply square laminated composite plates

Table 2 Non-dimensional frequency x
L/h h = 15 h = 30 h = 45
Present Matsunaga [23] Present Matsunaga [23] Present Matsunaga [23]

5 0.358900 0.359200 0.391400 0.390500 0.403500 0.401700

10 0.116600 0.116300 0.130700 0.129800 0.136700 0.135500
20 0.032400 0.032020 0.036400 0.036230 0.038407 0.038140
50 0.005339 0.005286 0.006085 0.006009 0.006324 0.006342
100 0.001342 0.001328 0.001532 0.001510 0.001618 0.001595

Table 3 Convergence of non-dimensional critical temperatures kcr of Table 6 Effect of the non-dimensional temperature k on non-di-
3-layer cross-ply [0/90/0] square laminated composite plates for dif- mensional natural frequency (-2) L/h = 100
ferent L/h ratios
h = 15 h = 30 h = 45
L/h 5 10 20 100
k -2
k - 2
k -2
494 0.1934 0.08220 0.02540 0.001100
0.0000000 0.01801 0.000000 0.02347 0.00000 0.02619
898 0.1865 0.07770 0.02360 0.001000
0.0002272 0.01455 0.000308 0.01877 0.000338 0.02104
12 9 12 0.1853 0.07570 0.02320 0.001000
0.0004544 0.01109 0.000616 0.01408 0.000677 0.01588
16 9 16 0.1791 0.07530 0.02310 0.001000
0.0006816 0.00763 0.000924 0.00940 0.001015 0.01073
3D [4] 0.1763 0.07467 0.02308 0.000996
0.0009088 0.00417 0.001232 0.00470 0.001354 0.00556
Cetkovic [15] 0.1784 0.07498 0.02303 0.000996
0.001136 0.00000 0.001540 0.00000 0.001692 0.00000
HSDT [30] 0.1763 0.07442 0.02297 0.000996
HSDT [14] 0.1828 0.07439 0.02308 0.000992
and mass matrices. Convergence of the natural frequency
for unloaded plate case and the critical temperature is very
Conclusions
good, indicating reasonably less number of elements
required to get the desired results. The effects of side-to-
In this paper, the free vibration of thermally stressed sim-
thickness ratio, anisotropy degree of single layer and fibers
ply supported angle-ply laminated composite plate has
orientation angle, on free vibration and critical temperature
been analyzed, using a four-nodded rectangular finite ele-
have been also analyzed. The analysis of the effects of
ment, based on first-order shear deformation, with assumed
temperature rise on the free vibration of angle-ply lami-
natural shear strain. Total potential energy and Hamilton’
nates composite for different side-to-thickness ratios and
principles have been used to derivate stiffness, geometric

Table 4 Non-dimensional critical temperatures kcr of 10-layer angle-ply [h/- h/…]10 square laminated composite plates (h = 0, 15)
L/h h = 0 h = 15
Present NOOR [17] Matsunaga [23] Present NOOR [17] Matsunaga [23]

5 0.14410 0.14360 – 0.182220 0.17530 0.212400

6.67 0.10300 0.10290 – 0.137440 0.132200 –
10 0.05764 0.05780 – 0.081700 0.079040 0.088990
20 0.01740 0.01739 – 0.025900 0.025280 0.027000
100 0.75449 9 10-3 0.74800 9 10-3 – 0.001136 0.001115 0.001161

Table 5 Non-dimensional critical temperatures kcr of 10-layer angle-ply [h/- h/…]10 square laminated composite plates (h = 30, 45)
h = 30 h = 45
L/h Present NOOR [17] Matsunaga [23] Present NOOR [17] Matsunaga [23]

5 0.2486 0.2377 0.251100 0.269928 – 0.2656

6.67 0.192200 0.185900 – 0.206453 0.1981 –
10 0.113090 0.110000 0.111000 0.123537 0.1194 0.120900
20 0.035209 0.034460 0.034560 0.039056 0.3810 0.038260
100 0.001540 0.001502 0.001502 0.001692 0.001674 0.001675

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J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C

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