GENERAL CHEMISTRY

THERMODYNAMICS

ARRANGED BY :

ALEXANDER SITINJAK (41833112005)

DEWI MEKAR SARI(4182111034)

EVRI SARIATI PAKPAHAN (4183111061)

NADYA ANANDA BR SEMBIRING (4181111027)

BILINGUAL MATHEMATICS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE

OCTOBER 2018

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 PREFACE

Praise and gratitude, the writer wishes to God Almighty, because the author can still
make this general chemical task on time. This paper discusses "thermodynamics".
Greetings and greetings may always be bestowed upon the Prophet Muhammad, as
a guide and educator and illuminating the hearts of mankind.
This assignment was made to fulfill the task of the group of general chemistry
courses. The author hopes that this paper will be one of the references for readers if the
meaning is to learn about chemical thermodynamics.
Finally, as befits an ordinary human being who has many limitations, if there is an
error, the author hopes that there will be constructive criticism and suggestions so that the
next can be better. For all the attention, prayers and support of all colleagues, the authors say
thank you.

Medan, September 2018

author

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 CONTENT

Cover

Preface........................................................................................................................................i
.

Chapter I

1.1 Background.........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Formulation of the problem..............................................................................................1
1.3 Aim ......................................................................................................................................1
Chapter II

2.1 Thermodynamic System....................................................................................................2

2.2 Basic concepts in thermodynamics...................................................................................2

2.3 Thermodynamic System....................................................................................................2

2.4 TERMODYNAMICS I......................................................................................................5

2.5 TERMODYNAMICS II.....................................................................................................7

2.6 TERMODYNAMICS III...................................................................................................8

2.7. THIRD THERMODYNAMICS LAW APPLICATIONS.............................................9

2.7.1 RANKINE CYCLE.......................................................................................................10

Chapter III

3.1
Conclusion...............................................................................................................................12

Biblioghrapy

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 CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY
1.1.Background
Thermodynamics (Greek: thermos = 'heat' and dynamic = change ') is the energy,
heat, work, entropy and spontaneity of the process. Thermodynamics is closely related to
statistical mechanics where many thermodynamic relationships originate.
Thermodynamics is the study of heat (heat) that moves. In thermodynamics you
will discuss a lot about the system and the environment. The collection of objects being
reviewed is called the system, while all that is around (outside) the system is called the
environment.
In systems where there is a process of changes in form or energy exchange,
classical thermodynamics is not related to reaction kinetics (the speed of a reaction process
takes place). For this reason, the use of the term "thermodynamics" usually refers to
equilibrium thermodynamics. With this connection, the main concept in thermodynamics is
the kuasistatic process, idealized, the "super slow" process. The time-dependent
thermodynamic process is studied in unbalanced thermodynamics.
Because thermodynamics is not related to the concept of time, it has been proposed
that equilibrium thermodynamics should be termed thermostatic. The laws of
thermodynamics are very general truths, and these laws do not depend on the details of the
interaction or system under study. This means that they can be applied to systems where one
does not know anything except the balance of transfer of energy and form between them and
the environment. Examples include Einstein's estimates of spontaneous emissions in the 20th
century and current research on the thermodynamics of black objects.

1.2. Formulation of the problem

Then the problem is formulated as follows:
1. What is the understanding and application of the law of thermodynamics?
2. What is the law of thermodynamics?

1.3. Aim
Writing this paper is expected to provide the following benefits:
1. Provide additional knowledge to the reader about the Law of Thermodynamics.
2. Provide an explanation of the basic things that are often forgotten in Thermodynamics.
3. Giving knowledge to readers about the Law of Thermodynamics.

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1. Thermodynamic System

Thermodynamics is the study of heat (heat) that moves. In thermodynamics you
will discuss a lot about the system and the environment. The collection of objects being
reviewed is called the system, while all that is around (outside) the system is called the
environment.
The thermodynamic system is part of the universe that is taken into account. A real or
imaginary boundary separates the system from the universe, called the environment. The
classification of the thermodynamic system is based on the nature of the system-environment
boundary and the transfer of matter, heat and entropy between the system and the
environment.

2.2. Basic concepts in thermodynamics

The basic abstraction of thermodynamics is the division of the world into a system
limited by reality or ideal from boundaries. A system that is not included in the consideration
is classified as an environment. And the division of systems into subsystems may still occur,
or form multiple systems into larger systems. Usually the system can be given a clearly
detailed situation that can be broken down into several parameters.

2.3. Thermodynamic System

The thermodynamic system is part of the universe that is taken into account. A real
or imaginary boundary separates the system from the universe, called the environment. The
classification of the thermodynamic system is based on the nature of the system-environment
boundary and the transfer of matter, heat and entropy between the system and the
environment.

There are three types of systems based on the type of exchange that occurs between the
system and the environment:
a) Isolated system
There is no exchange of heat, objects or work with the environment. An example of
an isolated system is an isolated container, such as an isolated gas cylinder.

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b) Closed system
Energy exchange occurs (heat and work) but there is no exchange of objects with
the environment. Green houses are examples of closed systems where there is a heat
exchange but there is no exchange of work with the environment. Whether a system is
exchanging heat, work or both is usually considered as a limiting property:
adiabatic barrier: does not allow heat exchange.
rigid delimiter: does not allow job exchange.
c) Open system
Exchange of energy (heat and work) and objects with their environment occurs. A
delimiter allows the exchange of objects called permeables. Ocean is an example of an open
system.
In reality, a system cannot be completely isolated from the environment, because there must
be a slight mixing, even if only a slight reception of travitation is carried out. In the analysis
of isolated systems, the energy entering the system is the same as the energy coming out of
the system.

The state of thermodynamics

When the system is in a balanced state under the conditions specified, this is called
in a certain state (or system state). For certain thermodynamic circumstances, many
properties of the system are specified. A property that does not depend on the path where the
system forms the state is called the state function of the system. The next section in this
section only considers property, which is a function of the state.
The minimum number of properties that must be specified to explain the state of a particular
system is determined by the Gibbs phase law. Usually someone
dealing with a larger system property, than the minimum amount. Development of
relationships between properties of different circumstances is possible. Equation is an
example of this relationship.
1. Outside Business
External effort is carried out by the system, if heat is added (heated) or heat is
reduced (cooled) to the system. If heat is applied to a gas which causes a change in gas
volume, the outside effort will be carried out by the gas. The effort carried out by gas when

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the volume changes from the initial volume V1 to the final volume V2 at the constant
pressure is expressed as the result of the pressure times with the change in volume.

W = p∆V = p (V2 - V1)

In general, business can be expressed as an integral pressure on changes in volume written as
Pressure and volume can be plotted in p-V graph. If the change in gas pressure and volume is
expressed in the form of a p-V graph, the effort carried out by the gas is the area under the p-
V graph. This corresponds to the integral operation equivalent to the area below the graph.
Gas is said to do business if the gas volume increases (or expands) and V2> V1. on the
contrary, gas is said to receive business (or effort is made on gas) if the volume of gas
decreases or V2 <V1 and the gas effort is negative.
2. Inner Energy
A gas that is at a certain temperature is said to have internal energy. Energy in gas is
related to the temperature of the gas and is the microscopic nature of the gas. Even though
gas does not do or accept business, the gas can have energy that is not visible but contained in
the gas which can only be viewed microscopically.
Based on the kinetic theory of gas, gas consists of particles that are in a state of random
motion. This particle movement is caused by kinetic energy .
the average of all moving particles. This kinetic energy is related to the absolute
temperature of the gas. So, the inner energy can be viewed as the total amount of kinetic and
potential energy contained and possessed by the particles in the gas on a microscopic scale.
And, energy in gas is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas. Therefore, changes
in gas temperature will cause changes in energy in the gas. Where ∆U is the change in energy
in a gas, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the general constant of gas (R = 8.31 J mol − 1
K − 1, and ∆ T is the change in gas temperature (in kelvin). There are four basic laws that
apply in the thermodynamic system, namely:
a) Thermodynamic Zeroth Law This law states that two systems are in equilibrium
with the third system, so the three are in balance with one another.
b) First Law of Thermodynamics This law is related to energy conservation. This law
states that the change in energy in a closed thermodynamic system is equal to the total
amount of heat energy supplied to the system and the work done on the system.
c) Second law of thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics is related with
entropy. This law states that the total entropy of an isolated thermodynamic system tends to
increase with time, nearing its maximum value.

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 d) Third Law of Thermodynamics The third law of thermodynamics is related to
absolute zero temperature. This law states that when a system reaches absolute zero
temperature, all processes will stop and the system entropy will approach the minimum value.
This law also states that the entropy of a perfect crystal structure at absolute zero is zero.

2.4. TERMODYNAMICS I
If heat is given to the system, the volume and temperature of the system will
increase (the system will appear to expand and heat up). Conversely, if heat is taken from the
system, the volume and temperature of the system will decrease (the system appears to shrink
and feel cooler). This principle is an important natural law and one of the forms of the law of
conservation of energy.
Systems that experience changes in volume will do business and systems that experience
temperature changes will experience changes in energy. So, the heat given to the system will
cause the system to do business and experience changes in energy. This principle is known as
the law of conservation of energy in thermodynamics or called the thermodynamic law I.
Mathematically, the first law of thermodynamics is written as:

Q = W + ∆U
Where Q is heat, W is effort, and ∆U is the change in energy. Simply stated,
thermodynamic law I can be stated as follows.
If an object (for example crackers) is heated (or fried) which means it is given heat Q, which
means experiencing energy changes in ∆U.

Isothermic Process
A system can experience a thermodynamic process where changes occur in the
system. If the process takes place at a constant temperature, this process is called an
isothermic process. Because it takes place at a constant temperature, there is no change in
energy in (∆U = 0) and based on law I the heat thermodynamics given are the same as the
effort carried out by the system (Q = W).
The isothermic process can be described in the p-V graph below. The business carried out by
the system and heat can be stated as
Where V2 and V1 are the final and initial volumes of gas.

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Isokhoric Process
If the gas carries out a thermodynamic process in a constant volume, the gas is said
to carry out an isochoric process. Because the gas is in constant volume (∆V = 0), the gas
does not do business (W = 0) and the heat given is the same as the change in its inner energy.
The heat here can be expressed as gas heat at a constant volume of QV.

QV = ∆U

Isobaric Process
If the gas carries out a thermodynamic process by keeping the pressure constant, the
gas is said to carry out an isobaric process. Because the gas is in constant pressure, the gas
does business (W = p∆V). The heat here can be expressed as gas heat at a constant pressure
of Qp. Based on thermodynamic law I, the isobaric process applies:
Previously it was written that the change in internal energy is equal to the heat absorbed by
the gas at a constant volume
QV = ∆U
From here the gas effort can be expressed as
W = Qp - QV
So, the effort made by gas (W) can be expressed as the difference in energy (heat) absorbed
by the gas at a constant pressure (Qp) with the energy (heat) absorbed by the gas at a constant
volume (QV).

Adiabatic process
In the adiabatic process there is no heat entering (absorbed) or out (released) by the
system (Q = 0). Thus, the effort carried out by gas is the same as the change in its inner
energy (W = ∆U).
If a gas-filled system which initially has pressure and volume of p1 and V1, each
undergoes an adiabatic process so that the pressure and volume of the gas change to 2 and
V2, the effort carried out by the gas can be expressed as
Where γ is a constant obtained by comparison of gas molar heat capacity at constant pressure
and volume and has a value greater than 1 (γ> 1).
The adiabatic process can be described in the p-V graph with the shape of a curve similar to
the p-V graph in an isothermic process but with steeper curvature.

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 The first law of thermodynamics is a statement about the universal law of energy
conservation and identifies heat transfer as a form of energy transfer. The most common
statement of the first law of thermodynamics reads:
"The increase in the internal energy of a thermodynamic system is proportional to
the amount of heat energy added to the system minus the work done by the system to its
environment. "
This legal foundation was first put by James Prescott Joule who through his
experiments managed to conclude that heat and work could be converted. The first explicit
statement was given by Rudolf Clausius in 1850: "There is a function of state E, called
'energy', the difference being equal to the amount of labor exchanged with its environment in
an adiabati process.

2.5. TERMODYNAMICS II
The second law of thermodynamics relates to whether processes that are considered
to be obedient to the principle of the first law occur or do not occur in nature. The second law
of thermodynamics as expressed by Clausius says, "For a cyclical machine it is impossible to
produce other effects, apart from conveying heat continuously from an object to another
object at a higher temperature".
When reviewed in the Carnot cycle, the hypothesis cycle consists of four inverse
processes: isothermal expansion with heat addition, adiabatic expansion, isothermal
compression with heat release and adiabatic compression; if the integral of a quantity around
each closed path is zero, then the quantity, the state variable, has a value that is only a feature
of the state of the system, no matter how the state is achieved. The state variable in this case
is entropy. Entropy change is only related to the initial state and the final state and does not
depend on the process that connects the initial state and the final state of the system.
The second law of thermodynamics in the concept of entropy says, "A natural process that
starts in a state of equilibrium and ends in one state of equilibrium will move in a direction
which causes the entropy of the system and its environment to increase".
If entropy is associated with chaos, the second thermodynamic law statement in
natural processes tends to increase equivalent by stating that the chaos of the system and the
environment tends to increase.
In free expansion, the gas molecules that occupy the entire box space are more
chaotic than if the gas molecules occupy half the box space. If two objects that have different
temperatures T1 and T2 interact, thus reaching the temperature all the same T, it can be said

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that the system becomes more chaotic, in the sense, the statement "all molecules in the
system correspond to temperature T is weaker than the statement that all molecules in object
A correspond to temperature T1 and object B corresponds to T2 temperature ". In statistical
mechanics, the relationship between entropy and the parameters of chaos is, the press
. (1): S = k log w
where k is Boltzmann's constant, S is the system entropy, w is the chaos parameter, that is
the possibility of the system being relative to all possible conditions occupied. The possibility
of finding a single molecule in V is, press.
(2): W1 = c V
where c is a constant. The possibility of finding N molecules simultaneously in volumeV is
the result of N times of w. That is, the possibility of a state consisting of N molecules in
volume V is, press.
(3): w = w1N = (cV) N
. If equation (3) is substituted to (1), then the difference in the ideal gas entropy in the
isothermal expansion process where the temperature and the number of molecules do not
change is positive. This means that the entropy of the ideal gas in the isothermal expansion
process increases. The statistical definition of entropy, namely equation (1), links the
thermodynamic picture and the description of statistical mechanics which makes it possible to
put the second law of thermodynamics on a statistical basis. The direction in which natural
processes will occur towards higher entropy is determined by the law of possibility, which is
towards a more likely state

2.6. TERMODYNAMICS III

The magnetocaloric effect is used to reduce the temperature of paramagnetic
compounds to about 0.001 K. In principle, even lower temperatures can be achieved by
applying repetitive magnetocaloric effects. Thus after raising the original magnetic field in an
isotherm, an optionally reduced magnetic field can be used to prepare a large amount of
material at a temperature of T, which can be used as a heat reservoir to increase the next
isotherm heat from a smaller amount of material than the original material. The second
decreasing magnetic field can produce even lower temperatures, T2², and so on. Then the
question will arise whether the magnetocaloric effect can be used to cool substances until
they reach absolute zero. Experiments show that the basic nature of all cooling processes is
that the lower the temperature achieved, the harder it is to lower it. The same applies to the

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magnetocaloric effects. With such requirements, an infinitely large number of field decreases
is needed to achieve absolute zero temperatures. Deprivation from experience can be stated as
follows: Absolute zero temperature cannot be achieved with a series of finite processes. This
is known as the achievement of the temperature of absolute zero or the attainment of the third
law of thermodynamics. Another statement from the third law of thermodynamics is the
result of an experiment that leads to the calculation that how ΔST applies when T approaches
zero. ΔST is the change in entropy of the condensed system when the isotherm process is
proven. Experiments greatly reinforce that when T decreases, ΔST decreases if the system is
liquid or solid. So the following principle can be accepted:

The change in entropy associated with the process-reversed-isotherm-system-condensed

near zero when the temperature approaches zero. In 1911, Planck made a hypothesis 0, not
only the difference in entropy = 0, but the entropy of each temperature substance T solid or
liquid in equilibrium at zero. Can be shown experimentally, that if the temperature
approaches St decreases. The third law of thermodynamics is related to absolute zero
temperature. This law states that when a system reaches absolute zero temperature, all
processes will stop and the system entropy will approach the minimum value. This law also
states that the entropy of a perfect crystal structure at absolute zero is zero. Intuitively the
third law can be understood from the fact that ionic or molecular and atomic movements
determine the degree of irregularity and thus the magnitude of entropy, completely stops at 0
K. With this in mind, there will be no change in the degree of irregularity in changes in
physics or chemistry and therefore there will be no change in entropy.

2.7. THIRD THERMODYNAMICS LAW APPLICATIONS

The third law of thermodynamics allows the calculation of the absolute entropy
calculation of pure substances at each temperature of the type heat and transition panaa. For
example, a solid object at a temperature of T will have an entropy which will be stated by:
The above results are in accordance with experimental reality. For example, Buffington and
Latimer found that the expansion coefficient of some crystalline solids is close to zero. The
last consequence of the third law of thermodynamics is that it cannot obtain an absolute zero
point. Judging by a field of research at low temperatures, experimental reality shows that the
temperature obtained by each adherent demageneration process from its initial temperature is
half the initial temperature of the process concerned. So the lower the temperature achieved,
the less likely it is to cool down lower.

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In other words, there is an unlimited number of adiabatic demagnetization processes to reach
absolute zero.

2.7.1. RANKINE CYCLE

The Rankine Cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that converts heat into work. Heat is
supplied externally to a closed flow, which usually uses water as a moving fluid. This cycle
produces 80% of all electricity generated in the world. This cycle is named after the Scottish
scientist William John Maqcuorn Rankine.
The Rankine Cycle is a hot steam engine operating model commonly found in
power plants. The main heat sources for the Rankine cycle are coal, natural gas, petroleum,
nuclear, and solar heat. The Rankine Cycle is sometimes known as a practical Carnot when
an efficient turbine is used, T diagrams will start to resemble Daur Carnot. The main
difference is that a pump is used to put pressure on the liquid as a substitute for gas. This
requires about 100 times less energy than compressing a gas in a press (like in Daur Carnot).
a thermodynamic cycle converts heat into work. Heat is provided externally for a closed loop,
which generally uses water as a liquid. This cycle produces about 80% of all electricity used.
Fluid in the Rankine Cycle follows a closed flow and is used constantly. Various types of
fluids can be used in this cycle, but water is chosen because of various physical and chemical
characteristics, such as non-toxic, present in large quantities, and cheap.
In an ideal Rankine cycle, pumps and turbines are isentropic, which means pumps
and turbines do not produce entropy and maximize work output. In the actual Rankine cycle,
compression by the pump and expansion in the turbine is not isentropic. In other words, this
process does not go back and forth and entropy increases throughout the process. This
increases the power needed by the pump and reduces the energy produced by the turbine. In
particular, the efficiency of the turbine will be limited by the formation of water points during
expansion into the turbine due to condensation. These water points attack the turbine, causing
erosion and corrosion, reducing turbine age and turbine efficiency. The easiest way to handle
this is to heat it at very high temperatures. Thermodynamic efficiency can be obtained by
increasing the input temperature of the cycle. There are several ways to improve the
efficiency of the Rankine cycle. Rankine cycle by reheating. In this cycle, two turbines work
alternately. The first receives steam from the boiler at high pressure. After steam through the
first turbine, steam will enter the boiler and be reheated before entering the second turbine,
which is lower pressure. Benefits that can be obtained include preventing steam from
condensing during expansion which can cause turbine damage, and increasing turbine

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efficiency. Regenerative Rankine Cycle The concept is almost the same as the concept of
reheating. What distinguishes it is the steam that has passed through the second turbine and
the condenser will mix with some of the steam that has not passed the second turbine. Mixing
occurs under the same pressure and results in temperature mixing. This will make primary
heating more efficient. 2.5.2. Rankine Cycle Process The Rankine Cycle is a calorie machine
with water vapor moving the cycle. The most active liquid is water. The cycle consists of four
processes, each cycle changes the state of fluid (pressure and / or form). Process 1: Fluid is
pumped from low pressure to high pressure in liquid form. This process requires a little
energy input. Process 2: High pressure liquid fluid enters the boiler where the fluid is heated
to become steam at a constant pressure to saturated steam. Process 3: Saturated steam moves
towards the turbine, producing electrical energy. This reduces steam temperature and
pressure, and maybe a little condensation also occurs.
Process 4: Wet steam enters the condenser where steam is condensed under pressure and the
temperature remains until it becomes saturated liquid.

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 CHAPTER III
COVER
3.1. CONCLUSION
There are four basic laws that apply in the thermodynamic system, namely:
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
This law states that two systems are in equilibrium with the third system, so the three are in
balance with one another.
First Law of Thermodynamics
This law is related to energy conservation. This law states that the change in energy in a
closed thermodynamic system is equal to the total amount of heat energy supplied to the
system and the work done on the system.
Second law of thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics is related with entropy. This law states that the total
entropy of an isolated thermodynamic system tends to increase with time, nearing its
maximum value.
Third Law of Thermodynamics
The third law of thermodynamics is related to absolute zero temperature. This law states that
when a system reaches absolute zero temperature, all processes will stop and the system
entropy will approach the minimum value. This law also states that the entropy of a perfect
crystal structure at absolute zero is zero.

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 BIBLIOGHRAPY

Restuan,2013;TERMODINAMIKA;SCRIBD;vol 1 : 1-18

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