The belief that new lands create new opportunities and prosperity is tied up with the dream of

human exploration beyond the surface of the earth. We live in a age without a frontier now at the
beginning of the 21st century, humans live on every continent and every environment on Earth.
If humanity is to continue its exponential progress a new frontier is necessary as everyone is
aware about the doomsday. Wernher von Braun's 'The Mars Project' was the first serious study
that moved the idea of settling Mars from the realm of fantasy into realm of the possible. Since
then a rich discourse has evolved concerning how to achieve this dream. The monopoly of
mechanical and aerospace engineers with marginal participation from architects has been the
discussion traditionally. Many of the challenges will need to be addressed through architectural
design working in combination with engineering if the commitment to establish a permanent
presence on Mars is made. The first structures built on Mars will play a critical role in the
formation of a new Martian society. In order to insure that the first cuts made in the ground of
the new frontier will create a viable prototype for the future growth of the new community
therefore it is imperative that architects contribute constructively to the design. Political and
ideological rivalry is no longer a compelling motive for space exploration with the end of cold
war. In combination with economic benefit in an environment of international cooperation the
new motives for reaching out will be scientific curiosity. A view most vocally expressed by
Robert Zubrin [Zubrin 1996] , there are several more specific reasons for establishing a human
presence on Mars, besides the idealistic goal to start a new branch of human civilization and help
to guarantee humanitiy's continual success. The most widely accepted one is the search for life
on other worlds. In order to gain new knowledge about the solar systems origin and history, and
applied research on how to use Martian resources to augment life sustaining systems, humans are
needed to conduct a basic science research. To these I would like to add that where the extreme
conditions will force a questioning of the basic assumptions of how to structure a viable
community there's a possibility that Mars will become the ultimate urban laboratory. Finally, a
worth while project accomplished by many nations working together can be provided by Mars.
However the original missions can only be carried out by collaboration between governments but
with time space travel will become routine and commercial enterprises will become possible.

1) Low atmospheric pressure

Mars’ tenuous atmosphere that is about 100 times less dense than the Earth’s at sea level.
Even if the habitats are pressurized at the low pressure that is experienced at the elevation
of the highest cities on Earth, the structure of the habitat will still
have to resist the enormous outward force of 60 kPa (8.7 psi)
2) Safety
In case of an accidental loss of pressure or a fire, the settlers must be able to evacuate
and seal any segment, thus localizing the emergency. For safety the settlement must be
composed of several interconnected segments.
3) Radiation
All habitable spaces must be protected from the ionizing radiation that reaches the
surface of Mars. The easiest way to accomplish this is to cover all structures
 with about one meter of regolith.
4) Enormous distance from Earth
The extreme cost of importing materials and equipment from Earth emphasizes the need
for locally available materials. Furthermore, the use of simple construction is important
because the replacement of broken parts will take years.
5) Dust storms
Despite its thin atmosphere Mars has dynamic weather. The most important phenomenon
are the seasonal dust storms that can grow to envelop the whole planet. The storms occur
when winds pickup extremely fine dust particles from the surface and carry them at
speeds up to 100 km/hr [Zubrin 1996]. The low atmospheric pressure makes the power of
the winds relatively insignificant, however the dust will abrade and degrade any
unprotected materials.

A cognition of Mars and human relations in regard to the environment there, a possibility of their
survival there, and their feeling of psychological and physical discomfort. Knowledge of Mars
and human relations in regard to the environment there allows researchers strictly connected with
the architecture to begin. A uniqueness of the conditions and a harshness of the terrain of the Red
Planet significantly restrict any independence of the architectonic designing in the range of its
construction. It is proved with the researches of the realizations and concepts of habitats in the
extreme conditions on Earth, and in the outer-space.
Masonry is chosen, because it is the only readily available resource on the Martian surface, it is
simple to produce, and is extremely durable. The most abundant material on the surface of Mars
is regolith and rocks. In fact the whole planet, except for the polar caps, is covered with nothing
but regolith and rocks. Masonry covered with regolith to balance the internal pressure.
-We can manufacture bricks using regolith reinforced with fibres from used parachutes
-It helps utilize most widely available Martian resource
- Using this pitched-brick vaults and self supporting domes, we can construct a wide range of
spaces using no scaffolding and allows larger open spaces.

Use inflatable’s for spaces that require access to the exterior – airlocks, greenhouse support, and
private quarters.
Use regolith covered vaults for larger spaces with no view – public areas, kitchen/dinning, labs,
and baths.
The primary function of the masonry is to hold the shape of the habitat, both in the pressurized
and depressurized state. When fully pressurized the forces on the masonry will be roughly
balanced. When fully depressurized the masonry will be required to hold the full force of the
cover. The structure must be designed so that the masonry never goes into tension, in other
words, the amount of cover that is needed to balance the internal pressure depends on the density
of the material used.
Detachable modules in the folded form are of the cubature similar to one element modules.
After detaching them, they hold in their final construction. The methodology of detachment
might be planned in different technological solutions. The whole module might be detached, its
fragment only, or even some of the elements, when at the same time the whole module is a final
prepared construction: all of the elements are connected to keep the air tightness after unfolding,
without any additional help.

Hybrid modules are the kind of detachable modules that consist of a fixed metal or plastic part,
and the other one built in a different technology

Assembled multi-element constructions are made from connected panels. The elements are
transported from Earth separately, tightly packed in the cargo space of the rocket. The
assembling is done in situ. After the assembling, the structure is finished, prepared, and
removing one of its elements causes damage of the construction.

Expandable structures are multi-element structures. They are created with rigid rod elements, and
sometimes with multilateral elements (Kovacs and others 2004), made from plastic or metal.
They are connected together with simple joints. It enables the process of folding and unfolding of
the whole construction to be very easy.

There are three types of inflatable constructions: with the inflatable living space inside, inflatable
covers, and inflatable rib constructions (Tarczewski 1965). The first type seems to be the most
sufficient solution for Martian base, because inflating the construction serves its mounting and
creating artificial atmosphere inside at the same time.

Adjacent forms are created by putting together basic sphere-like forms and connecting them
into one compact structure. The main advantage of this solution is that with the use of one
model, there can be created variations of complex structures, which configuration would be
dictated by optimal function solution. Any required spatial changes would be introduced easily
thanks to simple method of connecting modules.

Multi-modular complex is a solution using several, considerably small constructions. A multi-

modular complex would be created by connecting them with airlocks. It is the safest solution. In
case of serious damages small modules would be replaced with new ones considerably cheap.