International Journal of Advances in Engineering Science and Technology 137

www.sestindia.org/volume-ijaest/ and www.ijaestonline.com ISSN: 2319-1120

A Case Study of Analysis of Technical and Non Technical

Losses in Power System and its Impact on Power Sector
J.P Navani, N.K Sharma, Sonal Sapra

Abstract: India’s power sector is characterized by inadequate and inefficient power supply. Since the country’s independence,
consumers are confronted with frequent power cuts, and fluctuating voltages and frequencies. In addition, system losses are high
throughout India’s T&D networks. In addition to these enormous direct losses, the indirect losses in terms of lost productivity and
trade, sagging economic activity, rapidly shrinking of domestic and foreign investment in the sector, uneconomical and mis
allocated investments in captive power, and reduced income generation could be many-fold [3]. In December 2011, over 300
million Indian citizens had no access to electricity. Over one third of India's rural population lacked electricity, as did 6% of the
urban population. Of those who did have access to electricity in India, the supply was intermittent and unreliable. In 2010,
blackouts and power shedding interrupted irrigation and manufacturing across the country [11].
India currently suffers from a major shortage of electricity generation capacity, even though it is the world's fourth largest energy
consumer after United States, China and Russia. All energy supplied to a distribution utility does not reach to the end consumer.
A substantial amount of energy is lost in the Transmission and distribution system by way of Technical and Non Technical losses.
The distribution system accounts for highest technical and non technical losses in the power system. The transmission and
distribution losses in our country, which were around 15% up to 1966-67, increased gradually to 28.36 % by 2011-12.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze Technical and Non Technical Losses and its impact on power sector with the help of a
case study and MATLAB Simulation in power systems. The project area chosen for this study was the Raj nagar Extension major
section in Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh because it is not only rural but also an urban area located adjacent to Rajnagar.

Index Terms: Technical & Non Technical Losses, Electricity Act-2003

INTRODUCTION:
In order to study technical and non technical losses, which constitute a portion of the total losses in electrical power systems, the
logical first step is to understand the complete picture of power systems losses. Power system losses can be divided into two
categories: Technical losses and non technical losses. Technical losses are naturally occurring losses (caused by actions internal to the
power system) and consist mainly of power dissipation in electrical system components such as transmission lines, power transformers,
measurement systems, etc. Technical losses are possible to compute and control, provided the power system in question consists of
known quantities of loads. Technical losses are easy to simulate and calculate; computation tools for calculating power flow, losses and
equipment status in power systems have been developed for some time. Improvements in information technology and data acquisition
have also made the calculations and verifications easier. Non technical Losses (NTL), on the other hand, are caused by actions external
to the power system, or are caused by loads and conditions that the technical losses computation failed to take into account. NTL are
more difficult to measure because these losses are often unaccounted for by the system operators and thus have no recorded information
[7].

ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL LOSSES

The project area chosen for this study was the Raj Nagar Extension (Noornagar) in Ghaziabad district because it is not only rural
but also an urban area located adjacent to Rajnagar. The total distribution losses and peak distribution loss collected from field
survey is 27.45 % and 34.2 % respectively. The peak load tail end voltage regulation is estimated 42.58 %.
Table 1.1 Particulars of Sample Electricity Customers
Category of Number of consumers Estimated connected load Estimated annual
Number of (MW) consumption in kilo units
Consumers

Domestic 10515 12.93 4668.66

Commercial 1592 0.84 1002.96

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A Case Study of Analysis of Technical and Non Technical Losses in Power System and its Impact on Power Sector

Agriculture 1289 2.20 179.12

LT Industrial 250 3.15 2724.99
Total 13646 19.12 8575.73

Source: A Study Conducted by Integrated Rural Technology Centre, Noornagar 2008-09.

The survey was conducted during the second quarter of 2010 with the help of students from the Raj Kumar Goel Institute of
Technology, Ghaziabad. Load details of 1500 kVA transformers are given in Table 1.2.
Table 1.2 Load Survey Details of Transformers
Rating of Transformers 1500 KVA

Total no. of consumers 260

Domestic 230

Commercial 20

Industrial 04

Agriculture 06

No. of 1-phase connection 198

No. of 3-phase connection 62

No. of faulty metres 24

Type of loads Load in Watts % Load

CFL 20 W 36400 5.8

CFL 40 W 31200 4.9

Florescent tube light 20800 3.32

Fan 109200 17.4
Refrigerator 65000 10.38
Mixer/grinder/juicer 45400 7.2
Electric Iron Box 88000 14.05
TV/VCR/Tape Recorder 99000 15.81

Agriculture 44105 7.04

Industrial load 84500 13.4

Others 2480 3.9

Total load in Watts 626085 100

Source: Data collected from field survey

The total distribution losses calculated using the simultaneous readings are given in the Table 1.3.

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Table 1.3 Distribution Loss Details of 1500 kVA Transformer

Total number of consumers 260

Transformer reading (energy outflow from transformer) 23334

Number of units actually consumed by the consumers from their 16516

metre reading

Distribution loss 29.22%

After replacing the faulty meters

Total number of consumers 250

Transformer reading (energy outflow from transformer) 22560

Number of units actually consumed by the consumers from 16368
their meter reading
The number of units consumed by the consumers whose 790
meters were faulty (before their faulty meters were replaced), as
obtained from their tariff rate
Units consumed by the same consumers after replacing their faulty meters 1020

Distribution loss 27.45%

It is important to note that the number of units consumed actually by the consumers whose meters were faulty is actually 22.55
per cent higher than the number of units reserved for them. This gives an indication of the magnitude of commercial losses
suffered by the GCMPL because of faulty meters.
It was found that at the peak time between 7 pm to 9 pm the load loss is 34.20 per cent for 1500 kVA transformer and the peak
load data obtained for the transformers are given in Table 1.4.
Table 1.4 Peak Load Loss

Rating of the transformer 1500 kVA

Actual energy consumption by the 333.6 kWh

consumers during peak hour
Energy delivered by the transformer 507 kWh
Peak load at the transformer end 615 KW
Distribution loss during peak hour 173.4 kWh
Measured power factor at transformer end Unity

Percentage distribution loss at peak time 34.2 %

Source: Data collected from field survey
Tail end voltage regulation
During the peak hour, the tail-end voltage of the distribution system was measured. Simultaneously, the voltage at transformer end
was also noted and using this tail-end regulation could thus be determined. It is given in Table 1.5.
Table 1.5 Peak Load Tail End Regulation
Rating of the transformer 1500 Kva
Tail end voltage 120 V
Transformer end voltage 209 V
Peak load regulation in % (209-120/209*100 = 42 58 %

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A Case Study of Analysis of Technical and Non Technical Losses in Power System and its Impact on Power Sector

CASE STUDY -I
In this work, a case study of 66 kV substations, Raj Nagar Extension was undertaken. Raj Nagar Extension is situated at a
distance of about 7 km from district headquarters, Ghaziabad. It is a 66/11 kV substation. The main incoming lines of 66 kV are
coming from Muradnagar. There are two step down transformers in the substation which step downs the 66 kV incoming voltage
to 11 kV. There are total 8 outgoing 11 kV feeders from the substations details of which are as tabulated below in Tables 5.1(a)
and 5.1(b). The readings have been taken from the 11 kV energy meters installed at substation. The readings of whole three
month have been collected which are shown in Table 5.2. The bus bar losses in terms of percentage have been calculated. After
that total losses have been shown which includes sum of transmission, distribution and non technical losses.
Table 1.6 (a) Detail of Transformer T1
S.No. Name of Feeder Type of Feeder
1. KW Sristi Urban
2. Classic Residency Urban
3. Quantum Residency Rural
4. Garhi Rural
5. Missal Garhi Rural

Table 1.6 (b) : Detail of Transformer T2

S.No. Name of Feeder Type of Feeder

1. River Height Urban
2. Ajnara Grace Urban
3. Morta Rural

For sake of simplicity, only one outgoing 11 kV feeder of Classic Residency has been considered for case study. Similar
technique can be applied to any of the substation in Uttar Pradesh to calculate the losses. The losses have been calculated by the
difference of the units supplied to Classic Residency and units which had been consumed or billed in that particular area. The
U.P.P.C.L has proper record of all the incoming and outgoing units in the form of a log sheet. For this, it is decided to have first
find out the total number of consumers in that particular area and their type i.e. whether they are domestic, commercial or small
power units. Then units consumed in each area have been calculated and have been added up. This sum has been subtracted from
the actual incoming units given to that area. The difference will give the idea of transmission, distribution and non technical
losses. Generally major portion of this sum is covered by non technical losses because transmission and distribution losses are
generally less in nature than non technical losses. Table 1.7 shows the detailed analysis of incoming and outgoing units from the
main 66 kV substation.
Table 1.7 Incoming and Outgoing Feeders of Substation

S.No Name of Feeder Reading as Reading as Difference of Multiplying Total

on on reading factor of Units
30-03-2011 30-12-2010 meter (kwh)

Transformer– I 118452 114902 3550 1000 3550000

1. KW Sristi 10259.42 10058.48 200.94 1000 200940

2. Classic 36984 35433 1551 1000 1551000
Residency
3. Quantum 2189.71 2089.71 100 1000 100000
Residency
4. Garhi 5981.88 3881.88 2100 500 1050000

5. Missal Garhi 7812 6012 1800 1000 1800000

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Transformer–II 132856 124427 8429 2 16858

6. River Height 126245 117245 9000 2 18000

7. Ajnara Grace 45428 44048 1380 2 2760

8. Morta 30686 29286 1400 2 2800

Thus
Total outgoing supply from Transformer I
200940 + 1551000 + 100000 + 1050000 + 1800000 = 4701940 kWh
Total outgoing supply from Transformer II
18000 + 2760 + 2800 = 23560 kWh
Losses of Transformer-I = 4701940 – 3550000 = 1151940 kWh
Percentage losses=1151940/3550000 = 32.44%
Losses of Transformer-II = 23560 – 16858 = 6702 kWh
Percentage losses = 6702/16858 = 39.75 %
Thus the bus bar losses of both the feeders have been calculated in terms of percentage.

ANALYSIS OF NON TECHNICAL LOSSES

Non-Technical losses, on the other hand, are caused by actions external to the power system or are caused by loads and condition
that the Technical losses computation failed to take into account. Non- Technical losses are more difficult to measure because
these losses are often unaccounted for by the system operators and thus have no recorded information. Non-technical losses
(NTL), on the other hand, occur as a result of theft, metering inaccuracies and unmetered energy. NTLs, by contrast, relate mainly
to power theft in one form or another. Theft of power is energy delivered to customers that is not measured by the energy meter
for the customer. This can happen as a result of meter tampering or by bypassing the meter. Losses due to metering inaccuracies
are defined as the difference between the amount of energy actually delivered through the meters and the amount registered by the
meters.
The aim in this paper work is to first compute the technical losses with the help of case studies of Ashiana Palm Court and Classic
Residency in Ghaziabad and then impact of non technical losses on them is shown. Technical losses will be simply calculated
using load flow method of power system. This will be done because non technical losses are more difficult to measure. As NTL
cannot be computed and measured easily, but it can be estimated from preliminary results, i.e. the result of technical losses are
first computed and subtracted from the total losses to obtain the balance as NTL. The technical losses are computed using
appropriate load-flow studies simulated under MAT LAB environment. Although some electrical power loss is inevitable, steps
can be taken to ensure that it is minimized. Several measures have been applied to this end, including those based on technology
and those that rely on human effort and ingenuity.
The following are the load profiles of a simple industrial load and a residential load. The load is shown in kVA with the power
factor calculated for each hour.
Table 1.8 Load Profiles for Industrial and Residential load
Time Industrial load Power factor of Residential load Power factor of load
(KVA) Load 1 (KVA) 2
1 62 0.92 30 0.84

3 73 0.92 40 0.82

5 92 0.88 25 0.86

7 120 0.87 80 0.82

9 200 0.77 110 0.79

11 245 0.70 52 0.85

13 275 0.80 30 0.80

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15 320 0.78 48 0.88

17 250 0.84 90 0.78

19 145 0.87 140 0.77

21 87 0.92 170 0.79

24 59 0.92 65 0.92

A load profile of 24 hours has been shown for simplicity and the further calculations have been done with the help of Newton-
Raphson method. Figure 1.1 shows the variation of industrial and residential loads during 24 hours.

Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2

As shown in table 1.8, the industrial load has its peak demand during day times and the residential load demand is more during
morning and evening hours. The load peaks are at 320 kVA for load1 and 170 kVA for load 2. The average load demands (sum of
peak values / no. of hours in a day) are 160.25 kVA and 70.75 kVA for load 1 and load 2, respectively. Load power factors are
shown in Figure 1.2.
Addition of Non Technical Losses
As shown in the case study, non technical losses are not easy to calculate because it contains a major portion of transmission &
distribution losses. Non technical losses can also be viewed as undetected load of customers that the utilities don’t know. When
an undetected load is attached to the system, the actual losses increase while the losses expected by the utilities will remain the
same. The increased losses will show on the utilities’ accounts, and the costs will be passed along to the customers as
transmission and distribution charges. From the various studies, it has been concluded that NTL constitutes 2-3% of the total
system losses [24]. Thus calculations have been shown by adding 3% of the original kVA demand to one of the bus and the
modified results have been shown using MATLAB simulation. Hence the total increase in losses has been calculated. From the
technical loss analysis above, the effects of an undetected load attached to one of the buses in the two-bus test system can be
measured by adding 3% extra demand values to one of the loads and evaluating the changed losses. The extra load profile with
negative power factor addition is shown in the table 1.9.
Table 1.9 Extra Load Profile With Negative Power Factor Addition

Time NTL
Load NTL
(KVA) Load
(Hrs.) Added at Power
Bus 2 Factor
1 1.89 -0.0240
2 2.74 -0.0240
3 4.04 -0.0240
4 3.26 -0.0259
5 3.19 -0.0244
6 4.23 -0.0230
7 5.08 -0.0224
8 6.80 -0.0232

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9 10.48 -0.0237
10 9.80 -0.0249
11 8.15 -0.0255
12 9.56 -0.0245
13 8.25 -0.0248
14 10.60 -0.0258
15 11.24 -0.0274
16 10.36 -0.0238
17 9.20 -0.0238
18 7.45 -0.0273
19 7.25 -0.0289
20 8.40 -0.0205
21 7.60 -0.0207
22 3.25 -0.0260
23 4.16 -0.0242
24 3.20 -0.0275
The power factor contributions chosen here are negative because the NTL load is assumed to be Inductive, i.e., motors or light
fixtures. The extra load and negative power factor addition to second bus are shown in the Figures 1.3 and Figure 1.4
respectively.

Figure 1.3 NTL Addition Figure 1.4 Power Factor Additions

The simulation is run with bus 1 as the slack bus. The NTL power factor contribution is negative at all times because the NTL
load is assumed to be inductive. After the simulation was completed and evaluated, some notable results were evident. The active
& reactive power losses along with NTL in transmission line are shown in Figures .5 and 1.6 respectively.

Figure 1.5 Active Losses with NTL Figure 1.6 Reactive Losses with NTL
In the case where bus 1 is used as the slack bus, the average power loss in the transmission line is around 137.42 Watts (average
of active power losses over 24 hours), while the power loss calculated using the average values of power and power factor is
110.20 Watts. The result is that the average of losses calculated using the sum of data from individual times is not equal to the

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A Case Study of Analysis of Technical and Non Technical Losses in Power System and its Impact on Power Sector

losses calculated using the average values. The maximum active power losses occurred as shown in graph are 720.06 watts
maximum reactive power losses are while 886.7 Watts. This has been clearly shown with the help of figures 3.6.

5.10 SUGGESTIONS TO MINIMIZE NTL

Non technical losses in distribution systems comprised about 2-3%, of the total system losses. Total distribution system losses
equals technical losses plus non technical losses.
Following are the non-technical strategies by which non technical losses can be minimized or mitigated:
Up grading of electricity meters to meet standard accuracy must be conducted to support reduction of non technical
losses thru statistical analysis
Smart card technology can play an important role in minimizing the theft of energy.
Integrated billing system and prepaid energy meters are the choices which need to be accomplished by the utilities in
order to reduce the non technical loss reduction
Technical training to the operating personnel must be given plus enhancing employees loyalty will be there to eliminate
pilferage in the distribution system
Statistical monitoring of energy consumption per sector, per class and geographical setup must be employed and
statistical evaluation of meter readings must be done
COMPARISON OF LOSSES
With the addition of NTL to one of the load, the overall system losses will increase. This large increase is only due to small
addition i.e. only 3% load. Mainly reactive power losses have higher range than active power losses. The two losses are compared
with the help of waveform shown in Figure 1.7 below. The average demand for that same time period is the total energy
consumption divided by the length of the time period, in seconds. This information is always available for metered loads, because
it is what the utilities’ revenues are based on.

Figure 1.7 Comparison of Active & Reactive Power Losses

Figure 1.8 Percentage Increase in Losses Figure 1.9 Total Increase in Losses
Even though the increase in transmission loss places a greater burden on the transmission equipment, the greater cause for
concern would be the NTL load itself. The total power losses in the transmission line are shown in the Figure 1.9 which is sum of
NTL active power and losses increase due to NTL. When the lines get overheated, serious consequences can follow, from loss of
material strength to the weakening of insulation possibly dangerous if the lines are in a crowded area.
At this point, it is getting clear that making calculations for expected losses accurately is nearly impossible in practice. The way to
obtain a fairly accurate value of average load demand is to utilize the information the utilities use to calculate the electric bills.
The calculation requires energy consumption accumulated up to the beginning of the time period and the consumption
accumulated at the end of the time period. The accumulated consumption at the end of the period is subtracted by the accumulated

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consumption at the beginning of the period. The result is the total consumption during the time period in kilowatt-hours, and the
portion of the bill for energy consumption is based on this number. The net summary of the simulation result is shown in table
1.10.
Table 1.10 Net Result Summary
Summary of losses Calculations on each Calculations on net average
hour’s Average basis Basis
Losses without NTL 137.42 110.24
(Watts)
Losses with NTL (Watts) 164.16 134.8
Increase in losses (Watts) 26.74 24.56
% Increase in losses (Watts) 19.45 22.27

P.U Load Power at bus 2 0.056230 0 .052716

without NTL (Watts)
P.U Load Power at bus 2 0.052024 0.054071
with
NTL,(Watts)
Increase in load (Watts) 3810.6 33802.8

% Increase in load (Watts) 9.3217 7.2136

Total increased losses(watts) 3863.4 3856.4

(NTL Real Power plus
increased transmission
losses)
From the above results it has been cleared that reducing non technical losses will ensure that the cost of electricity to the supplier
will be reduced, as less electricity will be used from the power generating company. The cost of the electricity to the customer
will therefore also reduce, as the customers will not have to pay for the non technical losses in the electricity distribution network.

CONCLUSIONS
The distribution loss projected area was estimated to be of the order of 29 per cent.
The peak load loss is even higher and could be as high as 35 per cent.
The power factor during peak load is very near to unity and it comes down to about 0.8 during off-peak period.
The tail-end voltage regulation is of the order of 42 per cent during peak load period.
The peak load loss in kW got from the reading from field is 173.4 Kw
The number of units to be saved from loss should be 24.36 units per day
By changing the single phase line to three phase line, the conductor required is only 30 % of single phase two wire
system,
If a single phase two wire system is changed to three phase four wire system then the saving in losses will become 5/6th
(83.33%) of the present system.
About 10 per cent of the energy meters are faulty.
Replacement of the faulty energy meters would further reduce the non technical loss (i.e. the energy consumption tendency
is higher if the meter is faulty). The average energy consumption of a consumer with a faulty energy meter is 23 per cent
more than their tariff level. This fact indicates a serious loss of revenue to the board.
In the end, it has been concluded that utilities will have to concentrate on reducing technical and non technical loss. Reducing
these losses ensure that the cost of electricity to customers will be reduced and in turn the efficiency of the distribution network
will be improved.
The technical loss component of the distribution loss can be reduced considerably by adopting system improvement
measures such as:

Replacement of high capacity transformers by more number of lower capacity transformers

Conversion of single-phase lines to three phase lines

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Balancing of phase loads

Optimisation of distribution system

By removing of faulty meters

Improve power factor and reducing the harmonic distortion

Demand management measures.
Local bodies such as residents of Ashiana Palm Court, Classic Residency and gram panchayats can play a major role in the
effective utilization of electrical power. Hence, it is clear that it is extremely important to bring the attention of authorities to
this hitherto neglected area of rural power distribution system. It is also clear that such measures are necessary for finding a
least cost and time bound solution to the problem of energy shortage in UP.

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