ENGLISH 4
Communication
I. COMMUNICATION PROCESS
- process by which speaker conveys
his/her message
- (Sellnow; 2005) “the process of
sending and receiving verbal & non-
verbal messages to create shared
meaning.”
= UNIFIED UNDERSTANDING
TYPES:
1) INTRAPERSONAL (ourselves)
2) INTERPERSONAL
> SMALL GROUP (3 or more)
> DYADIC (2 persons)
3) PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS
(audience)
> PUBLIC SPEAKING (speeches)
> MASS COMM. (audio/visual
means)
FORMALITY LEVELS: (Martin Joos;
1962)
1) FROZEN - rites, rituals, oath-taking
2) FORMAL - graduation;
3) CONSULTATIVE - both active;
transaction
4) CASUAL - omission of some
words(ellipsis); slang
5) INTIMATE
• Searle’s (& Austin) Speech Act
Theory
- 3 things to consider:
> LOCUTIONARY (words of the
message)
> ILLOCUTIONARY (asking for
explanation/ reason)
> PERLOCUTIONARY
(response)
• David Berlo’s Model of
- emphasizes the variables that
work together to ensure effective
communication.
S —> SENDER
- manages the exchange of ideas
M —> MESSAGE
- VERBAL, NON-VERBAL
(expressions), GRAPHIC (signs)
C —> CHANNEL
- the medium by which the message is
communicated.
- ORAL (sound waves), WRITTEN
(light waves), GRAPHIC
R —> RECEIVER
N —> NOISE
- anything that obstructs the
understanding of the message.
- INTERNAL (physiological or
psychological or cultural),
EXTERNAL (physical)
*CONTEXT is important because it
directs the receiver to the correct
interpretation of utterance.
• VERBAL SYMBOLS
- spoken/ oral or written language.
TYPES OF MEANING: (Flowerdew
& Miller; 2005)
1) PHONOLOGICAL - consonant
sounds; stress; pauses; intonation
2) SEMANTIC - HOMONYMS (SAME
spelling & meaning); HETERONYMS
(same spelling DIFF meaning);
MORPHEMES (can stand by
themselves); AFFIXES (attached to
words)
3) SYNTACTIC (grammar)
4) PRAGMANTIC (w/ context of the
situation)

* To avoid miscommunication:
> Politely ask
> Paraphrase

• NON- VERBAL SYMBOLS

- gestures, hand symbols, facial
expressions, express ideas
- conveys 55% of the message unlike
verbal which is 45% only.
- clear, bias-free, non-offensive, to
enhance verbal

TYPES:

1) CHRONEMICS (time-related
behaviors)
2) PROXEMICS (space)
3) TACTILE/ TOUCH (actions)
4) KINESICS (body movements)
5) ARTIFACTS
6) SILENCE
7) PARALANGUAGE (patters; stress;
pause)
II. LISTENING
- skill that is MOST NEGLECTED
- 70% short term; 20% long term
memory
- develops also the skills in NOTE-
TAKING
- to facilitate in listening you can use
strategies like: RECONSTRUCTION,
SORTING & COMPARISON
HEARING VS. LISTENING:
HEARING
- PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS of
receiving sound waves
- one hears only with ears
- focuses only on what was UTTERED
LISTENING
- considers the intended MEANING
- THINKING PROCESS
- challenging mental task
PROCESS:
R—> RECEIVING
U—> UNDERSTANDING
- establishing connection; making
sense of utterances
R—> REMEMBERING (key points)
E—> EVALUATING
R—> RESPONDING
- giving feedbacks through signals like
“thumbs up”
*EPICTETUS: “Nature has given man
one tongue but two ears so that he may
be able to hear twice as much as he
speaks..” (truelaloo!)
WHY LISTEN?
- To get and give info
- To take note of warnings/threats
- To learn from shared experiences
- To be able to respond to comments
- To experience pleasure (landi! jk
enjoyment)
TYPES (acc. to attention given):
1) ATTENTIVE
2) SELECTIVE (ignores completely)
3) CRITICAL (attentive)
4) MARGINAL (mind not active)
5) EVALUATIVE JUDGEMENT
(critiques)
6) EMPHATIC
7) APPRECIATIVE
TYPES (acc. to purpose):
1) DISCRIMINATIVE (auditory; visual)
2) COMPREHENSIVE -
understanding wholly
3) THERAPEUTIC - to provide
opportunity to talk through problems
4) CRITICAL(evaluate)
5) APPRECIATIVE
BASIC FALLACIES FOR
OBJECTIVITY IN ISSUES:
1) Name- calling
2) Personal attack
3) Non-sequitur - adding 2 events
that is not even directly related
4) Hasty Generalization - judgement
based on minimal support
5) Appeal to Authority - using well-
known personalities
* BARRIER/ NOISE
- is something that prevents
understanding
- EXTERNAL NOISE; INTERNAL
NOISE
TYPES: LISTENING: TQLR

1) PHYSICAL (environment) T —> TUNE (into topic)

2) PSYCHOLOGICAL (emotions/ Q —> QUESTIONS (raise mental
behaviors) questions)
3) PHYSIOLOGICAL (body) L —> LISTEN
4) SEMANTIC/ LANGUAGE (own R —> RECALL
knowledge; belief; education)
5) MENTAL (lack of subject
knowledge)
6) CULTURAL GOOD LISTENING HABITS: 4PNCR

* way of UTTERANCE affects the P —> PURPOSE of listener

meaning of the message. P —> PURPOSE of speaker
P —> main/ supporting POINTS of
STRATEGIES (Rebecca Oxford; speaker
1990): P —> POSITIVE non- verbal
feedback
DIRECT N —> NOTE-TAKING
1) MEMORY STRATEGIES C —> CONCLUDING part of
- memory stays for 15 sec only the message
you’ll decide if it’s gonna go to long- R —> RECALL
term memory
2) COGNITIVE STRATEGIES
- guessing; inference
3) COMPENSATORY

INDIRECT
4) AFFECTIVE
- remove negative feelings
5) SOCIAL
6) METACOGNITIVE
- planning, monitoring, evaluating

• SCIENCE RESEARCH
ASSOCIATES (SRA)

PROCESS: SQ3R

S —> SURVEY
Q —> QUESTIONS
R —> READ
R —> REVIEW
R —> RECITE

III. ORAL COMMUNICATION
• Sapir-Whorf Theory
- thoughts are formed, organized,
shaped & expressed in the language
you speak.
• Self Concept
- is one’s appraisal and view of himself
COMPONENTS:
1) SELF-IMAGE - the kind of person
you perceive yourself to be
2) SELF-ESTEEM - your feelings or
attitudes or how you value yourself.
• Johari Window Model (Joseph Left
& Harry Ingham; 1995)
- is a communication model that can
be used to improve understanding
between individuals within a term or
group setting.
- Key points: (1) that individuals can
build trust between themselves by
disclosing info about themselves. (2)
that they can learn about themselves
and come to terms w/ personal
issues with the help of feedback from
others.
4 QUADRANTS/WINDOW:
1) OPEN AREA - known by you and
others.
2) BLIND AREA/ SPOT - not aware to
himself but others can see.
3) HIDDEN/ AVOIDED AREA -
something that the person know
about himself that is unknown by
others.
4) UNKNOWN AREA - unknown to
himself and to others.
• ETHOS
- ancient mythology defines as “the
state of being” or the inner soul that
shapes a person.
- One factor is VALUES which are
social principles shared by groups of
people.
DYADIC AND SMALL GROUP:
DYADIC EXCHANGE - two interactants
take turns making assertions or
responding and reacting to what the
other person says.
SMALL GROUP
ROLES:
1) INITIATOR
2) CLARIFIER
3) ENERGIZER
4) FACILITATOR
5) PROCESS-OBSERVER
6) RECORDER
7) TIME-KEEPER
INTERPERSONAL VS.
TRANSACTIONAL TALK:
INTERPERSONAL - aims to establish
and maintain social relationships and
does NOT transact business at all.
TRANSACTIONAL - to get
negotiations underway so that
something is achieved in the end.
• COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE
FOUR COMPETENCIES:
1) LINGUISTIC - choice of words &
grammar
2) SOCIOLINGUISTIC - according to
the situation/ setting
3) DISCOURSAL - pertains to one’s
ability to organize ideas logically.
4) STRATEGIC - focuses on how one
is to go about making sense of and
responding to message in any
given situation.
STRUCTURE OF CONVERSATION:
a) Topic Initiation
b) Topic Maintenance
c) Topic Change
• TURN-TAKING SYSTEM
MOVES:
1) TURN-GETTING - signals an
attempt of one interactions to get
the floor bec. he/she has something
to say.
2) TURN-KEEPING -retain control
3) TURN-YIELDING -give the floor to
others
4) TURN-ACCEPTING - allows one of
the speakers to take the floor at a
time.
STRATEGIES IN LISTENING
COMPREHENSION:
1) Inferencing
2) Reconstruction (re-create)
• PUBLIC COMMUNICATION - is a
form of communication which allows
individuals to address or speak with a
wider range of people.
• INTERVIEWS - take place face-to-
face with the use of electronic media.
• VIDEO CONFERENCING/
TELECONFERENCE - allows
participants to see each other and
take part on the meeting even if
they’re far from the venue.
• TELEVISION & RADIO
BROADCASTS - the former makes
use of visuals and sounds, the latter
is limited to sounds.

• PRINCIPLE of ORAL
COMMUNICATION

1) INFORMATION GAP
2) INFORMATION TRANSFER
3) PURPOSIVE
4) DIFFERENTIATED ROUTES
5) REAL TIMEA PROCESSING

*Words take on different meanings

depending on the context or what is
termed as FIELD in linguistics.

*REGISTERS - different languages (ex:

TEXTESE used in sms

*WORLD ENGLISHES/ NEW

ENGLISHES - varieties of English
 3) APPEARANCE
4) EYE-CONTACT
IV. SPEECH PRESENTATION 5) BODY LANGUAGE
- is a talk or lecture presented orally to
general audience. METHODS OF DELIVERY:
- to inform, inspire, entertain or 1) Manuscript
persuade 2) Memorized
3) Impromptu
TYPES: 4) Extemporaneous - major ideas
were outlined but was not explain
A. INFORMATIVE SPEECH fully.
> Reports
> Instructions
B. INSPIRATIONAL SPEECH • OPEN FORUM - open exchange of
> Eulogy ideas between the speaker and
> Commemorative speech audience.
*Opening Remarks - time for further discussion and
*Intro of guet speaker further clarification.
*Keynote Address
C. SPEECH TO ENTERTAIN ELEMENTS IN ANALYZING SPEECH
D. PERSUASIVE SPEECH (Public Speaking by Osborn &
Osborn; 2002):
STRUCTURE: 1) OVERALL CONSIDERATION
• PSN (Problem-Solution) > Commitment
• TRI (Restriction-Illustration) > Adaptation
• DEDUCTIVE- gen to specific > Purpose
• INDUCTIVE - specific to general > Freshness
> Ethics
I. INTRO: 2) CONTENT/ SUBSTANCE
1) Opening Technique 3) STRUCTURE
2) Statement of Purpose/ Main Idea 4) PRESENTATION
3) Preview of the Main Points

II. BODY
III. CONCLUSION

• SPEECH DELIVERY - manner a

message is communicated orally/
visually.
- Listener is centered
- conversational

NON-VERBAL CUES:
1) PROXEMICS (space)
2) CHRONEMICS (time)