Minor Project For Civil Engineering

PROPORTIONING ADMIXTURE 1
2011
PROPORTIONING
ADMIXTURE
Minor Project
Studying the changes in the properties of concrete mix after addition of admixture
(Superplasticizers) to the mix.
Rupesh
Ch.B.P.Government Engineering College, Jaffarpur, New Delhi - 73
GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY, DELHI

“PROPORTIONING ADMIXTURE”
SUBMITTED BY
RUPESH
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

(Preeti Gajkate)
Department of Civil Engineering

CH. BRAHM PRAKASH GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
JAFFARPUR, DELHI-110073
Ch.B.P.Government Engineering College, Jaffarpur, New Delhi - 73 | Rupesh

Department of Civil Engineering

Ch. Brahm Prakash Government Engineering College
Jaffarpur, Delhi
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the minor project report titled ”PROPORTIONING

ADMIXTURE” is being submitted by RUPESH. In partial fulfillment of the
requirement of the Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering of the Guru Gobind
Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi is the record of the bonafide work done
by him/her during the Academic year 2011-2012.
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
PROJECT GUIDE NAME
Preeti Gajkate

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The special thank goes to our helpful guide, Ma’m PREETI GAJKATE. The
supervision and
support that she gave truly help the progression and smoothness of the
MINOR PROJECT. The
co-operation is much indeed appreciated.
My grateful thanks also go to both Mr. I j Garg and Mr. V. K Minocha. A
big contribution and hard work from both of you during the last few months
is very great indeed.
This project would be nothing without the enthusiasm and imagination from
both of you. Besides, this project made us realize the value of working
together as a team and as a new experience in working environment, which
challenges us every minute. The whole program really brought us together
to appreciate the true value of friendship and respect of each other.

PREFACE
I have great satisfaction in introducing this PROJECT on EFFECT OF

ADMIXTURES ON PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE to the evaluators, assessors,
professors, lecturers and all the engineering brains here. This project was
initiated by us with the moral and technical support of the HOD, CIVIL ENGG
DEPTT, our GUIDE and the staff of GEC. Prior to the start of the project, a
brain storming session was organized to discuss the technical aspects and
the methodology to be adopted for the study. This was attended by our
team members and our respected guide. The steps to be taken was also
discussed, broadly agreed and adopted. In many ways, it is one of those
rare efforts which is marked by a complete understanding and harmony of
purpose and objectives among all team members.
The study, which has been conducted and completed within a record
time of one month, is an excellent example of cooperative Endeavour among
a number of brains from different parts of the country. It was ambitious to
undertake such a massive study as it encompasses several days of
laboratory work assimilated with hard work. The motivation, tenacity and
commonality of purpose of the research helped us to complete the task
without obstacles. For all those who participated in the evaluation, the
ultimate motivation was the desire to live up to the expectations of our guide
Ms. Preeti Gajkate. This approach has added special value to this study.

INDEX
I. Objective…………..……………………………………..07
II. Admixture.……………………………………………….08
III. Project……….…………………………………………...15
IV. Glenium B233 ……..…………………………………….17
V. Conplast SP432BS
…….…………………………………22
VI. CICO P1908…………………………………….……….27
VII. Conplast SP430…………………………………………..29
VIII. Cemwet SP3000………………………………………….32
IX. Properties under Study…………………………………...36
X. Results……………………………………………………48
XI. Bibliography…………………………………………...…5
3

OBJECTIVES
 To Study the changes in the properties of concrete on adding

Admixtures to it in different proportions.
 Define a table representing the measured changes in the properties of
M20 concrete mix at various proportions.

ADMIXTURES
Admixtures are ingredients other than water, aggregates, hydraulic cement,

and fibers that are added to the concrete batch immediately before or during
mixing. A proper use of admixtures offers certain beneficial effects to
concrete, including improved quality, acceleration or retardation of setting
time, enhanced frost and sulfate resistance, control of strength
development, improved workability, and enhanced finishability. It is
estimated that 80% of concrete produced in North America these days
contains one or more types of admixtures. According to a survey by the
National Ready Mix Concrete Association, 39% of all ready-mixed concrete
producers use fly ash, and at least 70% of produced concrete contains a
water-reducer admixture.
Admixtures vary widely in chemical composition, and many perform more

than one function. Two basic types of admixtures are available: chemical
and mineral. All admixtures to be used in concrete construction should meet
specifications; tests should be made to evaluate how the admixture will
affect the properties of the concrete to be made with the specified job
materials, under the anticipated ambient conditions, and by the anticipated
construction procedures.
Mineral Admixtures
Mineral admixtures (fly ash, silica fume [SF], and slags) are usually added to
concrete in larger amounts to enhance the workability of fresh concrete; to
improve resistance of concrete to thermal cracking, alkali-aggregate
expansion, and sulfate attack; and to enable a reduction in cement content.
 Fly Ash
 Silica Fume
 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
Chemical Admixtures
Chemical admixtures are added to concrete in very small amounts mainly for
the entrainment of air, reduction of water or cement content, plasticization
of fresh concrete mixtures, or control of setting time.
Seven types of chemical admixtures are specified in ASTM C 494, and

AASHTO M 194, depending on their purpose or purposes in PCC. Air
entraining admixtures are specified in ASTM C 260 and AASHTO M 154.
General and physical requirements for each type of admixture are included
in the specifications.
Air-Entrainment
Air entrainment is the process whereby many small air bubbles are
incorporated into concrete and become part of the matrix that binds the
aggregate together in the hardened concrete. These air bubbles are
dispersed throughout the hardened cement paste but are not, by definition,
part of the paste (Dolch 1984). Air entrainment has now been an accepted
fact in concrete technology for more than 45 years. Although historical
references indicate that certain archaic and early 20th century concretes
were indeed inadvertently air entrained, the New York State Department of
Public Works and the Universal Atlas Cement Company were among the first
to recognize that controlled additions of certain naturally occurring organic
substances derived from animal and wood byproducts could materially
increase the resistance of concrete in roadways to attack brought on by
repeated freeze-thaw cycles and the application of deicing agents (Whiting
1983; ACI Comm. 212 1963; Rixom and Mailvaganam 1986).
Extensive laboratory testing and field investigation concluded that the

formation of minute air bubbles dispersed uniformly through the cement
paste increased the freeze-thaw durability of concrete. This formation can be
achieved through the use of organic additives, which enable the bubbles to
be stabilized or entrained within the fresh concrete (Whiting 1983, ACI
Comm. 212 1963). These additives are called air-entraining agents.
Besides the increase in freeze-thaw and scaling resistances, air-entrained

concrete is more workable than non-entrained concrete. The use of air-
entraining agents also reduces bleeding and segregation of fresh concrete
(Whiting 1983; ACI Comm. 212 1963; Rixom and Mailvaganam 1986).
Water-Reducing
Water-reducing admixtures are groups of products that are added to

concrete to achieve certain workability (slump) at a lower w/c than that of
control concrete (Rixom and Mailvaganam 1986). Water-reducing
admixtures are used to improve the quality of concrete and to obtain
specified strength at lower cement content. They also improve the properties
of concrete containing marginal- or low-quality aggregates and help in

placing concrete under difficult conditions (ACI Comm. 212 1963). Water
reducers have been used primarily in bridge decks, low-slump concrete
overlays, and patching concrete.
Composition Water-reducing admixtures can be categorized according to

their active ingredients. There are the following:
1. salts and modifications of hydroxylized carboxylic acids (HC type);

2. salts and modifications of lignosulfonic acids (lignins); and
3. polymeric materials (PS type).
The basic role of water reducers is to deflocculate the cement particles

agglomerated together and release the water tied up in these
agglomerations, producing more fluid paste at lower water contents.
Set-Retarding
Retarding admixtures (retarders) are known to delay hydration of cement

without affecting the long-term mechanical properties. They are used in
concrete to offset the effect of high temperatures, which decrease setting
times, or to avoid complications when unavoidable delays between mixing
and placing occur (Mindess and Young 1981). Use of set retarders in
concrete pavement construction 1) enables farther hauling, thus eliminating
the cost of relocating central mixing plants; 2) allows more time for
texturing or plastic grooving of concrete pavements; 3) allows more time for
hand finishing around the headers at the start and end of the production
day; and 4) helps eliminate cold joints in two-course paving and in the event
of equipment breakdown (Amer. Concrete Pavement Assoc. 1975).
Retarders can also be used to resist cracking due to form deflection that can
occur when horizontal slabs are placed in sections (Mindess and Young
1981). Because of these advantages, set retarders are considered the
second most commonly used admixtures in the highway industry, especially
in the construction of bridge decks (U.S. Dept. Trans. 1990).
Composition and Mechanism of Retardation
Many water reducers have a retarding tendency. Therefore, some of

the ingredients in water reducers, such as lignosulfate acids and
hydroxycarboxylic acids, are also a basis for set-retarding admixtures. Other
important materials used in producing set retarders are sugars and their
derivatives.
Mechanisms of set retardation were studied by many researchers. Several

theories have been offered to explain this mechanism. A review of these
theories was presented by Young (1972). The role of retarding admixtures
can be explained in a simple way: the admixtures form a film around the
cement compounds (e.g., by absorption), thereby preventing or slowing the
reaction with water. The thickness of this film will dictate how much the rate
of hydration is retarded. After a while, this film breaks down, and normal
hydration proceeds (Fattohi 1958). However, in some cases when the
dosage of admixtures exceeds a certain critical point, hydration of cement
compounds will never proceed beyond a certain stage, and the cement paste
will never set. Thus, it is important to avoid overdosing a concrete with a
retarding admixture.
Other factors influencing the degree of retardation include the w/c, cement
content, C3A and alkali contents in cement, the type and dosage of the
admixture, and the stage at which the retarder is added to the mix. The
effectiveness of retarder is increased if its addition to the fresh concrete is
delayed for a few minutes.
Accelerating
Accelerating admixtures are added to concrete either to increase the rate of

early strength development or to shorten the time of setting, or both.
Chemical compositions of accelerators include some of inorganic compounds
such as soluble chlorides, carbonates, silicates, fluosilicates, and some
organic compounds such as triethanolamine.
Among all these accelerating materials, calcium chloride is the most common
accelerator used in concrete. Most of the available literature treats calcium
chloride as the main accelerator and briefly discusses the other types of
accelerators. However, growing interest in using "chloride-free" accelerators
as replacement for calcium chloride has been observed. This is because
calcium chloride in reinforced concrete can promote corrosion activity of
steel reinforcement, especially in moist environments. However, the use of
good practices, i.e. proper proportioning, proper consolidation, and adequate
cover thickness can significantly reduce or eliminate problems related to
corrosion.

Calcium Chloride
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) is a byproduct of the Solvay process for

sodium carbonate manufacture.
CaCO3 + 2NaCI Na2CO3 + CaCI2

limestone brine solution
Calcium chloride is available in two forms. Regular flake calcium chloride

(ASTM D 98 Type 1) contains a minimum of 77% CaCl2; concentrated flake,
pellet, or granular calcium chloride (ASTM D 98 Type 2) contains a minimum
of 94% CaCl2 (ACI Comm. 212 1963). A 29% solution of CaCl2 is the most
frequent form of liquid product commercially available. In solid or liquid
form, the product should meet the requirement for ASTM C 494, Type C and
ASTM D 98 (Admixtures and ground slag 1990).
Superplasticizers
The use of superplasticizers (high range water reducer) has become a quite
common practice. This class of water reducers were originally developed in
Japan and Germany in the early 1960s; they were introduced in the United
States in the mid-1970s.
Superplasticizers are linear polymers containing sulfonic acid groups

attached to the polymer backbone at regular intervals (Verbeck 1968). Most
of the commercial formulations belong to one of four families:
 Sulfonated melamine-formaldehyde condensates (SMF)

 Sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensates (SNF)
 Modified lignosulfonates (MLS)
 Polycarboxylate derivatives
The sulfonic acid groups are responsible for neutralizing the surface charges
on the cement particles and causing dispersion, thus releasing the water tied
up in the cement particle agglomerations and thereafter reducing the
viscosity of the paste and concrete (Mindess and Young 1981).
ASTM C 494 was modified to include high-range water-reducing admixtures

in the edition published in July 1980. The admixtures were designated Type
F water-reducing, high range admixtures and Type G water-reducing, high-
range, and retarding admixtures (Mielenz 1984).

Effect of Superplasticizers on Concrete Properties
The main purpose of using superplasticizers is to produce flowing

concrete with very high slump in the range of 7-9 inches (175-225 mm) to
be used in heavily reinforced structures and in placements where adequate
consolidation by vibration cannot be readily achieved. The other major
application is the production of high-strength concrete at w/c's ranging from
0.3 to 0.4 (Ramachandran and Malhotra 1984).
The ability of superplasticizers to increase the slump of concrete depends on

such factors as the type, dosage, and time of addition of superplasticizer;
w/c; and the nature or amount of cement. It has been found that for most
types of cement, superplasticizer improves the workability of concrete. For
example, incorporation of 1.5% SMF to a concrete containing Type I, II and
V cements increases the initial slump of 3 inches (76 mm) to 8.7, 8.5, and 9
inches (222, 216, and 229 mm), respectively.
The capability of superplasticizers to reduce water requirements 12-25%

without affecting the workability leads to production of high-strength
concrete and lower permeability. Compressive strengths greater than 14,000
psi (96.5 MPa) at 28 days have been attained (Admixtures and ground slag
1990). Use of superplasticizers in air-entrained concrete can produce
coarser-than-normal air-void systems. The maximum recommended spacing
factor for air-entrained concrete to resist freezing and thawing is 0.008 inch
(0.2 mm). In superplasticized concrete, spacing factors in many cases
exceed this limit (Malhotra 1989; Philleo 1986). Even though the spacing
factor is relatively high, the durability factors are above 90 after 300 freeze-
thaw cycles for the same cases (Malhotra 1989). A study conducted by
Siebel (1987) indicated that high workability concrete containing
superplasticizer can be made with a high freeze-thaw resistance, but air
content must be increased relative to concrete without superplasticizer. This
study also showed that the type of superplasticizer has nearly no influence
on the air-void system.
One problem associated with using a high range water reducer in concrete is
slump loss. In a study of the behavior of fresh concrete containing
conventional water reducers and high range water reducer, Whiting and
Dziedzic (1989) found that slump loss with time is very rapid in spite of the
fact that second-generation high range water reducer are claimed not to
suffer as much from the slump loss phenomenon as the first-generation
conventional water reducers do. However, slump loss of flowing concrete

was found to be less severe, especially for newly developed admixtures

based on copolymeric formulations.
The slump loss problem can be overcome by adding the admixture to the
concrete just before the concrete is placed. However, there are
disadvantages to such a procedure. The dosage control, for example, might
not be adequate, and it requires ancillary equipment such as truck-mounted
admixture tanks and dispensers. Adding admixtures at the batch plant,
beside dosage control improvement, reduces wear of truck mixers and
reduces the tendency to add water onsite (Wallace 1985). New admixtures
now being marketed can be added at the batch plant and can hold the slump
above 8 inches (204 mm) for more than 2 hours.

PROJECT
In this project we made use of Superplasticisers; As it was readily

available and cheap. We employed the following procedure to study the
changes in the properties of concrete on adding admixtures to it in various
proportions.
Admixture that we used
 Glenium B233
 Conlpast SP432BS
 Conplast SP430
 CICO P1908
 Cemwet 3000
The various proportions of Admixture
 0.1% of the weight of cement


Steps Followed
 M20 Grade of concrete (1:1.5:3)
 W/C Ratio 0.55
 Cement = 6kgs (Grade 43) | Sand = 9kgs | Aggregate = 18kgs
 After mixing of concrete slump test for workability of concrete is

performed.
 Simultaneously, Vicat’s needle test was also performed for measuring

the changes in initial and final setting time,
 5 Nominal Blocks of (15x15x15 cm3) M20 was prepared dried for 24

hrs then cured for 7 days
 Amounts of Admixture = 33 g | 66 g | 99 g | 132 g
 4 Blocks were again prepared dried for 24 hrs then cured for 7 days
 Afterwards Compression testing was done.

GLENIUM B233
Description
GLENIUM B233 is an admixture of a new generation based on modified
polycarboxylic ether. The product has been primarily developed for
applications in high performance concrete where the highest durability and
performance is required. GLENIUM B233 is free of chloride & low alkali. It is
compatible with all types of cements.
Uses
 Production of Rheodynamic concrete
 High performance concrete for durability
 High early and ultimate strength concrete
 High workability without segregation or bleeding
 Precast & Pre-stressed concrete
 Concrete containing pozzolans such as microsilica, GGBFS, PFA

including high volume fly ash concrete
Advantages
 Elimination of vibration and reduced labour cost in placing
 Marked increase in early & ultimate strengths
 Higher E modulus
 Improved adhesion to reinforcing and stressing steel
 Better resistance to carbonation and other aggressive atmospheric

conditions
 Lower permeability - increased durability

 Reduced shrinkage and creep
Chemistry and mechanism of action

What differentiates GLENIUM B233 from the traditional
superplasticisers is a new, unique mechanism of action that greatly improves
the effectiveness of cement dispersion. Traditional superplasticisers based on
melamine and naphthalene sulphonates are polymers which are absorbed by
the cement granules. They wrap around the granules' surface areas at the
very early stage of the concrete mixing process. The sulphonic groups of the
polymer chains increase the negative charge of the cement particle surface
and disperse these particles by electrical repulsion. This electrostatic
mechanism causes the cement paste to disperse and has the positive
consequence of requiring less mixing water to obtain a given concrete
workability. GLENIUM B233 has a different chemical structure from the
traditional superplasticisers. It consists of a carboxylic ether polymer with
long side chains. At the beginning of the mixing process it initiates the same
electrostatic dispersion mechanism as the traditional superplasticisers, but
the side chains linked to the polymer backbone generates a steric hindrance
which greatly stabilises the cement particles' ability to separate and
disperse. Steric hindrance provides a physical barrier (alongside the
electrostatic barrier) between the cement grains. With this process, flowable
concrete with greatly reduced water content is obtained.
Properties
Aspect Light brown

liquid
Relative Density 1.09 - 0.01
at 25°C
pH >6
Chloride ion content < 0.2%
Standards
 ASTM C494 Types F
 EN 934-2 T3.1/3.2
 IS 9103: 1999

Specification Clause
The hyperplasticiser shall be GLENIUM B233, high range water
reducing, Superplasticiser based on polycarboxylic ether formulation. The
product shall have specific gravity of 1.09 & solid contents not less than
30% by weight. The product shall comply with ASTM C494 Type F and shall
be free of lignosulphonates, naphthalene salts and melamine formaldehyde
when subjected to IR Spectra.
Direction for use

GLENIUM B233 is a ready-to-use liquid which is dispensed into the
concrete together with the mixing water. The plasticising effect and water
reduction are higher if the admixture is added to the damp concrete after 50
to 70% of the mixing water has been added. The addition of GLENIUM B233
to dry aggregate or cement is not recommended. Automatic dispensers are
available.
Thorough mixing is essential and a minimum mixing cycle, after the addition
of the GLENIUM B233, of 60 seconds for forced action mixers is
recommended.
Dosage
Optimum dosage of GLENIUM B233 should be determined with trial
mixes. As a guide, a dosage range of 500 ml to 1500ml per 100kg of
cementitious material is normally recommended. Because of variations in
concrete materials, job site conditions, and/or applications, dosages outside
of the recommended range may be required. In such cases, contact your
local BASF representative.
For addition information on GLENIUM B233 admixture or on its use in
developing concrete mixes with special performance characteristics, contact
your local BASF representative.
Effects of over dosage
 A severe over-dosage of GLENIUM B233 can result in the following:
 Extension of initial and final set
 Bleed/segregation of mix, quick loss of workability
 Increased plastic shrinkage

A slight overdosing may not adversely affect the ultimate strength of the
concrete and can achieve higher strengths than normal concrete, provided it
is properly compacted and cured. Due allowance should be made for the
effect of fluid concrete pressure on form work, and stripping times should be
monitored.
Compatibility
GLENIUM B233 is compatible with most of the POZZOLITH series
products including POZZOLITH 55R. Use GLENIUM STREAM 2 as viscosity
modifying agent in self compacting concrete. It must not be used in
conjunction with any other admixture unless prior approval is received from
BASF Technical Services Department.
Corrosivity – Non Corrosive

GLENIUM B233 admixture will neither initiate nor promote corrosion of
reinforcing steel embedded in concrete, prestressed concrete or concrete
placed on galvanized steel floor and roof systems. Neither calcium chloride
nor any calcium chloride-based ingredients are used in the manufacture of
GLENIUM B233 admixture. In all concrete application, GLENIUM B233
admixture will conform to the most stringent or minimum chloride ion limits
currently suggested by construction industry standards and practices.
Workability
GLENIUM B233 ensures that rheoplastic concrete remains workable in
excess of 45 minutes at +25°C. Workability loss is dependent on
temperature, and on the type of cement, the nature of aggregates, the
method of transport and initial workability. To achieve longer workability
period please use POZZOLITH 55R as retarder or use GLENIUM SKY instead.
It is strongly recommended that concrete should be properly cured
particularly in hot, windy and dry climates. The use of MASTERKURE 111CF,
evaporation reducer to prevent quick moisture loss from the surface of the
flat works such as pavements in the dry, windy and hot climates is highly
recommended.
Packaging
GLENIUM B233 is supplied in 20 kg, 225 kg drums or in bulk on
request.
Storage and Shelf life

GLENIUM B233 must be stored where temperatures do not drop below
+5°C. If product has frozen, thaw at +5°C or above and completely
reconstitute using mild mechanical agitation. Do not use pressurized air for
agitation. Store under cover, out of direct sunlight and protect from
extremes of temperature. Shelf life is 12 months when stored as above.
Safety precautions
As with all chemical products, care should be taken during use and
storage to avoid contact with eyes, mouth, skin and foodstuffs (which can
also be tainted with vapour until product fully cured or dried). Treat splashes
to eyes and skin immediately. If accidentally ingested, seek immediate
medical attention. Keep away from children and animals. Reseal containers
after use. Do not reuse containers for storage of consumable item.

CONPLAST SP432BS
DESCRIPTION
Conplast SP432BS is based on Sulphonated Napthalene Polymers and

supplied as a brown liquid instantly dispersible in water.
Conplast SP432BS has been specially formulated to give high water

reductions upto 25% without loss of workability or to produce high quality
concrete of reduced permeability.
USES
 To produce pumpable concrete with replacement of cement (upto

70%) with blast furnace slag and ordinary Portland cement.
 To produce high strength, high grade concrete M30 & above by

substantial reduction in water resulting in low permeability and high
early strength.
 To produce high workability concrete requiring little or no vibration

during placing
ADVANTAGES
 Improved workability - Easier, quicker placing and compaction.

 Increased strength - Provides high early strength for precast

concrete with the advantage of higher water reduction ability.
 Improved quality - Denser, close textured concrete with reduced

porosity and hence more durable.
 Higher cohesion - Risk of segregation and bleeding minimised; thus

aids pumping of concrete
 Chloride free - Safe in pre stressed concrete and with sulphate

resisting cements and marine aggregates.
STANDARDS
Conplast SP432BS complies with IS: 9103: 2000 and BS: 5075 Part 3.
Conplast SP432BS conforms to ASTM-C-494 Type 'G' as a high range water

reducing admixture.
PROPERTIES
 Specific gravity- 1.21 to 1.23 at 300 C
 Chloride content - Nil as per IS: 456 and BS: 5075

 Air entrainment Approx. 1% additional air is entrained
 Compatibility: Can be used with all types of cements except high

alumina cement. Conplast SP432BS is compatible with other types of
Fosroc admixtures when added separately to the mix. Site trials should
be carried out to optimise dosages.
 Workability: Can be used to produce flowing concrete that requires

no compaction. Some minor adjustments may be required to produce
high workable mix without segregation.
 Cohesion: Cohesion is improved due to dispersion of cement particles

thus minimising segregation and improving surface finish.
 Compressive strength: Early strength is increased upto 20% if water

reduction is taken advantage of. Generally, there is improvement in
strength upto 20% depending upon W/C ratio and other mix
parameters.
 Durability: Reduction in W/C ratio enables increase in density and

impermeability thus enhancing durability of concrete.

APPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS
Dosage
The optimum dosage is best determined by site trials with the concrete
mix which enables the effects of workability, strength gain or cement
reduction to be measured. Site trials with Conplast SP432BS should always
be compared with mix containing no admixture. As a guide, the rate of
addition is generally in the range of 0.6 - 2.0 litres /100 kg cement.
Over dosing
An over dose of double the recommended amount of Conplast SP430,

will result in very high workability and some retardation of setting time will
occur. However, the ultimate compressive strength will not be impaired.
Dispensing
The measured quantity of Conplast SP432BS should be added along

with the gauging water. For best results, add Conplast SP432BS super
plasticiser in the last phase after pre wetting the mix with 80% of the total
water required.
ESTIMATING
Packing
Conplast SP432BS is supplied in 5, 20, 50 and 200 litre drums.

Storage
Conplast SP432BS has a minimum shelf life of 12 months when stored

under normal temperatures. It should be protected from extreme
temperatures and preferably stored in shade.
PRECAUTION
Health and Safety instructions
Conplast SP432BS is non-toxic. Any splashes on the skin should be

washed immediately with water. Splashes on the eyes should be washed
immediately with water and medical advice should be sought.
Fire
Conplast SP432BS is non flammable.

CICO P1908
Description
CICO P1908 ready-to-use high-range water-reducing admixture is

based on the next generation of polycarboxylate technology products. This
technology combines state-of-the-art molecular design with a precise
understanding of regional cements to provide specific and exceptional value
to all phases of the concrete construction process.
CICO P1908 is particularly effective in improving the day to day consistency

of concrete mixtures. This is accomplished by providing unparalleled slump
retention without compromising early compressive strength development
and setting time. Workability retention helps to maintain more consistent
performance from batch to batch, thereby improving operational efficiencies.
CICO P1908 meets ASTM C 494 provisional compliance requirements for
Type A, water-reducing, and Type F, high-range water-reducing, admixtures.
Features
 Superior slump retention

 Excellent early strength development
 High ultimate strengths
 Optimum setting time
 Consistent air entrainment
 Dosage flexibility
Benefits
 Consistency in placement operations

 Optimized mixture costs
 Reduction in patching costs
 Ability to attain difficult combinations of high-early and late-age
compressive strengths
 Increased productivity
 Improved operational efficiencies

 Less QC support
 Fewer rejected loads
 Faster form turnover
 Workability retention without retardation

CONPLAST SP430
Description
Conplast SP430 is based on Sulphonated Napthalene Polymers and
supplied as a brown liquid instantly dispersible in water. Conplast SP430 has
been specially formulated to give high water reductions upto 25% without
loss of workability or to produce high quality concrete of reduced
permeability.
Uses
􀂄 To produce pumpable concrete
􀂄 To produce high strength, high grade concrete M30 & above by substantial
reduction in water resulting in low permeability and high early strength.
􀂄 To produce high workability concrete requiring little or no vibration during

placing.
Advantages
􀂄 Improved workability - Easier, quicker placing and compaction.
􀂄 Increased strength - Provides high early strength for precast concrete

with the advantage of higher water reduction ability.
􀂄 Improved quality - Denser, close textured concrete with reduced

porosity and hence more durable.
􀂄 Higher cohesion - Risk of segregation and bleeding minimized; thus aids

pumping of concrete
􀂄 Chloride free - Safe in prestressed concrete and with sulphate resisting

cements and marine aggregates.

Standards compliance
Conplast SP430 complies with IS:9103:1999 and BS:5075 Part 3
.Conplast SP430 conforms to ASTM-C-494 Type 'F' and Type 'A' depending
on the dosages used.
Properties
Specific gravity 1.220 to 1.225 at 300C
Chloride content Nil to IS:456
Air entrainment Approx. 1% additional air is entrained
Compatibility : Can be used with all types of cements except high alumina
cement. Conplast SP430 is compatible with other types of Fosroc admixtures
when added separately to the mix. Site trials should be carried out to
optimise dosages.
Workability : Can be used to produce flowing concrete that requires no

compaction. Some minor adjustments may be required to produce high
workable mix without segregation.
Cohesion : Cohesion is improved due to dispersion of cement particles thus

minimising segregation and improving surface finish.
Compressive strength : Early strength is increased up to 20% if water

reduction is taken advantage of. Generally, there is improvement in strength
upto 20% depending upon W/C ratio and other mix parameters.
Durability : Reduction in W/C ratio enables increase in density and

impermeability thus enhancing durability of concrete.

Application instructions
Dosage
The optimum dosage is best determined by site trials with the concrete
mix which enables the effects of workability,
strength gain or cement reduction to be measured. Site trials with Conplast
SP430 should always be compared with mix containing no admixture. As a
guide, the rate of addition is generally in the range of 0.5 - 2.0 litres /100 kg
cement.
Over dosing
An over dose of double the recommended amount of Conplast SP430,
will result in very high workability and some retardation of setting time will
occur. However, the ultimate compressive strength will not be impaired.
Dispensing
The measured quantity of Conplast SP430 should be added along with
the gauging water. For best results, add Conplast SP430 superplasticiser in
the last phase after prewetting the mix with 80% of the total water required.
Estimating
Packing
Conplast SP430 is supplied in 5,20 and 200 litre drums.
Storage
Conplast SP430 has a minimum shelf life of 12 months when stored under
normal temperatures. It should be protected from extreme temperatures
and preferably stored in shade.
Precautions
Health and Safety instructions

Conplast SP430 is non-toxic. Any splashes on the skin should be
washed immediately with water. Splashes on the eyes should be washed
immediately with water and medical advice should be sought.
Fire
Conplast SP430 is non flammable.
CEMWET SP3000
DESCRIPTION
The basic components of CEMWET SP-3000 are synthetic polymers

which allow mixing water to be reduced considerably and concrete strength
to be enhanced significantly; Particularly at early ages. CEMWET SP-3000 is
a chloride free product.
PRIMARY USES
 Production of plastic self compacting concrete.

 Precast concrete, ready mix concrete.
 Low water/cement ratio concrete.
 In complicated formwork where reinforcement is conjusted.
ADVANTAGES
CEMWET SP-3000 makes the concrete highly flowable with a low

water/cement ratio. The concrete treated with CEMWET SP- 3000 shows
strength higher than that of concrete without admixture having the same
workability.
The increase in strength , specially evidently at early ages remain at later

ages, both in air cured and steam cured processes. Initial and final set do no
change significantly with respect to concrete without admixture.
Due to reduction in water/cement ratio, all the other properties of the

hardened concrete improve significantly namely permeability, shrinkage,
creep, workability and modulus of elasticity.
COMPATIBILITY
CEMWET SP-3000 is compatible with all cements and admixtures

particularly CEMWET-SRA, CEMWET-ACC, CEMWET-AEA
Below other substrates to be prepared as instructed above. Severly rusted

area should be treated with a rust converter.
COVERAGE
S.NO. PRODUCT CEMENT(OPC) POLYCOAT FINE COVERAGE

SRP SAND
1. Polycoat 50 kg 25 kg 80sq.mt.
srp _ (800sq.ft.)
coating
Polycoat- 50 kg 25 kg 50 kg 38.5
2. srp sq.wt.
topping (385
1.5 mm sq.ft.)
thick
PACKING : 200 KG. Plastic barrels.
PACKAGING : 210 L drums. Bulk deliveries in tankers available upon

request.
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
COLOUR: brown free flowing liquid.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY : 1.20 + - 0.035
Chloride content : Nil to BS 5075 to I.S. 456-78
Nitrate Content : Nil
Freezing point : 0 C. Can be reconstituted if stirred after
thawing.
Air entrainment : Maximum 0.5%

DOSAGE
CEMWET SP-3000 is normally dispensed at a rate of 0.8 – 1.2 liters

per 100 kg of cement. Others dosages may be used depending on the
materials and conditions. Trial mixes are recommended prior to production
of concrete outside these normal ranges.
DIRECTION FOR USE
CEMWET SP-3000 should be added to the mix with gauging water. No

extension to the mixing time is necessary. Never add CEMWET SP-3000 to
dry cement.
Alternatively, when using CEMWET SP-3000 to produce flowing concrete at

site using ready mix trucks, it can be added to the concrete via the feed
hopper at the rear of the truck. Mix before discharge for 3 minutes at 10rpm
to produce a fully homogeneous mix.
When using CEMWET SP-3000 to obtain very high early strengths,

advantage must be taken of its water reducing properties.
APPLICATION METHODS
Mix POLYCOAT –SRP 50 kg with 100 kg cement. The cement should

be added to POLYCOAT – SRP and the mixture is stirred thoroughly until no
air bubbles remain in the mix. Any lump of cement if found that should be
removed. Apply single coat by brush on the prepared surface. Film thickness
will be 200-300 microns by brush application. The second coat should be
applied once the first coat is surface dry (in 4.5 hours). Spray application is
also recommended if proper equipment is available.

PRECAUTION
Store in cool dry place. Close lid firmly after use. DURING
APPLICATION IN ENCLOSED SPACES ALLOW GOOD CIRCULATION OF AIR.
Water can be used for cleaning brushes and other tools immediately after
use.
For safety prepare small batches. If evaporation occurs, do not add water for
achieving the consistency, but add POLYCOAT-SRP. Paint like consistency
should be enough.
PROPERTIES UNDER STUDY

We studied the concrete mixes for the following properties:
 Characteristic Strength
 Workability
 Initial Setting Time
 Final Setting Time
 Bleeding
 Shrinkage
Compressive Strength
Out of many test applied to the concrete, this is the utmost important which
gives an idea about all the characteristics of concrete. By this single test one judge that
whether Concreting has been done properly or not. For cube test two types of
specimens either cubes of 15 cm X 15 cm X 15 cm or 10cm X 10 cm x 10 cm depending
upon the size of aggregate are used. For most of the works cubical moulds of size 15
cm x 15cm x 15 cm are commonly used.
This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any
voids. After 24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water
for curing. The top surface of these specimen should be made even and smooth. This is
done by putting cement paste and spreading smoothly on whole area of specimen.
These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or 28
days curing. Load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute till
the Specimens fails. Load at the failure divided by area of specimen gives the
compressive strength of concrete.
Following are the procedure for Compressive strength test of

Concrete Cubes
APPARATUS: Compression testing machine

PREPARATION OF CUBE SPECIMENS: The proportion and material for making these test
specimens are from the same concrete used in the field.
SPECIMEN: 6 cubes of 15 cm size Mix. M15 or above.
MIXING: Mix the concrete either by hand or in a laboratory batch mixer.
HAND MIXING
(i)Mix the cement and fine aggregate on a water tight none-absorbent platform until the
mixture is thoroughly blended and is of uniform color
(ii)Add the coarse aggregate and mix with cement and fine aggregate until the coarse
aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the batch
(iii)Add water and mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and of the
desired consistency
SAMPLING
(i) Clean the mounds and apply oil
(ii) Fill the concrete in the molds in layers approximately 5cm thick
(iii) Compact each layer with not less than 35strokes per layer using a tamping rod
(steel bar 16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet pointed at lower end)
(iv) Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel
CURING
The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24hours and after this period the
specimens are marked and removed from the molds and kept submerged in clear fresh
water until taken out prior to test.
PRECAUTIONS
The water for curing should be tested every 7days and the temperature of water must
be at 27+-2oC.
PROCEDURE
(I) Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out excess
water from the surface.
(II) Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m
(III) Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine
(IV) Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied
to the opposite sides of the cube cast.
(V) Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.
(VI) Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of the
specimen.
(VII) Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of
140kg/cm2/minute till the specimen fails
(VIII) Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.
Workability
It is the ability of a fresh (plastic) concrete mix to fill the form/mold

properly with the desired work (vibration) and without reducing the
concrete's quality. Workability depends on water content, aggregate (shape
and size distribution), cementitious content and age (level of hydration) and
can be modified by adding chemical admixtures, like superplasticizer. Raising
the water content or adding chemical admixtures will increase concrete
workability. Excessive water will lead to increased bleeding (surface water)
and/or segregation of aggregates (when the cement and aggregates start to
separate), with the resulting concrete having reduced quality. The use of an
aggregate with an undesirable gradation can result in a very harsh mix
design with a very low slump, which cannot be readily made more workable
by addition of reasonable amounts of water.
Workability can be measured by the concrete slump test, a simplistic

measure of the plasticity of a fresh batch of concrete following the ASTM C
143 or EN 12350-2 test standards. Slump is normally measured by filling an
"Abrams cone" with a sample from a fresh batch of concrete. The cone is
placed with the wide end down onto a level, non-absorptive surface. It is
then filled in three layers of equal volume, with each layer being tamped
with a steel rod in order to consolidate the layer. When the cone is carefully
lifted off, the enclosed material will slump a certain amount due to gravity. A
relatively dry sample will slump very little, having a slump value of one or
two inches (25 or 50 mm). A relatively wet concrete sample may slump as
much as eight inches. Workability can also be measured by using the flow
table test.
Slump can be increased by addition of chemical admixtures such as

plasticizer or superplasticizer without changing the water-cement ratio.
Some other admixtures, especially air-entraining admixture, can increase
the slump of a mix.
High-flow concrete, like self-consolidating concrete, is tested by other flow-

measuring methods. One of these methods includes placing the cone on the
narrow end and observing how the mix flows through the cone while it is
gradually lifted.
After mixing, concrete is a fluid and can be pumped to the location where
needed.
SLUMP TEST
The slumped concrete takes various shapes, and according to the profile of
slumped concrete, the slump is termed as true slump, shear slump or
collapse slump. If a shear or collapse slump is achieved, a fresh sample

should be taken and the test repeated. A collapse slump is an indication of

too wet a mix. Only a true slump is of any use in the test. A collapse slump
will generally mean that the mix is too wet or that it is a high workability
mix, for which slump test is not appropriate. Very dry mixes; having slump 0
- 25 mm are used in road making, low workability mixes; having slump 10 -
40 mm are used for foundations with light reinforcement, medium
workability mixes; 50 - 90 for normal reinforced concrete placed with

vibration, high workability concrete; > 100 mm.
Collapse Shear True
In a shear slump the top In a true slump the

In a collapse slump
portion of the concrete concrete simply subsides,
the concrete collapses
shears off and slips keeping more or less to
completely.
sideways. shape.
Initial Setting Time

A degree of stiffening of a mixture of cement (or concrete or mortar) and
water less than final set; generally stated as the time required for cement
paste to stiffen sufficiently to resist the penetration of a weighted test-

needle.
We need to calculate the initial setting time as per IS: 4031 (Part 5) – 1988.
To do so we need Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513 – 1976, Balance,
whose permissible variation at a load of 1000g should be +1.0g, Gauging
trowel conforming to IS: 10086 – 1982.
Procedure to determine initial and final setting time of cement
i) Prepare a cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 times the water
required to give a paste of standard consistency.
ii) Start a stop-watch, the moment water is added to the cement.
iii) Fill the Vicat mould completely with the cement paste gauged as above,
the mould resting on a non-porous plate and smooth off the surface of the
paste making it level with the top of the mould. The cement block thus
prepared in the mould is the test block.
Place the test block under the rod bearing the needle. Lower the
needle gently in order to make contact with the surface of the cement paste
and release quickly, allowing it to penetrate the test block. Repeat the
procedure till the needle fails to pierce the test block to a point 5.0 ± 0.5mm
measured from the bottom of the mould.The time period elapsing between
the time, water is added to the cement and the time, the needle fails to
pierce the test block by 5.0 ± 0.5mm measured from the bottom of the
mould, is the initial setting time.
Final Setting Time

The final setting time of a cement is defined as time at which set
cement has acquired enough firmness to resist a certain defined pressure
and completely loses plasticity.
We need to calculate the final setting time as per IS: 4031 (Part 5) – 1988.
To do so we need Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513 – 1976, Balance,
whose permissible variation at a load of 1000g should be +1.0g, Gauging
trowel conforming to IS: 10086 – 1982.
Procedure to determine initial and final setting time of cement
i) Prepare a cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 times the water
required to give a paste of standard consistency.
ii) Start a stop-watch, the moment water is added to the cement.
iii) Fill the Vicat mould completely with the cement paste gauged as above,
the mould resting on a non-porous plate and smooth off the surface of the
paste making it level with the top of the mould. The cement block thus
prepared in the mould is the test block.
Replace the above needle by the one with an annular attachment. The
cement should be considered as finally set when, upon applying the needle
gently to the surface of the test block, the needle makes an impression
therein, while the attachment fails to do so. The period elapsing between the
time, water is added to the cement and the time, the needle makes an
impression on the surface of the test block, while the attachment fails to do
so, is the final setting time.
Bleeding
Bleeding in concrete is sometimes referred as water gain. It is a

particular form of segregation, in which some of the water from the concrete
comes out to the surface of the concrete, being of the lowest specific gravity
among all the ingredients of concrete. Bleeding is predominantly observed in

a highly wet mix, badly proportioned and insufficiently mixed concrete. In
thin members like roof slab or road slabs and when concrete is placed in
sunny weather show excessive bleeding.
Due to bleeding, water comes up and accumulates at the surface.

Sometimes, along with this water, certain quantity of cement also comes to
the surface. When the surface is worked up with the trowel, the aggregate
goes down and the cement and water come up to the top surface. This
formation of cement paste at the surface is known as “Laitance”. In such a
case, the top surface of slabs and pavements will not have good wearing
quality. This laitance formed on roads produces dust in summer and mud in
rainy season.
Water while traversing from bottom to top, makes continuous channels. If

the water cement ratio used is more than 0.7, the bleeding channels will
remain continuous and un segmented. These continuous bleeding channels
are often responsible for causing permeability of the concrete structures.
While the mixing water is in the process of coming up, it may be intercepted
by aggregates. The bleeding water is likely to accumulate below the
aggregate. This accumulation of water creates water voids and
reduces the bond between the aggregates and the paste.
The above aspect is more pronounced in the case of flaky aggregate.

Similarly, the water that accumulates below the reinforcing bars reduces the
bond between the reinforcement and the concrete. The poor bond between
the aggregate and the paste or the reinforcement and the paste due
to bleeding can be remedied by re vibration of concrete. The formation
of laitance and the consequent bad effect can be reduced by delayed
finishing operations.
Bleeding rate increases with time up to about one hour or so and thereafter
the rate decreases but continues more or less till the final setting time of
cement.
Prevention of Bleeding in concrete
 Bleeding can be reduced by proper proportioning and uniform and

complete mixing.
 Use of finely divided pozzolanic materials reduces bleeding by creating
a longer path for the water to traverse.
 Air-entraining agent is very effective in reducing the bleeding.

 Bleeding can be reduced by the use of finer cement or cement with low
alkali content. Rich mixes are less susceptible to bleeding than lean
mixes.
The bleeding is not completely harmful if the rate of evaporation of water

from the surface is equal to the rate of bleeding. Removal of water, after it
had played its role in providing workability, from the body of concrete by
way of bleeding will do good to the concrete.
Early bleeding when the concrete mass is fully plastic, may not cause much
harm, because concrete being in a fully plastic condition at that stage, will
get subsided and compacted. It is the delayed bleeding, when the concrete
has lost its plasticity, which causes undue harm to the concrete. Controlled
re vibration may be adopted to overcome the bad effect of bleeding.
Shrinkage
The concrete is subjected to changes in volume either autogenous or
induced. Volume change is one of the most detrimental properties of
concrete, which affects the long-term strength and durability. To the
practical engineer, the aspect of volume change in concrete is important
from the point of view that it causes unsightly cracks in concrete. The effect
of volume change due to thermal properties of aggregate and concrete, due
to alkali/aggregate reaction, due to sulphate action etc. Presently we shall
discuss the volume change on account of inherenet properties of concrete
“shrinkage”.
One of the most objectionable defects in concrete is the presence of cracks,

particularly in floors and pavements. One of the important factors that
contribute to the cracks in floors and pavements is that due to shrinkage. It
is difficult to make concrete which does not shrink and crack. It is only a
question of magnitude. Now the question is how to reduce the shrinkage and
shrinkage cracks in concrete structures. As shrinkage is an inherent property
of concrete it demands greater understanding of the various properties of
concrete, which influence its shrinkage characteristics. It is only when the
mechanism of all kinds of shrinkage and the factors affecting the shrinkage
are understood, an engineer will be in a better position to control and limit
the shrinkage in the body of concrete.

The term shrinkage is loosely used to describe the various aspects of volume
changes in concrete due to loss of moisture at different stages due to
different reasons. To understand this aspect more closely, shrinkage can be
classified in the following ways
1. Plastic Shrinkage
2. Drying Shrinkage
3. Autogeneous Shrinkage
4. Carbonation Shrinkage
Plastic shrinkage
Shrinkage of this type manifests itself soon after the concrete is placed
in the forms while the concrete is still in the plastic state. Loss of water by
evaporation from the surface of concrete or by the absorption by aggregate
or subgrade, is believed to be the reasons of plastic shrinkage. The loss of
water results in the reduction of volume. The aggregate particles or the
reinforcement comes in the way of subsidence due to which cracks may
appear at the surface or internally around the aggregate or reinforcement.
In case of floors and pavements where the surface area exposed to drying is
large as compared to depth, when this large surface is exposed to hot sun
and drying wind, the surface of concrete dries very fast which results in
plastic shrinkage.
Sometimes even if the concrete is not subjected to severe drying, but poorly
made with a high water/ cement ratio, large quantity of water bleeds and
accumulates at the surface. When this water at the surface dries out, the
surface concrete collapses causing cracks.
Plastic concrete is sometimes subjected to unintended vibration or yielding

of formwork support which again causes plastic shrinkage cracks as the
concrete at this stage has not developed enough strength. From the above it
can be inferred that high water/ cement ratio, badly proportioned concrete,
rapid drying, greater bleeding, unintended vibration etc., are some of the
reasons for plastic shrinkage. It can also be further added that richer
concrete undergoes greater plastic shrinkage.
Plastic shrinkage can be reduced mainly by preventing the rapid loss of

water from surface. This can be done by covering the surface with
polyethylene sheeting immediately on finishing operation; by monomolecular
coatings by fog spray that keeps the surface moist; or by working at night.
An effective method of removing plastic shrinkage cracks is to revibrate the
concrete in a controlled manner. Use of small quantity of aluminium power is
also suggested to offset the effect of plastic shrinkage. Similarly, expansive
cement or shrinkage compensating cement also can be used for controlling
the shrinkage during the setting o f concrete. The principal property of such
cement is that the expansion induced in the plastic concrete will almost
offset the normal shrinkage due to lo ss o f mo isture. Under correct usage,
the distance between the joints can sometimes be tripled without increasing
the level of shrinkage cracking. Further, use of unneeded high slump
concrete, over sanded mix, higher air entraining should be discouraged in
order to reduce the higher plastic shrinkage.
Drying Shrinkage
Just as the hydration of cement is an everlasting process, the drying

shrinkage is also an everlasting process when concrete is subjected to drying
conditions. The drying shrinkage of concrete is analogous to the mechanism
of drying of timber specimen. The loss of free water contained in hardened
concrete, does not result in any appreciable dimension change. It is the loss
of water held in gel pores that causes the change in the volume. Under
drying conditions, the gel water is lost progressively over a long time, as
long as the concrete is kept in drying conditions. It is theoretically estimated
that the total linear change due to long time drying shrinkage could be of
the order of 10,000 microns. But values upto 4,000 microns have been
actually observed.
Cement paste shrinks more than mortar and mortar shrinks more than
concrete. Concrete made with smaller size aggregate shrinks more than
concrete made with bigger size aggregate. The magnitude of drying
shrinkage is also a function of the fineness of gel. The finer the gel the more
is the shrinkage.
Autogeneous Shrinkage
In a conservative system i.e. where no moisture movement to or from

the paste is permitted, when temperature is constant some shrinkage may
occur. The shrinkage of such a conservative system is known as a
autogeneous shrinkage.

Autogeneous shrinkage is of minor importance and is not applicable in

practice to many situations except that of mass of concrete in the interior of
a concrete dam. The magnitude of autogeneous shrinkage is in the order of
about 100 microns.
Carbonation Shrinkage
Carbonation shrinkage is a phenomenon very recently recognised.

Carbon dioxide present in the atmoshphere reacts in the presence of water
with hydrated cement. Calcium hydroxide gets converted to calcium
carbonate and also some other cement compounds are decomposed. Such a
complete decomposition of calcium compound in hydrated cement is
chemically possible even at the low pressure of carbon dioxide in normal
atmoshphere. Carbonation penetrates beyond the exposed surface of
concrete only very slowly.
Carbonation of concrete also results in increased strength and reduced

permeability, possibly because water released by carbonation promotes the
process of hydration and also calcium carbonate reduces the voids within the
cement paste. As the magnitude of carbonation shrinkage is very small when
compared to long term drying shrinkage, this aspect is not of much
significance. But carbonation reduces the alkalinity of concrete which gives a
protective coating to the reinforcement against rusting. If depth of
carbonation reaches up to steel reinforcements, the steel becomes liable for
corrosion.
RESULTS
Compressive Strength

Admixture % Mixed Area (mm2) Load (kN) Stress (MPa)

0.0 22500 434.25 19.3
0.1 22500 550.4 24.46
CICO P1908 0.2 22500 632.8 28.12
0.3 22500 585.9 26.04
0.4 22500 539.32 23.97

0.0 22500 434.25 19.3
0.1 22500 402.52 17.89
GLENIUM
0.2 22500 326.7 14.52
B233
0.3 22500 256.27 11.39
0.4 22500 245.02 10.89

0.0 22500 434.25 19.3
0.1 22500 565.2 25.12
CONPLAST
0.2 22500 539.32 23.97
SP432BS
0.3 22500 FAIL FAIL
0.4 22500 502.42 22.33

0.0 22500 434.25 19.3
0.1 22500 480.15 21.34
CEMWET
0.2 22500 444.6 19.76
SP3000
0.3 22500 369.67 16.43
0.4 22500 322.2 14.32


0.0 22500 434.25 19.3
0.1 22500 597.37 26.55
CONPLAST
0.2 22500 534.6 23.76
SP430
0.3 22500 500.4 22.24
0.4 22500 407.7 18.12
Workability
Admixture % Mixed Slump Height (mm)

0.0 35
0.1 35.9
CICO P1908 0.2 37.4
0.3 39.5
0.4 40.1


0.0 35
0.1 111.3
GLENIUM B233 0.2 112
0.3 112.7
0.4 115.6

0.0 35
0.1 71.4
CONPLAST SP432BS 0.2 73.2
0.3 74.8
0.4 76.6

0.0 35
0.1 77.1
CEMWET SP3000 0.2 83.6
0.3 84.2
0.4 87.1

0.0 35
0.1 40.5
CONPLAST SP430 0.2 41.3
0.3 41.5
0.4 44.7

Miscellaneous
Initial Final
Admixture Setting Setting Bleeding Shrinkage
Time (min) Time (min)
NOMINAL 30 45 NO -
CONPLAST
35 40 YES -
SP432BS

CICO P1908 31 42 YES -
GLENIUM
49 56 YES SLIGHT
B233
CONPLAST
35 41 YES VER SLIGHT
SP430
CEMWET
42 50 YES -
SP3000
*Note: Initial n Final Setting Time is measured for admixture content at 0.4% of weight of cement, only.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.wikipedia.com
 Limit State Design “A.K. Jain”
 Concrete Technology “Indian Institute Of Civil Engineering”
 www.google.com
 Handbook of Building Construction “M.M. Goyal”

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PROPORTIONING ADMIXTURE 1

GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY, DELHI

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Department of Civil Engineering

Ch.B.P.Government Engineering College, Jaffarpur, New Delhi - 73 | Rupesh

Department of Civil Engineering

This is to certify that the minor project report titled ”PROPORTIONING

PROJECT GUIDE NAME

Ch.B.P.Government Engineering College, Jaffarpur, New Delhi - 73 | Rupesh

Ch.B.P.Government Engineering College, Jaffarpur, New Delhi - 73 | Rupesh

I have great satisfaction in introducing this PROJECT on EFFECT OF

Ch.B.P.Government Engineering College, Jaffarpur, New Delhi - 73 | Rupesh

Ch.B.P.Government Engineering College, Jaffarpur, New Delhi - 73 | Rupesh

 To Study the changes in the properties of concrete on adding

Ch.B.P.Government Engineering College, Jaffarpur, New Delhi - 73 | Rupesh

Admixtures are ingredients other than water, aggregates, hydraulic cement,

Admixtures vary widely in chemical composition, and many perform more

Seven types of chemical admixtures are specified in ASTM C 494, and

Extensive laboratory testing and field investigation concluded that the

Besides the increase in freeze-thaw and scaling resistances, air-entrained

Water-reducing admixtures are groups of products that are added to

of concrete containing marginal- or low-quality aggregates and help in

Composition Water-reducing admixtures can be categorized according to

1. salts and modifications of hydroxylized carboxylic acids (HC type);

The basic role of water reducers is to deflocculate the cement particles

Retarding admixtures (retarders) are known to delay hydration of cement

Composition and Mechanism of Retardation

Many water reducers have a retarding tendency. Therefore, some of

Mechanisms of set retardation were studied by many researchers. Several

Accelerating admixtures are added to concrete either to increase the rate of

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Calcium chloride (CaCl2) is a byproduct of the Solvay process for

CaCO3 + 2NaCI Na2CO3 + CaCI2

Calcium chloride is available in two forms. Regular flake calcium chloride

Superplasticizers are linear polymers containing sulfonic acid groups

 Sulfonated melamine-formaldehyde condensates (SMF)

ASTM C 494 was modified to include high-range water-reducing admixtures

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Effect of Superplasticizers on Concrete Properties

The main purpose of using superplasticizers is to produce flowing

The ability of superplasticizers to increase the slump of concrete depends on

The capability of superplasticizers to reduce water requirements 12-25%

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was found to be less severe, especially for newly developed admixtures

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In this project we made use of Superplasticisers; As it was readily

Admixture that we used

The various proportions of Admixture

 0.1% of the weight of cement

Ch.B.P.Government Engineering College, Jaffarpur, New Delhi - 73 | Rupesh

 M20 Grade of concrete (1:1.5:3)

 W/C Ratio 0.55

 Cement = 6kgs (Grade 43) | Sand = 9kgs | Aggregate = 18kgs

 After mixing of concrete slump test for workability of concrete is

 Simultaneously, Vicat’s needle test was also performed for measuring

 5 Nominal Blocks of (15x15x15 cm3) M20 was prepared dried for 24

 Amounts of Admixture = 33 g | 66 g | 99 g | 132 g

 Afterwards Compression testing was done.

Ch.B.P.Government Engineering College, Jaffarpur, New Delhi - 73 | Rupesh

 Production of Rheodynamic concrete

 High performance concrete for durability

 High early and ultimate strength concrete

 High workability without segregation or bleeding