INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS I

SAFETY AND PROTECTION

THE GOALS

• After receiving this material, students are able to:

• Apply safety procedure
• Design protection system
• Read a simple wiring diagram
ELECTRICAL MATERIALS

• CONDUCTOR – contains many free electrons --- gold,

copper, silver, aluminum
• INSULATOR – contains few free electrons-Usually non-
metallic such as wood, rubber, glass, etc
• SEMICONDUCTOR - ??
GENERATING ELECTRICITY

• Friction, pressure, heat, light, chemical reaction, and

magnetism
• Magnetism is most practical & inexpensive method
• Electricity is produced when a magnet is moved past a
piece of wire, or wire is moved through a magnetic field
VOLTAGE, CURRENT, & RESISTANCE

• VOLTAGE – unit of measurement of electromotive force

(EMF)
• CURRENT - Continuous movement of electrons past a
given point. (measured in amperes)
• RESISTANCE – Opposition to movement of electrons.
Makes it possible to generate heat, control current flow, &
supply correct voltage to devices
OHM’S LAW

• George Simon Ohm

• Formulated a mathematical relationship between:
• Current
• Voltage
• Resistance
• Resistance = Impedance
• Resistance = DC
• Impedance = AC
• Interchangeable – Most Branch circuits
DIRECT CURRENT

• Always flows in one direction

• Used to charge batteries, run some motors, operate

magnetic lifting devices and welding equipment.
ALTERNATING CURRRENT

• More common in electrical work

• Changes rapidly in both direction and value

• Power companies produce power cheaper with

alternating current
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

• SHOCK. Electric shock occurs when the human body

becomes part of the path through which current flows.
• The direct result can be electrocution.
• The indirect result can be injury resulting from a fall or
movement into machinery because of a shock
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

• BURNS. Burns can result when a person touches

electrical wiring or equipment that is energized.

• ARC-BLAST. Arc-blasts occur from high- amperage

currents arcing through the air. This can be caused by
accidental contact with energized components or
equipment failure.
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

• EXPLOSIONS. Explosions occur when electricity

provides a source of ignition for an explosive mixture
in the atmosphere.
• FIRES. Electricity is one of the most common causes of
fires both in the home and in the workplace. Defective
or misused electrical equipment is a major cause.
EFFECTS ON THE HUMAN BODY

Depends on:
Current and Voltage
Resistance
Path through body
Duration of shock
EFFECTS OF AC ELECTRICITY

• More than 3 mA- Painful shock- cause indirect accident

• More than 10 mA- Muscle contraction – “No Let Go” danger
• More than 30 mA- Lung paralysis, usually temporary
• More than 50 mA- Ventricular fibrillation, usually fatal
• 100 mA to 4 A- Certain ventricular fibrillation, fatal
• Over 4 A- Heart paralysis, severe burns
ELECTRIC CURRENT HAZARD
PROTECTIVE DEVICES

• Fuses
• Circuit Breakers
• Trip or break circuit breakers if conductors exceed their
ampacity

• Grounding System
• Other Equipment (Tag, Job Procedure, etc.)
GOALS OF PROTECTIVE DEVICES

• Safety for human

• Safety for equipment
• Localizing Disturbance
• Minimizing cost
• Etc.
BODY TO BE PROTECTED
CABLING
CABLE (INDONESIA CASE)

• Phase: Brown, Yellow, Red, Black

• Neutral: Blue
• Ground: Yellow-Green
ELECTRICAL CABLE

NYA NYM NYY

CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY
MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER

Current Rate of Miniature Circuit PLN (Power)

Breaker
2A 450VA
4A 900VA
6A 1300VA
10A 2200VA
16A 3300VA
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
TASK
TASK
GROUNDING
INTRODUCTION

• There are a lot of violation related to grounding

system (Misunderstood in grounding definition)
• The real problem is that most electrical equipment
will work without a ground connection. For example,
an electric drill will not work if the hot or neutral wire
is open however, if the ground wire is open, it will
work properly.
• Is it save to use ???
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ELECTRIC SHOCK HAZARD

• Energized conductors and circuit components,

installed within or on electrical equipment, are
insulated from the equipment’s metal enclosure, to
provide protection for personnel who operate the
equipment, from being exposed to dangerous
voltages.
• When aging or malfunction causes the insulation to
break down, the energized conductors within the
equipment can make direct contact with the metal
enclosure, thereby energizing it.
• Anyone making contact with energized equipment
could be injured or killed.

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 insulation

broken

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• Equipment grounding is a way of nullifying (abolish) this
shock hazard.
• An equipment ground forms a very low impedance path
to ground.
• Personnel making contact with the energized enclosure
will be exposed to less voltage than they would
otherwise.
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DEFINITION

• Bonding: The permanent joining of metallic parts to form an

electrically conductive path that will ensure electrical continuity and
the capacity to conduct safely any current likely to be imposed (born,
endured).
• Energized: Electrically connected to a source of potential difference.
• Equipment: A general term including material, fittings, devices,
appliances, fixtures, apparatus, and the like used as a part of, or in
connection with, an electrical installation.
• Ground: A conducting connection, whether intentional or accidental,
between an electrical circuit or equipment and the earth, or to some
conducting body that serves in place of (replace) the earth.
• Grounded: Connected to earth or to some conducting body that
serves in place of the earth.

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GROUNDING OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

• Grounded electrical systems are required to be connected to

earth in such a way as to limit any voltages imposed by
lightning, line surges, or unintentional contact with higher
voltage lines.
• Electrical systems are also grounded to stabilize the voltage to
earth during normal operation.
• If, for example, the neutral of a 120/240 V, wye-connected
secondary of a transformer were not grounded, instead of
being 120 V to ground, the voltage could reach several
hundred volts to ground.
• A wye-connected electrical system becomes very unstable if it
is not properly grounded.

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GROUNDING REQUIREMENTS FOR
SYSTEM
• System to be grounded
• Conductors to be grounded
• Grounding path
• Supports, enclosures and equipment to be grounded
• Grounding of systems and circuits of 1000 volt and over
(high voltage)

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Persyaratan-persyaratan yang harus dipenuhi agar sistem pengaman
dapat bekerja secara efektif adalah sebagai berikut :
• Membuat jalur impedansi rendah ke tanah untuk pengamanan
personil dan peralatan, menggunakan rangkaian yang efektif.
• Dapat melawan dan menyebarkan gangguan berulang dan arus
akibat surja hubung (surge current).
• Menggunakan bahan tahan korosi terhadap berbagai kondisi
kimiawi tanah, untuk meyakinkan kontinuitas penampilannya
sepanjang umur peralatan yang dilindungi.
• Menggunakan sistem mekanik yang kuat namun mudah dalam
pelayanan
• Semakin kecil harga tahanan pentanahan maka hasilnya akan
semakin baik.
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