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Load Flow Analysis of 11 kV Test feeder with and without the injection of DG

Article  in  International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, · March 2017

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 International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 15, No. 3, March 2017
Load Flow Analysis of 11 kV Test feeder with and
without the injection of DG
Umar Farooq, Shahryar Qureshi, Sanaullah.Ahmad, IQRA National University (INU) Pakistan, Dr. Fazal Wahab
Karam, COMSATS Institute of Information technology (CIIT) Pakistan
Abstract— Energy is fundamentally required for the
development of any country. To sustain the generation of electric
power at satisfactory level power system supplies power to
various types of loads which are located far away from the
generating plants using Transmission lines. In this paper load
flow analysis of 11kv test feeder substation in Electrical
Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) with and without the
injection of DG. A Detailed load flow analysis is worked out to
reduce the Losses.
Keywords—Demand and Losses, Load Flow Analysis using
ETAP software, need of Load Flow Analysis, Distributed
generation (DG).
I. INTRODUCTION
Power system is the network of electrical components used
to supply, transfer and use electric power. This power system
is known as the grid that can be broadly divided into the
generators that supply the power by using different energy
sources to, the transmission system that carries the power from
the generating centers to the load centers and the distribution
system that feeds the power to nearby homes and industries. .
The fact that the Unit of electric energy generated by Power
Station does not match with the units distributed to the
consumers. Some percentage of the units is lost during the
transmission of power from generation to Distribution
network. This difference in the generated & distributed units is
known as Transmission and Distribution loss. There are two
types of Transmission and Distribution Losses i-e Technical
Losses and Non-Technical Losses (Commercial Losses). The
technical losses are due to energy dissipated in the conductors,
equipment used for transmission Line, Transformer, sub-
transmission Line and distribution Line and magnetic losses in
transformers.
Distributed energy resource (DER) systems are small-scale
power generation or storage technologies (typically in the
range of 1 kW to 10,000 kW) used to provide an alternative to
or an enhancement of the traditional electric power system.
DER systems typically are characterized by high initial capital
costs per kilowatt. DER systems also serve as storage device
and are often called Distributed energy storage The energy
sources are divided in to two main categories called renewable
and non-renewable (conventional) energy sources. Electric
power generation for DG applications is used from both types
of technologies. Renewable energy based technologies
includes wind turbines, photovoltaic systems and geothermal
systems. On the other hand, non-renewable energy based
technologies consists of fuel cells, heat engines and
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cogeneration plants. Distributed generation is no different.
When centralized power plants transmit energy over long
distances, some of that energy is lost. With distributed
generation, the generators are closer to those who use the
energy. Thus there’s less waste, increased efficiency. In the
old model, a loss in service at any point of the grid means
everyone suffers. In the new model, that’s less likely to
happen.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW OF LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
Load flow analysis using ETAP software with the injection of
Distributed generation and without DG gives highly consistent
and precise results. This research makes effective use of
Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) to carry out
load flow analysis of 11kV substation [1], [2]. The real time
data of Transformers, different types of loads, and
transmission lines lengths are taken and design accordingly in
ETAP which has the capability to perform distributed
generation analysis and is very user friendly. This 11kV
distribution feeder located at Kohat Road Peshawar, KPK, and
Pakistan. The reason of almost all the power systems is that of
disruption in under voltage conditions. Reactive power (Vars)
cannot be transmitted very far especially under heavy load
conditions so it must be placed near to the load center .if that
reactive power (Vars) is not accessible at the load Centre, the
voltage level go down. Prolonged under voltages can cause
excess wear and tear on certain devices like motor as they will
tend to run too hot and it may cause damage to the device if
the voltage is low. The single line diagram of the substation is
simulated in ETAP based upon actual data and it is seen that at
both the 11kV feeder buses there is under voltage. To
overcome the under voltage at both the 11 kV the DG is
placed near the load Centre Section 2 is the details of the
components. Section 3 is the simulation of single line diagram
of 11KV substation in ETAP based upon practical data and the
Load Flow Analysis of the substation when no DG is
connected. While Section 4 contains the Load Flow Analysis
when DG is connected. Abbreviations and Acronyms
Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are
used in the text, even after they have been defined in the
abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc,
and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in
the title or heads unless they are unavoidable.
ISSN 1947-5500
 International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 15, No. 3, March 2017

TABLE I. TEST FEEDER COMPONENTS AND RATINGS

Component Type Rating Primary Secondary

(KVA) voltage Voltage
(KV) (KV)
Transformer Transformer 1500 11 0.4
1
Transformer 1000 11 0.4
2
Transformer 1200 11 0.4
3
Transformer 1500 11 0.4
4
Transformer 1200 11 0.4
5
Transformer 1500 11 0.4
6
Transformer 1000 11 0.4
7
Bus Type Load Type of Load
(KVA)
Bus 1 0 None
Bus 2 500 Residential
Bus 3 1000 Residential
Bus 7 450 Residential
Bus 9 1000 Residential
Bus 12 800 Residential
TX line Type Length/km Fig. 1. Sample test feeder 11KV
length
Line 12 1km IV. SIMULATION OF 11 KV SUBSTATION WITH NO DG
Line 23 2km INTERCONNECTED
Line 34 1.5km Figure 2 shows the load flow analysis of the radial
Line 45 2km distribution network that of Figure 1. In this case no DG unit
Line 56 1.5km
was connected with the network and all the load requirement
is fulfilled by the power grid. It shows voltage levels at buses
III. TEST FEEDER DATA FOR SIMULATION and also tells us about the real time condition of different
buses. In this case, bus 7, 9 and 12 are in critical condition
For the analysis of power losses and voltage profile Fig. 1 which is shown by red color. Table 2 shows us that total active
shows that radial 11KV feeder is energized from 132KV bus power losses are 235.3KW while the total reactive power
bar with the help of 31.5/40 MVA transformer located at losses are 173.1KW.It also shows us a detail description about
Kohat Road grid station, Peshawar. This 132KV bus bar is power flow towards the branch and outward from the branch
selected as a source for this radial feeder and is shown as a and the percentage values of bus voltages and voltage drop
power grid having a capacity of 2100MVA short circuit. Table from one bus to another.
1 contains the detail description about the radial feeder shown
in fig 1 which consists of 7 distribution transformers and buses
which are connected with seven different sizes of lumped
loads.

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ISSN 1947-5500
 International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 15, No. 3, March 2017

CKT/ From- To From Bus Losses %Bus VD %

Branch ID To Bus
MW MVAR MW MVAR KW KVAR FROM TO
Line12 3.33 2.093 -3.273 -2.075 60.3 17.7 100 98.5 1.54
Line 23 2.851 1.805 -2.759 -1.778 91.5 26.8 98.5 95.8 2.67
T1 0.422 0.270 -0.42 -0.261 1.3 9.4 98.5 97.3 1.2
Line 34 1.925 1.238 -1.891 -1.228 33.3 9.8 95.8 94.4 1.39
T2 0.417 0.272 -0.415 -0.257 2.6 15.3 95.8 93.8 2.01
T3 0.417 0.268 -0.416 -0.258 1.4 10.2 95.8 94.5 1.28
Line 45 1.518 0.989 -1.489 -0.981 28.7 8.4 94.4 92.9 1.49
T4 0.374 0.239 -0.373 -0.231 1.2 8.4 94.4 93.2 1.16
Line56 0.663 0.447 -0.659 -0.446 4.3 1.3 92.9 92.4 0.5
T5 0.413 0.268 -0.411 -0.255 1.9 13.3 92.9 91.3 1.64
T6 0.413 0.266 -0.411 -0.255 1.5 10.6 92.9 91.6 1.3
T7 0.659 0.446 -0.652 -0.404 7.3 0.42 92.4 89.1 3.36
Total 235.3 173.1

Fig. 2. Simulation of 11KV Test feeder without DG

IV. SIMULATION OF 11 KV SUBSTATION WITH DG

INTERCONNECTED
Figure 3 shows the load flow analysis results of the radial
distribution network. In this case a 2 MW DG unit operating at
unity power factor was connected with the network at bus 7
which is in critical condition in the previous case when no DG
is connected. In such case the load requirements are fulfilled
by the power grid and DG source mutually. It shows voltage
levels at buses and also tells us about the real time condition
of different buses. In this case, bus 7, 9 and 12 voltages are
improved as compared to the previous case .so it means that
When DG unit is connected it supplies both active and
reactive power which results in the reduction of power supply
from the grid and hence load is fed locally.

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ISSN 1947-5500
 International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 15, No. 3, March 2017

CKT/ Branch From-To Bus To From Bus Losses %Bus VD %

ID
MW MVAR MW MVAR KW KVAR FROM TO
Line12 1.343 3.341 -1.292 -3.326 50.5 14.8 100.0 99.1 0.90
Line 23 0.870 3.056 -0.790 -3.032 80.0 23.4 99.1 97.7 1.36
T1 0.423 0.271 -0.421 -0.261 1.3 9.5 99.1 97.9 1.20
Line 34 -0.051 2.489 0.089 -2.477 37.9 11.1 97.7 97.3 0.39
T2 0.421 0.274 -0.418 -0.259 2.6 14.9 97.7 95.8 1.98
T3 0.421 0.270 -0.419 -0.260 1.4 9.9 97.7 96.5 1.27
Line 45 1.533 0.996 -1.505 -0.988 27.5 8.0 97.3 95.9 1.46

T4 0.378 0.242 -0.377 -0.234 1.1 8.1 97.3 96.2 1.14

Line56 0.670 0.450 -0.666 -0.449 4.1 1.2 95.9 95.4 0.49
T5 0.417 0.270 -0.416 -0.258 1.8 12.8 95.9 94.3 1.61
T6 0.418 0.268 -0.416 -0.258 1.4 10.2 95.9 94.6 1.28
T7 0.666 0.449 -0.659 -0.409 6.9 40.2 95.4 92.1 3.28

Total 216.6 163.9

Fig. 3. Simulation of 11kV with DG

VI. CONCLUSION transformer or a load. Load flow studies can be used to

In this paper Load Flow analysis by injected the DG source determine the optimum size and location of DG in
and without DG using ETAP software is carried out with an Substation.
approach to Reduce the Losses. Comparing the results of
Table 2 and Table 3 it can be clearly seen that by connecting
DG with the substation real and active power losses is References
reduced as compared with when there is no DG is connected
with the substation. Concludes that by injecting the DG we [1] Charles Mozina, “Undervoltage Load Shedding”, ISBN: 978-1-4244-
come to know that it has positive effect on the test feeder 0855-9, IEEE, Page(s): 39-54.
ETAP software is an excellent tool for system planning. [2] FarookhShokooh, GaryDonner, HerminioAbcede Keith Brown,
More and Many analysis can be analyzed through this “Interactive Simulation of Power Systems: ETAP applications and
software such as the loss of generator, a transmission line, a techniques”, Page(s): 1930-1941, IEEE, 1990.

4 https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500
 International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 15, No. 3, March 2017

[3] Glenn W. Stagg and Ahmed H. El-Abiad, “Computer Methods in

Power System Analysis”, McGraw-Hill [1968].
[4] J. Arrillaga, N.R. Watson “Computer Modelling of ElectricalPower
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and Sons[2001].
[5] M.A.Pai, “Computer Techniques in Power System Analysis”,second
edition, ISBN: 0-07-059363-9, Tata McGraw Hill [2005].
[6] Report by “Punjab State Transmission Corporation Limited
(PSTCL)” for 132 kV transmission substations.

5 https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500
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