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Keq, Kw and pH
As H2O is the medium of biological systems one must consider the role
of this molecule in the dissociation of ions from biological molecules. Water is
essentially a neutral molecule but will ionize to a small degree. This can be
described by a simple equilibrium equation:
H2O <-------> H+ + OH- Eqn. 1
This equilibrium can be calculated as for any reaction:
Keq = [H+][OH-]/[H2O] Eqn. 2
Since the concentration of H2O is very high (55.5M) relative to that of
the [H ] and [OH-], consideration of it is generally removed from the equation
+
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Ionic Equilibria
pKa
Acids and bases can be classified as proton donors and proton
acceptors, respectively. This means that the conjugate base of a given acid
will carry a net charge that is more negative than the corresponding acid. In
biologically relavent compounds various weak acids and bases are
encountered, e.g. the acidic and basic amino acids, nucleotides, phospholipids
etc.
Weak acids and bases in solution do not fully dissociate and, therefore,
there is an equilibrium between the acid and its conjugate base. This
equilibrium can be calculated and is termed the equilibrium constant = Ka. This
is also sometimes referred to as the dissociation constant as it pertains to the
dissociation of protons from acids and bases.
In the reaction of a weak acid:
HA <-----> A- + H+ Eqn. 7
the equlibrium constant can be calculated from the following equation:
Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA] Eqn. 8
As in the case of the ion product:
pKa = -logKa Eqn. 9
Therefore, in obtaining the -log of both sides of the equation describing
the dissociation of a weak acid we arrive at the following equation:
-logKa = -log[H+][A-]/[HA] Eqn. 10
Since as indicated above -logKa = pKa and taking into account the laws
of logrithms:
pKa = -log[H+] -log[A-]/[HA] Eqn. 11
-
pKa = pH -log[A ]/[HA] Eqn. 12
From this equation it can be seen that the smaller the pK a value the
stronger is the acid. This is due to the fact that the stronger an acid the more
readily it will give up H+ and, therefore, the value of [HA] in the above equation
will be relatively small.
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Ionic Equilibria
Buffering
It should be noted that around the pKa the pH of a solution does not
change appreciably even when large amounts of acid or base are added. This
phenomenon is known as buffering. In most biochemical studies it is important
to perform experiments, that will consume H+ or OH- equivalents, in a solution
of a buffering agent that has a pKa near the pH optimum for the experiment.
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Ionic Equilibria
where the apparent pKa for bicarbonate formation, 6.1, has been
introduced into equation 18.
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Ionic Equilibria
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Ionic Equilibria
Many substances in nature contain both acidic and basic groups as well
as many different types of these groups in the same molecule. (e.g. proteins).
These are called ampholytes (one acidic and one basic group) or
polyampholytes (many acidic and basic groups). Proteins contains many
different amino acids some of which contain ionizable side groups, both acidic
and basic. Therefore, a useful term for dealing with the titration of ampholytes
and polyampholytes (e.g. proteins) is the isoelectric point, pI. This is described
as the pH at which the effective net charge on a molecule is zero.
For the case of a simple ampholyte like the amino acid glycine the pI,
when calculated from the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, is shown to be
the average of the pK for the -COOH group and the pK for the -NH2 group:
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Ionic Equilibria
of water and many solutes takes place. In the course of glomerular filtration
and tubule reabsorption the composition of the plasma changes generating
the typical composition of urine. From a biochemical standpoint the kidneys
serve important roles in the regulation of plasma acid-base balance and the
elimination of nitrogenous wastes.
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Excretion of Acid
As the concentration of HCO3- in the tubular lumen drops, the pH of the
fluid drops due to an increasing concentration of H +. The pH of the tubular fluid
gradually approaches the pKa for the dibasic/monobasic phosphate buffering
system (pKa = 6.8). The excess H+ reacts with dibasic phosphate (HPO42-)
forming monobasic phosphate (H2PO4-). The H2PO4- so formed is not
reabsorbed and its excretion results in the net excretion of H +. The greatest
extent of H2PO4- formation occurs within the distal convoluted tubules and the
collecting ducts.
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Ammonia Secretion
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Ionic Equilibria
Neurotoxicity of Ammonia
Excess ammonia is severely neurotoxic. Marked brain damage is seen
in cases of failure to make urea via the urea cycle or to eliminate urea through
the kidneys. The result of either of these events is a buildup of circulating
levels of ammonium ion. Aside from its effect on blood pH, ammonia readily
traverses the brain blood barrier and in the brain is converted to glutamate via
glutamate dehydrogenase, depleting the brain of -ketoglutarate. As the -
ketoglutarate is depleted, oxaloacetate falls correspondingly, and ultimately
TCA cycle activity comes to a halt. In the absence of aerobic oxidative
phosphorylation and TCA cycle activity, irreparable cell damage and neural
cell death ensue.
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Ionic Equilibria
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