AN ISSUE PROFILE ON OCEANAGOLD

The OceanaGold corporation is an Australian-Canadian

gold and copper producer that has multi-million dollar
mining stakes in Australia, El Salvador, New Zealand,
Philippines, and the United States. It was established
as a junior mining company in 1989, currently owning
one operating mine in Didipio, Nueva Vizcaya in
Philippines and two in New Zealand. It has two other
suspended mines in New Zealand and another
developing project in South Carolina, US.

OceanaGold acquired the Didipio Mine in the

Philippines in 2006 through its merger with fellow
Australian miner Climax Arimco. It acquired Canadian
Pacific Rim Mining Corp. in November 2013, which
owns the El Dorado project in El Salvador. In 2015, it
acquired the Waihi Gold Mine in New Zealand from
American mining corporation Newmont and took Figure 1. Location of OceanaGold's
ownership of the Haile Gold Mine in South Carolina headquarters and mining interests. From
when it acquired the Canadian company Romarco the 2016 OceanaGold Fact Book
Minerals Inc.

Its chairman of the Board of Directors is Jim Askew, a mining engineer with over 40 years of
experience in various mining, mining finance, and other mining related companies. Its president
and CEO is Mick Wilkes, a mining engineer with 30 years of experience predimoninantly in
precious and base metals across Asia and Australia.

Increasing revenues
In 2016, OceanaGold achieved a record annual revenue of $628.6 million, which was 24%
higher than in the previous year on account of higher gold sales and an 8% increase in the
average gold price received, despite being offset by lower copper sales. It also achieved record
157% increase in anual net profit compared to the previous year. The company’s $250-million
credit facility is financed by a multi-national banking syndicate composed of the following:

 Bank of Nova Scotia (Canadian)

 BNP Paribas (French)
 Citibank N.A. (US)
 Commonwealth Bank of Australia
 HSBC (British)
 Natixis (French)

Shareholder Information
OceanaGold is listed in the Toronto, Australian, and New
Zealand Stock Exchange. Most of its shareholders, 83%
of which are institutional investors, hail from the United
States, Canada, and Europe.
Figure 2. Regional Shareholder Information.
From the 2016 OceanaGold Fact Book
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
2013 Fact-Finding and Solidarity
Mission

A fact-finding mission was

conducted by local and national
organizations in barangay Didipio
in September 2013. Using ocular
inspections and interviews as
methodologies, the following were
the results found regarding
environmental concerns:
Figure 3. Documentation of massive siltation in one of the river
 Local farmers in barangay tributaries flowing through the mine site. From the 2013 National
Didipio observed that Fact Finding and Solidarity Mission Report by ANNVIK, Katribu,
Defend Patrimony, and Kalikasan PNE
agricultural activity drastically
reduced by as much as 30%.
This is indicated by the low yield of agricultural products such as vegetable crops and citrus
fruits from Didipio to Nueva Vizcaya Agricultural Trading. The farmers also attributed the low
yield to the effects of air pollution, river pollution, and water shortage due to the large-scale
mining operations in their barangay. There was also high incidence of plant diseases in their
farms.

 Water assessment was also conducted and resulted to poor water quality and water access.
More than the observed reduction and disappearance of aquatic and amphibian species to
their river, there were also health complaints among community members. Complaints of
diarrhea and skin diseases were reported due to exposure to the polluted water, land, and
air. It can also be observed that there is high volume of soil sediments, and distinct
difference in color, turbidity, and quality of water. The river water was also reported to have
high acidity.

Water access has also been difficult because of the poor quality of the water. The use of
river water for irrigation is now limited since it causes plant diseases and lower crop yield.
Moreover, its domestic use is certainly limited due to the diseases it may cause. These
observations and reports can be strongly attributed to the mine tailings of OceanaGold being
directly disposed to the river.

Furthermore, there have been claims that OceanaGold releases larger amounts of effluents
during heavy rains. Residents observed the river turning brown orange to white and emits
foul odors.

 The land assessment was conducted and it showed that there have been vast areas of
forests lost due to construction of the mine tailings dam and open pit mining site. Water level
increase and mine tailings accumulation in the tailings pond caused forest areas located at
lower levels to be submerged. Moreover, wildlife drastically decreased or have actually
disappeared due to loss of their forest habitat.
 Based on the assessment of air and noise, there have been massive earth movements
leading to increased air pollutants caused by the non-stop mineral extraction and processing
by the large-scale mining company. The increase of air pollutants or dust caused a high
incidence of respiratory illnesses especially among children and elderly. It is also one of the
factors that caused lower crop yield in farms in barangay Didipio. (9)

Figure 4. Heavy metal presence in sediment and water laboratory testing results. From the Nueva
Vizcaya Environmental Investigation Mission 2014 Technical Report

2014 Environmental Investigation Mission

As a follow up, an environmental investigative mission was conducted in 2014, with the
following are the results found attributed to the presence of the mining company OceanaGold in
Barangay Didipio:

 The river affected by the mining site or the impact area has lower biodiversity compared to
the non-impact area using the Sequential Comparison Index. Results showed there were
lesser number of observed aquatic organisms in the impact area.

 Using the Pollution Tolerance Index or the measurement of the degree of sensitivity of
organisms, the impact area was determined to have a moderately polluted environment
as indicated by the presence of many water striders in the area.

 The confluence of the impact and non-impact area was very turbid. Its turbidity was
measured to be 657 – 659 NTU which is very high compared to the normal range of 50 –
100 NTU. This can be attributed to the very high velocity of water from the impact area
wherein it may carry more sediment such as mine tailings and heavy metals to the
confluence.

 Copper concentrations in the impact area was found to exceed severe-effect level for
benthic organisms which is 110 mg/kg. The copper concentration in sediment samples in
the impact area was at 769.3 – 885.8 mg/kg, 7 – 8.05 times greater than the severe-effect
level. The confluence also had copper concentrations at 509.2 – 924.1 mg/kg, 4.63 – 8.4
times greater than the severe-effect level.
 Moreover, copper concentrations in water samples are also high in the impact area and
confluence. For the impact area, the copper concentration was found to be 66.05 – 125.1
μg/L, which exceeds the maximum level for aquatic organism survival, which is 50 μg/L. On
the other hand, the confluence had copper concentration 400.4 – 425.5 μg/L which is twice
the level of water safe for irrigation use, which is 200 μg/L and is also 8 times greater than
the maximum level for aquatic organism survival. The confluence had higher copper
concentrations than the impact area given that the water in the impact area had high
velocity. (3)

2017 DENR Mining Closure and Suspension order

After conducting an audit of all 41 commercially operating large-scale mines in the Philippines,
Department of Environment and Natural Resources secretary Gina Lopez ordered the closure of
23 and the suspension of 5 mining projects. OceanaGold’s Didipio mine was one of the
suspended projects.

In the matrix containing the summary of findings on OceanaGold, the company was advised to
“cease from operation until a doable Action Plan to address the above-cited issues and
concerns are submitted and approved,” referring to the following alongside the company’s
response:

Audit Team Recommendations Company Response

On environment monitoring Company will continue with environmental

Continuous monitoring and assessment of the monitoring, as a fundamental part of the
environment Didipio Mine monitoring program

On monitoring activities to be included on Company will continue their IEC activities

company information, education, and
communication (IEC)
Conduct IEC on OGPI’s monitoring activities
and results of the assessment and analysis

On community relations Company will continue with Quarterly Joint

Involve participation of the community in the OGPI-Stakeholders Environmental Monitoring
conduct of the said activities and/or to include Program, apart from regular MMT monitoring
representative in the Multipartite Monitoring
Team (MMT)

On surface and groundwater studies Surface water study is part of the regular
Conduct study of surface and groundwater, environmental monitoring program of the
particularly on upstream and downstream Didipio Mine which includes upstream,
water midstream, and downstream

Water quality analysis for underground water

also part of the regular environmental
monitoring program

Results of water analysis included in

environmental reports submitted quarterly to
DENR
On community feedback and concerns
Establish mechanism/strategy so that the
community can relay their immediate concerns
OGPI installed “issue boxes” in visible areas in
11 barangays, 2 municipalities, and 2
provinces to capture sentiments and respond
to issues and concerns of broader
stakeholders

Members of MMT, with emphasis on local Each MMT member will be provided with MMT
government units and people’s organization report/Compliance Monitoring and Verification
representatives, should provide truthful Report
information to their members and other
stakeholders concerns relating to company’s
operations

On biodiversity Will engage with BFAR to clarify the scope on

Conduct research on Assessment of Species the additional assessment being
Composition caught along Dinauyan (river) recommended
creeks tributaries

On trees covered by permit Currently seeking confirmation from CENRO

Retrieve all the half submerged trees in the
TSF areas covered by the Special Tree
Cutting Permit to save its economic value
in Dupax for the retrieval of the half
submerged trees
Once confirmation is received, will take
immediate action to commence the activity
and retrieve the lumber

On effluents Company is grateful for the suggested

Establish bio-indicators prior to discharge of approach
effluents

Use food fish for bio-assay indicator

Other issues and concerns

Support to the company

 Documents show that company has extended more than what is required
 Still has social problems, some originating as old as exploration of the site

Residents taking advantage of the situation

 Demands of very high price on their land despite that their land is not within the
projected area of development
 Already compensated before and yet demanding for additional compensation
 The audit was meant to assess damages and sufferings and so as to demand
compensation

MMT
 Need to establish a regular schedule all throughout the year even if MRFC cannot
undergo regular meetings
 Not exempted for members who use their position to gather information on how to attack
 the company rather on how to resolve conflicts and address complaints from different
stakeholders
 Members should be with integrity and capable to resolve conflict and not be the cause of
one
 Inclusion of new members should understand their roles and responsibilities and how to
carry their function with the highest ethical standards and professionalism and be able
to:
o Convey results
o Educate constituents
o Explain matters pertaining to the mining operation

IEC campaign
 OGPI to revisit and redesign
 Should be a continuous activity
 Personnel in charge should immerse in the community in order to build trust and to
understand more stakeholders
 Mechanism for open communication should be set up by
o establishing issues/concern boxes in barangays and LGUs
o through regular schedule of OGPI ComRel in barangays and LGUs
 incorporate environmental awareness in school activities
 give emphasis on
o information regarding mining
o tailings storage facility operation
o underground mining
o implementation of SDMP

Illegal artisanal small scale mining activities

 Recommended to be stopped by concerned agencies because they contribute to the
degradation of immediate environment and water bodies

OGPI profile
 Has an area of 14,871 hectares based on FTAA
 DMPF area of 975 hectares
 13,986 hectares should be programmed for Area Integrated Development under the
jurisdiction of
o Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya and
o Cabarroguis and
o Nagtipunan in Quirino
o Under the context of co-management, convergence and governance on local
development which includes major activities such as Water Management
Assessment; Forest Land Use Plan; Integration of Comprehensive Land Use
Plan; Biodiversity Assessment; Establishment of Food Forest; Establishment of
Eco/Organic Farming (Biochar Technology); Water Harvesting Facilities;
Establishment of Wildlife Corridors/Highway; Deputation of Natural Resources
And Natural Warriors And Development of Mining Ecotourism Sites

Excise tax
 Resolve issues with concerned government agencies
 Boundary dispute of two provinces caused delay on who will receive the tax
  Government should consider a policy review or possible intervention on how to protect
and sustain the rights and well-being of the stakeholders

OGPI found to be complying it permitting requirements by different Philippine

Environmental Laws – Mining Act RA 7942, PD 1586, RA 8749, RA 9275, RA 6969, RA
9003

Mining operations
 Governed by Environmental Management System
 ISO 14001:2004 certified
 Improvements on
o Operation
o Interrelationship with its host communities and different stakeholders
o Implementation of its SDMP

Source: 2017 DENR Audit Findings Matrix on OceanaGold Philippines, Incorporated

HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES

2007 Oxfam Australia Mining Ombudsman Report
 The company has failed to obtain the community’s free, prior, and informed consent in
accordance to both indigenous practices and local decision-making processes. Community
members alleged that the company and/or its representatives have:

o forced the community members by intimidation and harassment to provide the mining
company access to or sell their land at prices dictated by the company;
o inappropriately sought to gain approval for the proposed mine from political officials
through misrepresentation and offering material incentives to the officials;
o failed to provide full information and likely impacts of the proposed mine to the
community in a document they understand;
o failed to provide information about proposed relocations;
o sought to avoid established regulatory informed consent requirements that prioritize the
need for the consent of barangay Didipio. The barangay council of Didipio has opposed
the proposed mine project since 2002; and
o misrepresented publicly the level of support to the project and the company attained
from the community.

 The proposed mine lacks consent for the project:

o The Didipio mine will have a significant environmental, social, and economic impact on
the entire municipality of Kasibu and beyond is indicated in the mine project’s own
amended environment impact statement (EIS).
o The municipal council has not given its consent to the Didipio project. On 11 November
2002, the municipal council unanimously passed a resolution denying support for the
mine project.

 Consents were not freely given by the community. Residents had reported allegations of
bribes, harassment and intimidation:
 o Former and current councilors stated that they are now receiving salaries from
OceanaGold.
o One current councilor who refused the offer said that the company offered him so a
great amount of money that “as long as I was alive I would not be able to consume this
money”.
o Company representatives have unduly pressured the community members to endorse
the project and to allow OceanaGold access to their land.

 Community members were not given proper informed consents:

o Even community members who support the mine are concerned about not knowing the
full extent of the impacts of the mind project. They were shocked by photographs of
open-pit mines and declared that they were not aware that their land might be so
drastically transformed by the mine project.

 There have been public misrepresentations that relevant consents have been gained:
o OceanaGold and its officers have stated, without qualification, on several occasions that
the mine project has gained approval from the community and barangay council of
Didipio. This was stated despite significant evidence to the contrary. These
representations may mislead potential investors and may be contrary to Australian
corporate law. (13)

Issues monitored in January 2007

 Harassment lawsuits. Eleven (11) residents of the village, including nine members of
DESAMA were served notice from the Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office
(PENRO) they had to attend a meeting regarding an investigation into their violation of
section 15 and 79 of the Revised Forestry Code. Essentially what this law, enacted in 1975,
does is to criminalize any illegal state forest reserve occupants. Section 15 defines as state
forest reserve any land with a slope of 18 degrees or over. This law then pretty much
defines all mountain village dwellers as illegal occupants. The eleven in the case were
particularly targeted for illegal harvesting of wood and under the law could receive huge
(unpayable) fines and probable jail time.

However when the residents, having received the notices through family and friends rather
than directly from the officer as required by law, attended the meeting. They were shocked
to find OceanaGold representatives present. They were told the meeting was to facilitate the
sale of their lands to the company so the criminal cases would not be filed. Needless to say
they left and the matter has been brought to court where the case drags on. As was obvious
from the start the law is being used to legalize a land grab by legal pressure, OceanaGold
representatives and lawyers regularly attend the hearings, and mention it in separate,
related court cases despite the fact, legally it has absolutely nothing to do with them. (6)

Issues monitored in Summer of 2008

 Violent dispersal. Almost 200 people were defending the area from a second demolition
attempt. In response, OceanaGold sent in 150 armed security guards backed up with 250
military troops. They surprised the barricaders by travelling up the river instead of the road
and at dawn assaulted them with batons and gunfire. The whole village area was overrun
and people were told they could not even enter their homes to fetch their few possessions
as demolition teams tore them apart. One man, Emilio Pumihece was shot in the attack – he
survived but was so traumatized he and his family have since left the area. (6)
 Demolition of homes. In 2008, almost 200 homes were demolished in Didipio by
OceanaGold, while roads and pathways that for 30 years communities had relied upon to
transport produce to the market were fenced off. And while many such violations are just
recently surfacing, the issue has roots that are far older than many realize. (12)

Issues monitored in April 2009

 Harassment and illegal arrest. Armed security guards fired a shot into the number plate of
Fernan’s jeep then arrested him at gunpoint and took him to the police station where his
driver’s license was confiscated and he was held for no reason until the next day. (6)

 Legal Rights and Natural Resources Center executive director Judy Pasimio said for 2009
alone, more than 100 indigenous families in Barangay Didipio had been displaced because
OceanaGold has been fencing off its concession area and installing check points. (5)

2011 Commission on Human Rights Resolution

 Based on the Commission on Human Rights
investigation, more than 100 members of PNP
used truncheons, shields, and tear gas to
disperse protesting residents from
demolishing their houses, Mayor of Kasibu and
Brgy Chairman of Didipio was included in those
violently dispersed (4)

 The security forces had established a

compound within the area from which they Figure 5. Hut burned during OceanaGold's
launched a third attack. This time 150 security demolition of communities in Didipio, Kasibu,
Nueva Vizcaya. From HR Online PH
guards and 100s military attacked. As troops
fired teargas from the hills overlooking the
fortified villages, the security forces stormed the defenses. While people choked in the CS
clouds their homes were set on fire as mining crews moved in and demolished more. Many
people were injured in this attack also. Not long after this OceanaGold was forced to pull
out, but the history and the threat of new violence remains like a cloud over these people’s
lives. (6)

 The house of Elmer Lawagan, an Ifugao and a resident of Didipio was burned by
unidentified men at 4 AM last October 2, 2009. Lawagan while guarding his house because
of the fear of being demolished saw unidentified men together with others wearing OGPI
uniforms roaming around his other house. When he approached them he was collared by
one of the men and was immediately hit in different parts of the body. He saw the other men
holding a 45 caliber and attaching a silencer on it. Fearing for his life he shouted to seek
help from his neighbor.

 The said checkpoint limits the entry and exit of the agricultural products of the IPs. (11)

 Investigation by the CHR that year found the PNP guilty of lapses in protocol. (12)

 Findings in the Commission on Human Rights Resolution No. A2011004 in 2011:

o In 2011, the CHR released Resolution No. A2011004, which found OceanaGold
Philippines Inc. guilty of violating the property rights, right to freedom of movement, right
to security of person, right to manifest the culture and identity, and right to water of the
 people of Didipio. They also found the PNP guilty of violating its own operational
procedures by using excessive force and high powered firearms—a deed the Resolution
clearly states “was an overkill.”
o “In light of these findings, the Commission has resolved unanimously to take the
following actions: Recommend to the government under the new administration to
consider the probable withdrawal of the FTAA granted to the foreign company in view of
the gross violations of human rights it has committed,” [CHR Chairperson] Rosales said
in her report. (12)

Issues monitored in December 2012

 Two anti-mining advocates were killed this by unidientified assailants in Didipio,
Nueva Vizcaya.

 Cheryl Ananayo, a member of Didipio Earthsavers’ Multipurpose Association

(DESAMA), was shot dead along with her cousin-in-law Randy Nabayay as they were
riding to Didipio at 6:00PM last December 7.

 DESAMA is a people’s organization opposed to the ongoing implementation of the

17,626-hectare Didipio gold-copper project in Kasibu, Nueva Vizcaya owned by
Australian large-scale miner OceanaGold Corporation. Nabayay was a small-scale miner
who had differences with OceanaGold over his property. Ananayo was with her 4 year-
old child and carrying her 3 month-old baby, both unharmed. (8)

2013 National Fact-Finding and Solidarity Mission

 In Didipio, where Oceana Gold (OGC) has commenced commercial operations in early
2013, mine security is blamed for human rights violations. Eduardo Licyayo, 57, took his
bolo and left his home in the morning June 16, 2013, with the intention of cleaning up his
small lot where he planted vegetables. When he proceeded to tend to his crops, at least
three guards armed by high-caliber weapons grabbed his hands and feet, and then
slammed him on the gravel, face-down. He was then hand-cuffed and detained at the
barangay for a day. Later, he was charged with attempted homicide, on account of a
bolo on his side, and trespassing on OGC property. (9)

CHALLENGES TO SOVEREIGNTY IN EL SALVADOR

An international tribunal dismissed OceanaGold’s demand that El Salvador government pay
$250-M in compensation for refusing to allow it to dig for gold in El Salvador.

The following are the dismissed claims of OceanaGold:

 OceanaGold’s claim that El Salvador had unfairly refused to grant it a concession to start
digging at its El Dorado mining project.

 The government had encouraged it to spend “tens of millions of dollars to undertake

mineral exploration activities” near the central Salvadoran department of Cabañas, only
to withhold necessary permits once valuable deposits were discovered.

The following are the claims upholded:

  OceanaGold lacked crucial environmental permissions, did not hold the rights to much of
the land required for its project, and failed to submit a final feasibility study.

 OceanaGold failed to meet regulatory requirements for the requested permits.

 El Salvador spent more than $12m on its legal defence and OceanaGold must pay $8m
to the El Salvador government to cover the majority of the country’s legal costs.

The decision resulted to the claimant (OceanaGold) to pay Salvadoran government to pay $8m
to cover part of country’s legal cost.(1)

From ‘Part X: The Tribunal’s Decisions’ of the International Centre for Settlement of
Investment Disputes (ICSID) decision:

 “…[T]he Tribunal decides that PRES (Pacific Rim) had no legal entitlement under the [El
Salvador] Mining Law to obtain from the Respondent (El Salvador Gov’t) and the
Respondent no legal obligation to grant to PRES any exploitation concession for its El
Dorado Project, owing to the continuing inadmissibility of PRES’ application of 22
December 2004 under Article 37(2)(b).

In addition, PRES’ exploration licenses for its El Dorado Project expired on 1 January
2005 in accordance with the Mining Law. Accordingly, the Claimant had no legal right to
any concession at El Dorado and no rights of property in any part of its sub-soil or any of
its deposits under Salvadoran law.”

(Article 37(2)(b). FOR THE CONCESSION FOR THE EXPLOITATION OF MINES AND
QUARRIES. b) the ownership deed of the property or the authorization legally granted
by the owner).

“In these circumstances, the Claimant can have no claim for damages as pleaded against the
Respondent under Articles 4, 5, 6, 8 and 13 of the Investment Law (including the Respondent’s
Constitution) as regards the El Dorado Project…Further, for similar reasons, the Claimant’s
claim for damages as pleaded against the Respondent under customary international law (if and
to the extent applicable) fails for want of any relevant legal right or right of property
as…protected under Salvadoran law and international law.”

(Article 4. With the purpose of facilitating the establishment and development of national and
foreign investments, the State shall provide to the investors brief and simple procedures for their
formalization in accordance with the law; in addition, in the case of foreign investments, to be
able to be repatriated by the owners.

Article 5. Foreign investors and the commercial companies in which they participate shall have
the same rights and obligations as national investors and companies, with no other exceptions
save for those set forth by law, and may not be subjected to measures that are unjustified or
discriminatory, which may hinder the establishment, administration, use, usufruct, extension,
sale and liquidation of their investments.

Article 6. Any individual or legal entity, national or foreign, may make investments of any kind in
El Salvador, except for those that are limited by law, and may not be subjected to
discriminations or differences for reasons of nationality, domicile, race, gender or religion.

Article 8. In accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic, expropriations
shall proceed for reasons of public utility or social interest that have been legally proven,
following payment of fair compensation.

If the expropriation is due to reasons stemming from war, public calamity or if it is required for
supplying water or power, or the construction of housing or public roads, streets or
thoroughfares of any kind, the compensation may or may not be payable in advance.

If the amount of the compensation justifies it, the payment may be made in installments, in
which case the corresponding bank interest shall be paid. Such payment must preferably be
made in cash.

Article 13. According with the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic, the national and
foreign investors are guaranteed protection of their property and the right to freely dispose of
their assets.) (2)

REFERENCES
1. World Bank tribunal dismisses mining firm's $250m claim against El Salvador. Friday 14
October 2016. The Guardian
2. Award Rendered in Case Involving Claims under CAFTA and El Salvador's Investment
Law
3. EIM on the Impacts of Large Scale Mining in Nueva Viscaya, Philippines. September
2014. KPNE and AGHAM
4. CHR Resolution No. A2011-004
5. CHR urged to probe dispersal of Vizcaya anti-mining barricade.15 October 2009.
KASAMA
6. OCEANA GOLD STAY OUT In Didipio! The Continuing Story Of Indigenous Resistance
To Large Scale Mining In The Philippine Highlands. 20 March 2012
7. Press release: MGB explanation for extension of FTAA exploration permit in Nueva
Vizcaya, violation of mining EO sought. 5 April 2016. Alyansa Tigil Mina
8. Another mother, anti-mining activist killed days before Human Rights Day. 8 December
2012. KPNE
9. National Fact-Finding and Solidarity Mission in Nueva Vizcaya. September 19-21, 2013.
ANNVIK, KAMP, DP!A, KPNE
10. Three Reasons Why OceanaGold Thinks Didipio Suspension Is ‘Unjustified’. Feb 3 2017
11. Stop Human Rights Violations in Didipio! Stop Large Scale Mining in the Philippines! 29
October 2009. Task Force Detainees of the Philippines
12. The Endless Loop: Mining, the State and the indigenous peoples of the Philippines
13. Mining Ombudsman case report: Didipio gold and copper mine. September 2007. Oxfam
Australia

Prepared by the Kalikasan People’s Network for the Environment

(Kalikasan PNE) for the Defending the Environmental Defender –
Philippines Program.