Kennedy’s Comrade: Hunting a KGB Mole in the

Democratic Party
By Fedora

http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1724508/posts

With thanks to those who helped

Profile of an Agent

In 1999, espionage author Christopher Andrew revealed that Soviet archives smuggled
by defector Vasili Mitrokhin described an unnamed KGB agent recruited from California
Democratic Party circles in the 1970s:

Though [Gus] Hall tended to overstate the influence of undeclared members of the
CPUSA within the Democratic Party, there was at least one to whom the [KGB’s] Centre
attached real importance during the 1970s: a Democratic activist in California recruited
as a KGB agent during a visit to Russia. The agent, who is not identified by name in the
reports noted by Mitrokhin, had a wide circle of influential contacts in the Democratic
Party: among them Governor Jerry Brown of California, Senator Alan Cranston, Senator
Eugene McCarthy, Senator Edward Kennedy, Senator Abraham Ribicoff, Senator J.
William Fulbright and Congressman John Conyers, Jr. During the 1976 Presidential
campaign the agent was able to provide inside information from within the Carter camp
and a profile of Carter himself, which were particularly highly valued by the Centre since
it had so few high-level American sources. On one occasion he spent three hours
discussing the progress of the campaign at a meeting with Carter, Brown and Cranston
in Carter's room at the Pacific Hotel. His report was forwarded to the Politburo. During
the final stages of the campaign the agent had what the KGB claimed were 'direct and
prolonged conversations' with Carter, Governor Brown and Senators Cranston,
Kennedy, Ribicoff and Jacob Javits. Andropov attached such importance to the report
on these conversations that he forwarded it under his signature to the Politburo
immediately after Carter's election. . .Mitrokhin had access only to reports in FCD files
based on intelligence provided by the agent, not to the agent's file itself--probably
because he had been recruited by the Second (rather than the First) Chief Directorate
during a visit to the Soviet Union. Within the United States he seems to have been run
from the San Francisco residency.1
Narrowing Down the Suspects

Following publication of Andrew’s book, I began trying to identify this individual. I

worked from the clues provided in Andrew’s summary as quoted above. Unfortunately,
Andrew did not include the original Russian text of the document in his book, nor have I
yet been able to find it among the original documents he has reproduced in his other
published work, so I should emphasize that here I am working from Andrew’s English
summary of a Russian original document, not from the original document itself. Due to
this, I have unanswered questions about how to interpret the significance of certain
phrases mentioned above, such as the characterization of the agent as a “Democratic
activist”. Hopefully the original document will be made available in the future and will
shed light on these details. But in any case, here is what I have been able to find by
following up on the clues Andrew has provided so far.

In the process of trying to collect details on the “Pacific Hotel” meeting with Jimmy
Carter, Jerry Brown, and Alan Cranston, I learned that Los Angeles Times reporter Tyler
Marshall had questioned Cranston about the meeting without success:

Asked about the account Thursday, Cranston said he was unaware whom the Soviet
mole might be.

"I have no idea who this guy is," Cranston said. The former senator said that he
recalled a Carter campaign event at the Pacific Hotel but remembered no meeting
between the three Democrats as described by Mitrokhin.

"It's not logical such a meeting would have occurred," Cranston said. "I don't believe it
happened. Sounds like this agent [was] trying to build up his own reputation."2

Jamie Dettmer also questioned Cranston, as well as Jerry Brown and Jimmy Carter, with
similar results. As Dettmer reported on an intelligence community discussion forum:

I talked to Cranston and Brown and Carter about the 1970s spy--all recalled the
meeting but not who was in the room. We also tried the hotel but their records did not
go back that far. We also tried the Carter library but they could not help either.3

A participant in the same thread as Dettmer’s post suggested that the suspect profile fit
Tom Hayden.4 This sounded like a guess worth pursuing—Hayden certainly fit the
description of a “Democratic activist in California”, and he had frequently associated
with Communist front groups and toured Communist countries. But I wanted
confirmation, so I began checking into Hayden and Carter’s known movements to
determine whether there was any convergence with the other details given in the KGB
archives. A research assistant helped me dig up any pertinent information on Carter’s
visits to California during the 1976 Presidential campaign.

We soon determined that on Sunday, August 22 and Monday, August 23, 1976, Carter
met with Cranston and the campaign steering committee of the Democratic National
Committee at the Pacifica Hotel, also known as the Radisson Los Angeles Airport Hotel
of the Pacifica Host Hotels chain. In the process we discovered there was another
individual present during Carter’s visit who seemed to fit the suspect’s profile better
than Tom Hayden:

The Los Angeles Times gave a detailed summary of Carter’s visit and itinerary on
August 23, 1976:

Jimmy Carter arrived in Los Angeles Sunday evening to begin a three-day West Coast
trip. . .
From the airport, Carter motored to the Pacifica Hotel, where he was greeted by Sens.
Alan Cranston and John V. Tunney and Mayor Bradley at a reception held under the
auspices of the Democratic National Committee. . .

Inside, Carter gave a brief speech. . .

After the reception at the hotel, the former Americana Hotel in Culver City, Carter,
Carter drove to the home of Lew Wasserman, Music Corp. of America chairman. . .

Brown was among the guests at the Wasserman dinner. Others included Sens. Cranston
and Tunney, Rep. James C. Corman of Van Nuys, labor lawyer Sidney Korshak,
producer Norman Lear, Occidental Oil head Armand Hammer, David Begelman,
president of Columbia Pictures, Barry Diller, chairman of the board of Paramount
Pictures, and Robert Prescott, board chairman of Flying Tiger Airlines.

Political figures attending from out of state included Democratic National Chairman
Robert S. Strauss and Rep. Andrew Young of Georgia.

After the Wasserman dinner, Carter went to the Beverly Wilshire, where he was the
guest of honor at a reception given by actor Warren Beatty. . .

From Los Angeles, Carter flies today to San Francisco and then tonight to Seattle. . .

Carter’s Los Angeles schedule. . .allows for no direct contact by the Georgian with
substantial segments of this area’s electorate. . .

Instead, the Carter schedule calls for attending functions associated with a second
meeting of the campaign steering committee of the Democratic National Committee at
the Pacifica Hotel. The steering committee plans a number of meetings around the
country.

In addition to speaking at Town Hall this noon, Carter plans to make an appearance this
afternoon before the Watts Labor Community Action Council in the heart of the black
community, and he will be interviewed for an hour at The Times.

His California itinerary will continue to be rather limited when he goes to San Francisco,
where his only schedule event is a Democratic National Committee fundraiser at the
Fairmont Hotel. . .5

Among the names mentioned in this Los Angeles Times article, several stand out for
known Soviet intelligence associations, and one in particular emerges as a most likely
suspect for the Carter campaign’s KGB mole.

Armand Hammer’s work for Soviet intelligence is well known.6 However there is no
indication in the Los Angeles Times article or other sources of Hammer going back to
the Pacifica with Carter after the Wasserman dinner. Nor was Hammer especially close
to the other individuals described as being within the KGB agent’s circle of contacts.
While we did not rule Hammer out absolutely due to a lack of exhaustive information,
he did not seem to be the best match for the suspect profile.
Andrew Young is known to have been under the influence of Communist Party
operative Jack “Hunter Pitts” O’Dell.7 However researchers considering Young as a
suspect have pointed out that in the same passage where Christopher Andrew
discusses the Carter campaign’s KGB mole, he mentions that the KGB met obstacles
when attempting to recruit Young.8 This alone does not necessarily exclude Young from
consideration, but when other details are considered, a better suspect emerges.

That individual is a known KGB asset mentioned in the Los Angeles Times article:
California Senator John Tunney.

Fitting the Profile

Tunney’s relationship with the KGB was first revealed in 1992 after Soviet archives
came into Western possession, and has recently received renewed publicity from
reviews of Paul Kengor’s 2006 book The Crusader9 The documents publicized in 1992
and 2006 focused on Tunney’s mediation between Soviet officials and Ted Kennedy
from 1978 to 1983. But Tunney also seems to be the best fit for the profile of the
unnamed agent the KGB had placed in Jimmy Carter’s circles during the 1976
Presidential campaign.

Like the unnamed agent, Tunney had been in the Soviet Union. His business trips there
after 1978 are easily documented from the public record. I found it more difficult to
determine exactly when he first visited the USSR, but it was apparently before October
1974. At that time his soon-to-be-ex-wife Mieke wrote an article for Ladies’ Home
Journal describing her relationship with Senator Edward Kennedy’s husband Joan,
whom she had known since 1958 when their future husbands were attending law
school together.10 Mieke mentioned “days in Moscow” with Joan during the past 16
years:

Both Joan and I take great pride in looking well. . .Our faces have a few more wrinkles
despite the creams that we faithfully apply, but if one were to ask us to give back any
of those 16 years, the stimulating yet hectic life, the action-packed days in Boston or
Washington or Moscow, the answer would be never.11

When were Mieke Tunney and Joan Kennedy in Moscow between 1958 and 1974? In
the wake of detente, a number of groups of Senators and Congressmen travelled to the
Soviet Union between 1972 and 1974.12 Senator Kennedy made his first trip to the
USSR from April 18 through 25, 1974, visiting Moscow before going on to sightseeing in
Tbilisi and Leningrad. News coverage and Kennedy biographies mention that the
Senator travelled with Joan and their children Kara and Ted, Jr. While in Moscow the
Senator met briefly with what news accounts describe as “American residents in
Moscow”. In Tbilisi Kennedy spoke at the Dartmouth Conference, an annual Soviet-
American business conference, which was attended by other Americans including Chase
Manhattan Bank president David Rockefeller and Senators Hugh Scott and William Roth.
The Senator also met with the Soviet USA Institute, headed by Dartmouth Conference
attendee Georgi Arbatov.13 I did not find any direct references to the Tunneys being
present on these occasions. But I did find references to the Tunneys vacationing with
the Kennedys several times during 1972-1974, when both Senators were having marital
difficulties and Tunney’s son Teddy was helping Ted Kennedy, Jr. work through
chemotherapy for bone cancer.14 In July 1974, the Kennedy and Tunney families were
reported vacationing together in Ireland.15 So it seems plausible that Mieke Tunney’s
reference to “days in Moscow” may be alluding to the Kennedys’ 1974 visit to Moscow.
Hopefully further research will uncover additional information.

It proved easier to find confirmation that Tunney fit some of the other items in the
unnamed agent’s profile remarkably well. His circle of contacts coincided significantly
with those attributed to the agent: “Governor Jerry Brown of California, Senator Alan
Cranston, Senator Eugene McCarthy, Senator Edward Kennedy, Senator Abraham
Ribicoff, Senator J. William Fulbright and Congressman John Conyers, Jr.”

Tunney’s political contacts stemmed partly from his close relationship with Senator
Kennedy. Tunney had been Kennedy’s college roommate in law school and was an
usher at Kennedy’s wedding to Joan. Joan Kennedy and Mieke Tunney became best
friends over the course of the 1960s. Meanwhile their husbands travelled together and
were frequently seen together in extramarital couplings with other women.16 In addition
to such social contact, Kennedy and Tunney worked together politically. For instance,
while Tunney was still a Congressman in 1966, he and Kennedy and their wives
travelled to the Middle East on a fact-finding trip to develop an Arab-Israeli peace
plan.17 Also in 1966, Joan Kennedy and her sister Candy travelled to California to stump
for the re-election of Tunney and Governor Pat Brown.18 Tunney helped Jess Unruh
organize Robert Kennedy’s Presidential campaign in California in 1968,19 and early that
same year Tunney and Edward Kennedy both made fact-finding trips to Vietnam.20
After Tunney was elected Senator in 1970, he and Kennedy served on the Senate
Judiciary Committee together.21 They joined forces against the Nixon administration and
California Governor Ed Reinecke during the Watergate investigation.22 In late 1974 and
early 1975 they joined Senators Alan Cranston and Dick Clark in leading a drive to sever
US aid to anti-Communist forces in Angola.23

Tunney’s close relationship with Kennedy placed him in Kennedy’s circle of contacts,
intersecting with at least three of the other politicians from the unnamed KGB agent’s
list of contacts: Senators Abraham Ribicoff and Jacob Javits and Congressman John
Conyers, Jr.

Ribicoff, a friend of the Kennedy family since 1949, had been John Kennedy’s campaign
adviser and first cabinet appointee.24 As a Senator he and his close colleague Jacob
Javits had worked with Robert Kennedy on the Subcommittee on Executive
Reorganization of the Senate Committee on Government Operations.25 Following Robert
Kennedy’s assassination, Ribicoff had supported antiwar candidate George McGovern’s
Presidential aspirations in 1968 and 1972.26 Edward Kennedy joined him in supporting
McGovern in the 1972 campaign, and both Kennedy and Ribicoff were considered as
running mates for McGovern.27 At the time of Kennedy’s April 1974 trip to the USSR he
was cosponsoring a major piece of legislation being promoted by Ribicoff in conjunction
with Senator Javits and Senator Henry Jackson, the Jackson-Vanik Amendment.28 In
support of this legislation and related legislation, Tunney’s aide Mel Levine worked in
coordination with Jackson’s aide Richard Perle, Javits’ aide Albert Lakeland, and
Ribicoff’s aide Morris Amitay.29
John Conyers, Jr. served on the House Judiciary Committee while Tunney was on the
Senate Judiciary Committee. Tunney and his committee listened to a statement Conyers
gave opposing the Supreme Court nomination of Lewis Powell.30 Tunney also supported
the efforts of Conyers and his Democratic colleagues on the House Judiciary Committee
to impeach Richard Nixon, an effort in which Senator Kennedy played a large behind-
the-scenes role.31

As a Democratic Senator from California, Tunney also worked closely with two of the
unnamed KGB agent’s other contacts: Senator Cranston and Governor Brown. Cranston,
who was Tunney’s senior as California Senator, was quoted in a 1971 article describing
the growth of his relationship with Tunney, and in 1974-1975 he supported Tunney’s
efforts to cut off US aid to Angola.32 At the 1976 Democratic National Convention,
where Jerry Brown was one of Carter’s leading rivals, Tunney and Cranston attended a
private unity meeting between Brown’s camp and the Carter camp.33 Carter’s California
campaign was aided by Brown, Cranston, Tunney, and Democratic State Chairman
Charles Manatt, who had guided Tunney’s 1970 Senate campaign and later became
Tunney’s law partner when the former Senator joined the firm of Manatt, Phelps,
Rothenberg & Tunney (now Manatt, Phelps & Phillips).34

In addition to being present during Carter’s Los Angeles visit on August 22, 1976,
Tunney also had good opportunity for the later contact with Carter and his supporters
attributed to the unnamed KGB agent: “During the final stages of the campaign the
agent had what the KGB claimed were 'direct and prolonged conversations' with Carter,
Governor Brown and Senators Cranston, Kennedy, Ribicoff and Jacob Javits.”

Carter visited California three times during the later stages of his campaign. Following
his first debate with President Ford, he spent the weekend of September 24-26, 1976 in
Southern California, making an appearance at the San Diego Zoo and at an Orange
County barbecue and in the process appearing publicly with Governor Brown and
Senators Cranston and Tunney.35 Carter was in San Francisco for his second debate
with Ford from October 4 through October 7.36 Carter made a final campaign swing
through California over the weekend of October 29 through November 1, during which
he joined a San Francisco telecast featuring Tunney and other Democratic candidates
on Halloween, spent that evening and the next morning in Sacramento at the El Mirador
Hotel with Governor Brown, and attended a Los Angeles lunch rally with Brown,
Tunney, and Cranston on November 1.37

Tunney could have spoken with his best friend Kennedy at any time during this period.
Kennedy had especially close access to Carter when Carter stopped in Boston on
September 31 and met with Kennedy and other Democratic state leaders.38 Carter was
also present at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York on October 21 for the annual dinner of
the Alfred E. Smith Memorial Foundation, which was attended by prominent members
of both parties.39 I am still trying to determine whether Tunney had any documented
contact with Ribicoff or Javits during the final stages of the Carter campaign.
 Historical Implications

If Tunney was the unnamed KGB agent, what are the implications for history? If
Tunney had already been recruited by the KGB before his 1976 Senate campaign, it
could shed significant light on his activity during the Nixon-Ford administration. The
precise date of the unnamed agent’s recruitment is unclear from Andrew’s summary,
but his account makes it sound as if the agent had already been recruited during a visit
to Russia sometime prior to the 1976 Presidential campaign. As mentioned above,
Senator Kennedy had visited Russia in April 1974, and Mieke Tunney recorded
reminiscences of “days in Moscow” with Joan Kennedy in an October 1974 article.
During this period, as Kennedy sized up his odds in the next Presidential election and
Tunney prepared to run for re-election to the Senate, both men were actively involved
in promoting the Watergate prosecution.40 In late 1974, Tunney initiated the
Congressional antiwar bloc’s effort to cut off US aid to Angola. Soviet archives record
the KGB’s enthusiastic reviews of New York Times coverage of Congress’ attack on
President Ford’s Angola policy.41

While Tunney’s relationship to the KGB before the 1976 election remains only a
hypothesis supported by circumstantial evidence, there is more direct evidence available
after the 1976 election, when Tunney joined the law firm of his friend Charles Manatt,
who would serve as the Democratic National Committee Chairman from 1981 to 1985.
Soviet archives indicate that another firm Tunney was linked to, Agritech, had a
relationship to a French-American company called Finatech, which was run by David
Karr—a KGB agent associated with Armand Hammer—and served as an intermediary
between the KGB and Ted Kennedy between 1978 and 1980. KBG reports also mention
Tunney carrying messages between Kennedy and Moscow in 1983. As summarized by
Herbert Romerstein:

One of the documents, a KGB report to bosses in the Soviet Communist Party Central
Committee, revealed that "In 1978, American Sen. Edward Kennedy requested the
assistance of the KGB to establish a relationship" between the Soviet apparatus and a
firm owned by former Sen. John Tunney (D.-Calif.). KGB recommended that they be
permitted to do this because Tunney's firm was already connected with a KGB agent in
France named David Karr. This document was found by the knowledgeable Russian
journalist Yevgenia Albats and published in Moscow's Izvestia in June 1992.

Another KGB report to their bosses revealed that on March 5, 1980, John Tunney met
with the KGB in Moscow on behalf of Sen. Kennedy. Tunney expressed Kennedy's
opinion that "nonsense about 'the Soviet military threat' and Soviet ambitions for
military expansion in the Persian Gulf. . .was being fueled by [President Jimmy] Carter,
[National Security Advisor Zbigniew] Brzezinski, the Pentagon and the military industrial
complex.". . .

In May 1983, the KGB again reported to their bosses on a discussion in Moscow with
former Sen. John Tunney. Kennedy had instructed Tunney, according to the KGB, to
carry a message to Yuri Andropov, the General Secretary of the Soviet Communist
Party, expressing Kennedy's concern about the anti-Soviet activities of President Ronald
Reagan. The KGB reported "in Kennedy's opinion the opposition to Reagan remains
weak. Speeches of the President's opponents are not well-coordinated and not effective
enough, and Reagan has the chance to use successful counterpropaganda." Kennedy
offered to "undertake some additional steps to counter the militaristic, policy of Reagan
and his campaign of psychological pressure on the American population." Kennedy
asked for a meeting with Andropov for the purpose of "arming himself with the Soviet
leader's explanations of arms control policy so he can use them later for more
convincing speeches in the U.S." He also offered to help get Soviet views on the major
U.S. networks and suggested inviting "Elton Rule, ABC chairman of the board, or
observers Walter Cronkite or Barbara Walters to Moscow."

Tunney also told the KGB that Kennedy was planning to run for President in the 1988
elections. "At that time, he will be 56 years old, and personal problems that have
weakened his position will have been resolved [Kennedy quietly settled a divorce suit
and soon plans to remarry]." Of course the Russians understood his problem with
Chappaquiddick. While Kennedy did not intend to run in 1984, he did not exclude the
possibility that the Democratic Party would draft him because "not a single one of the
current Democratic hopefuls has a real chance of beating Reagan."

This document was first discovered in the Soviet archives by London Times reporter Tim
Sebastian and a report on it was published in that newspaper in February 1992.42

So from 1978 to 1983, there is direct evidence from Soviet archives that Tunney was
acting as a middleman between Senator Kennedy and the Soviet Union. Circumstantial
evidence indicates that Tunney may have begun playing this role as early as 1974-
1976.

Tunney’s role as courier to the Soviets was not limited to delivering messages from
Kennedy. A review of Paul Kengor’s Crusader adds:

At one point after President Reagan left office, Tunney acknowledged that he had
played the role of intermediary, not only for Kennedy but for other U.S. senators,
Kengor said. Moreover, Tunney told the London Times that he had made 15 separate
trips to Moscow.

"There's a lot more to be found here," Kengor told Cybercast News Service. "This was a
shocking revelation."43

There is indeed a lot more to be found—or from the perspective of some, perhaps, a lot
more to be covered up.

Notes
1
Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin
Archive and the Secret History of the KGB, New York: Basic Books, 1999, 290-291,
627n84, citing "[Mitrokhin archives] vol. 6, app. 1, part 4; t-3,76”.
2
Tyler Marshall, “California and the West; KGB Records Reveal California Espionage;
Intelligence: Unidentified man described as a Democratic Party activist informed Soviets
about meeting with then-Sen. Cranston and presidential candidate Jimmy Carter,
papers show.”, Los Angeles Times, September 24, 1999, 3.
3
Jamie Dettmer, “Re: Who Was That Spy?”, Intelligence Forum, June 26, 2000,
http://archives.his.com/intelforum/2000-June/msg00328.html
4
John Young, “Re: Who Was That Spy?”, Intelligence Forum, June 25, 2000,
http://archives.his.com/intelforum/2000-June/msg00327.html
5
Kenneth Reich, “Carter in L.A., Approves Ford’s Action in Korea”, Los Angeles Times,
August 23, 1976, B1. For other accounts of Carter’s trip, see Jules Witcover, Marathon:
The Pursuit of the Presidency, 1972-1976, New York Viking press, 1977, 521, 525-526;
Patrick Anderson, Electing Jimmy Carter: The Campaign of 1976, Baton Rouge:
Louisiana State University Press, 1994, 89-99.
6
Joseph Finder, Red Carpet, New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1983; Steve
Weinberg, Armand Hammer: The Untold Story, Boston: Little, Brown and Company,
1989; Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, and Fridrikh Igorevich Firsov, The Secret World
of American Communism, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995, 26-30; Harvey
Klehr, John Haynes, and Kyrill M. Anderson, The Soviet World of American Communism,
New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998; Edward Jay Epstein, Dossier: The Secret
History of Armand Hammer, New York: Random House, 1996.
7
Kenneth R. Timmerman, Shakedown: Exposing the Real Jesse Jackson, Washington,
DC: Regnery Publishing, 2002, 108, 110.
8
Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield, 290; Gary Kern, “Who Was That
Spy?”, Intelligence Forum, June 25, 2000, http://archives.his.com/intelforum/2000-
June/msg00326.html
9
Tim Sebastian, “Dialogue with the Kremlin”, The Sunday Times, February 2, 1992;
Yevgenia Albats, “Senator Edward Kennedy Requested KGB Assistance With a Profitable
Contract for his Businessman-Friend”, Izvestia, June 24, 1992, 5; Paul Kengor, The
Crusader: Ronald Reagan and the Fall of Communism, New York: HarperCollins, 2006.
10
Mieke Tunney, “My Friend, Joan Kennedy”, Ladies’ Home Journal, October 1974;
Lester David Joan: The Reluctant Kennedy: A Biographical Profile, New York: Funk &
Wagnalls, 1974, 121-122.
11
Tunney.
12
Murray Seeger, “Humphrey Warns Russ of Diploma Tax Danger: Emphasizes That
Democratic Congress Will Decide Its Own East-West Policies”, Los Angeles Times,
December 2, 1972, 14; Murray Seeger, “Brezhnev Talks Trade With 7 U. S. Senators:
Soviet Emphasis on Legislation”, Los Angeles Times, April 24, 1973, 4.
13
”Kennedy, in Moscow, Backs Visit by Nixon: Impeachment Moves Should Not Keep the
President Home, Democratic Senator Says”, Los Angeles Times, April 19, 1974, A4;
Murray Seeger, “Kennedy-Brezhnev Talk Indicates Russ Are Looking Beyond Nixon”, Los
Angeles Times, April 23, 1974, 7; “Crowds of Smiling Georgians Give Kennedy Warm
Greeting”, Los Angeles Times, April 23, 1974, 2; ;”Peasants Love Them: Kennedys Make
Hit in Soviet Georgia”, Los Angeles Times, April 24, 1974, A4; Murray Seeger, “A Red
Carpet for Sen. Kennedy: Kremlin Opens Its Gates to Kennedy”, Los Angeles Times,
April 28, 1974, F1; ”People”, TIME, May 6, 1974; Bill Adler, The Kennedy Children:
Triumphs & Tragedies, New York: Franklin Watts, 1980, 266.
14
David, 225, 240; Adler, 266; Richard E. Burke, The Senator: My Ten Years With
Senator Ted Kennedy, with William and Marilyn Hoffer, New York: St. Martin’s Press,
1992, 52, 67-71.
15
”Kara Kennedy/Foot Injury”, ABC Evening News, July 10, 1974; ”Kara Kennedy/Foot
Injury”, CBS Evening News, July 10, 1974; Adler, 266; “GAA Club to benefit from draw”,
Western People, August 4, 2004,
http://www.westernpeople.ie/community/story.asp?j=20861
16
David, 50, 121-122, 137-138, 225-228, 240; Tunney; Joe McGinniss, The Last Brother,
New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, 560; Burke, 67-71.
17
Jerusalem Post, December 2, 1966, 8; Allan Kellum, “The Presidential Candidates:
How They View the Middle East”, The Link, Volume 13, Issue 1, January-February
1980; George Weller, “Dateline: Palestine”, The Link, Volume 21, Issue 2, June-July
1988.
18
David, 86-87.
19
Francis M. Carney, interview, July 20, 1998, online at Oral History: University of
California, Riverside http://www.ucrhistory.ucr.edu/ ; Ronald Loveridge, interview,
August 5, 1998, online at Oral History: University of California,
http://www.ucrhistory.ucr.edu/pdf/loveridge.pdf ; Lawrence F. O’Brien, interview with
Michael L. Gillette, July 21, 1987, online at Lyndon Baines Johnson Library Oral History
Collection,
http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/oralhistory.hom/obrienl/OBRIEN23.
PDF
20
United States Congress, 91st Congress, 1st Session. House Report No. 91-25:
Measuring Hamlet Security in Vietnam: Report of a Special Study Mission by Honorable
John V. Tunney (California) of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of
Representatives, Pursuant to the Provisions of H. Res. 179, 90th Congress, A Resolution
Authorizing the Committee on Foreign Affairs to Conduct Thorough Studies and
Investigation of All Matters Coming Within the Jurisdiction of Such Committee.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969; Harvey Meyerson, Vinh Long,
with Introduction by Congressman John Tunney, illustrated with maps by Adam
Nakamura, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1970; Don Luce and John Sommer, Viet
Nam: The Unheard Voices, Foreword by Senator Edward Kennedy, Ithaca, New York:
Cornell University Press, 1969; "Edward M. Kennedy", Encyclopedia of World Biography,
2nd Edition, 17 Volumes., Gale Research, 1998, reproduced in Biography Resource
Center. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Thomson Gale, 2006,
http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC
21
”Committee on the Judiciary”,
http://a255.g.akamaitech.net/7/255/2422/06sep20050947/www.gpoaccess.gov/congres
s/senate/judiciary/sh92-69-267/members.pdf , ”Committee on the Judiciary”,
http://a255.g.akamaitech.net/7/255/2422/26sep20051515/www.gpoaccess.gov/congres
s/senate/judiciary/sh94-63774/members.pdf ; U.S. National Archives and Records
Administration: Legislative Branch: The Center for Legislative Archives, Guide to the
Records of the U.S. Senate at the National Archives (Record Group 46): Chapter 13.
Records of the Committee on the Judiciary and Related Committees, 1816-1968:
Records of Subcommittees: Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights, online at
http://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/senate/chapter-13-judiciary-1947-1968.html
22
”Abuse of Governmental Power Segments”, Nixon White House Tapes, Conversation
Numbers 22-84, 22-93, 23-8, 711-14, 712-6, 23-30, and 331-16, April 5-18, 1972,
online at http://nixon.archives.gov/find/tapes/watergate/aogp/april_1972.pdf ; ”Gray
Nom.”, ABC Evening News, March 1, 1973; ”Gray/Watergate Case”, CBS Evening News,
March 9, 1973; “The Fight Over the Future of the FBI”, TIME, March 26, 1973;
”Watergate Case”, ABC Evening News, May 15, 1973; ”Watergate/Elliott Richardson”,
ABC Evening News, May 22, 1973; ”Senate Probe/Cox Removal/Nixon Impeachment”,
CBS Evening News, October 22, 1973;”Reinecke Arraigned”, ABC Evening News, April
10, 1974; Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives,
Ninety-Third Congress, Second Session, Pursuant to H. Res. 803, A Resolution
Authorizing and Directing the Committee on the Judiciary to Investigate Whether
Sufficient Grounds Exist for the House of Representatives to Exercise Its Constitutional
Power to Impeach Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States of America,
Presidential Statements on the Watergate Break-In and Its Investigation, May-June
1974Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974, Appendix I, online at
http://watergate.info/judiciary/APPI.PDF
23
Joshua Murvachik, “Kennedy’s Foreign Policy: What the Record Shows”, Commentary,
Volume 68, Number 6, December 1979.
24
”The Campaign and the Candidates”, NBC News, October 29, 1960; "Abraham
(Alexander) Ribicoff", Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2006, reproduced in
Biography Resource Center, Farmington Hills, Michigan: Thomson Gale, 2006,
http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC ; "Abraham Alexander Ribicoff”, The
Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Volume 5: 1997-1999, Charles Scribner's
Sons, 2002, reproduced in Biography Resource Center, Farmington Hills, Michigan:
Thomson Gale, 2006, http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC ; “Biographies and
Profiles: Abraham Ribicoff”, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum,
http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Biographies+and+Profiles/Profiles/Abra
ham+Ribicoff.htm
25
Rufus King, The Drug Hang Up: America’s Fifty-Year Folly, Springfield, Illinois: Charles
C. Thomas, 1972, Chapter 27, online at
http://www.druglibrary.org/special/king/dhu/dhu27.htm
26
”Convention Activities/Daley”, NBC Evening News, August 29, 1968.
27
”Campaign `72/Vice President Offers--Ribicoff, Kennedy”, ABC Evening News, July 13,
1972.
28
Arlene Lazarowitz, “Senator Jacob K. Javits and Soviet Jewish Emigration”, Shofar: An
Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies, Volume 21, Number 4, Summer 2003, 19-
31; Murray Seeger, “Kennedy-Brezhnev Talk Indicates Russ Are Looking Beyond Nixon”,
Los Angeles Times, April 23, 1974, 7.
29
Stephen D. Isaacs, Jews and American Politics, Garden City, New York: Doubleday &
Company, Inc., 1974, 255.
30
John Conyers to United States Senate, November 9, 1971, from United States Senate,
Nominations of William H. Rehnquist and Lewis F. Powell, Jr.: Hearings before the
Committee on the Judiciary. United States Senate. November 3, 4, 8, 9 and 10, 1971.,
online at http://www.20thcenturyrolemodels.org/powell/LP%20Judging%20History.pdf
31
Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Ninety-
Third Congress, Second Session, Pursuant to H. Res. 803, A Resolution Authorizing and
Directing the Committee on the Judiciary to Investigate Whether Sufficient Grounds
Exist for the House of Representatives to Exercise Its Constitutional Power to Impeach
Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States of America, Presidential Statements on
the Watergate Break-In and Its Investigation, May-June 1974Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1974, Appendix I, online at
http://watergate.info/judiciary/APPI.PDF
32
Charles Powers, “Warming Up for the Big Time: Can John Tunney Make It As a
Heavyweight?”, West, December 12, 1971; Carl Gershman and Bayard Rustin, “Africa,
Soviet Imperialism & The Retreat of American Power”, Commentary, Volume 64,
Number 4, October 1977; Murvachik; K.C. Johnson, “Clark Amendment”,
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/johnson/clark.htm
33
”Carter Goes to See Brown--Asks His Help in Fall: Californians Join Candidate in Unity
Session”, Los Angeles Times, July 15, 1976, 2.
34
Jack Jones, “Thousands Hear Carter at Last-Day Rally in L.A.”, Los Angeles Times,
November 1, 1976, A1. On Manatt and Tunney, see e.g. David Watson, “Davis Names
Pines, Five Others to Los Angeles Superior Court: Governor Also Appoints 10 to Other
Courts, Leaving Only a Handful of Vacancies”, Metropolitan News-Enterprise, November
13, 2003, http://www.metnews.com/articles/appt111303.htm; Mary Ellen Leary, “The
Democratic New Guard”, The Nation, Volume 212, Issue 10, March 8, 1971, 302-305;
Federal Election Commission to Terry D. Garcia, “Federal Election Commission Advisory
Opinion Number 1982-63”, February 10, 1983, online at
http://herndon1.sdrdc.com/ao/no/820063.html ; “Decision 1984/California Primary”,
NBC Evening News, March 19, 1984; Irvin Molotsky and Warren Weaver, Jr.,
“BRIEFING; Grassley and the Democrats”, The New York Times, August 23, 1985.
35
”Carter To Bring Campaign To County Sept. 26”, Los Angeles Times, September 16,
1976, OC1; “Brown Campaigns for Ohioans, Plans to Assist Carter”, Los Angeles Times,
September 24, 1976, B29; Bud Lembke, “Big-Name Politicians Flock to County”, Los
Angeles Times, September 27, 1976, OC1, 2 pages; Don Smith, “Carter Brings
Campaign to County Parade, Barbecue: Small Crowds Greet Carter”, Los Angeles Times,
September 27, 1976, OC1, 2 pages; Patrick Anderson, Electing Jimmy Carter, 116-117.
36
Kenneth Reich, “Carter Discusses Foreign Affairs With Schlesinger”, Los Angeles
Times, October 4, 1976, B6; Kenneth Reich, “Carter in S.F., Vows to Debate
Aggressively”, Los Angeles Times, October 5, 1976, B6; Kenneth Reich, “Carter Aides
Assail Ford For His Remark On Poland”, Los Angeles Times, October 7, 1976, B27;
Kenneth Reich, “State Democrats Buoyed By Carter California Tour”, Los Angeles Times,
October 9, 1976, A1, 2 pages.
37
“Carter to Tour State on Nov. 1”, Los Angeles Times, October 16, 1976, A23; Ellen
Hume, “Buoyant Tunney Stumps With Children: Says Private Poll Gives Him 49%-41%
Lead Over Hayakawa”, Los Angeles Times; November 1, 1976, B3, 2 pages “Carter
Late, But Peep Show Livens Up Crowd’s Wait”, Los Angeles Times, November 1, 1976,
A1; Jack Jones, “Thousands Hear Carter at Last-Day Rally in L.A.”, Los Angeles Times,
November 1, 1976, A1; Bill Boyarsky, “Ford, Carter Wind Up Race, Wait for Voting:
Democrat's Hopes Buoyed by Rally in Downtown L.A.”, Los Angeles Times, November 2,
1976, B1, 3 pages; “12 Injured as Roof Collapses at Carter Rally”, Los Angeles Times,
November 2, 1976, B3; Bill Boyarsky, “L.A. Rally Buoys Carter's Hopes: Crowd
Enthusiastic Here on Campaign's Last Day”, Los Angeles Times, November 2, 1976, A3;
“Weary Tunney Ends Campaign In Riverside”, Los Angeles Times, November 2, 1976,
B3.
38
Witcover, Marathon, 589-590; William Lasser, “Carter attacks Ford on leadership
issue”, The Tech, Volume 96, Number 34, October 1, 1976, 1.
39
Bill Boyarsky, “Tradition Attracts Ford, Carter to Al Smith Fete”, Los Angeles Times,
October 22, 1976, A5, 2 pages.
40
See Note 22.
41
Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB
and the Battle for the Third World, New York: Basic Books, 2005, 452-453.
42
Herbert Romerstein, “Ted Kennedy was a ‘collaborationist’, Human Events, December
8, 2003, online at
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3827/is_200312/ai_n9318614 On Karr, see
John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America,
New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999, 244-247.
43
Kevin Mooney, “KGB Letter Outlines Sen. Kennedy's Overtures to Soviets, Prof Says”,
CNSNews.com,
http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewNation.asp?Page=/Nation/archive/200610/NAT20061020
b.html , October 20, 2006.