John Kerry’s Communist Connections:

John Kerry’s Fellow Travellers*

A 5-part series exposing John Kerry’s Communist connections.

http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1198744/posts

Part 1: John Kerry’s Red Roots: Richard Kerry’s Left-

Wing Legacy
By Fedora

*NOTE: The term “fellow traveller” as used in this article series refers to someone who
is not a member of the Communist Party (CP) but regularly engages in actions which
advance the Party’s program. Some apparent fellow travellers may actually be
“concealed party members”: members of the CP who conceal their membership. Which
of these classifications is applicable to the Kerrys is a question this series leaves
unresolved. This series does not argue for any direct evidence of Richard or John Kerry
or other members of the Kerry family belonging to the CP. What this series does argue
for is a consistent pattern of the Kerry family working with Communists and Communist
fellow travellers in a way that advances the Communist program.

Introduction

Previous articles have drawn attention to the liberal foreign policy orientation of John
Kerry’s father Richard Kerry. This article digs deeper into Richard Kerry’s background,
exploring how his foreign policy views were influenced by Communist fellow travellers
from Harvard Law School and the State Department, and how this influence was in turn
passed on from Richard Kerry to his children.

Foreground: Richard Kerry’s Career in Brief

Summary of Richard Kerry’s Career

Notes:

1915 Born
Embraced legal teachings of
c.1930- Educated at Andover, Yale, and Harvard
Oliver Wendell Holmes and
1940 Law School
Louis Brandeis
c.1941-
Served in Army Air Corps
c.1943
1944-
Taught at Groton School
1945
 1945- Law partner at Palmer, Dodge, Chase &
1949 Davis
1949-
Office of General Counsel for the Navy
1951
1951- State Department: Bureau of United
Worked under Dean Acheson
1954 Nations Affairs
State Department: Legal advisor to U.S.
1954- Worked for James Conant, met
Mission to Berlin and U.S. Attorney for
1956 Jean Monnet
Berlin
State Department: Special assistant to
1956-
Walter F. George, special ambassador to
1958
NATO
1958- State Department: Chief of political section
1962 of American embassy in Norway
Retired from State Department, worked 5
1962-
years as law partner of Ernest Sheldon at
2000
Sheldon & Kerry
2000 Died

Richard Kerry was educated during the 1930s at Andover, Yale, and Harvard Law
School, from which he graduated in 1940. He specialized in international law and
embraced the legal teachings of former Harvard Law School professors Oliver Wendell
Holmes and Louis Brandeis. After his graduation from law school, he served in the Army
Air Corps in World War II and taught at Groton School from 1944-1945 before taking a
job with the Massachusetts law firm of Palmer, Dodge, Chase & Davis. In 1949 he
moved to Washington to work for the Office of General Counsel for the Navy, in the
hope that this would help him land a job in the State Department. From 1951 to 1954
he worked for the State Department as an attorney for the Bureau of United Nations
Affairs, where he subscribed to a firm belief in the UN vision of a postwar global
government. In late 1954 he accepted a post in Germany as a legal advisor to the U.S.
Mission to Berlin and U.S. Attorney for Berlin, working under German High
Commissioner James Conant. While working under Conant in Berlin he became involved
in NATO diplomacy and European unification issues, and he established relationships
with prominent European politicians involved in these issues, notably French politician
Jean Monnet. In 1956 he was transferred to serve as special assistant to President
Eisenhower’s special ambassador to NATO, Walter F. George. Then from 1958 to 1962
he served as the chief of the political section of the American embassy in Norway. After
retiring from the State Department in 1962 he spent five years working as the law
partner of Ernest Sheldon in the Pepperell, Massachusetts law firm of Sheldon & Kerry.

During his career with the State Department, Kerry adopted the view of diplomats in
the Truman administration who saw the Soviet threat as primarily a political threat to
Europe rather than a military or ideological threat to global capitalism and democracy.
Accordingly, he advocated that NATO and European unification should be higher
priorities for US foreign policy than containing or rolling back Communism. This position
put him increasingly at odds with Eisenhower’s Secretary of State John Foster Dulles
and later with the Kennedy administration. In 1962 he retired from diplomatic service
because he felt that no one was listening to his views, and he became a disgruntled
critic of US foreign policy. From 1965 on he opposed American involvement in Vietnam.
In 1990, he wrote a book which attacked the premises of US foreign policy during the
Cold War, particularly during the Eisenhower and Reagan administrations. Echoing
Kennedy-Johnson administration advisor McGeorge Bundy, he characterized Dulles’
ideological opposition to the Soviet Union as an oversimplified “either/or” dualism, and
advocated instead what in his eyes was a more sophisticated relativism. As he put it,
“Casting issues in the form of polar choices (for example: isolationism vs.
interventionism) readily leads to the conclusion that if one is wrong, the other must be
right. In a more relative view of the issue, both are likely to be wrong.”1

Background Part 1: Richard Kerry’s Alma Mater: Harvard Law School

The Brandeis-Frankfurter Apparatus (some select members)
Covertly engaged in Influenced Richard
Louis Supreme Court
activism from the bench via Kerry’s legal
Brandeis Justice 1916-1939
Frankfurter philosophy
Harvard Law
Staffed Judicial Branch and Taught at Harvard
School professor
Felix Franklin Roosevelt Law School while
1914-1939;
Frankfurter administration with Richard Kerry was a
Supreme Court
Brandeis’ agents student
Justice 1939-1962
General Counsel
Hired Brandeis’ and
to Agricultural
Frankfurter’s
Jerome Frank Adjustment
recommendations to
Administration
Roosevelt administration
(AAA), 1933-1935
In 1945 Hiss
cofounded what
Alger Hiss, Hired to AAA
would become the
Lee starting in 1933, Recommended by
State Department’s
Pressman, went on to other Frankfurter and hired by
Bureau of UN Affairs,
Nathan Witt, government Frank to AAA
where Richard Kerry
and others agencies
began working in
1951
Hosted nightly meetings of
Benjamin Key Roosevelt Frankfurter’s associates to
Cohen and administration promote pro-Communist
Thomas advisors, 1933- legislation, pushed for
Corcoran 1941 Frankfurter’s appointment
to the Supreme Court
Worked with
Joseph Rauh, Former law clerks for
Office of
Edward Frankfurter, spied on
Emergency
Prichard, and Roosevelt administration for
Management,
Philip Graham Frankfurter
1941-1942
 Traded classified
information on the
Physicist;
Manhattan Project with
consultant to
Frankfurter, joined
Niels Bohr Manhattan
Frankfurter in trying to
Project, 1943-
persuade the Allies to share
1945
atomic secrets with the
Soviets

To set Richard Kerry’s career in context, it is informative to begin with his law school
career and his enthusiasm for the teachings of former Harvard Law School professor
Louis Brandeis. Prior to Kerry’s entrance into law school, Brandeis and his associate
Felix Frankfurter were two of the most prominent Communist fellow travellers in the
United States, and had used Harvard Law School as a base to place political allies in the
US government.

Brandeis had been a political activist before President Wilson appointed him to the
Supreme Court in 1916. After his appointment he continued his political activity by
covertly using Frankfurter as his chief agent, setting up what may be called “the
Brandeis-Frankfurter apparatus”. Among other functions Frankfurter performed for
Brandeis’ apparatus, a key one was recommending Harvard Law graduates to work for
Brandeis, his fellow Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, and the Executive
Branch of the federal government. Frankfurter continued to perform this and other
functions on Brandeis’ behalf until 1937, after which he branched off to form his own
apparatus in the Roosevelt and Truman administrations and the Supreme Court. 2

The Brandeis-Frankfurter apparatus engaged in various covert activities supportive of

domestic subversives and Soviet agents. These included advising the Wilson
administration to aid the Bolshevik government,3 using Harvard Law Review to oppose
anti-espionage laws, organizing Harvard Law professors to petition clemency for
convicted subversives, ,4 and recommending Harvard Law graduates who were later
exposed as Soviet agents for government jobs in the Roosevelt administration. Among
the Harvard Law graduates recommended to the Roosevelt administration by
Frankfurter and hired by his agent Jerome Frank were Soviet spies Alger Hiss, Lee
Pressman, and Nathan Witt. Hiss went on to become prominent in the State
Department, cofounding the State Department’s UN branch before he was exposed as a
spy in 1948.5

Through agents such as Hiss, the Brandeis-Frankfurter apparatus branched out into all
departments of the Roosevelt administration. In 1934 Congressman Frederick Britten
observed that a group of 10 to 18 Frankfurter associates met nightly in the home of
Benjamin Cohen and Thomas Corcoran to "promote Communistic legislation".6 During
World War II, Frankfurter used his former law clerks Joseph Rauh, Edward Prichard,
and Philip Graham to coordinate spying on various agencies of the Roosevelt
administration through what Rauh and Prichard called “the Goon Squad”: a group of 15
to 20 second-line bureaucrats which included White House aide Laughlin Currie, a
Soviet spy.7 Meanwhile Frankfurter and physicist Niels Bohr conspired in trading top-
secret information with each other about the Manhattan Project, as part of an effort to
try to persuade the Allies to share the secrets of the atomic bomb with the Soviet
Union. Some top-secret Manhattan Project papers that passed between Frankfurter and
the military supervisor of the Manhattan Project, General Leslie Groves, were later
found in the private papers of Manhattan Project consultant Robert Oppenheimer,
whose security clearance was later revoked after he was charged with being a security
risk.8

US intelligence regarded Brandeis and Frankfurter’s political activity as suspicious.

Several Army intelligence informants and analysts identified Brandeis and Frankfurter as
key leaders of US Communism. 1920 Army intelligence reports described Brandeis and
Frankfurter as Soviet propagandists, noting that Brandeis had been in contact with
Soviet agent Santeri Nuorteva.9 In 1921 future FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover noted
Frankfurter’s links to the radical labor group Amalgamated Clothing Workers and
described Frankfurter as engaging in "communistic propaganda activities".10 A 1945 FBI
wiretap investigation of leaks from the Soviet ambassador to journalist Drew Pearson
revealed that Frankfurter was colluding with Pearson. Follow-up wiretaps on Pearson
and Brandeis-Frankfurter apparatus member Thomas Corcoran revealed that Corcoran
and Rauh-Prichard-Graham Goon Squad member Laughlin Currie had conspired to
protect State Department official John Stewart Service from being prosecuted in
connection with the leaking of classified government documents to the pro-Communist
publication Amerasia.11

Richard Kerry entered Harvard Law School in 1937, two years before Frankfurter left
Harvard Law for the Supreme Court. When Kerry arrived at Harvard he was “enamored
of the legal teachings of Oliver Wendell Holmes and Louis Brandeis”12, who had looked
to Frankfurter to recommend Harvard Law School graduates to be their law clerks.13
After Kerry graduated from Harvard Law, he went on to the State Department, where
he worked under one of Frankfurter’s most prominent political allies.

Background Part 2: Kerry and the Frankfurter Apparatus in the State

Department
Frankfurter’s Apparatus in the Truman State Department and the Eisenhower and
Kennedy Eras (select members)
Recommended by
Frankfurter to Roosevelt
administration; defended
Frankfurter from charges of
State Department, Secretary of State
Communism during
1941-1953; Secretary when Richard Kerry
Supreme Court confirmation
of State, 1949-1953; joined State
Dean hearings; advised
Democratic Party senior Department in 1951;
Acheson Frankfurter of daily
statesman on foreign influenced Kerry’s
developments in Truman
policy issues, 1953- views on NATO and
administration;
1971 European unification
recommended appointments
to Kennedy cabinet and
advised Kennedy
administration
Director of Acheson Joined Acheson in forming Influenced Richard
Paul Nitze
State Department’s Democratic government-in- Kerry’s foreign policy
 Policy Planning Staff, exile during Eisenhower views
1950-1953; Acheson’s administration and
chief political ally, developing foreign policy
1953-1960; platform for Kennedy
recommended by administration
Acheson to Kennedy
State Department for
possible promotion to
Secretary of State
Recommended next
High Commissioner for High Commisioner
Acheson and Nitze’s favored
Occupied Germany, for Occupied
John alternative to Eisenhower’s
1949-1952; Chairman Germany to be
McCloy Secretary of State John
of Council on Foreign James Conant, for
Foster Dulles
Relations, 1953-1970 whom Richard Kerry
would work
Influenced Richard
Acheson’s son-in-law; Kerry’s foreign policy
law partner at Career promoted by views; uncle of John
William Acheson’s law firm, Frankfurter and Acheson; Kerry’s college
Bundy Covington & Burling, contributed to Alger Hiss’ roommate;
c.1947-1951; CIA defense fund influenced John
agent, 1951-1960 Kerry’s decision to
enlist in officer corps
William Bundy’s
brother; recommended Influenced Richard
by Frankfurter for job Kerry’s foreign policy
McGeorge Career promoted by
at Harvard University; views; uncle of John
Bundy Frankfurter
Dean of Faculty of Arts Kerry’s college
& Sciences at Harvard roommate
University, 1953-1960

By the time Richard Kerry began his career at the State Department in 1951,
Frankfurter’s apparatus in the Executive Branch had become centered around Dean
Acheson, who was then the Truman administration’s Secretary of State. Acheson’s
relationship to the Brandeis-Frankfurter apparatus dated back to 1920, when
Frankfurter had sent Acheson from Harvard to clerk for Brandeis in Washington.14
Acheson originally entered government service in 1933 as part of the same pool of
Frankfurter recommendations as Jerome Frank, the Brandeis-Frankfurter agent who
hired Alger Hiss to the Roosevelt administration.15 After a temporary return to a civilian
legal career, he made a favorable impression on President Roosevelt by helping
Frankfurter defend himself during his Supreme Court confirmation hearings from
questions about his Communist associations, and he was recruited back to government
service.16 Joining Roosevelt's State Department in 1941, Acheson was assigned projects
where he worked closely with Soviet spy Harold Glasser, who was the Treasury
Department's representative to the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation
Administration (UNRRA),17 and Soviet spy Harry Dexter White, who was the Assistant
Secretary of the Treasury.18 After Roosevelt's death in 1945, he was promoted to serve
as Undersecretary of State under Truman’s new Secretary of State James Byrnes,19
another of Frankfurter's associates. 20 While serving under Byrnes and his successor
George Marshall, and later while serving as Secretary of State himself, Acheson
maintained an intimate relationship with Frankfurter, strolling with him on a daily basis
to discuss developments in the Executive Branch.21

Acheson's promotion to Undersecretary of State had been part of a reorganization of

the State Department which removed an anti-Communist faction led by Adolf Berle and
Joseph Grew and installed a new hierarchy under Byrnes. This new hierarchy included
Alger Hiss and others who were later accused of Soviet espionage, which later raised
suspicions of Acheson.22 Acheson initially shared the Roosevelt administration's
optimistic attitude towards US-Soviet cooperation. He was described as "friendly to the
Soviet Union" in a 1945 endorsement for his appointment as Under Secretary of State
written by pro-Communist journalist I.F. Stone,23 who was recently accused of having
been an undercover KGB agent. 24 From late 1945 through early 1946, Acheson and
another Brandeis-Frankfurter apparatus member, David Lilienthal,25 drafted a proposal
for sharing nuclear technology with the Soviet Union, working with input from Stimson,
Frankfurter’s associate John McCloy,26 and Soviet spy Robert Oppenheimer.27 During
this period, in May 1946, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover warned President Truman that
Acheson, Acheson’s assistant Herbert Marks, and McCloy were members of a Soviet
atomic spy ring.28

Acheson seems to have gradually and reluctantly changed his optimistic attitude
towards US-Soviet cooperation over the course of November 1945 to August 1946, as
Stalin's imperialistic intentions became increasingly evident even to most of his former
supporters.29 However, Acheson joined the growing opposition to the Soviet Union with
the qualification that he was endorsing limited intervention against Stalin in certain
strategic areas, not global containment of the Soviets and not an ideological war
against Communism.30 Ideologically he remained a committed liberal and political
partisan, and he took a leading role in the defense of accused spies Alger Hiss,31
Laughlin Currie, 32 John Stewart Service,33 and John Carter Vincent. 34 His defense of
Hiss prompted Senator Joseph McCarthy to scrutinize his background.35 When McCarthy
fell out of favor he was preparing an investigation of Acheson’s son-in-law William
Bundy for Bundy’s contribution to Alger Hiss’ defense.36

The victory of Dwight Eisenhower in the 1952 Presidential election repudiated Acheson’s
foreign policy, and Acheson resigned in disgrace from his position as Secretary of State,
to be replaced by a man he despised, John Foster Dulles. Out of power, Acheson and
his former assistant Paul Nitze sought to regain influence by forming a Democratic
government-in-exile aligned with Dulles’ critics. Dulles’ critics spent much of the
Eisenhower administration trying to get Dulles replaced by John McCloy and otherwise
attempting to influence Eisenhower through McCloy and the Council on Foreign
Relations, an influential foreign policy think tank which McCloy then chaired. Acheson’s
critique of Dulles included an argument against Dulles’ emphasis on nuclear deterrence
and in favor of strengthening NATO’s conventional capability as a non-nuclear
deterrent. Acheson and Nitze’s foreign policy ideas were adopted into Adlai Stevenson’s
1956 Presidential campaign and John Kennedy’s 1960 Presidential campaign. With
Kennedy’s election Acheson regained his former influence for the course of the Kennedy
and Johnson administrations. He recommended several of Kennedy’s cabinet
appointments, and attempted unsuccessfully to convince Kennedy to appoint Nitze
Undersecretary of State to groom him for eventual promotion to Secretary of State.37

Richard Kerry joined the State Department in 1951 while Acheson was still Secretary of
State. He began his State Department career as attorney for the Bureau of United
Nations Affairs, an area of the State Department where Acheson and Hiss had
previously worked.38 The foreign policy views he developed while working in the State
Department, as expressed in his later book, reflect the influence of Acheson and such
associates of Acheson as Paul Nitze, William Bundy, and William’s brother McGeorge
Bundy.39 William and McGeorge’s nephew Harvey H. Bundy III later became John
Kerry’s roommate. Harvey introduced John to William, who discussed the Vietnam War
with John and influenced his decision to enlist in the officer corps.40 In 2004 Harvey’s
son Hollister Bundy, who is Kerry’s godson, helped raise funds for Kerry’s campaign by
emailing out an endorsement titled “’Uncle Johnny’ Kerry for President”.41

Background Part 3: Kerry, Conant, and Monnet’s “Atlantic Partnership”

Richard
Kerry’s
Atlantic
partners
Chemist; President of Harvard
Political ally of
University, 1933-1953;
Frankfurter, Acheson,
consultant to Manhattan Project
Harvey Bundy, and Served by
James and Atomic Energy Commission,
Robert Oppenheimer; Richard Kerry
Conant 1942-1953; High Commissioner
recommended by McCloy as legal counsel
for Occupied Germany, 1953-
to be High Commissioner
1955; US Ambassador to West
for Occupied Germany
Germany, 1955-1957
Businessman representing
French interests in US; financial Worked with Frankfurter,
Met Richard
advisor to Allies on war McCloy, and Acheson
Kerry and
mobilization, 1940-1945; during World War II;
influenced his
Jean promoted European unification joined Acheson and
foreign policy
Monnet after 1945 through means such George Ball in promoting
views on NATO
as the European Coal and Steel “Atlantic Partnership”
and European
Community, European Defense model of US-European
unification
Community, and Bilderberg relations after war
Group

After the State Department transferred Kerry to Europe, he went on to work with other
associates of Frankfurter and Acheson there. In 1954 the State Department sent
Richard Kerry to Germany to serve as legal advisor to German High Commissioner
James Conant. Conant, a former chemist, had previously served as Dean of Harvard,
where he had developed a relationship with Felix Frankfurter and close Frankfurter
associates such as Dean Acheson and Harvey Bundy (father of William and
McGeorge).42 While at Harvard he had also served as a consultant to the Manhattan
Project and later, at Acheson’s invitation,43 to the nascent Atomic Energy Commission,
where he worked with Robert Oppenheimer to encourage sharing of US nuclear
technology with the Soviet Union.44 Conant was later recommended to Acheson for the
post of German High Commissioner by his predecessor in that position, John McCloy.45
When Conant left Harvard for Germany to replace McCloy, McGeorge Bundy became
Dean of Faculty of Arts & Sciences at Harvard.46

Conant’s activity at Harvard had come under FBI surveillance for his protection of
Communist professors, leading J. Edgar Hoover to complain that Conant “had more or
less condoned the employment of professors who might have communist
backgrounds.”47 The FBI also monitored Conant’s relationship with Robert
Oppenheimer, whom Conant had approved for the Manhattan Project even after being
warned that Oppenheimer was a security risk due to his Communist background. In
February 1947 an FBI wiretap picked up a call where Oppenheimer urged Conant to
influence Congress in the Atomic Energy Commission nomination of David Lilienthal,48,
a Frankfurter apparatus member.49 Several of Conant’s scientific colleagues informed
the FBI that they viewed Conant as a political ally of a pro-Oppenheimer clique at Los
Alamos which opposed US atomic weapons programs such as the H-bomb program.50
Conant’s appointment as German High Commissioner in February 1953 was opposed by
conservative politicians, including Joseph McCarthy.51 During 1953 McCarthy’s
investigations led the State Department to request the resignation of five members of
Conant’s staff, which Conant resisted, appealing for help to McCloy.52 Then from March
through June 1954, Conant became involved in the defense of Oppenheimer when
Oppenheimer’s security clearance was under review for revocation.53

It was shortly after this in late 1954 that Richard Kerry became Conant’s legal counsel.
Conant proved unsupportive of CIA operations in Germany and uncooperative with
German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer. Adenauer and the CIA came to distrust him, and
John Foster Dulles eventually had him replaced in 1957.54 Meanwhile in 1956, Kerry was
transferred to a new post as special assistant to President Eisenhower’s special
ambassador to NATO, Walter F. George, a conservative Southern Democrat, who soon
died in August 1957.55

While working for Conant, Kerry’s interest in NATO diplomacy and European unification
issues led him to develop a relationship with French politician Jean Monnet, a European
associate of Frankfurter, Acheson, and McCloy. Monnet had become friends with McCloy
while working on Wall Street with him in the 1930s.56 He became friends with
Frankfurter while taking refuge in the United States after France fell in 1940, and
Frankfurter introduced him to Washington political circles.57 Monnet relied on
Frankfurter and McCloy to rally US support for Charles de Gaulle’s French Resistance
movement,58 and he joined Frankfurter, Acheson, and McCloy in promoting the Lend-
Lease program.59 After the war Monnet and Acheson promoted an “Atlantic Partnership”
policy of US-European relations centered around NATO and a unified Europe, and
opposed to the nationalistic vision of postwar Europe promoted by de Gaulle.60

Richard Kerry shared Monnet and Acheson’s enthusiasm for NATO and European
unification. While attending conferences on European unification issues Kerry met
Monnet, and he later introduced his son John to Monnet. In his book he developed a
view of US-European relations echoing Monnet and Acheson’s view, and he chided
fellow diplomat George Ball for not learning from his relationship with Monnet, writing,
“It is particularly difficult to account for Ball’s delusion in the perspective of his
accomplishments and his exposure to French politics from his years of collaboration
with Jean Monnet . . .”61

Center Stage: Richard Kerry’s Legacy: Peggy and John

The Kerry
family’s foreign
policy views
Advocated UN global government;
Opposed Opposed aid
regarded NATO and European
Richard Kerry Vietnam War to Contras in
unification as higher priorities than
1965+ 1980s
containing Communism
Opposed
Peggy Kerry Worked at UN Vietnam War
1967+
Opposed Opposed aid
Described Western colonialism as bigger
John Kerry Vietnam War to Contras
threat to Third World than Communism
1965+ 1984+

Through his echoing of Acheson and Monnet’s foreign policy views, Richard Kerry
represented the legacy of the Acheson State Department within the Eisenhower
administration.. Kerry in turn passed this legacy on to his children. His daughter Peggy
as well as his son John adopted his liberal foreign policy views, including his opposition
to the Vietnam War.

Peggy was John’s older sister and political mentor. In 1952 when she was in fifth grade
and John was in third grade, she joined a club at school supporting Democratic
Presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson, and John helped her sell Stevenson campaign
buttons. Later in 1968, after graduating from Smith College and moving to Greenwich
Village, she joined the Village Independent Democrats (VID),62 an activist group which
had been formed by Stevenson’s supporters following his unsuccessful 1956 Presidential
campaign and came to be known as “the most liberal Democratic club in the state”.63
While working with VID, Peggy became involved in the antiwar movement, which led
antiwar feminist Bella Abzug to introduce her to Sheldon Ramsdell of the Vietnam
Veterans Against the War (VVAW) in order to recruit her help in organizing 1969
antiwar rallies for the Vietnam Moratorium Committee (VMC). Peggy in turn recruited
her brother John to help fly antiwar speaker Adam Walinsky to VMC rallies, introducing
John to the antiwar movement.64 Peggy went on to work for the ACLU, the New York
Civil Liberties Union, Planned Parenthood, and the State Department’s UN mission. She
currently works as the nongovernmental organization (NGO) liaison at the State
Department’s UN mission, as meanwhile she works for her brother’s campaign.65

Like Peggy, John also adopted Richard’s foreign policy views and opposition to the
Vietnam War. During the 1950s John argued during a debate that the United States
should open relations with Communist China,66 a foreign policy position Acheson had
originally introduced to the State Department in 1949 following the advice of John
Stewart Service and John Carter Vincent.67, two political allies of Soviet spy Laughlin
Currie.68 In 1965, John echoed his father’s opposition to John Foster Dulles’ anti-
Communism by arguing, “It is the specter of Western Imperialism that causes more fear
among Africans and Asians than communism, and thus it is self-defeating.” In 1966
John gave a speech opposing the Vietnam War in words which echoed his father’s
criticism of the “polar choices” of “isolationism vs. interventionism”, saying, “What was
an excess of isolationism has become an excess of interventionism.” After John
returned from Vietnam in 1969, his father challenged him to become more outspoken in
his opposition to the war.69 Richard would also advise John during his Senate career as
he opposed the Reagan administration’s support of the Contras.70

Conclusion

The influence of Felix Frankfurter’s apparatus in the Acheson State Department was
reflected in Richard Kerry’s enthusiasm for the UN, his relationship with Jean Monnet,
his advocacy of European unification, and his opposition to John Foster Dulles’ Cold War
policies, which underlaid his opposition to the Vietnam War and the Contras. From
these roots sprang John Kerry’s foreign policy views, which would lead him to fake his
way out of Vietnam and join Communist front groups in opposing the Vietnam War.

Next: “Part 2: Forging a Paper Hero: The Mystery of Kerry’s Medals”

Notes
1
Richard J. Kerry, Star-Spangled Mirror: A Father’s Legacy Shapes John Kerry’s
Worldview, with foreword by Franklin Foer, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield
Publishers, Inc. 2004 (1990); “In Memoriam: 1940-1949: Richard J. Kerry ‘40”, Harvard
Law School,
http://www.law.harvard.edu/alumni/bulletin/2001/spring/memoriam_main.html;
Douglas Brinkley, Tour of Duty: John Kerry and the Vietnam War, New York: William
Morrow, 2004, 19-30; Elizabeth Shelburne, “The Thoughtful Soldier: Douglas Brinkley,
the author of Tour of Duty, on John Kerry’s conflicted but heroic service in Vietnam”,
Atlantic Unbound, http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/interviews/int2004-03-10.htm,
March 10, 2004; Franklin Foer, “Kerry’s World: Father Knows Best”, CBS News,
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/03/02/opinion/main603542.shtml, March 2,
2004; Don Eriksson, “John Kerry’s roots come close to home—Groton”, Pepperell Free
Press, http://www.pepperellfreepress.com/Stories/0,1413,109~5521~2162728,00.html,
May 21, 2004.
2
For details on Brandeis and Frankfurter’s relationship, see Bruce Allen Murphy, The
Brandeis/Frankfurter Connection: The Secret Political Activities of Two Supreme Court
Justices, Oxford University Press, 1982; Garden City: Anchor Books, 1983.
3
Murphy, 50-51.
4
Murphy, 54; James Chace, Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the
American World, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998, 45, 48-49; Kai Bird, The
Chairman: John J. McCloy and the Making of the American Establishment, New York:
Simon & Schuster, 1992, 53; Athan Theoharis and John Stuart Cox, The Boss: J. Edgar
Hoover and the Great American Inquisition, Temple University, 1988; New York:
Bantam Books, 1990, 72.
5
On the role of Brandeis, Frankfurter, and Frank in the appointments of Hiss, Pressman,
and Witt, see Murphy, 33, 113-116 (cf. Roosevelt and Frankfurter: Their
Correspondence, 1928-1945, annotator Max Freedman, Little, Brown and Company,
1967, 7-9); John Chabot Smith, Alger Hiss: The True Story, New York: Holt, Rinehart
and Winston, 1976, 10-12; Joseph P. Lash, Dealers and Dreamers: A New Look at the
New Deal, New York: Doubleday, 1985, 111, 217-218; Kenneth S. Davis, FDR: The New
Deal Years, 1933-1937, A History,, New York: Random House, 1986, 275-281.
6
Lash, 7.
7
Murphy, 204-245, esp. 224. On Currie’s espionage activity, see John Earl Haynes and
Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage, New Haven: Yale University Press,
1999; New Haven: Yale Nota Bene, 2000, 145-150.
8
Murphy, 296-302; James G. Hershberg, James B. Conant: Harvard to Hiroshima and
the Making of the Nuclear Age, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993, 195-200, 812n16;
Haynes and Klehr, 327-330; Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, The Venona Secrets:
Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors, Washington: Regnery Publishing,
Inc., 2000, 203, 264-277. Cf. Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and
the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB, New York: Basic
Books, 1999, 116-118; Bird, The Chairman, 417, 422-426; Chace, 125. Cf. “SPY
CASES—UNITED STATES: Atomic Bomb Spies: Pavel Sudoplatov”, The Literature of
Intelligence: A Bibliography of Materials, with Essays, Reviews, and Comments,
http://intellit.muskingum.edu/spycases_folder/bomb_folder/bombsudoplatov.html
(cached at
http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:6FwW_NohBFIJ:intellit.muskingum.edu/spycase
s_folder/bomb_folder/bombsudoplatov.html+niels+bohr+spy&hl=en) (August 23,
2004).
9
B-1, Report 5, November 25, 27, 1918, U.S. National Archives, College Park, MD
(hereafter NACP), RG 165, Military Intelligence Division (hereafter MID) 10110-920; B-
1, Report 11, December 17, 1918, NACP, RG 165, MID 10110-920; Captain John B.
Trevor to MID Director, February 19, 1919, NACP, RG 165, MID 10110-920, 245-18 (6);
“Judaism and the Present World Movement—A Study,” September 29, 1919, NACP, RG
165, MID 10110-920, 245-15 (1), 6, 15-16; Captain W.L. Moffat to MID Director, March
8, 1920, NACP, RG 165, MID 10565-115; August 19, 1919, NACP, RG 165, MID 10110-
1194 (157-159); Captain W.L. Moffat to Captain Robert Snow, March 1920, NACP, RG
165, MID 10565-115; Major H.A Strauss, September 13, 1919, NACP, RG 165, MID 245-
18 (3-8); Captain Henry Frothingham to MID Director, February 19, 1920, NACP, RG
165, MID 10110-1727; “Bolshevik Activities”, February 5, 1920, U.S. NACP, RG 165,
MID 10110-1194 (300).
10
L. Lanier Winslow to William L. Hurley, March 7, 1921 and Hurley to J. Edgar Hoover,
March 15, 1921, NACP, RG 59, 000-1612; Department of Justice, General Intelligence
Bulletin 44, April 2, 1921, 6, NACP, RG 165, MID 10110-4283; Colonel Gordon Johnston
to MID Director, April 17, 1920, MID 10110-1534; J. Edgar Hoover to William L. Hurley,
June 10, 1920, NACP, RG 59, 800.11-97; J. Edgar Hoover to Marlborough Churchill,
June 15, 1922 and Colonel Sherman Miles to military attaché London, June 22, 1922,
NACP, RG 165, MID 245-26 (1-2); J. Edgar Hoover to General Dennis E. Nolan,
November 18, 1920, NACP, RG 165, MID 245-18; Theoharis and Cox, 76n-77n (cf.
166n).
11
Theoharis and Cox, 258-269, esp. 266; John Earl Haynes, Red Scare or Red Menace?
American Communism and Anticommunism in the Cold War Era, Chicago: Ivan R. Dee,
1996, 52-55; Romerstein and Breindel, 168.
12
Brinkley, Tour of Duty, 21.
13
Murphy, 186.
14
Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas, The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They
Made, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986, 87-90, 125-126; Chace, 38-52, 59-61.
15
Chace, 61-62; Murphy, 111-112, 115-117.
16
Chace, 74-76; Isaacson and Thomas, 137-139.
17
Report, USS Internal Security Subcommittee, April 14, 1953, cited in Archibald E.
Roberts, Major, Victory Denied, 1966,
http://www.republicusa.org/research/unfiles/communist_godfathers.html#reffive (July
21, 2001). Cf. Chace, 94-97. On UNRAA and Glasser, cf. Haynes and Klehr, 118, 125-
128, 203-205.
18
Chace, 97-102. On White, cf. Haynes and Klehr, 138-145.
19
Chace, 108-109.
20
Murphy, 240-241 245, 254-255, 276, 320-321.
21
Chace, 197, 200-201, 227, 357-358.
22
Chace, 130-131; Robert P. Newman, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China,
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992, 139-140; William F. Buckley, Jr. and L.
Brent Bozell, McCarthy and His Enemies: The Record and Its Meaning, Washington,
D.C.: Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1995 (1954), 9-17; Arthur Herman, Joseph McCarthy:
Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator, New York: The Free
Press, 2000, 94.
23
Isaacson and Thomas, 322.
24
Romerstein and Breindel, 432-439.
25
On Frankfurter and Lilienthal, see Murphy, 117; Davis, 93-94.
26
On Frankfurter and McCloy, see Bird, The Chairman, 47-50, 53-56, 121, 125, 130-131,
170, 425, 482-483.
27
Chace, 117-129; Bird, The Chairman, 237-238, 260-264, 275-282; Isaacson and
Thomas, 314-346, 350-351, 356-362; Hershberg, 258-278.
28
J. Edgar Hoover to George E. Allen (to be passed to HST), May 29, 1946, President’s
Secretary Files—Subject File, Box 167, “Subject File—FBI—Atomic Bomb” folder, Harry
S. Truman Library, Independence, Mo.; Hershberg, 394, 856n10; Bird, The Chairman,
280-281, 412; Peter Grose, Operation Rollback: America's Secret War Behind the Iron
Curtain, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000, 82.
29
Chace, 135-136, 151-155, 180, 439-440; Isaacson and Thomas, 321-323, 338-340,
350-351, 362-369.
30
Chace, 168-169; Isaacson and Thomas, 364-365.
31
Chace, 193-196, 225-229, 237-240.
32
Acheson represented Currie when he was accused of beng a Communist in 1948:
Newman, 74. On Currie's espionage activity, see Haynes and Klehr, 145-150.
33
Chace, 238; Newman, 362.
34
Chace, 359-360; Isaacson and Thomas, 557; Bird, The Chairman, 392.
35
Chace, 226-229, 237-240, 311-312.
36
Herman, 228; Kai Bird, The Color of Truth: McGeorge Bundy and William Bundy:
Brothers in Arms: A Biography, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998, 106-107, 155-157,
163-169; Bird, The Chairman, 413. On Frankfurter and the Bundy family, see Murphy,
201-202; Bird, The Color of Truth, 30-32, 66, 73, 99-101, 104, 188. Cf. Godfrey
Hodgson, The Colonel: The Life and Wars of Henry Stimson, 1867-1950, New York:
Alfred A. Knopf, 1990, 246-247; Bird, The Chairman, 121, 182.
37
On Acheson political activity during the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations and
its relation to Nitze and McCloy’s activity, see Douglas Brinkley, Dean Acheson: The
Cold War Years, 1953-1971, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992, 6-202; Isaacson
and Thomas, 563-564, 570-572, 580-583; 589-641; Paul H. Nitze, Tension Between
Opposites: Reflections on the Practice and Theory of Politics, New York: Charles
Scribner’s Sons, 1993, 144-148; Strobe Talbott, The Master of the Game: Paul Nitze
and the Nuclear Peace, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988, 59-88; Bird, The Chairman,
389-544, esp. 386-388, 446-447, 450, 473-475.
38
See Note 17; Sam Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers: A Biography, New York: Random
House, 1997, 225-226; Herman, 110; Romerstein and Breindel, 48-50.
39
Cf. Kerry, 17-19, 25, 46-48, 52, 55n, 125, 161, and esp. Kerry’s critique of US “bad
manners” towards Europe on 73-85 (cf. Acheson’s similar critique of Dulles recorded in
Brinkley, Dean Acheson, 23, 31-32, 45-46, 67).
40
Brinkley, Tour of Duty, , 40-42, 57-58.
41
Email from Hollister Bundy, “From Hollister: ‘Uncle Johnny” Kerry for President”,
January 30, 2004, forwarded by Alexander Wood to NY4Kerry – New Yorkers for John
Kerry, http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NY4Kerry/message/840, January 30, 2004
(August 18, 2004).
42
On Conant and Frankfurter, see Hershberg, 72-73, 78, 87-88, 90, 99, 107, 196-198.
On Conant and Acheson, see Hershberg, 264. On Conant and the Bundy family, see
Hershberg, 127-128, 294-304.
43
Hershberg, 263; cf. Isaacson and Thomas, 357.
44
Hershberg, 165-168, 194-207, 306, 308, 313-319, 322-348, 357-358, 470-478, 487-
490, 599, 601-605, 676-682.
45
Hershberg, 642-647.
46
Bird, The Color of Truth, 117-153.
47
Personal Letter, J. Edgar Hoover to Francis Walter, February 16, 1959, FBI 61-7582-
4053; Theoharis and Cox, 356-357; Hershberg, 392, 416, 623, 625.
48
J. Robert Oppenheimer to James B. Conant telephone conversation, February 17,
1947, FBI JRO File Serial 100-17828-148; Hershberg, 313-319.
49
Murphy, 117; Davis, 93-94; cf. Hershberg 308, 473, 477-478.
50
Hershberg, 487-490, 596-597; cf. 599.
51
Hershberg, 650-651.
52
Hershberg, 655-657.
53
Hershberg, 676-682.
54
Hershberg, 653, 660-667, 668-673, 688-689, 692, 695.
55
See “George, Walter Franklin, 1878-1957”, Biographical Directory of the United States
Congress, http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000131 (June 9,
2004).
56
Bird, The Chairman, 97. Cf. 104-106, 183, 336-337, 344, 405.
57
Murphy, 212-215, 227-233.
58
Bird, The Chairman, 182-183.
59
Murphy, 214-215; Brinkley, Dean Acheson, 1-2; Bird, The Chairman, 120-125;
Isaacson and Thomas, 195. Cf. Thomas E. Mahl, Desperate Deception: British Covert
Operations in the United States, 1939-1944, Washington: Brassey’s, 1998, 166 on
Frankfurter and Acheson’s role in the Destroyer Deal.
60
Brinkley, Dean Acheson, 102-103, 131, 186-196.
61
Kerry, x, xii, 83.
62
Ed Gold, ”Kerry’s big sister lending a hand in her own way”, The Villager,
http://www.thevillager.com/villager_42/kerrysbigsister.html, Volume 73, Number 42,
February 18-24, 2004 (June 18, 2004); ”Kerry’s Elder Sister is New York Delegate”,
http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-07-28-peggy-
kerry_x.htm?POE=NEWISVA, July 28, 2004 (August 22, 2004).
63
Village Independent Democrats, http://www.villagedemocrats.com/vid_story.htm
(August 22, 2004).
64
Gerald Nicosia, Home to War: A History of the Vietnam Veterans’ Movement, New
York: Crown Publishers, 2001, 49; Brinkley, 337; Gold; ”Kerry’s Elder Sister is New York
Delegate”.
65
Gold; ”Kerry’s Elder Sister is New York Delegate”.
66
Brinkley, Tour of Duty, 34; Foer; Kerry, xii.
67
Herman, 121-128, 168; Chace, 168, 210-224.
68
Cf. Theoharis and Cox, 258-269; John Earl Haynes, Red Scare or Red Menace?
American Communism and Anticommunism in the Cold War Era, Chicago: Ivan R. Dee,
1996, 52-55; Romerstein and Breindel, 168; Newman, 89-90.
69
Brinkley, Tour of Duty, 61-62; Jacob Leibenluft, “Kerry '66: 'He was going to be
president': In JFK's shadow, a headstrong Kerry makes his run for the White House”,
YaleDailyNews.com, http://www.yaledailynews.com/article.asp?AID=21803, February
14, 2003 (June 18, 2004); Foer; Kerry, xii-xiii.
70
Kerry, xi, xiii; cf. 109-112, 117n22, 155-159.
John Kerry’s Fellow Travellers
A 5-part series exposing John Kerry’s Communist connections.

Part 2: Forging a Paper Hero: The Mystery of Kerry’s

Medals
By Fedora

*NOTE: The term “fellow traveller” as used in this article series refers to someone who
is not a member of the Communist Party (CP) but regularly engages in actions which
advance the Party’s program. Some apparent fellow travellers may actually be
“concealed party members”: members of the CP who conceal their membership. Which
of these classifications is applicable to the Kerrys is a question this series leaves
unresolved. This series does not argue for any direct evidence of Richard or John Kerry
or other members of the Kerry family belonging to the CP. What this series does argue
for is a consistent pattern of the Kerry family working with Communists and Communist
fellow travellers in a way that advances the Communist program.

Introduction

Part 1 of this series, "John Kerry’s Red Roots", described how Kerry and his father’s
foreign policy views were influenced by a faction of the State Department led by Dean
Acheson, protégé of the Communist fellow traveller Felix Frankfurter. This article
continues Kerry’s story, highlighting the contradictions in Kerry’s account of his military
service and exposing how he managed to conceal his left-wing background by cloaking
himself in the guise of a war hero.

A Reluctant Warrior
Hawk or Dove? Kerry’s Changing Story
”It is the specter of Western Imperialism that causes more fear
1965 speech
among Africans and Asians than communism, and thus it is self-
at Yale
defeating.”
1970
”When he approached his draft board for permission to study for a
interview with
year in Paris, the draft board refused and Kerry decided to enlist in
Harvard
the Navy.”
Crimson
"I had a sense of duty and obligation. I could have gone to law
1996
school, like. . .many of my friends did. I chose not to. . .I think those
interview with
of us who were lucky enough to go to a place like Harvard or Yale
Boston Globe
owed something to our country. A sharing of the risks, if you will."
”Despite that, Kerry said he never considered not serving, as did
2004
many members of his generation. ‘First of all, it was 1965,’ Kerry said.
interview with
‘The Tonkin Gulf, supposedly, had just taken place. . .It wasn't until
ABC News
two years later, in 1967, when the first draft card was burned — it
 wasn't until then that the march on the Pentagon took place, and I
was in uniform. . .So I think there was a transition that took place in
our generation and in America, from the time that I raised my hand
and was sworn in and made the decision until the time in 1968 …
when I was a much less committed soldier. But I was nevertheless a
soldier with a sense of duty and responsibility.’"

Contrary to the impression left by Kerry’s current posture as someone who “defended
this country as a young man”, he actually tried to avoid going to Vietnam, and when
this failed, he tried to enlist for what he thought would be non-combat duty.

Biographies following Kerry’s account trace Kerry’s decision to enlist to the influence of
a discussion between Kerry and his roommate’s uncle, William Bundy, during the winter
of Kerry’s junior year (1964-1965). Bundy, an old political ally of Felix Frankfurter and
Dean Acheson then working in the State Department,1 was the uncle of Harvey Hollister
Bundy III, John Kerry’s roommate at Yale from 1962-1966. Bundy visited his nephew in
the winter of 1964-1965 to encourage him and his suitemates to serve in Vietnam, and
reportedly this visit persuaded Kerry to enlist in the officer corps.2 Kerry says he
decided to enlist “out of a sense of duty and obligation [that] those of us who were
lucky enough to go to a place like Harvard or Yale owed something to our country [—a]
sharing of the risks, if you will”, and he “never considered not serving”, he claims.3

But if Bundy’s appeal to Kerry’s patriotic duty had persuaded him to go to Vietnam by
the winter of 1964-1965, his subsequent words and actions seem self-contradictory.
Kerry publicly expressed opposition to the war in speeches at Yale in 1965 and 1966.4
He tried unsuccessfully to persuade the draft board to let him study abroad in France
before he finally enlisted in February 1966, according to a version of the story he gave
in 1970 after he had joined the antiwar movement.5 However thirty years later when
Kerry was touting his record as a war hero, he boasted, “I could have gone to law
school, like. . .many of my friends did. I chose not to.”6

After Kerry had failed to avoid military service, he followed Bundy’s advice and enlisted
to be an officer. He initially considered joining the Air Force like his father, but rejected
this option when his father warned him that combat flying might taint his enjoyment of
recreational flying.7 Instead in February 1966 he enlisted in the US Naval Reserve (not
the Navy, as incorrectly stated in several Kerry biographies).8 Soon after his
appointment as a Reserve Officer that winter, he expressed a preference for
assignment to a Patrol Craft Fast (PCF), or “Swift Boat”.9 At this time Swift Boats were
used primarily for a coastal interdiction mission called Operation Market Time,10 which
involved relatively less risk of combat action than other assignments, so Kerry assumed
his requested assignment would not involve combat. As he put it in a 1986 book, “I
didn’t really want to get involved in the war. . .When I signed up for the swift boats,
they had very little to do with the war. They were engaged in coastal patrolling and
that’s what I thought I was going to be doing.”11

But unknown to Kerry, by the time he arrived in Vietnam, Swift Boat duty had become
more hazardous. In October 1968, under newly-appointed commander of Naval
operations in Vietnam Admiral Elmo Zumwalt, Jr. and his assistant Captain Roy “Latch”
Hoffmann, Operation Market Time’s relatively less hazardous coastal patrol mission had
been subordinated to a new, more comprehensive Mekong Delta interdiction mission
called Operation SEALORDS, which involved using Swift Boats for more hazardous
duties. By the time Kerry arrived on November 17, Swift Boats were being used in the
first phase of the operation.12

Kerry’s Mysterious Medals

Purple Heart #1: December 2, 1968
Documentary Record Oral Record
No after-action report Kerry: “I never saw where the piece of shrapnel
released by Kerry campaign; had come from.”
medical report shown to
select reporters but not Witness William Schacte: “Kerry nicked himself with a
released. M-79.”

Physician Louis Letson: “The story he told was different

from what his crewmen had to say about that night.
According to Kerry, they had been engaged in a firefight.
. .Some of his crew confided that they did not receive
any fire from shore, but that Kerry had fired a mortar
round at close range to some rocks on shore. The
crewman thought that the injury was caused by a
fragment ricocheting from that mortar round
when it struck the rocks. That seemed to fit the
injury which I treated. What I saw was a small piece
of metal sticking very superficially in the skin of Kerry's
arm. The metal fragment measured about 1 cm. in
length and was about 2 or 3 mm in diameter. . .I simply
removed the piece of metal by lifting it out of the skin
with forceps. I doubt that it penetrated more than 3 or 4
mm. It did not require probing to find it, did not
require any anesthesia to remove it, and did not
require any sutures to close the wound. The
wound was covered with a band-aid.”

Kerry was initially stationed with Coastal Division 14 at Cam Ranh Bay, a port base
considered the safest assignment in Vietnam. There on December 2, two weeks after
arriving, during an incident where no after-action report of enemy fire has been
released, Kerry suffered a minor shrapnel injury to his arm, for which he was awarded
his first Purple Heart. Kerry told his biographer Douglas Brinkley that “I never saw
where the piece of shrapnel had come from”. According to witness Lieutenant William
Schachte (later a Rear Admiral), “Kerry nicked himself with a M-79” grenade launcher
by improperly firing it. After being treated for his injury by Dr. Louis Letson—who recalls
being surprised that Kerry bothered coming in for medical attention, since the thorn-
sized piece of shrapnel was barely hanging in Kerry’s arm and was easily removed with
a tweezers—Kerry applied for a Purple Heart. His request was initially denied by his
superior Grant Hibbard, per Purple Heart eligibility requirements that “the wound for
which the award is made must have required treatment by a medical officer” and Purple
Hearts are not to be awarded for “accidents. . .not related to or caused by enemy
action” or for “self-inflicted wounds. . .involving gross negligence”. Hibbard later
acquiesced to the award after receiving some correspondence—from whom he does not
recall. After controversy had arisen over the circumstances of the award, Kerry
reportedly showed Boston Globe reporters a 1-page document describing the treatment
of the injury in the following terms: “Shrapnel in left arm above elbow. Shrapnel
removed and apply Bacitracin dressing. Ret to duty.” The Kerry campaign failed to
answer the Boston Globe reporters’ questions about whether or not Kerry remembered
receiving enemy fire or having the Purple Heart application questioned by a superior
officer, but Kerry in a USA Today interview later remembered “someone raising a
question”. Later, after Schachte, Letson, and Hibbard’s accounts of Kerry’s wound were
publicized, readers of Brinkley’s biography discovered a passage quoting an entry from
Kerry’s war diary written after December 11 where Kerry recorded that “we hadn’t been
shot at yet”. After this was pointed out, Kerry’s campaign acknowledged that Kerry’s
wound may have been self-inflicted.13

Four days after the December 2 incident, Kerry was transferred to a more dangerous
unit, Costal Division 11 at An Thoi, an isolated base on an island near an enemy
position. Brinkley’s biography records that Kerry was opposed to this reassignment.
Witnesses Tedd Peck and William Franke report that Kerry began to complain he had
not volunteered for this type of risky assignment and to demand that he be transferred
back to safer coastal patrol duty. According to Peck and Franke, Kerry’s superiors
decided that the easiest way to deal with Kerry was to get rid of him. After a week with
Coastal Division 11, Kerry was transferred on December 13 to Coastal Division 13 in Cat
Lo, which had wider, less dangerous rivers. There he joined a unit which provided
support to Zumwalt’s Operation SEALORDS.14

Within a few weeks Kerry was reassigned back to An Thoi, where his crewman Steve
Gardner states that he filed a false after-action report to cover up a January incident
involving the accidental shooting of a child. Kerry’s fellow officer George Bates similarly
states that Kerry habitually overreacted to threatening situations by using excessive
force, including on one occasion burning down a random village where there was no
sign of enemy presence.15 During the month of January, Kerry was chosen to be one of
a group of officers to be personally introduced to Admiral Zumwalt and General
Creighton Abrams on the 22nd.16 Zumwalt’s Pentagon colleague W. Scott Thompson
later recalled the Admiral complaining that “young Kerry had created great problems for
him and the other top brass, by killing so many non-combatant civilians and going after
other non-military targets. ‘We had virtually to straitjacket him to keep him under
control,’ the admiral said. ‘Bud’ Zumwalt got it right when he assessed Kerry as having
large ambitions—but promised that his career in Vietnam would haunt him if he were
ever on the national stage.”17 Then-Captain Hoffmann (later a Rear Admiral) similarly
recalls that in March, to deal with Kerry’s habitual failure to obey orders, he made a
special trip to Kerry’s unit to deliver a warning that anyone who failed to obey orders in
the future would be shipped to Saigon without further notice.18
 Purple Heart #2: February 20, 1969
Documentary Record Oral Record
After-action and casualty reports: “KERRY Kerry’s account to Douglas Brinkley:
SUFFERED SHRAPNEL WOUNDS IN HIS LEFT “PCF 94 had taken a rocket-
THIGH, WHEN PCF 94 CAME UNDER propelled grenade off the port side. .
INTENSE A/W AND ROCKET FIRE”. .Kerry felt a piece of hot shrapnel bore
into his left leg.”

Witness Robert Hildreth: No rocket or

rifle fire.

Coastal Division 11 Swift Boat gunner

Van Odell: Kerry’s crew mentioned self-
inflicted M-79 wound.

A month after his meeting with Zumwalt, on February 20, Kerry suffered another minor
shrapnel injury, for which he was awarded a second Purple Heart. The after-action and
casualty reports for the incident stated that “KERRY SUFFERED SHRAPNEL WOUNDS IN
HIS LEFT THIGH, WHEN PCF 94 CAME UNDER INTENSE A/W [automatic weapons] AND
ROCKET FIRE”. However the officer of the boat accompanying Kerry’s, Robert “Rocky”
Hildreth, states that Kerry filed a false after-action report describing enemy fire which
did not occur. A sailor on another Swift Boat in Kerry’s division, Van Odell, recalls that
when Kerry’s crew came back that day, he heard them say Kerry had faked a Purple
Heart with a self-inflicted wound from an M-79 grenade launcher.19

Silver Star: February 28, 1969

Documentary Record
Three versions of citation, first
including and last two omitting
mention of Kerry shooting man
behind hootch, third version
bearing signature of John Lehman
who denies signing it.
Oral Record
Kerry to New Yorker in 1996: “It was either
going to be him or it was going to be us. . . He
stood up out of a hole, and none of us saw him
until he was standing in front of us, aiming a
rocket right at us, and, for whatever reason, he
didn't pull the trigger—he turned and ran.”
Kerry to Boston Globe in 1996: "I was never out
of sight of Tom Bellodeau [Belodeau] or Mike
Medeiros. . .I went straight out from the boat to
the path so I had a line of fire. I never went
behind the hootch. . ."

Witness Tom Bellodeau to Boston Globe in 1996

prior to Kerry’s statement: "You know, I shot
that guy. . .I expected the guy [on Kerry's boat]
with the twin 50s to blast him but he couldn't
depress the guns far enough. . .When I hit him
he went down and got up again. When
Kerry hit him, he stayed down."
 Witness Mike Medeiros as reported by Alameda
Times-Star in 2004: “Kerry's boat happened to
hit the shore right in front of an enemy soldier
holding a grenade launcher. The soldier
started running, maybe to get enough distance
to be able to fire his weapon at the boat,
Medeiros said. Kerry's forward gunner
managed to hit the guerrilla, who appeared
to be a teenager, according to reports on the
incident. Although he was hit in the leg, the
guerrilla kept running with his weapon. .
.Medeiros remembers Kerry jumping off the boat
to give chase. ‘I saw him running down this
trail after this guy, and I followed him,"
Medeiros said. ‘Just as I rounded a corner
behind him, (Kerry) shot the guy.’”

Accompanying Swift Boat officer William Rood:

“Kerry, who had tactical command of that
particular operation, had talked to Droz and me
beforehand about not responding the way the
boats usually did to an ambush. We agreed
that if we were not crippled by the initial
volley and had a clear fix on the location of
the ambush, we would turn directly into it,
focusing the boats' twin .50-caliber
machine guns on the attackers and
beaching the boats. We told our crews about
the plan. . .As we headed for the riverbank, I
remember seeing a loaded B-40 launcher pointed
at the boats. It wasn't fired as two men jumped
up from their spider holes. We called Droz's boat
up to assist us, and Kerry, followed by one
member of his crew, jumped ashore and
chased a VC behind a hooch. . .Some who
were there that day recall the man being
wounded as he ran. Neither I nor Jerry Leeds,
our boat's leading petty officer with whom I've
checked my recollection of all these events,
recalls that, which is no surprise. Recollections of
those who go through experiences like that
frequently differ.”

A week later, on February 28, Kerry was involved in an incident where he violated
standard operating procedure by leaving his boat to chase an enemy on the shore, for
which he was awarded a Silver Star. According to the after-action report, this incident
involved PCF-94 under Kerry’s command, PCF-23 under Lieutenant William Rood, and
PCF-43 under Lieutenant Donald Droz.
Rood and Kerry’s crewman Michael Medeiros have stated that Kerry and the officers of
the boats with him had agreed beforehand that if they were fired upon they would
beach their boats. Another Swift Boat veteran, Larry Lee, reported the same and also
recalled a prior discussion of probable medals for those participating. One of the
gunners on Kerry’s boat, Tom Belodeau, mentioned in an interview in 1996 that he had
already shot the man before the man fled and Kerry pursued him: “You know, I shot
that guy. . .When I hit him he went down and got up again. When Kerry hit him, he
stayed down.” Later while appearing at a press conference with Kerry, Belodeau said he
had been misquoted in the interview in that he did not imply the man was lying on the
ground (apparently this is how Belodeau interpreted the quote that “When I hit him he
went down and got up again”), but while “retracting” this part of the article “Mr.
Belodeau did concede that he may have wounded the Viet Cong soldier with a burst
from his own gun”. Belodeau’s account was consistent with accounts Medeiros gave in
2004 in terms of the man being wounded and fleeing when Kerry shot him.

According to Kerry’s account as reported by biographers Gerald Nicosia and Douglas

Brinkley, paperwork was submitted requesting that Kerry be awarded a Navy Cross (a
very rare award only given to 120 Naval personnel during the entire Vietnam War)20,
but Admiral Zumwalt intercepted the paperwork and changed the request to a Silver
Star in order that he could authorize the request himself and bypass the lengthy
process of Congressional approval, for the sake of boosting the morale of Coastal
Division 11, allegedly. But the paperwork for Kerry’s Silver Star contains puzzling
discrepancies. According to the original Silver Star citation bearing Admiral Zumwalt’s
signature, “Lieutenant (junior grade) KERRY leaped ashore, pursued the man behind a
hootch and killed him”. The original citation was later revised twice, and the two
revisions omit any mention of Kerry shooting the man behind the hootch. The third
version of the citation bears the signature of Reagan administration Secretary of the
Navy John Lehman, who states, “It is a total mystery to me. I never saw it. I never
signed it. I never approved it. And the additional language it contains was not written
by me.”21

Purple Heart #3 and Bronze Star: March 13, 1969

Documentary Record
After-action report and casualty report:
“TWO TONS GRAIN AND RICE
DESTROYED”; “MINE DETONATED
UNDER PCF-3 LIFTING BOAT ABOUT 2-3
FT OUT OF THE WATER. . .OBSERVED AT
SAME TIME BOATS RCVD HEAVY A/W
AND S/A FROM BOTH BANKS.
FIRECONTINUED. . .ABOUT 5000 METERS.
TWO OTHER MINE EXPLOSIONS OVC
RVED. . .ATTEMPTED ASSIST PCF 3. PCF
94 PICKED UP MSF ADVISOR WHO
WENT OVERBOARD. 94 TOWED PCF 3
AS BUCKET BRIGADE CONTROLLED
FLOODING.”; “PCF-94 HULL REG NR
50NS6678 BATTLE DAMAGE. . .TWO
Oral Record
Kerry’s war journal: “I got a piece of
small grenade in my ass from one of
the rice bin explosions.”
Rassman to Boston Globe August 6, 2004:
“Rassmann. . .said there were two
separate events: One was earlier in
the day, when he and Kerry blew up
a rice cache, and the explosion
caused some of the rice to hit Kerry,
and perhaps some weapon fragments
as well. The second involved a mine
explosion as Kerry and Rassmann were on
patrol. The explosion, Rassmann said,
knocked him overboard and threw Kerry
STBD AND ONE PORT MAIN CABIN
WINDOWS BLOWN OUT. VRC-46 RADIO
AND ALL REMOTE UNITS PILOT HOUSE
INOP. AC WIRING SHORTED OUT. ONAN
GENERATOR INOP. STEERAGE CONTROL
AFTER HELM INOP. STBD BILGE PUMP
BROKEN. SCREWS CURLED AND CHIPPED.
RADAR GEAR BOX FROZEN. MAIN ENGINES
EXPERIENCED DROP”; “LTJG. JOHN F.
KERRY. . .SHRAPNEL WOUND LEFT
BUTTOCK AND CONTUSION RT.
FOREARM (MINOR)”; “KERRY SUFFERED
SHRAPNEL WOUNDS IN HIS LEFT
BUTTOCKS AND CONTUSIONS ON HIS
RIGHT FOREARM WHEN A MINE
DETONATED CLOSE ABOARD PCF-94”;
Bronze Star citations substitute
“bleeding” for “contusions”.
against the pilot house, injuring his arm.
Rassmann said that he has always
believed that Kerry got the third
Purple Heart solely for the injury to
his arm as a result of the explosion in
the water. 'If he got fragments in the
buttocks due to the mine, that is new
information to me,' Rassmann said. 'I
would say there is confusion. Maybe
they did lump it together. It was my
understanding he got it for the
wound being thrown across the pilot
house.'"”
PCF-51 skipper Larry Thurlow to New York
Post: "'We decided to clear the area, and
that's when John decided to throw a
grenade into a sampan,' Larry Thurlow, a
Swift boat commander and member of the
veterans group, told The Post. . .'He's not
very careful, and he ends up getting some
rice in his backside.' But Thurlow, who
said he heard the explosion, conceded to
The Post that he didn't see what
happened—he was busy carrying the dead
Nung's body—and was only told about it
later. 'I was taking this guy's body to the
boat. I asked somebody nearby and they
said, 'John blew up a sampan with some
rice.' "
Kerry at 1997 eulogy for Tom Belodeau:
“There was the time we were carrying
Special Forces up a river and a mine
exploded under our boat sending it 2
feet into the air. We were receiving
incoming rocket and small arms fire and
Tommy was returning fire with his M-60
machine gun when it literally broke apart
in his hands. He was left holding the
pieces unable to fire back while one of the
Green Berets walked along the edge of the
boat to get Tommy another M-60. As he
was doing so, the boat made a high
speed turn to starboard and the
Green Beret kept going—straight into
the river.”
Kerry campaign press release, January 17,
2004: “On March 13, 1969, Rassmann, a
Green Beret, was traveling down the
Bay Hap river in a boat behind
Kerry’s when both were ambushed by
exploding land mines and enemy fire
coming from the shore. Kerry was hit in
the arm, while a mine blew
Rassmann’s boat out of the water.
With enemy fire coming from both sides
of the river and swift boats evacuating
from the area, Kerry’s crew chose to turn
their boat toward the ambush to save
Rassmann. ‘We were still under fire, and
he was wounded at the time…,’ recalled
Rassmann. And with his boat’s gunners
providing suppressing fire, Kerry extended
his wounded arm into the water and the
two lieutenants locked arms.”

Rassmann at July 2004 Democratic

National Convention, as reported by The
Oregonian: “Rassmann gave a detailed
retelling to the Oregon delegates. The
former Green Beret remembered
sitting on the deck of the pilothouse
of Kerry's boat, eating a chocolate chip
cookie, when an explosion under a
nearby boat blew him into the Bay
Hap River and caused Kerry to smash
his arm. Rassmann said he swam to the
bottom of the river to avoid being run over
by the escaping Swift boats. But every
time he came up for air, the enemy
shot at him.”

Kerry’s PCF-94 crewmates David Alston,

Eugene Thorson, and Michael Medeiros
recall hostile fire, while their fellow
crewmate Del Sandusky remembered
hostile fire but expressed uncertainty to
Newsweek about whether fire was still
occurring when Rassmann was rescued:
“Del Sandusky. . .says his boat was
jarred by an explosion, probably from a
rocket, knocking the soldier, Jim
Rassmann, off the boat. Kerry was thrown
against the bulkhead, injuring his arm.
Sandusky says he could see muzzle
flashes from the jungle and bullets
skimming across the water. Sandusky says
he can't remember if anyone was still
shooting when Kerry pulled Rassmann
from the river. . .”

PCF-43 gunner Wayne Langhofer recalls

“There was a lot of firing going on, and it
came from both sides of the river.”

PCF-51 crewman Robert Lambert recalls a

mine exploding under PCF-3 and gunfire
afterwords: “When they blew the 3-boat,
everyone opened up on the banks with
everything they had. . .That was the
normal procedure.”

PCF-3 skipper Dick Pees, PCF-51 skipper

Larry Thurlow, PCF-23 skipper Jack
Chernoweth, PCF-23 gunner Van Odell:
Recall only one mine going off under PCF-
3, recall no hostile fire.

Van Odell, PCF-23 gunner: “As the 3 boat

passed the weir on the narrowest part of
the river it was hit by a mine, which lifted
it completely out of the water. I
immediately began firing my twin
50’s towards river left to suppress
any fire. I fired a couple of hundred
rounds and realized we were not
receiving any return fire from either bank.
The other boats quit firing and we
commenced rescue operations for the
PCF-3 crew and boat. WE DID NOT
RECEIVE ANY FIRE FROM EITHER BANK.
Our boat picked up members of the
disabled PCF-3.”

Odell and Chernoweth to New York Post:

"Rice and shrapnel were taken out of
Kerry's backside, and his right forearm
arm was X-rayed, medical records
say. The arm was bruised but not
broken. A doctor wrapped it with an Ace
bandage. Just how badly the arm was
injured remains a point of contention.
Kerry said the arm was bleeding at
one point, but Odell said, 'There was
 no blood on his uniform. He had
something wrapped around his arm.'
Chenoweth talked with Kerry about the
injuries on the way back. 'He said he had
a shrapnel wound to the hip and a
possible broken arm—his arm was
wrapped in a white cloth.'"

Two weeks later, on March 13, 1969, Kerry received another pair of minor injuries
during a set of incidents which resulted in him being awarded a third Purple Heart and
a Bronze Star. According to the after-action report, five boats were involved in the
events: PCF-94, under Kerry’s command; PCF-3, under Lieutenant Dick Pees; PCF-51;
under Lieutenant Larry Thurlow; PCF-23, under Lieutenant Jack Chernoweth; and PCF-
43, under Lieutenant Donald Droz.

The documentary record on these incidents is internally inconsistent. The after-action

report mentions a mine going off “UNDER PCF-3” and “CLOSE ABOARD PCF-94”.
However, the boat damage report lists no damage to PCF-3 but severe damage to PCF-
94, which is described as having its wiring, generator, steering, and bilge pump in
inoperable condition. Yet despite describing PCF-94 as being in this condition, the
report states that “94 TOWED PCF 3 AS BUCKET BRIGADE CONTROLLED FLOODING”.
The after-action report describes mine explosion injuries to several crew members of
PCF-3, but Kerry is the only one on PCF-94 listed with mine explosion injuries. There
are no descriptions of bullet damage to any craft or crew. The after-action report and
casualty report state that “KERRY SUFFERED SHRAPNEL WOUNDS IN HIS LEFT
BUTTOCKS AND CONTUSIONS ON HIS RIGHT FOREARM WHEN A MINE DETONATED
CLOSE ABOARD PCF-94”. The after-action report characterizes Kerry’s right forearm
injury as “MINOR”. The recommendation for Kerry’s Bronze Star, submitted by Kerry’s
commanding officer Lieutenant Commander George Elliott and citing as an eyewitness
Kerry’s second-in-command Del Sandusky, elaborates that a mine “detonated close
aboard PCF-94, knocking 1st LT RASSMAN [James Rassmann] into the water and
wounding LTJG KERRY in the right arm. . .LTJG KERRY. . .managed to pull LT
RASSMAN aboard despite the painful wound in his right arm.” Kerry’s Bronze Star
citation, originally written by Admiral Zumwalt and later revised under Secretary
Lehman’s signature, substitutes for the above-mentioned contusions the detail that
Kerry’s arm was “bleeding”.

These self-contradictory documentary accounts are in further conflict with eyewitness

accounts. Where the reports state that Kerry’s buttocks injury occurred when the mine
exploded, Brinkley’s biography records the account of Kerry’s war journal that the
shrapnel in Kerry’s buttocks came from throwing a grenade into a rice cache—as Kerry
wrote, “I got a piece of small grenade in my ass from one of the rice bin explosions.”
Rassmann recalls the rice explosion incident occurring prior to the incident where Kerry
pulled him out of the water. Kerry’s fellow officer Larry Thurlow reports that Kerry’s
buttocks injury was a self-inflicted wound caused by Kerry setting off a grenade too
close to a stock of rice he was trying to destroy. The after-action report mentions “TWO
TONS GRAIN AND RICE DESTROYED”.
Eyewitnesses are also in conflict with the documentary record and with each other over
Kerry’s account of Rassmann’s rescue. For instance, in a eulogy for Tom Belodeau in
1997, Kerry recalled that it was a mine exploding under his own boat which knocked a
Green Beret overboard; but more recently Brinkley’s biography recorded Kerry’s
recollection that when Rassmann fell overboard he was sitting on another boat across
the river, PCF-3; while a Kerry campaign press release from January 17, 2004
introduced Rassmann as “traveling down the Bay Hap river in a boat behind Kerry’s
when both were ambushed by exploding land mines and enemy fire coming from the
shore.” However when Rassman spoke to the Democratic National Convention in July
2004 he described his memory of eating a cookie on Kerry’s boat when a mine knocked
him in the water. Four witnesses from other boats, including the skipper of PCF-3,
Lieutenant Dick Pees, only recall a mine going off under PCF-3, not under Kerry’s boat.
The after-action report states, “MINE DETONATED UNDER PCF-3. . .TWO OTHER MINE
EXPLOSIONS”.

The same four witnesses who only recall a mine going off under PCF-3 also recall no
hostile gunfire or rocket fire. In contrast, Kerry’s crewmates and two members of other
boats recall what they interpreted as hostile fire. The after-action report says that
hostile fire continued for “ABOUT 5000 METERS”, but describes no bullet damage to
any boat or bullet wounds to any crew members.

Finally, two witnesses to Kerry’s arm injury, Van Odell and Jack Chernoweth, contend
that Kerry’s arm was not bleeding, contrary to what Kerry’s Bronze Star citation states.
The after-action report concurs with this, describing Kerry’s injury as “CONTUSION RT.
FOREARM (MINOR)”.22

In an attempt to explain the above discrepancies, some members of Kerry’s patrol have
recalled that Kerry often volunteered to fill out the after-action reports. Larry Thurlow
relates, “Back then, John would actually volunteer to write them up. . .Nobody wanted
to write these things. . .You're already drained from hours out on whatever the
situation was. You wanted to clean up, get something to eat and get some sleep. J ohn
would say, 'I'll write this up.' [We'd say], 'Go for it, John.'” Kerry’s defenders have
dismissed this as an unsubstantiated accusation, but in fact Kerry stands accused by his
own words. During his 1971 Senate testimony when Kerry was asked the question, "do
you think it is possible for the President or Congress to get accurate and undistorted
information through official military channels?", he replied, "I had direct experience with
that. . .I can recall often sending in the spot reports which we made after each mission,
and including the GDA, gunfire damage assessments, in which we would say, maybe 15
sampans sunk or whatever it was. And I often read about my own missions in the Stars
and Stripes and the very mission we had been on had been doubled in figures and
tripled in figures."23

According to Swift Boat commander Thomas Wright, following the above incidents,
several of Kerry’s Swift Boat comrades conferred about the fact that Kerry had been
wounded three times and was now eligible to be transferred from combat duty. Wright
then approached Kerry and suggested it would be in everyone’s best interests if he took
the opportunity to leave. Kerry was subsequently transferred to duty at a desk
assignment in New York. Wright later recalled, “When John Kerry got his Third Purple
Heart, we told him to leave. We knew how the system worked and we didn’t want him
in CosDiv11. Kerry didn’t decide to manipulate the system to go home after four
months; we asked him to go home.”24

Kerry’s Medals Come Home to Haunt Him

Admiral Zumwalt had predicted that if Kerry ever became a national figure, his career in
Vietnam would come home to haunt him. Zumwalt’s prediction would come to prove
ironically accurate as the very medals Kerry had built his career upon became a source
of scandal in his 2004 Presidential campaign.

After Kerry left Vietnam and joined the antiwar movement, he participated in an antiwar
rally where he threw what he then claimed were his medals away (he has since
changed his story). During this rally he also accused Admiral Zumwalt and his fellow
servicemen of war crimes. Subsequently Zumwalt and his sons developed a strong
dislike for Kerry.25

Despite this, surprisingly, Zumwalt temporarily became one of Kerry’s political

supporters. After Zumwalt’s son Elmo III developed cancer symptoms which Zumwalt
believed had been caused by exposure to Agent Orange, Zumwalt began to support
lobbying efforts to compensate alleged victims of Agent Orange, a cause Kerry also
supported as Senator. Subsequently in 1996, Kerry asked Zumwalt to attend a press
conference to defend him against a Boston Globe column by David Warsh suggesting
that Kerry had committed a war crime during the incident leading to his Silver Star
award, which Zumwalt had signed. Zumwalt agreed to bury the hatchet and, joined by
others formerly under his command, spoke in support of Kerry’s award and Senatorial
campaign. Those who defended Kerry at that time have stated that their motivation
was to defend Kerry against what they perceived as unfair charges of him being a war
criminal, which reminded them how they had felt when Kerry had levelled unfair
charges against them in 1971. They have also stated that they were unaware of the
discrepancies in Kerry’s account of how he got his awards, since Kerry’s military records
had not been released at that time and his biography had not been published.26

But after Zumwalt had passed on in 2000, his surviving son James grew angry when
Kerry’s old war crime accusations against the military were repeated in Brinkley’s
biography during Kerry’s 2004 campaign. James joined Roy Hoffmann and many of
Kerry’s other commanders and crew in supporting Swift Boat Veterans for Truth, which
opposes Kerry’s Presidential candidacy on the grounds that he is unfit for command.27

Conclusion

The contradictions in Kerry’s account of his decision to enlist, his recollections of how
he got his medals, and his flip-flopping from war protestor to war hero and back again
reveal a consistent pattern of self-promoting deception, calculated to hide his left-wing
political views behind the mask of a paper hero. But Kerry’s paper mask falls apart
when his military record is scrutinized, and when his patriotic words are contrasted with
his actions after he came home from the war.

Next: “Part 3: Hanoi John: Kerry and the Antiwar Movement’s Communist Connections”
 Notes
1
On the Bundy family’s background and relationship to Frankfurter and Acheson, see
Kai Bird, The Color of Truth: McGeorge Bundy and William Bundy: Brothers in Arms: A
Biography, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998, 23-41, 65-66, 99-101, 106-107, 110-
116, 161-170, 185-375; Bruce Allen Murphy, The Brandeis/Frankfurter Connection: The
Secret Political Activities of Two Supreme Court Justices, Oxford University Press, 1982;
Garden City: Anchor Books, 1983, 201-202; H.R. McMaster, Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon
Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to Vietnam,
New York: HarperCollins, 1997, 117-118, 140-142, 160, 167, 180-189; Walter Isaacson
and Evan Thomas, The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made, New York:
Simon & Schuster, 1986, 650-657, 698-699, 711-712; Douglas Brinkley, Dean Acheson:
The Cold War Years, 1953-1971, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992, 241, 257.
2
Bird, 65-66, 396-397; Douglas Brinkley, Tour of Duty: John Kerry and the Vietnam
War, New York: William Morrow, 2004, 40-46, 57-58; Jacob Leibenluft, “Kerry '66: 'He
was going to be president': In JFK's shadow, a headstrong Kerry makes his run for the
White House”, YaleDailyNews.com,
http://www.yaledailynews.com/article.asp?AID=21803, February 14, 2003 (June 18,
2004); Finlay Lewis, “Kerry’s political ambitions date back to his youth”,
SignOnSanDiego.com: The San Diego Union-
Tribunehttp://www.signonsandiego.com/news/politics/federal/20040719-9999-
1n19youth.html, July 19, 2004 (August 5, 2004).
3
Charles Sennott, “The Making of the Candidates: John Forbes Kerry”, The Boston
Globe, .October 6, 1996; “’Different Forever’: John Kerry Says Killing in War
Permanently Changes Soldiers”,
ABCNEWS.comhttp://abcnews.go.com/sections/Politics/Vote2004/kerry_vietnam_DNC_
040729-1.html, July 29, 2004 (August 27, 2004).
4
Brinkley, Tour of Duty, 61-62; Leibenluft; Gerald Nicosia, Home to War: A History of
the Vietnam Veterans’ Movement, New York: Crown Publishers, 2001, 70.
5
Samuel Z. Goldhaber, “John Kerry: A Navy Dove Runs for Congress”, The Harvard
Crimson, February 18, 1970, reprinted at The Harvard Crimson Online,
http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=352185 (June 18, 2004); Charles
Laurence, “Revealed: how ‘war hero’ Kerry tried to put off Vietnam military duty”,
telegraph.co.uk,
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/03/07/wkerr07.xml&sSh
eet=/news/2004/03/07/ixnewstop.html, June 18, 2004 (June 18, 2004).
6
Sennott.
7
Michael Kranish, “Heroism, and growing concern about war”, June 16, 2003, Part 2 of
“John F. Kerry: Candidate in the Making”, The Boston Globe,
http://www.boston.com/globe/nation/packages/kerry/061603.shtml, June 15-21, 2003
(August 5, 2004).
8
John Forbes Kerry, ”Contract for Officer Candidate”, February 18, 1966,
JohnKerry.com,
http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Officer_Candidate_Agreement.pdf (August
18, 2004); John E. O’Neill and Jerome R. Corsi, Unfit for Command: Swift Boat Veterans
Speak Out Against John Kerry, Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, Inc., 2004, 23. Cf.
Brinkley, Tour of Duty, 65.
9
John Forbes Kerry, ”Duty Recommendation Form”, December 16, 1966,
JohnKerry.com, http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Duty_Recommendation.pdf
(August 18, 2004).
10
See Edward J. Marolda, By Sea, Air, and Land: An Illustrated History of the U.S. Navy
and the War in Southeast Asia, Washington, DC: Navy Historical Center,, Department of
the Navy, 1994, Chapter 3, online at Department of the Navy: Naval Historical Center,
http://www.history.navy.mil/seairland/index.html (August 15, 2004).
11
Kranish, “Heroism, and growing concern about war”, citing Stephen Weiss, Clark
Dougan, David Fulghum, and Denis Kennedy, The Vietnam Experience: A War
Remembered, Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1986. Cf. Nicosia, 70.
12
L.E. Pentz, ”Second Endorsement on BUPERS HSG 212217 Jun 68 (BUPERS Order Nr
1300398)”, November 17, 1968, JohnKerry.com,
http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Change_of_Duty.pdf, 3, (August 28, 2004);
Nicosia, 70; Brinkley, Tour of Duty, 104-106, 109; Marolda, Chapter 4; Elmo R.
Zumwalt, Jr., On Watch: A Memoir, New York: Quadrangle/The New York Times Book
Co., 1976, 36-38; Elmo Zumwalt, Jr. and Elmo Zumwalt III, My Father, My Son, with
John Pekkanen, New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986, 45-47; “Roy ‘Latch’
Hoffmann”, Disinfopedia, (August 4, 2004).
13
Grant W. Hibbard, ”Report on the Fitness of Officers”, December 17, 1968,
JohnKerry.com, http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Fitness_Reports.pdf, 18-19,
(August 28, 2004); Donald A. Still, Commander U.S. Naval Support Activity, Saigon to
LTJG John F. Kerry, USN, ”Purple Heart Award; presentation of”, February 28, 1969,
JohnKerry.com,
http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Purple_Heart_1_Citation.pdf (August 28,
2004); Kranish, “Heroism, and growing concern about war”; Brinkley, Tour of Duty,
147-148, 461; ”John Kerry’s Vietnam Service Timeline” John Kerry for President –
Official Web Site, http://www.johnkerry.com/about/john_kerry/service_timeline.html
(August 5, 2004); Andrea Stone, “Vietnam lessons shape Kerry as a leader”,
USATODAY.com,
http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-04-12-kerry-
vietnam_x.htm, April 12, 2004 (August 29, 2004); Nedra Pickler, “Kerry has shrapnel in
left thigh from Vietnam War injury”, SF Gate, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-
bin/article.cgi?file=/news/archive/2004/04/23/politics1607EDT0681.DTL, April 23, 2004
(August 5, 2004); Byron York, “Kerry Purple Heart Doc Speaks Out: The medical
description of his first wound.”, National Review Online,
http://nationalreview.com/york/york200405041626.asp , May 4, 2004 (August 29,
2004); Michael Kranish, Brian C. Mooney, and Nina J. Easton, John F. Kerry: The
Complete Biography by the Boston Globe Reporters Who Know Him Best, New York:
Public Affairs, 2004, 71; O’Neill and Corsi, 27, 31-41; Art Moore, “Kerry’s war journal
contradicts medical claim? At least 9 days after Purple Heart, wrote he had not ‘been
shot at yet’”, WorldNetDaily,
http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=40006, August 17, 2004
(August 28, 2004); FOX News, August 23, 2004, recorded by FReeper kristinn, “Major
Garrett Reports: Kerry Campaign Inches Away from First Purple Heart Wound”,
FreeRepublic.com, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1197801/posts, August
23, 2004 (August 27, 2004); Robert Novak, “Swift boat interview”, Townhall.com,
http://www.townhall.com/columnists/robertnovak/rn20040827.shtml , August 27, 2004
(August 27, 2004). Cf. “AR 600-8-22 Governing Award of the Purple Heart Medal—
Combat Wounded Veterans”, Military Order of the Purple Heart (MOPH),
http://www.purpleheart.org/Awd_of_PH.htm (August 28, 2004).
14
George M. Elliott, ”Report on the Fitness of Officers”, December 16, 1968,
JohnKerry.com, http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Fitness_Reports.pdf, 20-21,
(August 28, 2004); Brinkley, Tour of Duty, 104, 152-153, 185, 461; ”John Kerry’s
Vietnam Service Timeline”; O’Neill and Corsi, 26-27, 41-45.
15
George M. Elliott, ”Report on the Fitness of Officers”, December 16, 1968,
JohnKerry.com, http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Fitness_Reports.pdf, 23-24,
(August 28, 2004); O’Neill and Corsi, 53-63. Cf. Kranish, “Heroism, and growing
concern about war”.
16
Brinkley, Tour of Duty, 254-261; ”John Kerry’s Vietnam Service Timeline”; O’Neill and
Corsi, 63-64.
17
Thomas Lipscomb, “Setting Straight Kerry’s War Record”, The New York Sun, Section
Editorial & Opinion, Page 8, February 27, 2004, reprinted online at New York Sun,
http://daily.nysun.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:ArticleToMail&Type=tex
t/html&Path=NYS/2004/02/27&ID=Ar00800 (August 16, 2004). Cf. O’Neill and Corsi,
204n10.
18
O’Neill and Corsi, 75.
19
”Spot Reports for February, 1969”, February, 1969, JohnKerry.com,
http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/SpotReports_February1969.pdf, 10-12, 20-
21 (August 28, 2004); ”Personnel Casualty Reports”, February 28, 1969,
JohnKerry.com,
http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Personnel_Casualty_Report.pdf, 1-3
(August 28, 2004); Donald A. Still, Commander U.S. Naval Support Activity, Saigon to
LTJG John F. Kerry, USN, ”Purple Heart Award; presentation of”, March 5, 1969,
JohnKerry.com,
http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Purple_Heart_2_Citation.pdf (August 28,
2004); Kranish, “Heroism, and growing concern about war”; Brinkley, Tour of Duty,
287, 461; ”John Kerry’s Vietnam Service Timeline”; Pickler; O’Neill and Corsi, 77-79.
20
”Navy Cross”, Department of the Navy: Naval Historical Center,
http://www.history.navy.mil/medals/navcross.htm(August 5, 2004).
21
E.R. Zumwalt, Jr., “Citation”,JohnKerry.com,
http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/militaryrecords_1.pdf, 7-8 (August 28,
2004); John Hyland, “Citation”, undated and John Lehman, “Citation”, undated,
JohnKerry.com, http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Silver_Star.pdf (August 28,
2004); Glen Johnson, “Kerry assails columnist who questioned war service”, New
Standard, October 28, 1996, reprinted online at SouthCoastToday.com, http://www.s-
t.com/daily/10-96/10-28-96/a03sr015.htm (August 5, 2004); James Carroll, "Annals of
Vietnam: A Friendship that Ended the War", New Yorker, October 21, 1996, 130-156;
David Warsh, “Behind the Hootch: Did Kerry Commit a War Crime?”, The Boston Globe,
October 27, 1996; Nicosia, 70; Kranish, “Heroism, and growing concern about war”;
Brinkley, Tour of Duty, 293-294; ”John Kerry’s Vietnam Service Timeline”; O’Neill and
Corsi, 80-86; Alex Katz, “Man refutes candidate’s critics”, Alameda Times-Star, August
12, 2004, posted at Naval Air Station Alameda,
http://www.nasalameda.com/temp/article-mike-medeiros-john-kerry.html (August 29,
2004); Alex Katz, “Local vet recalls time on Kerry’s swiftboat”, Tri-Valley Herald, cached
at http://64.233.179.104/search?q=cache:7mmMYic6f-
UJ:www.trivalleyherald.com/Stories/0,1413,86%25257E10671%25257E2334602,00.htm
l+Local+Vet+Recalls+Time+on+Kerry%27s+Swiftboat+&hl=en, August 14, 2004
(August 29, 2004); William B. Rood, “Feb. 28, 1969: On the Dong Cung River: ’This is
what I saw that day”, Chicago Tribune, August 22, 2004, reprinted at Shepherd
Express, http://www.shepherd-
express.com/shepherd/25/35/news_and_views/news.html, August 26, 2004 (August 29,
2004); Thomas Lipscomb, “Kerry citation a ‘total mystery’ to ex-Navy chief”, Chicago
Sun-Times, http://www.suntimes.com/output/elect/cst-nws-lips28.html, August 28,
2004.
22
”Spot Reports for March, 1969”, March, 1969, JohnKerry.com,
http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/SpotReports_March1969.pdf, 3, 8, 9
(August 28, 2004); ”Personnel Casualty Reports”, February 28, 1969, JohnKerry.com,
http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Personnel_Casualty_Report.pdf, 4-5
(August 28, 2004); G.M. Elliott, ”Award Recommendation”, March 23, 1969,
JohnKerry.com,
http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/bronze_star_recommendation.pdf (August
28, 2004); E.R. Zumwalt, Jr. “Citation”, undated and John Lehman, “Citation”, undated,
JohnKerry.com, http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Bronze_Star.pdf (August
28, 2004); Donald A. Still, Commander U.S. Naval Support Activity, Saigon to LTJG John
F. Kerry, USN, ”Purple Heart Award; presentation of”, April 17, 1969, JohnKerry.com,
http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Purple_Heart_3_Citation.pdf (August 28,
2004); Senator Kerry, “Thomas M. Belodeau”, Congressional Record—Senate, 105th
Congress—2nd Session (1998), S186-S187, January 28, 1998, located through
http://thomas.loc.gov/ (August 29, 2004); Kranish, “Heroism, and growing concern
about war”; Brinkley, Tour of Duty, 313, 317, 461; “Kerry Reunites with Fellow Veteran
in Iowa: Veteran says Kerry saved his life in combat; has not seen him since 1969”,
JohnKerry.com, http://www.johnkerry.com/pressroom/releases/pr_2004_0117d.html,
January 17, 2004 (August 29, 2004); ”John Kerry’s Vietnam Service Timeline”; Stone;
Pickler; Kranish, Mooney, and Easton, 105; Jim Barnett: “Oregon veteran will introduce
Kerry: Jim Rassmann, who lives”, The Oregonian, cached at
http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:etjkL1z3AxEJ:www.oregonlive.com/news/orego
nian/index.ssf%3F/base/news/1091102126180900.xml+rassmann+cookie&hl=en, July
29, 2004 (August 29, 2004); Michael Kranish, “Veteran retracts criticism of Kerry”, The
Boston Globe,
http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2004/08/06/veteran_retracts_criticism_of
_kerry/, August 6, 2004 (August 29, 2004); O’Neill and Corsi, 86-95; Judson Cox, “An
Interview with Van Odell, A Swift Boat Veteran for Truth”, MichNews.com,
http://michnews.com/artman/publish/article_4730.shtml, August 16, 2004 (August 29,
2004); Joseph A. D'Agostino and David Freddoso, "Four Eyewitnesses Dispute Kerry's
Account of Bronze Star Incident", Human Events Online,
http://www.humaneventsonline.com/article.php?id=4834, August 20, 2004 (August 29,
2004); David Corn, “Evidence Undermines Attack”, The Nation,
http://www.thenation.com/capitalgames/index.mhtml?bid=3&pid=1692 , August 20,
2004 (August 29, 2004); Gene Thorp, Lou Spirito, and Chris Kirkman, “The River, The
Mission, The Ambush”, The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
srv/politics/graphics/swiftboat_082104.html, August 22, 2004 (August 29, 2004); Brad
Hamilton, “Kerry’s Medal Muddle”, New York Post Online Edition,
http://www.nypost.com/news/nationalnews/29232.htm, August 22, 2004 (August 29,
2004); Michael Dobbs, “Swift Boat Accounts Incomplete and Flawed, Clashes Roil Kerry
Campaign”, The Washington Post, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/ articles/A21239-
2004Aug21.html, August 22, 2004 (August 29, 2004); Mary Dalrymple, “Kerry Urges
Bush To Demand Attacks Stop”, The Washington Post, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/ articles/A22860-2004Aug22.html, August 22, 2004 (August 29, 2004); “Swift Boat
Crewman: Kerry Boat Took Fire”, FOXNews.com,
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,130326,00.html, August 27, 2004 (August 29,
2004); Evan Thomas and T. Trent Gegax, "New Hostile Fire: Incoming: Their shots may
not be lethal, but a crew of angry vets have hit Kerry's hull", with Tamara Lipper,
Susannah Meadows And John Barry, Newsweek,
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5783805/site/newsweek/, August 30, 2004 (August 29,
2004).
23
O’Neill and Corsi, 55, 57-58, 76, 80-81, 83, 89, 91; Robert B. Bluey, "Kerry's False
Report Led to Media Assault, Swift Boat Vet Claims", CNSNews.com,
http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewPolitics.asp?Page=%5CPolitics%5Carchive%5C200408%
5CPOL20040819d.html, August 19, 2004; John Kerry testimony in United States Senate
Committee on Foreign Relations, Legislative Proposals Relating to the War in Southeast
Asia, Thursday, April 22, 1971: Hearings before the United States Senate Committee on
Foreign Relations, Ninety-Second Congress, First Session (April-May 1971), Washington:
Government Printing Office, 1971, 179-210 online in html format at http://www.c-
span.org/2004vote/jkerrytestimony.asp (August 29, 2004) and in pdf format at
http://www.cwes01.com/13790/23910/ktpp179-210.pdf (August 29, 2004)..
24
“Thrice Wounded”, March 1969, JohnKerry.com,
http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Thrice_Wounded_Reassignment.pdf, 4
(August 28, 2004); Lt. J.C. Rodgers, Jr., untitled, April 30, 1971, JohnKerry.com,
http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Change_of_Duty.pdf, 4 (August 28, 2004);
O’Neill and Corsi, 72, 92-93.
25
Byron York, “Vietnam Veterans Against Kerry: A band of brothers, but not the kind the
candidate likes”, National Review, http://www.ron-
siddell.com/VietVetsAgainstKerry.htm, May 31, 2004 (August 5, 2004); O’Neill and
Corsi, 42, 52, 63-64, 99, 204n10.
26
Warsh; Nicosia, 445-446, 570, 575, 597-605, 608-609; Brinkley, 295-296, 440; Jamie
Reno, Michael Isikoff, and Evan Thomas, “Kerry and Agent Orange”, with T. Trent
Gegax, MSNBC News, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4410098/, March 8, 2004 (August
16, 2004); York, “Vietnam Veterans Against Kerry”; O’Neill and Corsi, 83; "Transcript:
Debating Kerry's Vietnam Record", FOXNews.com,
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,129590,00.html, August 23, 2004.
27
York, “Vietnam Veterans Against Kerry”; O’Neill and Corsi, 99, 195, 204n10.

John Kerry’s Fellow Travellers

A 5-part series exposing John Kerry’s Communist connections.

Part 3: Hanoi John: Kerry and the Antiwar

Movement’s Communist Connections
By Fedora

*NOTE: The term “fellow traveller” as used in this article series refers to someone who
is not a member of the Communist Party (CP) but regularly engages in actions which
advance the Party’s program. Some apparent fellow travellers may actually be
“concealed party members”: members of the CP who conceal their membership. Which
of these classifications is applicable to the Kerrys is a question this series leaves
unresolved. This series does not argue for any direct evidence of Richard or John Kerry
or other members of the Kerry family belonging to the CP. What this series does argue
for is a consistent pattern of the Kerry family working with Communists and Communist
fellow travellers in a way that advances the Communist program.

Introduction

Part 1 of this series, ”John Kerry’s Red Roots”, traced the roots of John Kerry’s foreign
policy views to the influence of a faction of the State Department led by Dean Acheson,
protégé of the Communist fellow traveller Felix Frankfurter. Part 2, "Forging a Paper
Hero", exposed how Kerry managed to conceal his left-wing background by cloaking
himself in the guise of a war hero. This article picks up the story with Kerry’s abuse of
his stolen valor, when he came home from Vietnam and wore an American uniform
while speaking on behalf of groups representing America’s Communist enemies.
 John Kerry’s Antiwar Career Summarized
Summary of John Kerry’s Antiwar Allies
Relation to Communist
Individual/Group
movement
1969- Vietnam Moratorium Formed by associates of
1970+ Committee (VMC): Communist front group
Organized mass American Friends Service
antiwar Committee (AFSC) and
demonstrations Communist-infiltrated group
SANE;
interlocked with the New
Mobilization Committee to
End the War in Vietnam (New
Mobe), an antiwar
mobilization group formed
following instructions from
Hanoi by the Socialist
Workers Party (SWP), a
Trotskyite group infiltrated by
the Soviets and friendly to
Cuba
1970+ Father Robert Drinan: Associate of antiwar activist
Left-wing priest and Daniel Berrigan; officer in
lawyer Communist front group
National Lawyers Guild
(NLG);
travelled to Vietnam on
behalf of Communist front
group Fellowship of
Reconciliation (FOR);
politically endorsed by
Communist lawyer Ramsey
Clark
1970- Vietnam Veterans Inspired by Veterans for
1973+ Against the War Peace (VFP), offshoot of front sister Peggy; attracted
(VVAW): antiwar group set up by the
Relation to Kerry
Peggy Kerry worked for
VMC in 1969 and
recruited John to fly
New York VMC leader
Adam Walinsky to VMC
demonstrations in
October 1969, while
John was still on active
duty;
John then asked VMC
for support in his 1970
Congressional campaign
and worked for them
afterwords;
subsequently was
supported by VMC
founder Jerome
Grossman throughout
political career into
Senate terms
1970 Congressional
campaign chaired by
Kerry;
as Congressman sought
to pass “Kerry
Amendment” lowering
age requirements to
allow Kerry to run for
Senator in 1972;
supported Vietnam
Veterans Against the
War while Kerry was a
VVAW member;
advised Kerry’s 2004
Presidential campaign
Introduced to VVAW by
VVAW attention
veterans’ group Communist Party (CP) to through work for VMC
protest the Korean War; and Drinan and joined
group around May
initially run out of offices of 1970;
Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace
Parade Committee (FAVPPC), served on VVAW
which networked with National Executive
numerous Communist front Committee 1970-1971;
groups;
afterwords remained
formed alliances with New VVAW leader and
Mobe and VMC; spokesman into at least
1973;
leadership interlocked with
Communist front group continued to associate
People’s Coalition for Peace with former VVAW
and Justice (PCPJ); members throughout
career to present day
politically allied with
politicians tied to Communist
lobbying groups such as
George Ball, Allard
Lowenstein, Eugene
McCarthy, Robert and Ted
Kennedy, Bella Abzug,
George McGovern, Mark
Hatfield, John Conyers, Ron
Dellums, Charles Rangel,
Michael Harrington, Paul
McCloskey, etc.

financed by left-wing sources

such as Jane Fonda, United
Auto Workers (UAW), Edgar
Bronfman, Ted Kennedy, etc.

legally represented by
Communist lawyers such as
Peter Weiss, Ramsey Clark,
William Kunstler, Mark Lane,
etc.

jointly sponsored events with

various Communist-linked
individuals and groups
including Black Panther Party
(BPP), Citizens’ Commission
of Inquiry into War Crimes in
Indochina (CCI), Jane Fonda,
 Yippies, National Peace Action
Coalition (NPAC),
Venceremos Brigade (VB),
etc.;

met domestically and abroad

with representatives of North
Vietnam, Soviet Union, Cuba,
European Communist groups,
and Arab terrorist group
Palestine Liberation Front
(PLF)

Contrary to his current posture as someone who went to Vietnam out of “a sense of
duty and responsibility” and “never considered not serving”,1 John Kerry was actually
already opposed to the Vietnam War before going to Vietnam, and he tried to avoid the
draft. At Yale in 1965 and 1966 he opposed the war in at least two speeches.2 He
claimed in a 1970 interview that he tried unsuccessfully to persuade the draft board to
let him study abroad in France before he decided to enlist in the US Naval Reserve.3
While undergoing his Naval Reserve training, Kerry wrote letters in 1968 to his friends
Michael Dalby and David Thorne expressing his opposition to the war, and while he was
in Vietnam, Kerry and his fellow skipper Donald Droz—whose wife Judy was already
active in the antiwar movement in 1968—planned to protest the war upon their return,
according to Judy’s account of Donald’s letters home.4

After being transferred out of combat duty, Kerry was restationed in New York in early
1969. By late 1969 his older sister Peggy was already involved in the antiwar
movement, working for the Vietnam Moratorium Committee (VMC). That October, she
recruited John as a pilot to fly Adam Walinsky, a key leader of the New York office of
the VMC, to VMC-organized antiwar demonstrations.5 Kerry, who was still on active duty
in the US Naval Reserve,6 later boasted that he had been “smart enough not to put
down ‘Moratorium’ on the Navy signout sheet for that Tuesday and Wednesday”.7

On November 21, 1969, Kerry requested an early release from active duty so he could
run for Congress on an antiwar platform. In January 1970 he was transferred to
inactive duty, and his younger brother Cameron tried to recruit support for his
campaign from VMC founder Jerome Grossman. Grossman, who had links to the
Democratic National Committee, was a leader of a Massachusetts antiwar activist group
called Massachusetts Political Action for Peace (Mass PAX, later renamed Citizens for
Participation in Political Action, CPPAX), which had previously supported antiwar
Presidential candidate Eugene McCarthy in 1968 and had created the VMC in 1969.
Mass PAX’s coalition was now seeking an antiwar candidate to unseat prowar
Congressman Philip Philbin. However by the time Cameron got in touch with Grossman,
Grossman had already decided to support another, better-known antiwar candidate,
Father Robert Drinan. In February 1970 Mass PAX’s caucus voted to support Drinan
over Kerry, and at the urging of Grossman, who was Drinan’s campaign manager, Kerry
quit his own campaign to become chairman of Drinan’s campaign.8 At the same time he
was chairing Drinan’s campaign, Kerry also did work for the VMC. 9
While Grossman and Kerry were supporting the VMC and Drinan, they began supporting
a veterans’ antiwar group, the Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW). Kerry’s
speaking activity for Drinan and the VMC brought him to the attention of leaders of the
VVAW’s New York headquarters, and he joined the VVAW shortly after his marriage on
May 23, 1970. Grossman introduced him to veterans from an antiwar group called Legal
In-Service Project (LISP) which was operating out of Mass PAX’s office, and these
veterans helped Kerry set up a Massachusetts branch of VVAW based in Mass PAX’s
office.10 Meanwhile for their honeymoon Kerry and his wife travelled to Paris, and
during their stay there they met leaders of the Provisional Revolutionary Government
(PRG), a delegation representing the North Vietnamese government’s proposed ruling
body for South Vietnam.11

Kerry emerged as the VVAW’s star spokesman during a September 1970 speech at
Valley Forge for the VVAW’s Operation RAW. After Operation RAW he was appointed to
the VVAW National Executive Committee by VVAW leader Al Hubbard because of his
speaking ability and his contacts with the Democratic National Committee and Ted
Kennedy. His prominence in the organization grew through his participation in its
Dewey Canyon III rally in Washington in April 1971. Kerry remained prominent in the
VVAW until at least July 1971, after which there are conflicting accounts, largely
perpetrated by Gerald Nicosia, a writer friendly to Kerry. Nicosia initially wrote in a 2001
book that Kerry developed differences with Hubbard which led him to resign from the
VVAW National Executive Committee at a VVAW meeting in St. Louis in July 1971.12
However, Kerry’s biographer Douglas Brinkley reported in a 2004 book that Kerry
resigned from the VVAW on November 10, 1971.13 After other researchers publicized
evidence that Kerry had attended a VVAW meeting in Kansas City in November 1971
during which VVAW leaders proposed kidnapping and assassinating pro-war
politicians,14, Nicosia provided the media with FBI documents confirming Kerry had
attended this meeting.15 The actual FBI reports on the Kansas City meeting record that
on November 13 “JOHN KERRY, a VVAW national leader from Massachusetts, arrived
and spoke to the committee. He resigned from the National Executive Committee of
VVAW for ‘personal reasons’ but added he would still be active in VVAW and available to
speak for the organization” and would be holding his office “until new members are
elected in January 1972”.16 Prior to Nicosia’s release of the FBI documents, the Kerry
campaign had issued statements that “Kerry was not at the Kansas City meeting” and
had resigned from the VVAW “sometime in the summer of 1971”.17 After Nicosia’s
release of the documents, the Kerry campaign issued statements that “Senator Kerry
does not remember attending the Kansas City meeting.” VVAW members who attended
the meeting have issued conflicting statements about whether or not they remember
seeing Kerry there.18 Subsequent research has uncovered articles reporting Kerry
speaking at VVAW events and on behalf of the VVAW as late as at least April 1972 and
representing himself as a VVAW member to the press as late as October 1972,19 and a
newspaper photo dated January 24, 1973 is accompanied by a caption describing Kerry
as “head of Vietnam Veterans Against the War”.20 Kerry would remain associated with
former VVAW members such as Chris Gregory into his Senate career,21 and in 1979 he
joined former VVAW associate Bobby Muller in cofounding the Vietnam Veterans of
America (VVA), which lists him as a lifetime member.22
 Kerry’s Introduction to the Antiwar Movement: The Vietnam Moratorium
Committee (VMC)

As the above summary indicates, Kerry’s introduction to the antiwar movement came
through the Vietnam Moratorium Committee (VMC). In October 1969 Kerry’s sister
Peggy recruited him as a pilot to fly Adam Walinsky, a key leader of the New York office
of the VMC, to VMC-organized antiwar demonstrations.23 Peggy was at that time
already working for the VMC.24 In January 1970 Cameron Kerry sought VMC support for
John’s Congressional campaign,25 and after John joined Drinan’s campaign in February
1970 he did additional work for the VMC.26

The Vietnam Moratorium Committee was conceived by Jerome Grossman and grew out
of Grossman’s work for Massachusetts Political Action for Peace (Mass PAX), which was
in turn an outgrowth of the 1962 Massachusetts Senatorial campaign of antinuclear
candidate H. Stuart Hughes. Hughes, then teaching history at Harvard, was a lifelong
Communist sympathizer who had opposed the Cold War from the beginning and was
described in FBI files as having “strong convictions towards communism”.27 In 1959 he
had been recruited to the antinuclear group SANE (National Committee for a Sane
Nuclear Policy) by his friend David Riesman.28 Riesman was a longtime fellow traveller
who had begun his professional career under the tutelage of Felix Frankfurter and Louis
Brandeis, two of the foremost front men for the US Communist movement.29 SANE
likewise had numerous Communist associations, prompting investigations by the FBI
and the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee in the 1960s.30 SANE and allied antiwar
groups supported Hughes when he decided to run for Senator on an antinuclear
platform in 1962, and Hughes went on to become SANE’s cochairman in 1963 and its
chairman in 1967. In those capacities he organized opposition to the Vietnam War,
prompting the FBI to place him under surveillance when it received information that he
was going to visit Moscow on a trip to Paris in 1966.31

Meanwhile Hughes’ SANE activity brought him into contact with Grossman. Grossman
had been recruited to the antinuclear movement in the 1950s through the American
Friends Service Committee (AFSC),32 an old Communist front group,33 and had
subsequently become a SANE activist.34 Through SANE’s support of Hughes in 1962,
Grossman became Hughes’ campaign manager.35 After the campaign, Hughes’
organizers transformed his campaign into an ongoing antiwar organization,
Massachusetts Political Action for Peace.36 Grossman continued to work with Mass PAX
as it opposed the Vietnam War after 1964 and as it supported Eugene McCarthy’s
Presidential campaign in 1968.37

At an April 1969 Mass PAX meeting, Grossman proposed the idea of the Vietnam
Moratorium Committee: a committee to coordinate a nation-wide, grassroots-generated
series of antiwar demonstrations.38 To help him organize these demonstrations,
Grossman recruited the help of 1968 antiwar Presidential candidate Eugene McCarthy
and former McCarthy campaign organizers Sam Brown, David Hawk, David Mixner, and
Marge Sklencar.39

Through Brown, the Moratorium’s national director and principal organizer,40 the VMC
joined forces with the New Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, or “New
Mobe”,41 a national coordinating group for antiwar protests. The New Mobe was so
called because it was an outgrowth of an earlier national coordinating group called the
Student Mobilization Committee (SMC), or “Mobe”. The Mobe was in turn an outgrowth
of the National Student Strike for Peace Conference. The National Student Strike for
Peace Conference had originally been organized in 1966 by the Communist Party (CP)
and the Socialist Workers Party (SWP).42

The SWP was a Trotskyite group which had been infiltrated by the Soviet Union since
the 1930s and had more recently developed connections with Castro’s regime in Cuba
through groups such as the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. It was accordingly
designated as subversive by the Attorney General and became a high priority for FBI
surveillance from 1961 on.43

The SWP element in the Mobe had become dominant by 1968, and the FBI regarded
the Mobe as controlled by the SWP. A 1967 Congressional report found that
“Communists are playing dominant roles in. . .the Student Mobilization Committee. . .”44

The Mobe lost momentum after the 1968 Presidential campaign and was revived by the
SWP in July 1969 as the New Mobe. From its inception the New Mobe coordinated its
actions with the Soviet Union and North Vietnam through the KGB-linked World Peace
Council (WPC) in Stockholm. A 1970 Congressional report found that the New Mobe
was under “communist domination”.45

From its beginning, the New Mobe worked in close coordination with the VMC. The VMC
was represented on the New Mobe’s steering committee from the New Mobe’s first
meeting; the New Mobe shared its headquarters with the VMC at 1029 Vermont Avenue
NW in Washington, DC; and Sam Brown organized for the New Mobe while he directed
the VMC.46

New York VMC activity was coordinated by the Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade
Committee (FAVPPC, also known by various similar names). The FAVPPC had been
organized by Norma Becker, a member of a Communist front group called the War
Resisters League (WRL), and it operated out of the same 5 Beekman Street address as
numerous inter-related Communist front groups and fellow-travelling groups, such as
the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), the Committee for Nonviolent Action (CNVA),
and the Catholic Peace Fellowship (CPF). It was described in a 1970 Congressional
report as “dominated by communists”.47

The most prominent leader of the New York VMC was Adam Walinsky, former legal and
speechwriting assistant to Robert Kennedy.48 John Kerry’s sister Peggy was also
working for the New York VMC in 1969, and she recruited John to fly Walinsky around
to VMC-organized demonstrations that October,49 while John was still on active duty.50
After John was transferred to inactive duty in January 1970 his brother Cameron
contacted VMC founder Jerome Grossman to seek VMC support for John’s Congressional
campaign. Failing to win VMC support in a February 1970 caucus, John accepted
Grossman’s request to drop out of the campaign and chair the campaign of the VMC’s
favored Congressional candidate, Father Robert Drinan. While chairing Drinan’s
campaign, he also worked for the VMC and came to know Sam Brown, as he later
recalled on the Senate floor in 1994 while defending Brown’s nomination as US
ambassador to the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Grossman in
return would continue to support Kerry throughout his political career, into his 2004
Presidential campaign.51

Transition from the VMC to the VVAW: Robert Drinan

In February 1970 Kerry began chairing Drinan’s campaign, which culminated in Drinan
being elected to Congress that November.52 Kerry’s relationship with Drinan continued
after the campaign. Kerry spoke favorably of Drinan during his 1971 Senate testimony,
saying “certain individuals are in Congress today, particularly in the House, who several
years ago could never have been. I would cite Representative Dellums and the
Congresswoman Abzug and Congressman Drinan and people like this. I think this is a
terribly encouraging sign. . .”53 Drinan in return used his Congressional position to help
Kerry and the VVAW. He tried to change the law in order to let the then-28-year-old
Kerry run in the 1972 Senatorial election by co-proposing a Constitutional amendment
to lower the minimum age for Senator from 30 to 27, a proposal which came to be
referred to as the “Kerry Amendment”.54 Drinan also supported the VVAW by calling for
a Congressional follow-up to the Winter Soldier Investigation’s allegations of war crimes
by US troops, and by drafting a bill authorizing government mental health-care support
for Vietnam veterans diagnosed with “Post-Vietnam Syndrome” (now known as Post-
Traumatic Stress Disorder), a diagnosis invented by VVAW ally Robert Jay Lifton.55 After
Kerry called for Nixon’s impeachment in February 197256—six months prior to the
Watergate break-ins—Drinan became the first member of Congress to introduce a
resolution of impeachment against Nixon on July 31, 1973.57 In 2004 Drinan has been
an advisor to Kerry’s Presidential campaign.58

Father Drinan’s background was a maze of Communist connections. While studying for
the priesthood in the 1940s he had been a classmate of Daniel Berrigan,59 a left-wing
priest who later became active in the antiwar movement.60 After earning degrees in law
and becoming a lawyer, Drinan joined the faculty of Boston College Law School and
eventually was promoted to Dean. As a lawyer he supported left-wing social causes and
became in 1968 national vice-president of the National Lawyers Guild (NLG),61 identified
in a 1950 Congressional investigation as the “legal bulwark of the Communist Party”
and linked in the late 1960s and early 1970s to Communist-connected terrorist groups
like the Weather Underground Organization (WUO, also known as the Weathermen).62
In 1969 Drinan travelled to Vietnam on behalf of the Fellowship of Reconciliation
(FOR),63 a Communist front group64 which his old classmate Daniel Berrigan vice-
chaired.65 Drinan spoke at a New Mobe event in March 1970,66 a few months before a
Congressional report found that the New Mobe was under “communist domination”.67
Drinan’s Congressional campaign received an endorsement from former Attorney
General Ramsey Clark,68 who during this period also defended Daniel Berrigan’s brother
Philip against charges of conspiring to kidnap public officials, represented the VVAW
and the Communist-infiltrated New Mobe offshoot National Peace Action Coalition
(NPAC) in a legal dispute with the Supreme Court, assisted the Communist front group
Committee for Public Justice (CPJ) in a campaign to discredit the FBI, led a Black
Panther inquiry into the Chicago Police Department, and travelled to North Vietnam to
denounce US bombing.69 Drinan was under FBI surveillance while Kerry was working for
his campaign.70
 Kerry in the Spotlight: The VVAW

Kerry’s relationship with the VVAW emerged out of his relationship to Grossman, the
Drinan campaign, and the VMC. Kerry’s speaking activity for Drinan and the VMC
brought him to the attention of leaders of the VVAW’s New York headquarters. He
subsequently joined the VVAW shortly after his marriage on May 23, 197071 and helped
the group set up a Massachusetts branch.72 The VVAW remained relatively unknown
and Kerry maintained a low profile in the organization until a Labor Day 1970 rally at
Valley Forge called “Operation RAW” (Rapid American Withdrawal) showcased his public
speaking skills.73 After this the VVAW tried to attract media attention by going to Detroit
in January 1971 to stage a “Winter Soldier Investigation” (WSI) into alleged war crimes
by US soldiers.74 When this failed to generate publicity, VVAW co-leader Al Hubbard
appointed Kerry to the group’s National Executive Committee so that Kerry could use
his contacts with the Democratic National Committee and Ted Kennedy to help organize
a major rally in Washington, DC.75 During the rally, held in April 1971 and called
“Dewey Canyon III” after the codename of a US military operation, Kerry testified to
the Senate about alleged war crimes and attracted national media attention to the
VVAW cause.76 Following this Kerry became the VVAW’s most prominent national
spokesman. He resigned from the VVAW’s National Executive Committee citing
“personal reasons” in November 1971,77 shortly before he began to campaign for the
1972 Congressional elections, but he continued to identify himself as the VVAW’s
national leader and to speak on behalf of the organization throughout 1972 and into at
least 1973.78 During this period the VVAW became increasingly militant and engaged in
violent activity such as running guns to black militant groups in Cairo, Illinois starting in
August 1971; plotting the assassination of pro-war politicians in November 1971; taking
over the Lincoln Memorial and Statue of Liberty and other national symbols in
December 1971; dumping blood on United States ambassador to the United Nations
George H.W. Bush in May 1972; and physically attacking delegates and police at the
Republican National Convention in Miami in August 1972.79

The VVAW before Kerry: From the FAVPPC to the Black Panthers

The VVAW had been founded in New York in 1967 by Vietnam veteran Jan Barry
Crumb, who called himself Jan Barry. Barry’s involvement in the antiwar movement
began in April 1967 when he attended the April 7 Peace Parade. The parade had been
organized by the Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee (FAVPPC). The
FAVPPC was led by Norma Becker, a member of a Communist front group called the
War Resisters League (WRL), and it operated out of the same 5 Beekman Street
address as numerous inter-related Communist front groups and fellow-travelling
groups, such as the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), the Committee for Nonviolent
Action (CNVA), and the Catholic Peace Fellowship (CPF). It was described in a 1970
Congressional report as “dominated by communists”.80 Participating in the FAVPPC’s
rally were some members of Veterans for Peace (VFP), an outgrowth of American
Veterans for Peace (AVP), an antiwar group which the Communist Party had originally
formed in 1951 to protest the Korean War.81 Barry joined Vietnam veterans among the
VFP marchers and inquired about a banner some of them were carrying which read
“Vietnam Veterans Against the War”. When Barry learned the phrase was just a slogan
and there was no formal group by that name, he decided to form one. After talking with
the older VFP members and studying their tactics, he recruited five Vietnam veterans
from a Memorial Day VFP rally, and on June 1, 1967 the six of them held the first VVAW
meeting in his apartment.82

On June 4, 1967, VVAW treasurer Francis Rocks opened up a PO Box for the VVAW,
telling the post office the VVAW’s address was 5 Beekman Street, the same address as
the FAVPPC. The New York VVAW maintained a close relationship with the FAVPPC,
holding early meetings in another building used by the FAVPPC at 156 Fifth Avenue and
later moving into the same building. On September 9, 1967, the Communist magazine
The Worker covered the VVAW in an article giving the organization’s address as 17 East
17th Street and reporting that the organization now had about 20 members, including
half a dozen graduates of Columbia University. As the VVAW grew it attracted members
with links to other antiwar groups, notably Carl Rogers, a member of an antiwar group
called Negotiation Now! which shared space with the FAVPPC at 156 Fifth Avenue.
Leaving Negotiation Now! to help run the VVAW, Rogers helped the VVAW network with
such contacts as the Mobe, Clergy and Laity Concerned About Vietnam (CALCAV, later
shortened to CALC), antiwar diplomat George Ball, antiwar Congressman Allard
Lowenstein, antiwar Senators Ernest Gruening and J. William Fulbright, and the 1968
Presidential campaign of antiwar candidate Eugene McCarthy. Over the course of the
1968 campaign the VVAW split into a faction supporting McCarthy and a faction
supporting Robert Kennedy. Kennedy was assassinated in June, McCarthy dropped out
of the campaign in August, and Richard Nixon won the election, leaving the VVAW
disillusioned, without a sense of direction, and financially weak.83

During this period from 1967-1968, prompted by the mention of the VVAW in The
Worker, the FBI opened a file on the VVAW and investigated whether it was a
Communist front or infiltrated by Communists . At this time the Bureau found no
evidence of direct Communist Party control of the VVAW, but noted indications of the
VVAW fellow travelling with Communists, such as the VVAW’s common address with the
FAVPCC and the participation of VVAW leaders in events linked to groups such as VFP,
the SWP, and the Mobe. A May 16, 1968 document from the FBI’s VVAW file mentions
TASS, the official Soviet news agency. The declassified version of the document is so
heavily blacked out that the full meaning of the reference is unclear, but in context it
appears to relate to an ad the VVAW ran in The New York Times on November 19,
1967. Later, after the FBI had opened an active investigation of the VVAW in 1971, a
New York FBI office report would note that in September 1968 the VVAW had
participated in a protest organized by the National Emergency Civil Liberties Committee
(NECLC), a Communist front group linked to the National Lawyers Guild.84

Regrouping after the 1968 election, the VVAW leadership temporarily left management
of the organization in the charge of Jim Boggio, leader of the VVAW’s Los Angeles
chapter, from fall 1968 to fall 1969. During this period the FBI noted that Boggio
attended meetings of the Socialist Workers Party and that his VVAW branch was
successfully infiltrated by the SWP’s youth branch, the Young Socialist Alliance (YSA).85

Meanwhile VVAW leaders Barry and Rogers and their friend Steve Wilcox turned their
attention towards forming a new organization called Serviceman’s Link to the Peace
Movement, or LINK. LINK’s purpose was to connect the civilian antiwar movement with
the antiwar movement among active-duty GI’s. It supported GI’s facing court-martial
and participated in high-profile cases such as the trials of Susan Schnall, the Presidio
27, and Roger Priest.86. Schnall was a Navy nurse court-martialed for demonstrating
against the war in uniform and using a plane to drop antiwar leaflets on military
installations.87 The Presidio 27 was a group of 27 mutineers who were being defended
by Terence Hallinan, son of the prominent Communist lawyer Vincent Hallinan.88. Priest
was a Pentagon employee who had initially dodged the draft but then decided to join
the Navy anyway to challenge the system. While on active duty he had published an
antiwar newspaper which advocated desertion to Canada, insubordination, and the
assassination of President Nixon. Priest’s paper was funded by the Stern Family Fund, a
left-wing charity which was then also funding such groups as the Institute for Policy
Studies (IPS), a KGB-connected think tank, and today helps fund Teresa Heinz-Kerry’s
Tides Foundation. Priest designated the War Resisters League as the beneficiary of his
GI life insurance policy, saying he hoped to start a trend so that every time a GI died,
the WRL would become $10,000 richer. LINK joined in the defense of Priest, and after
the Navy gave him an early release from his enlistment in mid-1969, Priest joined
LINK’s staff as a counsel to other antiwar GI’s.89

While the VVAW leaders focused their energy on LINK from late 1968 to late 1969, the
remnant of the VVAW worked towards the election of antiwar Congressmen like Allard
Lowenstein and Paul O’Dwyer90 and participated in Mobe-organized rallies. The Mobe
alliance served to rejuvenate the VVAW when the New Mobe was formed in July 1969.91
The meeting which created the New Mobe followed a May 1969 meeting in Stockholm
between members of the original Mobe, the Soviet-linked World Peace Council, and a
North Vietnamese delegation. Participants in the meeting discussed planning antiwar
activities in Washington, DC that fall. Following this meeting the Socialist Workers Party
called the July meeting which resulted in the formation of the New Mobe.92 Joining the
steering committee of this meeting was Carl Rogers of the VVAW and LINK. Soon after
the meeting LINK began sharing a headquarters with the New Mobe and VMC at 1029
Vermont Avenue NW in Washington, DC.93

Through its relationship with the New Mobe and VMC, the VVAW rapidly attracted
hundreds of new members following major VMC demonstrations in fall 1969.94 One of
the most important new members was Al Hubbard, a black veteran who claimed to
have held the rank of captain and have been wounded in Vietnam, though it later
turned out that he had only been a staff sergeant, he had never served in Vietnam, and
his injuries were old sports injuries.95 Despite his fraudulence, Hubbard was a
charismatic speaker and effective organizer. He was appointed as the VVAW’s executive
secretary, and he developed a plan to expand the VVAW from a one-issue antiwar
group into a veterans political organization. As part of this plan, he took the step of
incorporating the VVAW as a 501(c)(3) corporation, giving the organization tax-exempt
status and eligibility to receive public and private grants. He sent VVAW recruiters to
veterans hospitals, college campuses, and high schools. He introduced programs for
networking with veterans by providing social benefits and services like regular veterans
organizations did. He got the VVAW involved in political lobbying and supporting
antiwar politicians. He conceived publicity stunts to attract media attention to the
VVAW. Finally, he helped the VVAW network with other antiwar groups, particularly
among the militant faction of the civil rights movement led by the Black Panthers.96

The Black Panther Party (BPP), considered by the FBI to be “the greatest threat to the
internal security of the country”, had been formed by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in
Oakland in 1966. The Panthers espoused a violence-oriented interpretation of Maoism
which related the black civil rights cause to “capitalist oppression” of Third World
countries like Vietnam, and on this basis they supported the North Vietnamese cause,
volunteering to send fighters to Vietnam to aid the Viet Cong. The Panthers took their
name from the logo for the Lowndes County Freedom Organization, an Alabama black
political group which had been organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee (SNCC).97 SNCC was a civil rights group which had been infiltrated by the
Communist Party and was allied with the Castro regime through the Fair Play for Cuba
Committee (FPCC) and later the Venceremos Brigade (VB). Leading SNCC organizer
Stokely Carmichael had become a Marxist in high school after meeting the son of
Eugene Dennis, a prominent Communist Party figure who led CP efforts to infiltrate the
civil rights movement in the late 1950s. After joining SNCC in the early 1960s,
Carmichael networked with members of the Alabama CP to form the Lowndes County
Freedom Organization in 1965. The next year Carmichael was elected chairman of the
SNCC and abandoned the group’s nonviolent policy. In 1967 he travelled to Cuba,
China, North Vietnam, and finally Guinea, where he met with Guinea Communists
representing an anti-colonial movement known as Pan-Africanism. From Guinea
Carmichael returned to the United States with the intent of forming Black United Front
groups throughout the country. In 1968 he left SNCC and became prime minister of the
Black Panther Party, forming a temporary BPP/SNCC alliance. This alliance began to
break up in summer 1969, fueled by Carmichael’s disagreement with the BPP’s policy of
allying with white activists.98

In a parallel development, by 1969 the white student antiwar movement—centered

around Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)—had divided into anti-Panther and
pro-Panther factions. The pro-Panther faction was linked to the Weather Underground
Organization (WUO, or Weathermen), a Cuban/North Vietnamese-trained terrorist
group which sought to advance the antiwar and civil rights causes through violent
tactics. Starting in 1969 the Weathermen branch of SDS, SNCC, and other groups
began coordinating efforts with a pro-Castro group called the Venceremos Brigade to
send groups of Americans to Cuba for intelligence training by Cuban and North
Vietnamese agents.99

It was during this period, following the VMC demonstrations of late 1969, that Hubbard
joined the VVAW and began building a VVAW-BPP alliance. Hubbard took VVAW
members to BPP meetings with him and built a BPP chapter of the VVAW in Harlem. He
coordinated a BPP convention with a VVAW demonstration at Valley Forge in fall 1970.
Meanwhile Hubbard advocated turning the VVAW into a “weather vets” group, modeled
on the Weathermen.100

Enter the Kerrys

It was also following the VMC demonstrations of late 1969 that the VVAW came into
contact with the Kerrys. VVAW member Sheldon Ramsdell, through working as a press
aide for Eugene McCarthy’s campaign, had become involved with the New York Press
Service and the Democratic Party in New York.101 The New York branch of the VVAW
was at this time sharing office space with the New York branch of the VMC,102 and
Ramsdell became acquainted with the leading figure of the New York VMC, Adam
Walinsky.103 Peggy Kerry was then working for the New York VMC,104 and she was
introduced to Ramsdell by New York Congresswoman Bella Abzug,105 a cofounder of the
Communist-infiltrated group Women Strike for Peace (WSP).106 Through Peggy’s work
with the New York VMC, John met the New York VVAW,107 and the New York VVAW
leaders took interest in John after he began speaking for Drinan and the VMC. John
joined the VVAW shortly after his marriage on May 23, 1970. He was soon appointed to
the VVAW’s National Executive Committee by Al Hubbard, and he began to help the
VVAW set up a Massachusetts branch in the office of Mass PAX.108 Meanwhile for their
honeymoon Kerry and his wife travelled to Paris, and during their stay there they met
leaders of the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG), a delegation representing
the North Vietnamese government’s proposed ruling body for South Vietnam.109

Operation RAW and The Winter Soldier Investigation

Kerry emerged as the VVAW’s leading spokesman through his participation in Operation
RAW (Rapid American Withdrawal), a rally held at Valley Forge over Labor Day
weekend in September 1970. Operation RAW had been conceived by Al Hubbard to
help the VVAW network with active-duty GIs and veterans, to forge links between the
VVAW and the civil rights movement, and to promote an investigation into alleged war
crimes by US troops in Vietnam—an investigation which came to be called the Winter
Solder Investigation (WSI).110

What became WSI was originally the project of a group allied with the VVAW, the
Citizens’ Commission of Inquiry into War Crimes in Indochina (CCI). The CCI in turn had
initiated its inquiry in November 1969 in response to a call from the Bertrand Russell
Peace Foundation, founded in 1963 by British antiwar leader Bertrand Russell. Russell
and his wife Dora had worked with various antiwar groups since World War I, many of
which were linked to the Communist movement in Britain and America. During the Cold
War Russell came to sympathize with the Soviet Union, Cuba, and North Vietnam. In
1963 he began opposing the US in the Vietnam War in direct alliance with the North
Vietnamese, using his Foundation to attempt to obtain passports for North Vietnamese
and broadcasting propaganda over North Vietnamese radio. In 1966 he called for an
International War Crimes Tribunal which would apply the principles of the Nuremberg
Trials to investigations of alleged war crimes by US troops in Vietnam. The International
War Crimes Tribunal began meeting in Sweden and Denmark in 1967 and became
independent of Russell’s Foundation.111 It was supported by leading Marxist intellectuals
from Europe and America, notably Jean-Paul Sartre, a leading French philosopher who
was a periodic member of the French Communist Party and had worked with the
Soviet-linked World Peace Council;112 and Noam Chomsky, an American linguist who
travelled in 1971 to North Vietnam, where among other things he “negotiated” POW
releases as a propaganda ploy to show the “benefits” of cooperating with the North
Vietnamese.113 Also participating in the Tribunal were Stokely Carmichael of SNCC and
the Black Panthers;114; Carl Oglseby, president of Students for a Democratic Society;115
Peter Weiss, prominent member of the Communist front group the National Lawyers
Guild, chairman of the board of the KGB-linked Institute for Policy Studies, and husband
of Cora Rubin Weiss (daughter of Communist Party financier Samuel Rubin), who
collaborated with the North Vietnamese to extort POW families through the group
Committee of Liaison with Families of Servicemen Detained in North Vietnam
(COLIFAM);116 and Wilfred Burchett, a KGB agent working for the pro-Vietnamese
propaganda outlet Dispatch News Service.117 Dispatch News Service provided Seymour
Hersh’s story on American war crimes at My Lai to The New York Times in November
1969,118 which stimulated Russell’s War Crimes Tribunal to launch an American branch
of its investigation.119 The same month Hersh’s story broke, Russell’s secretary Ralph
Schoenman placed an ad to promote the American investigation. He received a
response from Tod Ensign of the New Mobe and Black Panthers and his associate
Jeremy Rifkin, who had been working with Larry Rottmann of VVAW. Ensign and Rifkin
founded the CCI and began forming a coalition with other antiwar leaders and groups,
including Chomsky, who had participated in the International War Crimes Tribunal;
Richard Fernandez of the Communist-infiltrated group Clergy and Laity Concerned and
the Vietnam Moratorium Committee, who travelled to North Vietnam with Chomsky in
1971; Phil Spiro of the Communist Party; participants in an unofficial Congressional war
crimes panel which included testimony from psychiatrist Robert Jay Lifton, a coauthor of
Richard Falk, cofounder of the Institute for Policy Studies, who had previously travelled
to North Vietnam with Cora Weiss and was then assisting government whistleblower
Daniel Ellsberg in preparing the Pentagon Papers for publication; and antiwar Senator
Charles Goodell.120

Rifkin and Ensign had their office across the street from VVAW headquarters, and in
January 1970 they invited the VVAW to join the CCI’s coalition. At first the VVAW could
only afford to share their mailing list with the CCI, but in August 1970 the VVAW
decided to launch its own supplementary investigation after picking up funding from
Jane Fonda.121

Fonda had become opposed to the Vietnam War while living in France from 1965 to
1969. After returning to the United States in 1969, she called Sam Brown of the
Vietnam Moratorium Committee and offered her help to the antiwar movement. She
spent much of 1969-1970 touring the country promoting the antiwar movement and
various associated left-wing causes, particularly American Indian militant groups and
the Black Panthers. She arranged bail money for a Panther arrested with sawed-off
shotguns and invited Panther leader Huey Newton to use her penthouse to hold a press
conference, prompting the FBI to place her under surveillance. The House Internal
Security Committee later reported that from January 8-10, 1971, Fonda participated in
a National Coalition Conference which included representatives of the Communist Party
and the Black Panthers.122

Fonda came into contact with the VVAW through Mark Lane, a left-wing attorney she
met while she was involved with the Black Panthers. Lane had been a 1960 New York
State Legislature candidate for the Democratic Reform Movement, a left-wing faction of
the Democratic Party led by former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and former New York
Governor Herbert Lehman. Through his work with the Democratic Reform Movement,
Lane became a manager for the New York campaign of 1960 Presidential candidate
John Kennedy. Following Kennedy’s assassination in 1963, Lane became a lawyer for
Lee Harvey Oswald’s mother, formed a Citizens’ Committee of Inquiry to investigate the
assassination, and wrote articles and books defending Oswald. Lane’s work was
published with support from Bertrand Russell, and it attracted favorable attention from
the KGB, which began covertly arranging funding for Lane’s investigation and placing
agents in his orbit to encourage his research (whether Lane was aware of this is not
confirmed in KGB files, though the KGB suspected he had guessed the source of the
funding). KGB agent Genrikh Borovik began maintaining regular contact with Lane, and
the KGB arranged funding for Lane to visit a Communist front meeting in Budapest in
1964 to promote his views on the assassination. Lane would serve as a legal advisor to
VVAW members.123

In early 1970 Lane met Fonda.124 Meanwhile, Lane was assisting Rifkin and Ensign’s CCI
in finding war crimes witnesses.125 Lane convinced Fonda to raise funds for the VVAW
to launch its own Winter Soldier Investigation to supplement CCI’s investigation, and
Hubbard persuaded Ensign to join forces with Fonda. Fonda was appointed the VVAW’s
Honorary National Coordinator.126

The VVAW planned to promote the WSI by announcing it at at the Operation RAW rally
to be held in Valley Forge over Labor Day weekend in September 1970. The rally was
scheduled to coincide with the nearby Revolutionary People’s Constitutional Convention
(RPCC),127 which brought the Black Panthers together with a coalition of other ethnic
militant groups, Students for a Democratic Society, the Youth International Party,
feminist groups, and gay rights groups.128 Al Hubbard arranged for the VVAW’s rally to
be joined by the Family of Man, a coalition of black civil rights groups marching from
Washington to New York via Philadelphia, the site of the RPCC.129

Also attending the RPCC and originally scheduled to join the Operation RAW rally were
members of the Youth International Party (YIP, or Yippies).130 The Yippies had been
founded in 1967 by Abbie Hoffman, a former SNCC organizer; and Jerry Rubin, a
cofounder of the Vietnam Day Committee (VDC), a Communist-allied group that had
organized some of the earliest protests against the Vietnam War. The Yippies tried to
generate publicity for the antiwar cause by staging flamboyant confrontations, which
tended to provoke violence. Hoffman and Rubin were convicted in February 1970 of
inciting a riot at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago in 1968. After their
conviction, Hoffman published a how-to book for anarchists which included directions
for bombmaking.131 While Hoffman and Rubin were serving their sentence, the Yippies
agreed to participate in Operation RAW by helping VVAW marchers stage mock
skirmishes where the veterans would play US troops and the Yippies would play Viet
Cong. However upon reconsideration the VVAW leaders became worried that this might
lead to violent confrontations with observers and police, so they cancelled the
skirmishes and instead asked the Yippies to play Viet Cong prisoners. The Yippies
decided that this would be boring and declined to participate.132 But Yippie cofounder
Dick Gregory, who was now associated with Jane Fonda’s antiwar “F.T.A.” troupe, still
supported the Winter Soldier Investigation,133 and Yippie tactics inspired later VVAW
publicity stunts like Dewey Canyon III.134 TheYippies would join the VVAW at Dewey
Canyon III and in rioting at the 1972 Republican National Convention.135

The Operation RAW rally was sponsored by Fonda, Lane, their associate Donald
Sutherland, and several antiwar politicians,136 notably Michigan Congressman John
Conyers, Jr., a cofounder of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), who became a key
Congressional link to the Institute for Policy Studies and the World Peace Council;137
and antiwar Senator George McGovern, who was first elected with funding from the
IPS-linked Council for a Livable World (CLW), would run as the Democratic Party’s
Presidential candidate in 1972, and was described in an 18-page FBI memorandum as
having pro-Communist sympathies and being involved in various subversive activities.138
Speakers included Hubbard, who expounded Marxist theories of “capitalist imperialism”;
Lane and Fonda, who advocated violently overthrowing the capitalist system;
Sutherland, who read an antiwar drama written by Dalton Trumbo, a Communist
screenwriter who had helped write the scripts for Fonda and Sutherland’s F.T.A. and
Lane’s Executive Action;139 Congressman Allard Lowenstein, who criticized Nixon’s
Vietnamization strategy;140 civil rights and Mobe leader James Bevel, who called for a
march to the UN to deliver a petition charging the US with genocide in Vietnam;141 and
Kerry, who defended the VVAW’s patriotism and attacked Nixon’s.

The same month as Operation RAW, the CCI sent one of its coordinators, Mike Uhl, to
Sweden to attend the Stockholm Peace Committee, a similar war crimes investigation
staged by a Communist-influenced coalition. Mark Lane also attended, and during the
proceedings he behaved like a prosecutor, scolding the veterans for the war crimes they
confessed to, and also criticizing Uhl because his testimony was not sensational
enough. Afterwards, Lane attacked Uhl at a joint CCI/VVAW meeting, and the CCI
members in turn complained to Al Hubbard that they could not work with Lane any
longer. Hubbard agreed that Lane was intolerable, but Jane Fonda would not allow
Lane to be removed, and Hubbard, fearful of losing her financial support, consented to
let Lane stay. Lane, meanwhile, was preparing to publish a book on war crimes that
December. But even before publication, critics began complaining that Lane emphasized
sensational allegations involving physical and sexual mutilation, used fictitious names
for his interviewees, and did not cross-reference the allegations he recorded against
military records. Lane’s reputation grew so bad even among his antiwar colleagues that
Robert Jay Lifton called Tod Ensign to warn him that the CCI/WSI investigation’s
credibility would be compromised if Lane was allowed to participate. Communist Party
leaders who visited Moscow in 1971 would complain that Lane was motivated by his
own self-aggrandizement. Because of the dispute over Lane, CCI and WSI split into two
separate investigations, with the CCI investigation becoming known as the National
Veterans’ Inquiry. Lane and Fonda remained with WSI.142

The CCI and WSI had originally planned to hold their joint investigation in Washington,
DC, but because Fonda wanted to hold the investigation somewhere she deemed more
representative of working-class America, the WSI investigation ended up being moved
to Detroit. The hearings were held at Howard Johnson’s Motor Lodge from January 31
through February 2, 1971 and were followed up by a meeting between some of the
WSI participants—including Fonda—and a group of North Vietnamese students at a
United Auto Workers (UAW) union hall in nearby Windsor, Canada.143 Housing for
organizers and witnesses was arranged by a group of antiwar clergy which included
Daniel Berrigan.144 Funding came from Michigan political figures and organizations,
including Emil Mazey of UAW145 and Michigan Secretary of State Richard Austin;146 from
Business Executives Move for Vietnam Peace (BEM, later renamed Business Executives
Move for New National Priorities), a group of antiwar businessmen founded by Henry
Niles of Baltimore Life Insurance Company; 147 from benefit concerts by rock singers
David Crosby, Graham Nash, 148 and Phil Ochs; 149 and from Fonda and Lane. Political
support came from SDS cofounder and Mobe leader Tom Hayden, who had travelled
abroad regularly to meet with North Vietnamese representatives and had been
convicted of inciting a riot at the 1968 Demoratic National Convention;150 Ralph
Abernathy of the Communist-infiltrated Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(SCLC);151 Yippie cofounder Dick Gregory;152 and over a dozen members of Congress,
including Operation RAW sponsors Conyers and McGovern, as well as Congressional
Black Caucus cofounder Ronald Dellums, who endorsed the Black Panthers and shortly
after his election had addressed a meeting of the Soviet front World Peace Council in
November 1970.153 Dellums offered the VVAW office space in Washington so they could
follow up the WSI with an official Congressional investigation. A number of other
members of Congress joined in promoting this idea, including McGovern; Conyers;
Congressional Black Caucus cofounder Charles Rangel;154 Students for a Democratic
Society cofounder Michael Harrington, who would later found Democratic Socialists of
America (DSA);155 Women Strike for Peace cofounder Bella Abzug;156 Robert Drinan;157
and Senator Mark Hatfield, who belonged to an IPS-linked antiwar lobby in Congress
called Members of Congress for Peace Through Law (MCPL, later renamed the Arms
Control and Foreign Policy Caucus, ACFPC).158 Hatfield read portions of the WSI
testimony into the Congressional Record. Publicity for the hearings came from the
Communist propaganda station Pacifica Radio;159 the underground press; a few major
Midwestern papers; The New York Times, which had previously picked up Seymour
Hersh’s My Lai story from the IPS-linked propaganda outlet Dispatch News and would
soon help Daniel Ellsberg and IPS publicize The Pentagon Papers;160 CBS, then airing
the antiwar broadcasts of Walter Cronkite;161 Beacon Press, who signed a contract to
publish excerpts of the WSI testimony;162 Nash, who wrote a song called “Oh! Camil
(the Winter Soldier)” inspired by the testimony of VVAW member Scott Camil; the
Winterfilm Collective, a group of antiwar activists who shot a film of the WSI which was
screened in the office of Francis Ford Coppola, an admirer of Fidel Castro;163 and Hugh
Hefner—a funder of the Vietnam Moratorium Committee and a former employer of Dick
Gregory—who donated an ad for the VVAW in the February issue of Playboy to coincide
with the WSI hearings.164

During the hearings IPS associate Robert Jay Lifton spoke as the keynote speaker and
served on one of the panels.165 Serving on other panels were Lifton’s coauthor Richard
Falk of the Institute for Policy Studies, who had travelled to North Vietnam in 1969;166
Falk’s IPS associate Peter Weiss, a member of several Communist front groups who had
participated in the Bertrand Russell Foundation’s International War Crimes Tribunal and
had travelled to North Vietnam in November 1970, and whose wife Cora had
collaborated with the North Vietnamese to exploit POW families through the group
Committee of Liaison with Families of Servicemen Detained in North Vietnam
(COLIFAM);167 Howard Zinn, a former SNCC organizer who had travelled to North
Vietnam with Daniel Berrigan in 1968 to “negotiate” POW releases;168 and Sidney Peck,
a Marxist sociologist who had travelled to North Vietnam and co-led a New Mobe spinoff
called the National Coalition Against War, Racism and Repression (NCAWRR, soon to be
renamed the People’s Coalition for Peace and Justice, PCPJ), a CP-linked coalition which
had recently negotiated a “People’s Peace Treaty” with North Vietnamese students.169

One participant who came to the hearings with Camil and Kerry, Steve Pitkin, would
later allege that his testimony had been coached and coerced by Kerry and others.170
During the hearings some of the veterans talked about shooting President Nixon, and
had to be discouraged from engaging in this kind of talk by WSI attorney Ken Cloke.171
The testimony included allegations of a secret February 1969 US mission in Laos,
reportedly code-named Dewey Canyon I. This revelation allegedly forced the Pentagon
to change the code-name of an upcoming Laos operation which was to be called Dewey
Canyon II. It also inspired the name of the VVAW’s next major operation, Dewey
Canyon III.172
 Dewey Canyon III

Planning for Dewey Canyon III began during the WSI when the VVAW leaders met to
address how to generate more publicity than the event seemed to be getting. Kerry
claims that it was he who suggested the idea of a march on Washington. Jan Barry has
a similar recollection, but other VVAW members contradict this, recalling that a spring
demonstration in Washington was already being planned, it was only the details that
had not been determined. In fact the April 18-23, 1971 date the VVAW selected for the
event was chosen to coincide with major demonstrations the North Vietnamese
government was coordinating with the two major factions of the antiwar movement
that had emerged from the New Mobe.173

During 1970 the New Mobe had divided into factions over the issue of whether to
emphasize massive civil disobedience or mass organized demonstrations. After a May 9,
1970 New Mobe demonstration in response to Nixon’s invasion of Cambodia and the
Kent State shooting, the Socialist Workers Party decided to break away from New Mobe
elements advocating civil disobedience and form its own organization oriented towards
mass organized demonstrations. Following the SWP’s direction, in June 1970 the Detroit
and Cleveland branches of the New Mobe split off to form a new national organization,
the National Peace Action Coalition (NPAC), coordinated by Jerry Gordon, an Ohio union
leader linked to the SWP, and James Lafferty, a Detroit lawyer prominent in the
National Lawyers Guild.174 Meanwhile, in September 1970 the faction of the New Mobe
advocating civil disobedience, led by Sidney Peck, formed the National Coalition Against
War, Racism and Repression (NCAWRR).175

These two factions soon came together in a tenuous alliance negotiated by the North
Vietnamese. After Nixon’s April 1970 invasion of Cambodia, NCAWRR’s Rennie Davis—
who had previously been convicted of inciting a riot at the 1968 Democratic National
Convention in Chicago176—began planning for massive civil disobedience to shut down
Washington, DC in May 1971 if the war had not ended by then. Meanwhile the NPAC
held a rally on October 31, 1970, but the turnout was so poor that afterwords NPAC
leaders invited NCAWRR to participate in a December meeting for planning future
events. At the meeting the NPAC insisted on holding its rally on April 24, 1971 despite
NCAWRR’s request to delay settling on a date until after a NCAWRR meeting scheduled
for early January. NCAWRR leaders felt that the NPAC was deliberately trying to control
the antiwar movement by scheduling their event in April in order to reduce the number
of participants who would be able to attend the May event Davis was planning. During
NCAWRR’s January meeting there was heated debate over the issue, and the
participants were only able to agree on a very general program to implement a
symbolic “People’s Peace Treaty” which had previously been negotiated by Davis, Tom
Hayden, and others with Vietnamese students; but the date conflict remained divisive.
The next weekend NCAWRR and NPAC met and failed to reach an agreement on a date.
Shortly afterwords NCAWRR dissolved and became the People’s Coalition for Peace and
Justice (PCPJ),177 a coalition that included the Communist Party178 and various
Communist front groups such as the Fellowship of Reconciliation,179 the War Resisters
League,180 and the American Friends Service Committee.181 Meanwhile in February
South Vietnam invaded Laos with US support, prompting North Vietnamese ambassador
Xuan Thuy to plead for unity between the factions of the US antiwar movement in order
to pressure the Nixon administration into a cease-fire agreement. Subsequently the
New Mobe’s Sidney Lens helped mediate an agreement that the PCPJ would support the
NPAC’s April 24 event and not organize any civil disobedience or violence on the week
of April 24, in exchange for the NPAC not interfering with any disobedience or violence
during the PCPJ’s May event, which came to be called Mayday.182

While NCAWRR/PCPJ leader Sidney Peck had been involved in negotiating a date with
the NPAC that January, he also participated in the VVAW’s Winter Soldier
Investigation,183 which concluded with the aforementioned meeting to plan Dewey
Canyon III.184 At this time the VVAW and PCPJ had offices across the street from each
other in New York at 155 and 156 Fifth Avenue respectively.185 After the NPAC and
PCPJ had settled on a date for their Washington demonstration, the PCPJ and VVAW
both set up office space on the 9th floor of 1029 Vermont Avenue NW in Washington,
DC, the same building the VVAW affiliate LINK had previously shared with the New
Mobe and VMC in 1969. The 8th floor of the same building was rented by the NPAC.
The 10th floor was rented by a violent faction of the PCPJ led by Rennie Davis, the May
Day Collective (which came to be known as the May Day Tribe).186

Joining the activities would be other antiwar veterans groups, including a group of
active-duty GIs supported by the CCI and Mark Lane, the Concerned Officers Movement
(COM), who had been working out of the office of Congressman Ron Dellums and were
scheduled to hold ad hoc war crimes hearings before members of Congress at the same
time the VVAW would be demonstrating.187 Various other antiwar groups and leaders
would also participate, notably Ruth Gage Colby of the Women’s International League
for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), an old Communist front group; Ralph Abernathy of the
Communist-infiltrated Southern Christian Leadership Conference; and Jerry Rubin of the
Yippies, whose flamboyant theatrics had inspired those the VVAW would employ at
Dewey Canyon III.188

Dewey Canyon III was scheduled to run from Sunday, April 18, 1971 through Friday,
April 23. During this time the VVAW planned to join the PCPJ in forming a “People’s
Lobby”, which would involve staging sit-in demonstrations outside major government
buildings and lobbying Congress to convene a special joint session to hear war crimes
testimony. If as expected Congress failed to grant a session by Friday, the VVAW
planned to have sympathetic members of Congress hold a symbolic session, during
which veterans would return their medals. This would be followed up on Saturday, April
24 by the NPAC’s “March Against War” down Pennsylvania Avenue, which would kick off
a week of events culminating in the PCPJ’s Mayday civil disobedience on Monday, May
3. Hundreds of VVAW participants in Dewey Canyon III would end up remaining for the
Mayday demonstrations, including Al Hubbard.189

To raise money for Dewey Canyon III, John Kerry began a speaking tour.190 A week
before the event, Kerry was informed that 5,000 of the participants still needed money
for bus tickets, so he had Adam Walinsky arrange for a fundraiser to be held by a group
of antiwar New York businessmen hosted by Seagram’s chief executive Edgar
Bronfman,191 who had organized crime connections.192 Bronfman’s associates raised
about $50,000 in one hour, Walinsky later recalled.193 At the time an FBI informant
reported that “the VVAW had received fifty thousand dollars from United States
Senators McGovern and Hatfield, who. . .obtained the money from an unknown New
York source” to be ascertained. Later FBI documents identified Bronfman as a source of
VVAW funding.194

Senators McGovern and Hatfield belonged to an IPS-linked lobby called Members of

Congress for Peace Through Law (MCPL) which supported the antiwar protestors during
Dewey Canyon III and the subsequent NPAC and PCPJ demonstrations. During the April
24 March Against the War, the VVAW was addressed by MCPL Senators McGovern, Ted
Kennedy, Walter Mondale, and Philip Hart, along with two MCPL Congressmen.
Meanwhile eight MCPL Congressmen addressed a PCPJ group.195 Political support also
came from other antiwar Congressmen and Senators.196 Most notably, Senator Hart and
Senator Claiborne Pell, a critic of US policy towards Cuba as well as Vietnam,197 hosted
a VVAW fundraiser which was attended by Senator J. William Fulbright. Fulbright, who
sat with Pell on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and shared Pell’s views on
Cuba and Vietnam, had led Senate opposition to the Vietnam War since 1966,198 and
during the fundraiser he invited Kerry to speak to his committee about war crimes.
Other members of Fulbright’s committee who listened to Kerry sympathetically during
his testimony were Stuart Symington, who had been Dean Acheson’s favored choice for
Democratic Presidential candidate in 1960,199 and Frank Church, who would soon lead a
Congressional attack on the US intelligence community which was supported by the
VVAW, the National Lawyers Guild, the Institute for Policy Studies, and Cuban and
Soviet agents.200

Dewey Canyon III would receive considerably more national publicity than the Winter
Soldier Investigation. VVAW publicists were able to convince Time and Newsweek to
run stories on the VVAW to make up for the lack of coverage of the WSI. In March
Congressman Michael Harrington, who had supported the WSI, lent the VVAW his office
for a press conference, resulting in coverage from national papers including The
Washington Post and The New York Times, as well as TV coverage from CBS’ 60
Minutes. On the Sunday which started Dewey Canyon III, NBC’s Meet the Press hosted
Kerry and Hubbard. During the week of the event, CBS’ antiwar reporter Walter
Cronkite ran two sympathetic pieces on the VVAW. Afterwords, Life ran a story quoting
extensively from VVAW war crimes testimony, and the Macmillian Publishing division
Collier Books published John Kerry’s book memorializing the event, The New Soldier.201
Kerry’s book recorded that the protestors were addressed by I.F. Stone,202 a pro-Soviet
journalist who a Soviet defector recently alleged had worked for the KGB periodically
from 1944 to 1968.203 The Communist newspaper Daily World covered Dewey Canyon
III closely.204

Dewey Canyon III was coordinated with the Communist movement and the North
Vietnamese government from beginning to end. Prior to the conception of Dewey
Canyon III, Rennie Davis and others in Sidney Peck’s NCAWRR/PCPJ coalition had
negotiated a “People’s Peace Treaty” with North Vietnamese students, which was to be
ratified the week of April 24, 1971.205 Peck participated in the Winter Soldier
Investigation,206 which included planning for Dewey Canyon III207 and was followed up
by a meeting between WSI participants—including Jane Fonda—and North Vietnamese
students in Canada.208 The VVAW held its event on a date which had been chosen by
the NPAC and agreed to by the PCPJ at the request of the North Vietnamese
ambassador.209 During the preparations for the event, the VVAW sent representative
Mike Hunter to join Jane Fonda and Mark Lane on a trip to meet North Vietnamese
representatives in Paris in March.210 Funding for the event was transmitted to the VVAW
through Senators McGovern and Hatfield of the IPS-linked MCPL lobby, and political
support for the event was provided by MCPL Congressmen and Senators.211 Legal
support for the protestors was provided by Ramsey Clark212, who had previously
assisted the protestors who disrupted the 1968 Democratic National Convention213 and
was now representing several other Communist front groups.214 (Clark and another
VVAW lawyer, Peter Weiss,215 would soon join the National Lawyers Guild, the legal
bulwark of the Communist Party,216 in defending the Communist terrorist group the
Baader-Meinhof Gang.217) The Mayday demonstrations which followed Dewey Canyon
III culminated in an attempt to shut down the traffic in Washington, DC and bring the
federal government to a halt in order to pressure the Nixon administration into
accepting a cease-fire based on the terms of the People’s Peace Treaty. The attempt
failed due to poor logistical planning on the protestors’ part, but in order to control the
demonstrators and preserve the government’s functioning law enforcement agencies
were forced to resort to imposing what was called a state of “qualified marital law”, in
which 14,000 police and National Guardsmen arrested 13,500 of the demonstrators.218
During the demonstrations, North Vietnamese foreign minister Nguyen Thi Binh issued
a statement from Paris praising the demonstrators,219 and some of the demonstrators
displayed the North Vietnamese flag.220 A Congressional investigation of the
demonstrations found that they were “under substantial Communist influence”.221

Meanwhile, FBI reports on Dewey Canyon III noted that, “During VVAW activities, Al
Hubbard. . .and others were overshadowed by a more popular and eloquent figure,
John Kerry.”222

From Dewey Canyon III to the Kansas City meeting

During Dewey Canyon III, a few days after Kerry and Hubbard had appeared together
on Meet the Press, the show’s host Lawrence Spivak called Kerry to complain that he
had learned Hubbard was lying about his rank and possibly about having served in
Vietnam, which called into question Kerry’s own credibility. After this Kerry’s relationship
with Hubbard grew strained, leading to a confrontation at a VVAW meeting in
November 1971 in Kansas City.223

The deterioration of Kerry’s relationship with Hubbard paralleled broader tensions

between growing factions within the VVAW. By June 1971 VVAW founder Jan Barry was
no longer associated with the VVAW (though he would later return in 1972), and the
VVAW was no longer run by its national office in New York but by a six-member
National Executive Committee which included Kerry; Hubbard; Hubbard’s supporters
Mike Oliver and Craig Scott Moore (aka Scott Moore), of the VVAW’s New York chapter;
Larry Rottmann, of New Mexico; and George “Skip” Roberts, of Connecticut.224 Among
the committee’s members and between the committee and the VVAW’s regional
coordinators there were several different political viewpoints in varying degrees of
conflict.

Kerry felt the VVAW could be most politically effective by initially focusing on the single
issue of ending the war and waiting until the war was over to work towards a broader
social agenda. He also advocated working within the system rather than engaging in
what he called “confrontational poltics”. In speeches at 1971 VVAW events he stressed
that the VVAW was against violence, and he encouraged listeners to work to end the
war by voting for antiwar politicians. This led many VVAW members to regard him as an
opportunist seeking to use the VVAW to advance his own career as an antiwar
politician.

Roberts held a position similar to Kerry’s, wanting to use the VVAW as a vehicle for
recruiting campus veterans to organize mass demonstrations to end the war.

Hubbard in contrast sought to use the VVAW to advance a broad Marxist social agenda
encompassing issues such as civil rights and anti-imperialism as well as ending the war.
Kerry was not opposed to Hubbard’s goals on these issues, but he did not see the
VVAW as a means towards achieving these goals in the immediate present, preferring
instead to wait until the war was over to work towards these goals through the political
system. Hubbard also differed from Kerry on tactics, tending to use more
confrontational, Yippie-style tactics than Kerry preferred, and envisioning the
transformation of the VVAW’s hardcore membership into a vanguard of “weather vets”
modelled on the Weathermen.

Aligned with Hubbard but taking his position one step further were a group of VVAW
regional coordinators calling themselves the “Anti-Imperialists’ Coalition”, led by Barry
Romo and Sam Schorr of California, who were linked to Communist groups and the
Weathermen faction of Students for a Democratic Society. Romo and Schorr’s coalition
also included Gary Steiger of the Ohio VVAW, Scott Camil of the Florida and
Southeastern VVAW, and the Idaho VVAW. The Anti-Imperialists’ Coalition advocated
using the VVAW to advance a multi-issue social agenda, and was willing to employ
extreme confrontational tactics, including assassination and violent demonstrations.225

The internal tensions in the VVAW mirrored external tensions between antiwar groups
in contact with the VVAW, particularly between the neo-Trotskyite National Peace
Action Coalition and the neo-Stalinist People’s Coalition for Peace and Justice. During
Dewey Canyon III the tenuous alliance between the NPAC and the PCPJ began to break
down into renewed rivalry, which intensified over the course of 1971. The rivalry
revolved around the same issues that divided Kerry and Hubbard, with the NPAC like
Kerry insisting on a political agenda limited to ending the war and tactics limited to
nonviolent mass demonstrations, while the PCPJ like Hubbard advocated a broad social
agenda and used civil disobedience tactics.226

Kerry, networking through Adam Walinsky and Jerome Grossman’s political contacts in
Massachusetts and Washington DC, focused on building his VVAW faction’s relationship
with the antiwar wings of the Democratic and Republican parties. Democratic
Massachusetts Congressman Robert Drinan, whose campaigns were managed by
Grossman, spoke at a May 1971 Massachusetts VVAW event Kerry co-organized,
Operation POW, and worked to get Congress to pass an amendment that would lower
age requirements enough to allow Kerry to run for Senator in 1972.227 Democratic
Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy donated to the VVAW and spoke at Massachusetts
VVAW events.228 1968 Democratic Presidential candidate Eugene McCarthy, for whom
Grossman had organized, spoke at VVAW events.229 1972 Democratic Presidential
candidate George McGovern was also linked to the VVAW. McGovern had supported the
VVAW since 1970, endorsing Operation RAW and the Winter Soldier Investigation and
speaking to the VVAW during Dewey Canyon III. Grossman organized for McGovern,
and Grossman’s associate Emily Frankovich, who was McGovern’s key Massachusetts
contact in 1971, demonstrated with the VVAW during Operation POW in May 1971. In
June 1971 the VVAW organized a hunger strike to lobby in support of the McGovern-
Hatfield Amendment, an amendment consponsored by McGovern which aimed to cut off
Congressional funding for the Vietnam War. McGovern joined Kerry in speaking to a
Colorado student union meeting in August 1971.230 Also joining Kerry and McGovern at
the August 1971 meeting was Senator Paul McCloskey, a liberal Republican who had
proposed the idea of Richard Nixon’s impeachment after the South Vietnamese invasion
of Laos that February. McCloskey had previously spoken to the VVAW at Dewey Canyon
III, and in January 1972 Kerry delivered a speech favoring him as the best Republican
to challenge Nixon in the New Hampshire primaries.231

Meanwhile, Skip Roberts spent the summer after Dewey Canyon III touring with the
F.T.A. troupe of Jane Fonda.232

At the same time, Al Hubbard maintained contact with the PCPJ and other groups. After
Dewey Canyon III the Washington DC branch of the VVAW and the PCPJ continued to
share office space, and the PCPJ and VVAW continued to co-organize demonstrations
into at least 1972.233 PCPJ literature from this period listed Hubbard on the PCPJ
Coordinating Committee, where he sat alongside Jarvis Tyner, the Communist Party’s
1972 Vice-Presidential candidate, and Gil Green, a high-ranking member of the New
York CP.234 The PCPJ and War Resisters League cosponsored an August 1971 trip to
Hanoi by Joe Urgo, whom Hubbard was training to assist his leadership of the VVAW.235
Hubbard and Urgo joined the Anti-Imperialists’ Coalition in pushing for the VVAW to
become an armed revolutionary organization.236

As part of this trend towards militancy, Hubbard, Urgo, New York VVAW coordinator Ed
Damato, members of the Anti-Imperialists’ Coalition, and certain VVAW regional
chapters networked with various Communist and militant groups, some of which were
trying to infiltrate the VVAW. In “Operation Heart of America”, a joint operation with the
Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee, the War Resisters League, and other
Communist front groups in New York, Damato used the pretext of donating clothes and
medical supplies to smuggle guns collected from VVAW regional chapters to the United
Front,237 a black militant group in Cairo, Illinois linked to a St. Louis gang called the
Black Liberators.238 Damato, Urgo, Scott Camil of the Southeastern VVAW, Brian Adams
of the Colorado VVAW, and members of other VVAW regional chapters joined forces
with the Revolutionary Union (RU), a Maoist offshoot of Students for a Democratic
Society which sought a united front with other left-wing groups and had been
infiltrating VVAW chapters around the country.239 Regional VVAW chapters also
networked with or were infiltrated by the Communist Party;240 the Socialist Workers
Party and its National Peace Action Coalition front;241 and the New Party led by Bob
Kunst, a civil rights and gay rights activist (currently president of Hillarynow.com);242
among others.

The VVAW’s interaction with external groups extended abroad to foreign Communist
groups and state sponsors. From late June through early July 1971, VVAW members
joined members of the Citizens’ Commission of Inquiry into War Crimes in Indochina,
Women Strike for Peace, and other antiwar groups as part of a US delegation to a
conference of the International War Crimes Tribunal in Oslo, Norway. During the trip
the delegation visited among other places Moscow, where they met with
representatives of the Soviet Peace Committee and the North Vietnamese embassy;
Helsinki, headquarters of the Soviet front group the World Peace Council; and Paris,
where they met with a North Vietnamese delegation. Upon returning to the US, the
delegation was met by William Kunstler, a lawyer who specialized in defending
Communist and terrorist clients (including Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman, convicted of the
1993 World Trade Center bombing).243 A little over a month later, in late August 1971,
Kerry told VVAW members at a Colorado meeting that he had just returned from a trip
to Paris to visit with the North Vietamese delegation.244 In November Al Hubbard also
visited the North Vietnamese delegation in Paris, and at some point during this period
Hubbard travelled to Moscow to receive an award, which was covered in the Communist
newspaper Daily World, prompting Kerry to rebuke him for indiscretion.245 Meanwhile
Hubbard’s protégé Joe Urgo travelled to Hanoi in August 1971.246 Several VVAW
chapters also supported the Venceremos Brigade, a group which sent members to Cuba
for intelligence training by Cuban and North Vietnamese advisors.247

As VVAW factions grew closer to Communist and militant groups after Dewey Canyon
III, VVAW chapters became increasingly involved in subversive and criminal activity,
and the FBI began to investigate the VVAW more actively.248 The VVAW’s Philadelphia
chapter, co-coordinated by Kerry’s associate Joe Bangert, came under FBI suspicion in
June 1971 when a group it shared its office with, the Philadelphia Resistance (PR),
distributed classified documents stolen from the FBI’s Media, Pennsylvania office that
February.249 Later that year Daniel Ellsberg, who had recently leaked classified military
documents with the help of VVAW associate Richard Falk, began speaking at VVAW
events.250 The VVAW’s New York headquarters and Southeastern region raised money
through drug-dealing,251 and the New York VVAW coordinated regional chapters’
smuggling of guns to a black militant group in Cairo, Illinois.252 VVAW chapters in Los
Angeles and Cincinnati were investigated in connection with bomb threats reported at
the time of the Dewey Canyon III and Mayday demonstrations.253 In September 1971 a
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania VVAW rally was addressed by Neil McLaughlin, who was then
out on bail and being defended by VVAW attorney Ramsey Clark in relation to charges
of conspiring with Daniel and Philip Berrigan and others to kidnap Henry Kissinger and
blow up heating systems in federal buildings in Washington.254 Two months later at the
VVAW’s November Kansas City meeting, VVAW leaders discussed plans to kidnap or
assassinate pro-war politicians, along with plans to disrupt next year’s Democratic and
Republican National Conventions. One of the proposed assassination targets, Senator
John Stennis, was in fact shot during an apparent robbery approximately a year later.255

During the Kansas City meeting, Kerry and Hubbard’s conflicts over personal issues and
tactical differences came to a head. Roberts had devised a plan to remove Hubbard
from the National Executive Committee by calling for all committee members to resign
and be replaced by new members. Kerry joined Roberts in trying to get Hubbard
removed from the committee. Their plan failed, but they ended up resigning anyway.
According to the FBI documents, Kerry “resigned from the National Executive
Committee of VVAW for ‘personal reasons’ but added he would still be active in VVAW
and available to speak for the organization” and would be holding his office “until new
members are elected in January 1972”.256
On the second day of the meeting Hubbard left, but Kerry remained, and was present
during subsequent sessions where Scott Camil tried to persuade VVAW leadership to
support a plan to assassinate pro-war politicians. Confusion over whether or not Kerry
was present during these discussions has been perpetuated by Kerry’s campaign and
writers friendly to Kerry, particularly Gerald Nicosia and Douglas Brinkley, but
declassified FBI documents have established that, as Nicosia was eventually forced to
admit, “A full review of the FBI files shows that Kerry not only was in Kansas City, but
he also attended the most controversial and explosive session the group ever held. . .
At the time of the Washington march, Camil proposed ‘taking out’ the prominent
senators and congressmen who consistently voted in favor of the war. His assassination
plan had little support, and he had put it aside as impractical. But now in Kansas City, in
an effort to ‘push people's buttons’. . .Camil says he again brought up his assassination
plan. . . The meeting descended into chaos, according to several people who were
there. . .Someone found bugs planted by the FBI. The group decided to move to a
more secure location. . .The meeting reconvened at St. Augustine's Catholic Church,
7801 Paseo Blvd., in Kansas City, and it was again closed--meaning only national
officers and regional and state coordinators. Several things about it are still unclear,
especially the chronology, but there is no doubt. . .if the files and witnesses are to
believed, that Kerry was present for all of it.”257

This has raised the question, did Kerry support or oppose Camil’s assassination
proposal? The answer is, we don’t know for sure. The declassified FBI files on the
Kansas City meeting are heavily censored and do not include complete information
which would enable a definitive answer. However based on the information available,
the best guess is that it’s most likely Kerry did not support the proposal. VVAW
members are consistent in recalling that Kerry typically opposed Hubbard and the Anti-
Imperialists’ Coalition’s confrontational tactics, and the FBI files are consistent with this,
recording for instance that just prior to arriving in Kansas City Kerry had given a speech
in Oklahoma emphasizing that the VVAW did not condone violence.258

However this is not the whole story. Even if Kerry did not support Camil’s assassination
proposal, there is no evidence that he reported it to law enforcement authorities.
Furthermore, in addition to his prior support of the VMC and VVAW while he was still in
the Naval Reserve, there is evidence that he continued to associate with the VVAW
after the Kansas City meeting, when it moved into an overtly violent phase.

After Kansas City

After the Kansas City meeting, Kerry turned his focus towards the 1972 elections.
Congressman Drinan had failed to pass the “Kerry Amendment” that would have
lowered age requirements enough to allow the 28-year-old Kerry to run for Senator in
1972, so instead Kerry ran for Congress again, moving to another Congressional district
in order to avoid having to compete with Drinan this time.259 Kerry also supported other
antiwar Presidential candidates. During a January 1972 speech at Dartmouth College he
expressed favor for antiwar Democrat Ed Muskie and antiwar Republican Paul
McCloskey in the New Hampshire primaries, and added that if George McGovern won
the Democratic nomination he would support McGovern over McCloskey.260
During his 1972 campaign Kerry continued to associate with the VVAW. A Portsmouth
paper covering Kerry’s January 1972 Dartmouth speech described him as “head of the
Vietnam Veterans Against the War”, while a New York Times article on the event
described him as “spokesman for Vietnam Veterans Against the War. The FBI files on
the VVAW include a clipping of an April 4, 1972 Boston Globe article announcing Kerry’s
Congressional run which states, “Kerry has led the Vietnam Veterans Against the War
since returning from Vietnam two years ago.” Kerry was again described as “a leader of
the Vietnam Veterans Against the War” in an Illinois newspaper article covering a New
York demonstration he spoke at on April 22, 1972 which was organized by the NPAC
and PCPJ and coordinated with the VVAW. Papers continued to describe Kerry as a
VVAW representative throughout his Congressional campaign, and even afterwords into
1973.261 VVAW financial statements from early 1972 list a significant percentage of
income and expenditures related to Kerry’s November 1971 book The New Soldier and
the book’s editors George Butler and David Thorne.262 Thorne, who was Kerry’s best
friend and the brother of his first wife, served as Kerry’s campaign manager in 1972.263
Chris Gregory, who became one of Kerry’s most active campaign staffers in subsequent
years, remained associated with the New England VVAW in 1972.264 Kerry’s sister Peggy
joined leading New York VVAW member Sheldon Ramsdell at a hotel where the VVAW
protested the August 1972 Republican National Convention.265

During this period internal tensions in the VVAW continued to divide the organization,
as conflict increased between the National Executive Committee and regional VVAW
representatives who wanted more voice in the organization. During the November 1971
Kansas City meeting where Kerry and others had resigned from the National Executive
Committee, a proposal to move the VVAW National Office from New York to another
location had been debated, and a motion had been passed to have the committee
members elected by regional coordinators for limited 1-year terms However despite
this, Al Hubbard and his allies from the New York area remained on the committee and
in effective control of its decisions, provoking dissatisfaction from regional coordinators
who had personal and political differences with Hubbard.266 Resentment at Hubbard
grew so intense that some VVAW members began plotting to kill Hubbard and his fellow
National Executive Committee member Jon Birch, the FBI learned through surveillance
of a Harisburg, Pennsylvania VVAW meeting in January 1972.267 The next month at a
Denver, Colorado VVAW National Steering Committee meeting regional VVAW
coordinators made proposals for for a decentralized structure which would shift power
from the National Executive Committee to regional representatives and in the process
move VVAW headquarters out of New York. Some proposed changes were accepted,
while discussion of others was deferred to the next National Steering Committee
meeting, to be held in Houston in April 1972.268 As the April meeting approached, the
FBI was informed by an Oklahoma VVAW member that regional VVAW chapters were
planning to oust Hubbard and Kerry during the meeting.269 However when the meeting
arrived, Hubbard was able to reassert his control and maintain power, at least for the
time being.270 Over the next few years the VVAW would splinter into several factions as
it was infiltrated and taken over by other groups.271

The struggle between the VVAW’s internal factions reflected the influence of external
groups struggling for control of the VVAW. Hubbard continued to affiliate with the
Communist Party-linked People’s Coalition for Peace and Justice, opposing VVAW
members who wanted to exclude the PCPJ from the VVAW.272 At the same time,
Hubbard opposed infiltration attempts by the Socialist Worker Party-linked National
Peace Action Coalition, singling out the NPAC and a related French group as the only
antiwar groups not welcome in the VVAW coalition.273 Meanwhile the Revolutionary
Union continued its infiltration of regional chapters of the VVAW, increasingly taking
over the organization’s national structure after 1973. Some RU-linked VVAW chapters
would eventually join forces with overtly terrorist groups like the Symbionese Liberation
Army (SLA), whose members kidnapped Patty Hearst and attempted to assassinate
President Gerald Ford.274

While maintaining affiliation with the PCPJ, the VVAW national leadership also
maintained contact with foreign Communist groups. The VVAW continued to participate
in demonstrations at Hanoi’s request and to send delegations to North Vietnamese
representatives in Paris and Hanoi.275 Some VVAW delegations joined Cora Weiss’
Committee of Liaison with Families of Servicemen Detained in North Vietnam
(COLIFAM) in helping the North Vietnamese extort POW families,276 and one VVAW
delegation to Paris to arrange a POW-related trip to Hanoi was sent two weeks before
the infamous July 7, 1972 Hanoi trip of Jane Fonda, who was in close contact with the
VVAW during this period.277 The VVAW also sent delegations to Moscow and the Soviet-
linked World Peace Council;278 continued to support the Venceremos Brigade in sending
delegations to Cuba;279 and met with representatives of the Palestine Liberation Front
(PLF), a terrorist group linked to Achille Lauro hijacker Abu Abbas (captured by US
troops in Iraq in 2003).280

While in contact with these foreign groups, the VVAW helped antiwar groups gather
intelligence on US military installations, operations, and troop movements.281 Meanwhile
to pressure the Nixon administration to halt US bombing against North Vietnam, the
VVAW engaged in a series of increasingly militant actions beginning in late 1971. Over
the 1971 Christmas holiday, VVAW members—among them Kerry’s associate Joe
Bangert—protested US bombing by taking over several national monuments around the
country, including the Lincoln Memorial and Statue of Liberty, and defacing them with
antiwar messages.282 In April 1972, at Hanoi’s direction, the VVAW sent members to
Washington to participate in “Dewey Canyon IV” and related demonstrations organized
by the NPAC and PCPJ. In coordination with these demonstrations the NPAC staged a
simultaneous demonstration in New York, at which Kerry spoke.283 In May 1972, to
protest US bombing and mining operations, VVAW members cornered George H.W.
Bush, then United States ambassador to the United Nations, and dumped blood on
him.284 In August 1972, the VVAW helped a PCPJ-linked coalition of antiwar groups
disrupt the Republican National Convention in Miami by physically attacking delegates
and police.285 While this was going on outside the convention, Nixon’s Republican rival
Senator Paul McCloskey—a VVAW ally whom Kerry had expressed support for in his
January Dartmouth College speech286—gave three wheelchaired VVAW members passes
so they could try to sneak in and make a scene by pretending to offer to shake
President Nixon’s hand and then physically grabbing and detaining him until he agreed
to listen to VVAW demands.287 Staying with VVAW member Sheldon Ramsdell in the
hotel where the convention was held was John Kerry’s sister Peggy.288

The FBI’s surveillance of the VVAW had alerted the White House to the VVAW’s plans
for the Republican National Convention, and the White House assigned the FBI and CIA
to take pre-emptive action. In May 1972, the FBI had learned that the McGovern
campaign had lent the VVAW a station wagon to do a barnstorming tour of college
campuses.289 In June, as part of what would become known as the Watergate break-
ins, members of Nixon’s re-election committee with links to the CIA were arrested after
they broke into Democratic National Committee (DNC) headquarters seeking, among
other things, evidence of links between the DNC—headed by Ted Kennedy’s associate
Larry O’Brien—and the VVAW.290 Then early in July on the eve of the Democratic
National Convention, where the VVAW was planning to lobby and speak with
Democratic politicians, the FBI served subpoenas on Scott Camil and 22 other VVAW
members involved in planning the convention activities. 8 of these would ultimately be
indicted for conspiring to incite a riot and become known as “the Gainesville Eight”.291
Their defense would be provided by the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR), a legal
center linked to Communist lawyers William Kunstler and Peter Weiss.292 Jane Fonda
helped raise money for the defense fund.293

In September 1972, while the trial of the Gainesville Eight was progressing, John
Kerry’s younger brother Cameron was arrested for breaking into the building which
served as the headquarters of the Kerry campaign and one of Kerry’s rivals in the
Democratic primary election. Police arrested Cameron near the trunk line for all the
building’s phones. Kerry would later claim his campaign had been set up in what he
termed “a Watergate in reverse”, wherein Cameron had allegedly been lured to the
scene by an anonymous phone call threatening to cut their campaign’s phone lines on
the eve of their get-out-the-vote effort. A more likely explanation seems to be that the
Kerry campaign was concerned about their phone lines being bugged. In any case,
Kerry lost the campaign, temporarily ending his political career.294

Kerry did not, however, end his association with the VVAW. A newspaper photo dated
January 24, 1973 is accompanied by a caption describing Kerry as “head of Vietnam
Veterans Against the War”.295 Kerry would remain associated with former VVAW
members such as Chris Gregory into his Senate career,294 and in 1979 he joined former
VVAW associate Bobby Muller in cofounding the Vietnam Veterans of America (VVA),
which lists him as a lifetime member.296

Conclusion

The record shows that Kerry began fellow traveling with the Vietnam Moratorium
Committee even while he was still on active duty, and he remained a spokesman for the
Vietnam Veterans Against the War even after the VVAW had begun plotting and
executing violence against the United States government. In the face of these facts, the
controversy over whether or not Kerry specifically approved of Camil’s assassination plot
is ultimately beside the point. The greater point is that in order to advance his career as
a politician running on an antiwar platform, Kerry was willing to promote Communist
and even revolutionary groups at the expense of national security. And this is not
merely a “historical footnote”, as one Kerry spokesman tried to dismiss the evidence of
Kerry’s participation in the Kansas City meeting; for Kerry’s association with America’s
enemies did not end with his unsuccessful 1972 Congressional campaign, but has
continued into his Senate career.

Next: “Part 4: Subversion in the Senate: Kerry’s Communist Constituency”

The footnotes seem to be too long to fit in the preview window, so I will add them in
follow-up posts below. Also, in the first two articles there was a problem with the
hyperlinks not working, which seems to be due to quotation marks in MS Word not
importing correctly into html format. If the hyperlinks don't work, the links given should
be accessible through cutting and pasting the URLs.

1 posted on Monday, October 11, 2004 12:27:07 PM by Fedora

To: Fedora
Notes
1
“’Different Forever’: John Kerry Says Killing in War Permanently Changes Soldiers”,
ABCNEWS.comhttp://abcnews.go.com/sections/Politics/Vote2004/kerry_vietnam_DNC_
040729-1.html, July 29, 2004 (August 27, 2004).
2
Douglas Brinkley, Tour of Duty: John Kerry and the Vietnam War, New York: William
Morrow, 2004, 61-62; Jacob Leibenluft, “Kerry ’66: ‘He was going to be president’: In
JFK’s shadow, a headstrong Kerry makes his run for the White House”,
YaleDailyNews.com, http://www.yaledailynews.com/article.asp?AID=21803, February
14, 2003 (June 18, 2004); Gerald Nicosia, Home to War: A History of the Vietnam
Veterans’ Movement, New York: Crown Publishers, 2001, 70.
3
Samuel Z. Goldhaber, “John Kerry: A Navy Dove Runs for Congress”, The Harvard
Crimson, February 18, 1970, reprinted at The Harvard Crimson Online,
http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=352185 (June 18, 2004); Brinkley, Tour of
Duty,370-373; Charles Laurence, “Revealed: how ‘war hero Kerry tried to put off
Vietnam military duty”, telegraph.co.uk,
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/03/07/wkerr07.xml&sSh
eet=/news/2004/03/07/ixnewstop.html, June 18, 2004 (June 18, 2004).
4
Michael Kranish with Alex Beam, “Kerry War Letters Show His Conflicts”, The Boston
Globe, July 25, 2004, A1, online at
http://www.boston.com/news/politics/president/kerry/articles/2004/07/25/kerry_war_le
tters_show_his_conflicts/ (September 21, 2004); ”Bay Area Widow Takes Up the Kerry
Cause”, abc7news.com,
http://www.abclocal.go.com/kgo/news/politics/072804_politics_kerry_vet.html, July 28,
2004 (August 16, 2004).
5
Jeremy Brecher, “The Vietnam Moratorium”, Liberation Magazine, December 1969,
reprinted online at , http://www.hippy.com/php/article-118.html (September 15, 2004);
Nicosia, Home to War, 49; Brinkley, Tour of Duty,337; Ed Gold, ”Kerry’s big sister
lending a hand in her own way”, The Villager,
http://www.thevillager.com/villager_42/kerrysbigsister.html, Volume 73, Number 42,
February 18-24, 2004 (June 18, 2004);Lucy Komisar, “Kerry Family Values: Peggy
Kerry, John Kerry's sister, talks about her experience as a social activist and her deep
shared value system with her family.”, AlterNet, September 13, 2004 (September 15,
2004).
6
Cf. “Thrice Wounded”, March 1969, JohnKerry.com,
http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Thrice_Wounded_Reassignment.pdf,
(September 4, 2004); “Temporary Orders and Ranks”, JohnKerry.com,
http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Temporary_Orders_and_Ranks.pdf,
(September 4, 2004); Commander E.M. Salisbury to Lietutenant (junior grade) John
Forbes Kerry, ”Release from Active Duty”, January 2, 1970, JohnKerry.com,
http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Release_From_Active_Duty.pdf (September
4, 2004).
7
Goldhaber.
8
Brinkley, Tour of Duty, 339-342; James Burnett, “The Silent Partner”,
www.bostonmagazine.com,
http://www.bostonmagazine.com/ArticleDisplay.php?id=353, April 2004 (July 17,
2004); “Board of Directors: Jerome Grossman”, Center for Arms Control and Non-
Proliferation, http://www.armscontrolcenter.org/about/board.html (September 24,
2004); Jerome Grossman, interview, conducted by Nancy Earsy, Lexington Oral History
Projects, Inc.,
http://www.lexingtonbattlegreen1971.com/files/Grossman,%20Jerome.pdf, December
3, 1996, (July 17, 2004); Gerald M. Pomper and Miles A. Pomper, “Jewish Party
Politicians”, Gerry Pomper’s Website,
http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~gpomper/JewishPartyPoliticians.htm(July 17, 2004); Seth
Gitell, “Is Grossman Our Next Governor?”, The Boston Phoenix,
http://www.bostonphoenix.com/archive/features/00/03/16/TALKING_POLITICS.html,
March 16-23, 2000 (July 17, 2004);“Drinan, Robert”, Current Biography, Bronx, New
York: The H. W. Wilson Company, 1995; Jack Thomas, “Rome Tells Drinan Not To Run
Again”, The Boston Globe, May 5, 1980, 1.
9
Nicosia, Home to War, 72.
10
Grossman, interview; Arthur Johnson, interview, conducted by Norma McGavern-
Norland, Lexington Oral History Projects, Inc.,
http://www.lexingtonbattlegreen1971.com/files/Johnson,%20Arthur.pdf, March 20,
1995, (July 17, 2004); Christopher Gregory, interview, conducted by Lenore Fenn,
Lexington Oral History Projects, Inc.,
http://www.lexingtonbattlegreen1971.com/files/Gregory,%20Chris.pdf, March 14, 1995,
(July 17, 2004); Bestor Cram, interview, conducted by Norma McGavern-Norland,
Lexington Oral History Projects, Inc.,
http://www.lexingtonbattlegreen1971.com/files/Cram,%20Bestor.pdf, June 19, 1992,
(July 17, 2004); Memo, Boston, Massachusetts FBI office, “Vietnam Veterans Against
the War, Inc.”, March 31, 1971, FBI HQ 100-448092, Section 2, online at
www.wintersolider.com, http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=VVAWFBI,
pdf file HQ 100-448092 Section 02, 152-158 (September 15, 2004); Brinkley, Tour of
Duty, 340-343; Nicosia, Home to War, 72.
11
Brinkley, Tour of Duty, 340-341; Michael Kranish and Patricia Healy, “Kerry spoke of
meeting negotiators on Vietnam”, The Boston Globe,
http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2004/03/25/kerry_spoke_of_meeting_neg
otiators_on_vietnam/, March 25, 2004 (September 4, 2004); Marc Morano, ”FBI Files
Show Kerry Met With Communists More Than Once”, CNSNews.com,
http://www.cnsnews.com//ViewSpecialReports.asp?Page=\SpecialReports\archive\2004
06\SPE20040604a.html, June 4, 2004 (June 18, 2004); John E. O’Neill and Jerome R.
Corsi, Unfit for Command: Swift Boat Veterans Speak Out Against John Kerry,
Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, Inc., 2004, 127-129.
12
Nicosia, Home to War, 211-212.
13
Brinkley, Tour of Duty, 406, 462.
14
See “Kansas City Kerry—The Phoenix Project”, FreeRepublic.com,
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1104239/posts, March 24, 2004 (June 18,
2004); Thomas H. Lipscomb, “How Kerry Quit Veterans Group Amid Dark Plot: When
Talk Turned To Assassination He Exited, Vet Says”, The New York Sun, Front page,
March 12, 2004, online at
http://daily.nysun.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:ArticleToMail&Type=tex
t/html&Path=NYS/2004/03/12&ID=Ar00100 (June 18, 2004).
15
Marc Morano, ”Kerry Lying About Anti-War Past, Supporter Alleges”, CNSNews.com,
http://www.cnsnews.com//ViewPolitics.asp?Page=\Politics\archive\200403\POL2004031
8a.html, March 18, 2004 (June 18, 2004); Gerald Nicosia, “Veteran in Conflict: Sen.
John Kerry's Struggle for Leadership of a Vietnam Veterans Antiwar Group in 1971
Ended With His Resignation at a Stormy Meeting in Kansas City, Where Militants
Advocated Violence Against the U.S. Government”, Los Angeles Times,
http://www.latimes.com/features/printedition/magazine/?track=mainnav-magazine,
May 23, 2004, Section Los Angeles Times Magazine, LAT Magazine Desk, Part I, Page
10, archived at BeldarBlog,
http://beldar.blogs.com/beldarblog/2004/09/Nicosia_article_LAT_5-24-04.pdf (October
1, 2004).
16
Letterhead Memorandum, Kansas City, Missouri FBI office, “Vietnam Veterans Against
the War (VVAW) Steering Committee Meeting: Kansas City, Missouri: November 12, 13,
14, 1971”, November 18, 1971, FBI HQ 100-448092, Section 11, online at
www.wintersolider.com, http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=VVAWFBI,
pdf file HQ 100-448092 Section 11, 190-197 (September 4, 2004); Letterhead
Memorandum, author deleted, “Vietnam Veterans Against the War Regional
Coordinators and National Steering Committee Meeting, Weekend November 12-15,
1971, Kansas City, Missouri”, November 24, 1971, FBI HQ 100-448092, Section 9,
online at www.wintersolider.com,
http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=VVAWFBI, pdf file HQ 100-448092
Section 9, 148-157 (September 4, 2004). Cf. Teletype, author deleted to FBI Director
and New York FBI office, “Vietnam Veterans Against the War Regional Coordinators and
National Steering Committee Meeting Weekend November Fourteen, Nineteen
Seventyone, Kansas City, Missouri”, November 16, 1971 and Teletype, author deleted
to FBI Director, et al, “Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW)”, November 18, 1971
and Teletype, author deleted to FBI Director, et al, “Vietnam Veterans Against the War
(VVAW)”, November 19, 1971, FBI HQ 100-448092, Section 9, online at
www.wintersolider.com, http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=VVAWFBI,
pdf file HQ 100-448092 Section 9, 199-204, 208-210, 229-232 (September 4, 2004);
Teletype, author deleted to FBI Director, “Vietnam Veterans Against the War Paren
VVAW Paren”, November 19, 1971, FBI HQ 100-448092, Section 10, online at
www.wintersolider.com, http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=VVAWFBI,
pdf file HQ 100-448092 Section 10, 2-14 (September 4, 2004).
17
Morano, ”Kerry Lying About Anti-War Past, Supporter Alleges”.
18
Michael Kranish, ”Kerry can’t recall being at ’71 parley”, Boston.com,
http://www.boston.com/news/politics/president/articles/2004/04/01/kerry_cant_recall_
being_at_71_parley/, April 1, 2004 (June 18, 2004)
19
See archive at “Documents, Film Clips, Audio and Cartoons: So when did John Kerry
leave the VVAW, anyway?”, www.wintersoldier.com,
http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=Documents, (June 18, 2004); “Kerry,
Watergate: DNC Links Caused Break-In? 'Republican Paranoia Started Early,' Says '72
Democratic Youth Director Bob Weiner”, U.S. Newswire,
http://releases.usnewswire.com/GetRelease.asp?id=26038, February 9, 2004
(September 5, 2004); “War opponent Kerry seeks Congress seat”, The Boston Globe,
April 4, 1972, Page 21, attached to FBI HQ 100-448092, Section 21, online at
www.wintersolider.com, http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=VVAWFBI,
pdf file HQ 100-448092 Section 21, 19 (September 4, 2004); B.J. Widdick, “Woodcock:
A Voice, Not an Echo”, The Nation, Volume 214, Issue 20, May 15, 1972, online at The
Nation Digital Archive, http://www.nationarchive.com/Summaries/v214i0020_05.htm
(September 20, 2004); O’Neill and Corsi, 130-135, 140-143, 158-161.
20
”John Kerry Watching Nixon on Television”, Corbis,
http://pro.corbis.com/popup/Enlargement.aspx?mediauids={3c773ac0-b0fd-4be4-9175-
ff228fd5544c}|{ffffffff-ffff-ffff-ffff-
ffffffffffff}&qsPageNo=1&fdid=&Area=Search&TotalCount=60&CurrentPos=13&WinID=
{3c773ac0-b0fd-4be4-9175-ff228fd5544c} (June 18, 2004); “Photo Gallery: John F.
Kerry: Candidate in the Making: Part 3: John Kerry watches President Richard Nixon
announce the cease-fire in Vietnam on January 24, 1973.”, Boston.com,
http://www.boston.com/globe/nation/packages/kerry/images/day3/05.htm (June 18,
2004).
21
Gregory; Brinkley, Tour of Duty, 438-440, 444; Michael Crowley, “The Kerry Tribes:
The seven factions fighting for control of his campaign and his presidency.”, MSN.com,
http://slate.msn.com/id/2098894/, April 15, 2004 (September 4, 2004); Jennifer Peter,
“Loyal and angry, Mass. veterans group continue fight against Kerry’s foes”, The Boston
Globe,
http://www.boston.com/news/politics/primaries/massachusetts/articles/2004/08/27/loy
al_and_angry_mass_veterans_group_continue_fight_against_kerrys_foes/, August 27,
2004 (September 4, 2004).
22
Nicosia, Home to War, 144-147, 411-412; “What’s New: VVA Restricted Political
Activities”, Vietnam Veterans of America, http://www.vva.org/whatsnew/restricted.htm
(September 4, 2004).
23
Brecher; Goldhaber; Nicosia, Home to War, 49; Brinkley, Tour of Duty, 337; Komisar.
24
Gold; Komisar.
25
Burnett;Grossman, interview.
26
Nicosia, Home to War, 72.
27
See H. Stuart Hughes, Gentleman Rebel: The Memoirs of H. Stuart Hughes, New
York: Ticknor & Fields, 1990, 85-86, 138-139, 186, 195-204, 264, 282; Todd Gitlin, The
Sixties: Years of Hope: Days of Rage, New York: Bantam Books, 1987, 87-104, 182.
Note esp. the Hughes family’s relationship to Felix Frankfurter and Benjamin Cardozo,
whose clerks Frankfurter supplied (cf. Bruce Allen Murphy, The Brandeis/Frankfurter
Connection: The Secret Political Activities of Two Supreme Court Justices, Oxford
University Press, 1982; Garden City: Anchor Books, 1983, 186).
28
Hughes, 250.
29
”Riesman, David”, Current Biography, Bronx, New York: The H. W. Wilson Company,
1955; Paul Buhle, ”David Riesman”, EducationGuardian.co.uk,
http://education.guardian.co.uk/obituary/story/0,12212,750236,00.html, May 13, 2002
(August 15, 2004);Murphy, 21-22, 45, 122. Cf. Gitlin 88, 95. On Brandeis and
Frankfurter’s Communist activity, see Part 1 of this series, “John Kerry’s Red Roots:
Richard Kerry’s Curious Career”.
30
”Communist Infiltration in the Nuclear Test Ban Movement”, May 13, 1960, Box
244:6548 and “Testimony of Dr. Linus Pauling”, June and October 1960, Box 244:6549,
in Series IV: Investigative Files, Subseries C: Senate Internal Security Subcommittee
Reports, 1956-1970, Thomas J. Dodd Papers, Archives & Special Collections at the
Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, University of Connecticut Libraries; US Senate, Select
Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities,
Final Report, Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports of Intelligence Agencies and the
Rights of Americans, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976, Book III,
17; Athan Theoharis and John Stuart Cox, The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great
American Inquisition, Temple University, 1988; New York: Bantam Books, 1990, 447.
31
Hughes, 250-260, 279-287; Gitlin, 97.
32
Grossman, interview.
33
”AFSC History”, American Friends Service Committee,
http://www.afsc.org/about/history.htm (September 7, 2004); “American Friends Service
Committee: Records, 1940-1947”, Swarthmore College Peace Collection,
http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG001-025/dg002.AFSC/afsc.htm
(September 6, 2004); FBI files, “American Friends Service Committee”, online at Federal
Bureau of Investigation—Freedom of Information Privacy Act,
http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/committe.htm (September 5, 2004); Entry for “American
Friends Service Committee (AFSC)” in ”Glossary”, The War Called Peace: The Soviet
Peace Offensive, Foreword by Congressman John Ashbrook, Afterword by Helmut
Sauer, member of the West Germany Bundestag, Alexandria, Virginia: Western Goals,
1982, http://charlestonvoice.netfirms.com/PeaceGrpGloss.htm (August 16, 2004);
“American Friends Service Committee (AFSC)”, Biographical Sketches of the Left,
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/1777/afsc.htm (September 5, 2004);
Gordon Lamb, “American Friends? Hardly”, FrontPageMagazine.com,
http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=8215, June 5, 2003
(August 16, 2004).
34
Grossman, interview.
35
Hughes, 254-255, 260; Grossman, interview.
36
”Citizens for Participation in Political Action: records, 1962-1992”, Healey Library at
UMass Boston, http://www.lib.umb.edu/archives/cppa.html (August 16, 2004); Michael
Kenney, “CPPAX Keeps Liberal Flames Burning: Glory Days May Be Behind Them, But
There Are 5,000 Members To Celebrate 25th Anniversary”, The Boston Globe, April 26,
1987, 94.
37
Grossman, interview.
38
Grossman, interview.
39
Untitled article, The Tech, Volume 89, Number 29, July 23, 1969, reprinted online at
http://kurzweil.mit.edu/archives/VOL_089/TECH_V089_S0287_P001.txt (June 18,
2004); Hunter Barns, “October 15, 1969: Moratorium”, from ”Objective Journalism? A
Brief Look at The New York Times and the Vietnam Antiwar Movement”, Vietnam
Antiwar Movement Page, http://home.sandiego.edu/~hbarns/Moratorium.html
(September 4, 2004); Brecher; Michalina, “Student assesses effect of war moratorium”,
Southwords, October 1970, reprinted online at Maine South High School,
http://www.maine207south.k12.il.us/departments/235/70moratorium.htm (September
4, 2004); Jerome Grossman, “The Call for ‘Peace Now’”, The Boston Globe, October 15,
1989, A-31; Tom Wells, The War Within: America’s Battle Over Vietnam, with foreword
by Todd Gitlin, Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1994, 399; Nicosia,
Home to War, 49; Laura Richards, “Vietnam Moratorium March”, National Coalition to
Save Our Mall, http://www.savethemall.org/moments/richards.html , (September 4,
2004). For a summary of Brown’s background see ”Nomination of Sam W. Brown, Jr.”,
Congressional Record—Senate, 103rd Congress—2nd Session (1994), S-6319, May 25,
1994, located online through Thomas: Legislative Information on the Internet,
http://thomas.loc.gov (September 4, 2004); ”Brown Nomination/CSCE Ambassador,
Cloture (1st attempt)”, Congressional Record—Senate, 103rd Congress—2nd Session
(1994), S-6251 Temp. Record, Vote No. 131, May 24, 1994, 4:43 pm, located online
through “Senate Record Vote Analysis”, U.S. Senate Republican Policy Committee,
http://web.archive.org/web/19970816005931/http://www.senate.gov/~rpc/rva/1032/1
032131.htm (September 4, 2004); William T. Poole, The New Left in Government: From
Protest to Policy-Making, Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation, November 1978,
executive summary cached online at
http://groups.google.com/groups?q=William+Poole+new+left+government&hl=en&lr=
&ie=UTF-8&selm=7ivnu6%24rpr%241%40bgtnsc01.worldnet.att.net&rnum=4
(September 4, 2004). On Hawk, see “Fellows: David Hawk”, The Petra Foundation,
http://www.petrafoundation.org/fellows/ff_davidhawk.html (September 4, 2004). On
Mixner, see Daniel Golden, “Mixner’s Moment”, The Boston Globe, June 6, 1993,
Magazine section,14. On Sklencar, see “Student Mobe Plans Action”, The Tech, Volume
89, Number 53, September 26, 1969, 3, reprinted online at kurzweil.mit.edu/archives/
VOL_089/TECH_V089_S0311_P003.txt (June 18, 2004).
40
Grossman, “The Call for ‘Peace Now’”; Brecher; Michalina; Richards.
41
Poole; Richards.
42
"National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam Records, 1966-1969",
Swarthmore College Peace Collection,
http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG051-099/dg075nmc.htm (September 5,
2004); Gus Horowitz, “Movement history: Socialists and the anti-war movement”, The
Militant, October 10, 1969, reprinted online at Links 24,
http://www.dsp.org.au/links/back/issue24/Horowitz.htm, September-December 2003
(September 5, 2004); Appendix, “Student Mobilization Committee, also known as
Student Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam; National Student
Mobilization Committee”, attached to Letterhead Memorandum, Washington, DC FBI
office, “Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW)”, April 5, 1971, FBI HQ 100-448092,
Section 2, online at www.wintersolider.com,
http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=VVAWFBI, pdf file HQ 100-448092
Section 2, 172-181 (September 4, 2004); House Committee on Internal Security,
Subversive Involvement in the Origin, Leadership, and Activities of the New Mobilization
Committee to End the War in Vietnam, and its Predecessor Organizations, Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970; Poole.
43
”Socialist Workers Party (USA)”, Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(USA) (September 5, 2004);
“History of the Fourth International—The Heritage of Marxism”, translation of
introduction to Leon Trotsky, In Defense of Marxism, 1994, reprinted online at Iskra
Research Publishing House, http://www.mit.edu/people/fjk/essays/heritage.html
(September 5, 2004); Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, and Fririkh Igorevich Firsov, The
Secret World of American Communism, Russian documents translated by Timothy D.
Sergay, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995, 142-143; John Earl Haynes and
Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage, New Haven: Yale University Press,
1999; New Haven: Yale Nota Bene, 2000, 250-286; Department of Defense, “Certificate
of Nonaffiliation with Certain Organizations”, DD Form 48-1, June 1959, reprinted online
at http://charlestonvoice.netfirms.com/attygenlA.JPG and
http://charlestonvoice.netfirms.com/attygenlB.JPG (September 5, 2004); Paul Wolf,
“COINTELPRO—Socialist Workers Party (1961-1970), www.cointel.org,
http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/cointelpro/swp.htm (September 5, 2004); Athan
Theoharis and John Stuart Cox, The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American
Inquisition, Temple University, 1988; New York: Bantam Books, 1990, 346-347, 361.
44
Appendix, “Student Mobilization Committee”.
45
House Committee on Internal Security, Subversive Involvement in the Origin,
Leadership, and Activities of the New Mobilization Committee to End the War in
Vietnam, and its Predecessor Organizations; Poole; S. Steven Powell, Covert Cadre:
Inside the Institute for Policy Studies, introduction by David Horowitz, Ottawa, Illinois:
Green Hill Publishers, Inc., 1987, 36-37, 39-40. On the World Peace Council, see “WPC
Brief History”, World Peace Council, http://www.wpc-
in.org/website.htm#_Toc511224159 (September 16, 2004); “The New Nuke Hysteria”,
AIM Report, May A 1982, online at Accuracy In Media,
http://www.aim.org/publications/aim_report/1982/05a.html (September 16, 2004);
Entry for “World Peace Council (WPC)” in ”Glossary”, The War Called Peace: The Soviet
Peace Offensive; “FAS Intelligence Resource Program: Active Measures”, American
Federation of Scientists, http://www.fas.org/irp/world/russia/kgb/su0523.htm
(September 16, 2004); “Ronald Dellums: Congressman: 9th California District”,
Biographical Sketches of the Left,
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/1777/dellums.htm (September 5, 2004);
Rob Prince, “The Ghost Ship of Lonnrotinkatu: The Catabolism of the World Peace
Council—Part 1”, Peace Magazine, May-June 1992, 16, online at
http://www.peacemagazine.org/archive/v08n3p16.htm (September 16, 2004); Rob
Prince, “Following the Money Trail at the World Peace Council: Part II of Rob Prince's
behind-the-scenes look at the World Peace Council's dealings in the aftermath of the
Soviet Union's dissolution”, Peace Magazine, November-December 1992, 20, online at
http://www.peacemagazine.org/archive/v08n6p20.htm (September 16, 2004); “Looking
to the Future”, in United States Information Agency, Soviet Active Measures in the
“Post-Cold War" Era, 1988-1991: A Report Prepared at the Request of the United States
House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations, June 1992, online at The
Literature of Intelligence: A Bibliography of Materials, with Essays, Reviews, and
Comments, http://intellit.muskingum.edu/russia_folder/pcw_era/sect_13d.htm
(September 16, 2004).
46
Appendix, “Student Mobilization Committee”; Poole; Nicosia, Home to War, 48-49;
Richards.
47
Judith Mahoney Paternak, “Women Against War: It Started with ‘Lysistrata’”, The
Nonviolent Activist: The Magazine of the War Resisters League,
http://www.warresisters.org/nva0703-4.htm, July-August 2003 (September 5, 2004);
Wells, The War Within: America’s Battle Over Vietnam, photo between 286 and 287;
Roy Lisker, “The Antiwar Movement in New York City 1965-67”, Ferment Magazine,
http://www.fermentmagazine.org/Bio/newleft1.html, (September 6, 2004), update of
article originally published in Les Tempes Modernes, September 1968; House
Committee on Internal Security, Subversive Involvement in the Origin, Leadership, and
Activities of the New Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, and its
Predecessor Organizations; Poole. On the War Resisters League, see “War Resisters’
International”, War Resisters International, < a href=”http://www.wri-
irg.org/wrihist.htm”>http://www.wri-irg.org/wrihist.htm (September 7, 2004); “About
WRL: History”, War Resisters League, http://www.warresisters.org/about_wrl.htm#hist
(September 7, 2004); "War Resisters League: Records, 1923-date", Swarthmore College
Peace Collection, http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG026-
050/DG040WRL.html (September 5, 2004); Sanderson Beck, “Women for Peace”,
Literary Works of Sanderson Beck, http://www.san.beck.org/GPJ28-
WomenforPeace.html (September 5, 2004); "Jessie Wallace Hugham", Woman a Week
Archives, http://www.awomanaweek.com/hughan.html (September 5, 2004); "Tracy D.
Mygatt & Frances Witherspoon Papers, 1835, 1850, 1909-1973", Swarthmore College
Peace Collection, http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG051-
099/DG089MygWith.html (September 5, 2004); "A.J. Muste: Papers,1920-1967",
Swarthmore College Peace Collection,
http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG026-050/dg050muste.htm (September 7,
2004); “Protests of A.J. Muste”, Literary Works of Sanderson Beck,
http://www.san.beck.org/WP25-Muste.html (September 7, 2004); FBI (Federal Bureau
of Investigation) Records: War Resisters League, 1939-1962, online guide at Marquette
University, http://www.marquette.edu/library/collections/archives/Mss/FBI/mss-fbi-s-
9.html; Entry for “War Resisters League (WRL)” in ”Glossary”, The War Called Peace:
The Soviet Peace Offensive; “Abraham Johannes Muste”, Biographical Sketches of the
Left, http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/1777/muste.htm (September 5,
2004). On the Fellowship of Reconciliation, see “History and Supporters”, Fellowship of
Reconciliation, http://www.forusa.org/about/history.html (September 4, 2004);
"Fellowship of Reconciliation [Great Britain]: Records, 1915-current", Swarthmore
College Peace Collection,
http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/CDGB/forgreatbritain.htm (September 5,
2004); "Fellowship of Reconciliation: Records, 1915-date", Swarthmore College Peace
Collection, http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG001-
025/DG013/dg13fortablofcont.htm (September 5, 2004); "A.J. Muste: Papers,1920-
1967"; “A.J. Muste: Biographical Background”, A.J. Muste Memorial Institute,
http://www.ajmuste.org/ajmbio.htm (September 7, 2004); Steve Lieberman “FOR
Obtains Its FBI Files”,The Journal News,
http://www.thejournalnews.com/newsroom/083004/b01p30forfbi.html, August 30,
2004, cached at
http://64.233.179.104/search?q=cache:ZScN0Y0tED4J:www.thejournalnews.com/newsr
oom/083004/b01p30forfbi.html+FOR+obtains+its+FBI+files&hl=en (September 18,
2004); “Fellowship of Reconciliation”, Biographical Sketches of the Left,
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/1777/for.htm (September 5, 2004);
“Abraham Johannes Muste”; Entry for “Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)” in
“Glossary”, The War Called Peace: The Soviet Peace Offensive. On the Committee for
Nonviolent Action, see "Committee for Nonviolent Action Records, 1957-, (Bulk 1957-
1968)", Swarthmore College Peace Collection,
http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG001-025/DG017CNVA.html (September
7, 2004); Allen Smith, “The Renewal Movement: The Peace Testimony and Modern
Quakerism”, Quaker History Volume 85, Number 2, Fall 1996, online at The Religious
Society of Friends, http://www.quaker.org/renewal.html (September 7, 2004); "A.J.
Muste: Papers,1920-1967"; A.J. Muste: Biographical Background”; “Protests of A.J.
Muste”. On the Catholic Peace Fellowship, see “Introduction: History”, Catholic Peace
Fellowship, http://www.catholicpeacefellowship.org/ (September 7, 2004).
48
Brecher.
49
Goldhaber; Nicosia, Home to War, 49; Brinkley, Tour of Duty, 337; Gold; Komisar.
50
Cf. “Thrice Wounded”, March 1969, JohnKerry.com,
http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Thrice_Wounded_Reassignment.pdf,
(September 4, 2004); “Temporary Orders and Ranks”, JohnKerry.com,
http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Temporary_Orders_and_Ranks.pdf,
(September 4, 2004); Commander E.M. Salisbury to Lietutenant (junior grade) John
Forbes Kerry, ”Release from Active Duty”, January 2, 1970, JohnKerry.com,
http://www.johnkerry.com/pdf/jkmilservice/Release_From_Active_Duty.pdf (September
4, 2004); Goldhaber.
51
Brinkley, Tour of Duty, 339-342; Burnett; Grossman, interview; Pomper and Pomper;
Gitell;“Drinan, Robert”, Current Biography; Nicosia, Home to War, 72; ”Nomination of
Sam W. Brown, Jr.”, Congressional Record—Senate, 103rd Congress—2nd Session
(1994), S-6313-S-6321, May 25, 1994, located online through Thomas: Legislative
Information on the Internet, http://thomas.loc.gov (September 4, 2004). On
Grossman’s ongoing relationship with Kerry, see “Campaign ‘82”, The Boston Globe,
July 27, 1982, 1; Michael Kranish with Alex Beam, “Kerry War Letters Show His
Conflicts”, The Boston Globe, July 25, 2004, A1, online at
http://www.boston.com/news/politics/president/kerry/articles/2004/07/25/kerry_war_le
tters_show_his_conflicts/ (September 21, 2004).
52
For general biographical details on Drinan, see “Drinan, Robert”, Current Biography;
“Drinan, Robert Frederick, 1920-“, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress,
http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000499 (September 15,
2004); “Board of Directors: Robert F. Drinan”, Center for Arms Control and Non-
Proliferation, http://www.armscontrolcenter.org/about/board.html (September 24,
2004).
53
John Kerry testimony in United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations,
Legislative Proposals Relating to the War in Southeast Asia, Thursday, April 22, 1971:
Hearings before the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Ninety-
Second Congress, First Session (April-May 1971), Washington: U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1971, 179-210 online in html format at http://www.c-
span.org/2004vote/jkerrytestimony.asp (August 29, 2004) and in pdf format at
http://www.cwes01.com/13790/23910/ktpp179-210.pdf (August 29, 2004).
54
“Kerry, John Forbes”, Current Biography, Bronx, New York: The H. W. Wilson
Company, 1988.
55
Nicosia, Home to War, 95, 175, 198. On Lifton and Post-Vietnam Syndrome, cf.
Robert Jay Lifton, Home from the War: Learning from Vietnam Veterans: With a new
Preface and Epilogue on the Gulf War, Boston: Beacon Press, 1992 (1973, 1985);
Nicosia, Home to War, 158-209.
56
“Kerry, Watergate: DNC Links Caused Break-In? 'Republican Paranoia Started Early,'
Says '72 Democratic Youth Director Bob Weiner”.
57
Stephanie Hauser, “Remembering Watergate: BC alumnus and former law school
dean started Nixon accusations in Senate 30 years ago“, The Heights,
http://www.bcheights.com/news/2003/04/29/Features/Remembering.Watergate-
427779.shtml, April 29, 2003 (September 5, 2004); Jerome Zeifman, “Impeachment
and ‘Father Bob’”, Insight on the News,
http://www.insightmag.com/news/1999/01/11/Commentary/Impeachment.And.father.B
ob-211463.shtml, January 11, 1999 (September 5, 2004); Todd Kosmerick, “The
Impeachment of Richard Nixon from the Eyes of Speaker Carl Albert”, The Carl Albert
Congressional Research & Studies Center,
http://www.ou.edu/special/albertctr/extensions/fall98/archives.html (September 4,
2004).
58
Julia Duin, “Kerry advisors tell hopeful to ‘keep cool’ on religion”, The Washington
Times, http://www.washingtontimes.com/national/20040618-121914-6103r.htm, June
18, 2004 (June 18, 2004).
59
“Drinan, Robert”, Current Biography.
60
On Berrigan see “Berrigan, Daniel”, Current Biography, Bronx, New York: The H. W.
Wilson Company, 1970; Murray Polner and Jim O'Grady, Disarmed and Dangerous: The
Radical Lives and Times of Daniel and Philip Berrigan, New York: Basic Books, 1997;
“Introduction: History”, Catholic Peace Fellowship; FBI files, “Clergy and Laity
Concerned About Vietnam”, online at Federal Bureau of Investigation—Freedom of
Information Privacy Act, http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/clviet.htm (September 5, 2004).
61
Entry for ”Lawyers Committee on Nuclear Policy (LCNP)” in “Glossary”, The War Called
Peace: The Soviet Peace Offensive.
62
Report on the National Lawyers Guild: Legal Bulwark of the Communist Party, United
States Congress House Report 3123, Washington: Committee on Un-American
Activities, 1950; Entry for ”Lawyers Committee on Nuclear Policy (LCNP)” in “Glossary”,
The War Called Peace: The Soviet Peace Offensive; “National Lawyers Guild [NLG]:
‘Legal Bulwark of the Communist Party’”, Biographical Sketches of the Left,
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/1777/nlg.htm (September 5, 2004);
“National Lawyers Guild & its Terrorist Network”, Biographical Sketches of the Left,
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/1777/nlgterr.htm (September 5, 2004);
Jesse Rigsby, “NLG: The Legal Fifth Column”, FrontPageMagazine.com, April 25, 2003,
http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=7494, (June 18, 2004).
63
Robert F. Drinan, “When Will the American Conscience Demand Justice for Vietnam?”,
modelminority, http://modelminority.com/article703.html, March 17, 2000 (June 18,
2004).
64
On the Fellowship of Reconciliation, see Note 47.
65
Entry for “Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)” in “Glossary”, The War Called Peace:
The Soviet Peace Offensive.
66
Sandy Cohen, untitled article, The Tech, Volume 90, Number 14, March 27, 1970,
reprinted online at
http://kurzweil.mit.edu/archives/VOL_090/TECH_V090_S0120_P001.txt (June 18,
2004).
67
House Committee on Internal Security, Subversive Involvement in the Origin,
Leadership, and Activities of the New Mobilization Committee to End the War in
Vietnam, and its Predecessor Organizations.
68
“Drinan, Robert”, Current Biography.
69
“Ramsey Clark: Biodata”, International Progress Organization, http://i-p-
o.org/Clark.htm (October 3, 2004); Josh Saunders, ”Ramsey Clark’s Prosecution
Complex”, Legal Affairs, http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/November-December-
2003/feature_saunders_novdec03.html, November-December 2003 (September 16,
2004); Nicosia, Home to War, 106; Theoharis and Cox, 480-483; Search and Destroy: A
Report by the Commission of Inquiry into the Black Panthers and the Police, edited by
Roy Wilkins and Ramsey Clark, Chairmen, New York: Metropolitan Applied Research
Centre, Inc., 1973; “Fred Hampton”, Spartacus Educational,
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAhamptonF.htm (September 16, 2004); Cliff
Kincaid, “Ramsey Clark Endorses John Kerry”, Accuracy In Media,
http://www.aim.org/publications/weekly_column/2004/03/01.html, March 1, 2004
(September 16, 2004). On the National Peace Action Coalition, see “National
Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam”, Swarthmore College Peace
Collection, http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG051-099/dg075nmc.htm
(September 16, 2004); House Committee on Internal Security, Subversive Involvement
in the Origin, Leadership, and Activities of the New Mobilization Committee to End the
War in Vietnam, and its Predecessor Organizations; “Appendix: Student Mobilization
Committee”. On the Committee for Public Justice, see “Harrisburg [PA] Defense
Committee: Records, 1970-1973”, Swarthmore College Peace Collection,
http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/CDGA.A-L/harrisburgdefensecomm.htm
(September 16, 2004); Roger W. Wilkins, “Committee for Public Justice”, The New York
Review of Books, Volume 16, Number 1, January 28, 1971, reprinted online at
http://www.nybooks.com/articles/10692 (September 16, 2004); FBI files, “Committee
for Public Justice”, finding aid at Marquette University Libraries: Department of Special
Collections and University Archives: FBI Investigation and Surveillance Records: Scope
and Content Note: Series 19: Committee for Public Justice, 1971-1972, 1977,
http://www.marquette.edu/library/collections/archives/Mss/FBI/mss-FBI-sc.html
(September 16, 2004); W. Raymond Wannall, “Undermining Counterintelligence
Capability”, CI Centre,
http://www.cicentre.com/Documents/DOC_Wannall_Undermining_Intel.htm
(September 16, 2004).
70
Brinkley, Tour of Duty, 339.
71
Grossman, interview; Johnson, interview; Gregory, interview; Cram, interview;
Nicosia, Home to War, 72; Brinkley, Tour of Duty, 340-343.
72
Grossman, interview; Johnson, interview; Gregory, interview; Cram, interview;
Nicosia, Home to War, 72.
73
Nicosia, Home to War, 72-73. For more on Operation RAW, see FBI files, FBI HQ 100-
448092, Section 1, online at www.wintersolider.com,
http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=VVAWFBI, pdf file HQ 100-448092
Section 1, 65-172 (September 4, 2004); “Documents, Film Clips, Audio and Cartoons”,
www.wintersoldier.com, http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=Documents,
(June 18, 2004); Richard Stacewicz, Winter Soldiers: An Oral History of the Vietnam
Veterans Against the War, New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997, 229-231; Nicosia, Home
to War, 56-73; Brinkley, Tour of Duty, 343-345.
74
On the Winter Soldier Investigation, see Vietnam Veterans Against the War, The
Winter Soldier Investigation: An Inquiry into American War Crimes, Boston: Beacon
Press, 1972; “Winter Soldier Investigation”, The Sixties Project,
http://lists.village.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Primary/Winter_Soldier/WS
_entry.html (September 6, 2004); William F. Crandell, “What Did American Learn from
the Winter Soldier Investigation?”, Viet Nam Generation 5:1-4, March 1994, reprinted
online at The Sixties Project,
http://lists.village.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Texts/Narrative/Crandell_Winter.html
(September 6, 2004); FBI files, FBI HQ 100-448092, Sections 1 and 2, online at
www.wintersolider.com, http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=VVAWFBI,
pdf file HQ 100-448092 Section 1, 173-176, 196-198, 224 and Section 2, 2-69
(September 4, 2004); Stacewicz, 233-241; Nicosia, Home to War, 73-97; Brinkley, Tour
of Duty, 346-357.
75
Nicosia, Home to War, 98-99.
76
For details on Dewey Canyon III and Kerry’s Senate testimony see John Kerry
testimony in United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Legislative
Proposals Relating to the War in Southeast Asia, Thursday, April 22, 1971: Hearings
before the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Ninety-Second
Congress, First Session (April-May 1971) (audio and video clips online at
www.wintersoldier.com, http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=Documents
(September 6, 2004)); John Kerry and Vietnam Veterans Against the War, The New
Soldier, edited by David Thorne and George Butler, New York: Macmillan, 1971 (text
online at Gorio’s World,
http://fp3.antelecom.net/gorio/ns/New%20Soldier%20Compleat.pdf (pdf file)
(September 6, 2004); partial text with pictures at “The New Soldier: John Kerry and the
VVAW”, wintersoldier.com,
http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=NewSoldier (September 6, 2004));
FBI files, FBI HQ 100-448092, Sections 2, and 4, online at www.wintersolider.com,
http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=VVAWFBI, pdf files HQ 100-448092
Sections 2 and 4 (September 4, 2004); Stacewicz, 241-251; Nicosia, Home to War, 98-
157; Brinkley, Tour of Duty, 357-377.
77
Letterhead Memorandum, Kansas City, Missouri FBI office, “Vietnam Veterans Against
the War (VVAW) Steering Committee Meeting: Kansas City, Missouri: November 12, 13,
14, 1971”.
78
See archive at “Documents, Film Clips, Audio and Cartoons: So when did John Kerry
leave the VVAW, anyway?”, www.wintersoldier.com,
http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=Documents, (June 18, 2004); “Kerry,
Watergate: DNC Links Caused Break-In? 'Republican Paranoia Started Early,' Says '72
Democratic Youth Director Bob Weiner”; O’Neill and Corsi, 130-135, 140-143, 158-161;
”John Kerry Watching Nixon on Television”, Corbis,
http://pro.corbis.com/popup/Enlargement.aspx?mediauids={3c773ac0-b0fd-4be4-9175-
ff228fd5544c}|{ffffffff-ffff-ffff-ffff-
ffffffffffff}&qsPageNo=1&fdid=&Area=Search&TotalCount=60&CurrentPos=13&WinID=
{3c773ac0-b0fd-4be4-9175-ff228fd5544c} (June 18, 2004); “Photo Gallery: John F.
Kerry: Candidate in the Making: Part 3: John Kerry watches President Richard Nixon
announce the cease-fire in Vietnam on January 24, 1973.”, Boston.com,
http://www.boston.com/globe/nation/packages/kerry/images/day3/05.htm (June 18,
2004).
79
FBI files, FBI HQ 100-448092, Sections 11-31, online at www.wintersolider.com,
http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=VVAWFBI, pdf file HQ 100-448092
Sections 10-31 (September 4, 2004); Stacewicz, 252-387; Nicosia, Home to War, 210-
282.
80
See Note 47.
81
"Guide to the American Veterans for Peace Records, 1945-1957 (Bulk 1951-1955)",
The Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives,
http://dlib.nyu.edu:8083/tamwagead/servlet/SaxonServlet?source=avp.xml&style=saxo
n01t2002.xsl (September 6, 2004); "Vet's Voice for Peace" collection in "UAW Veterans’
Department Collection", Walter P. Reuther Library of Labor and Urban Affairs,
http://www.reuther.wayne.edu/collections/hefa_293-uaw.htm (September 6, 2004);
"Paul Green: Dramatist, Teacher, Humanist, 1894-1981", ibiblio,
http://www.ibiblio.org/paulgreen/index.html (September 6, 2004); "Paul Green Papers
Inventory (#3693)", Manuscripts Department, Library of the University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/htm/03693.html (September 6,
2004); Paul P. Reuben, "Chapter 8: American Drama—Paul Eliot Green (1894-1981)",
PAL: Perspectives in American Literature A Research and Reference Guide--An Ongoing
Project ,
http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:bQ_44_YtJS8J:www.csustan.edu/english/reube
n/pal/chap8/green.html+paul+green&hl=en (September 6, 2004).
82
Stacewicz, 192-197; Nicosia, Home to War, 15-18.
83
Stacewicz, 197-204, 233; Nicosia, Home to War, 18-36, 37-38; FBI files, FBI HQ 100-
448092, Section 1, online at www.wintersolider.com,
http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=VVAWFBI, pdf file HQ 100-448092
Section 1, 1-60 (September 4, 2004). On Negotiation Now! see Wells, The War Within:
America’s Battle Over Vietnam, 135-137; “Vietnam War”, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Papers Project: Encyclopedia,
http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/about_king/encyclopedia/vietnam.htm (September
9, 2004). On CALCAV/CALC, see FBI files, “Clergy and Laity Concerned About Vietnam”,
online at Federal Bureau of Investigation—Freedom of Information Privacy Act,
http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/clviet.htm (September 9, 2004); entry for “Clergy and Laity
Concerned (CALC)”, in “Glossary”, The War Called Peace: The Soviet Peace Offensive.
On Ball, see George W. Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern: Memoirs, New York:
Norton, 1982; David L. DiLeo, George Ball, Vietnam, and the Rethinking of
Containment, foreword by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Chapel Hill, North Carolina:
University of North Carolina Press, 1991; James A. Bill, George Ball: Behind the Scenes
in U.S. Foreign Policy, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1997; H.R.
McMaster, Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of
Staff, and the Lies That Led to Vietnam, New York: HarperCollins, 1997, 122, 166-167,
171, 206, 239-240, 280, 300-303; Isaacson and Thomas, 637-639, 647-649, 680, 700,
711. On Lowenstein, see “Lowenstein, Allard Kenneth, 1929-1980”, Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress,
http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=L000477 (September 9,
2004);“Lowenstein, Allard K.”, Current Biography, Bronx, New York: The H. W. Wilson
Company, 1971. On Gruening, see “Gruening, Ernest, 1887-1974”, Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress,
http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000508 (September 9,
2004). On Fulbright, see “Fulbright, J. William”, Current Biography, Bronx, New York:
The H. W. Wilson Company, 1955; “Fulbright, James William, 1905-1955”, Biographical
Directory of the United States Congress,
http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000401 (September 9, 2004);
J. William Fulbright, The Arrogance of Power, New York: Random House, 1966; Randall
Bennett Woods, Fulbright: A Biography, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995;
Theoharis and Cox, 447-448; Powell, 13; Stacewicz, 204, 233. On McCarthy, see
“McCarthy, Eugene Joseph, 1916-”, Biographical Directory of the United States
Congress, http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000311
(September 9, 2004); Dominic Sandbrook, Eugene McCarthy: The Rise and Fall of
Postwar American Liberalism, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004, 117-224. On Kennedy,
see “Kennedy, Robert Francis, 1925-1968”, Biographical Directory of the United States
Congress, http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=K000114
(September 9, 2004).
84
FBI HQ 100-448092, Section 1, 1-60; Report, FBI, “Vietnam Veterans Against the War,
Incorporated”, October 12, 1971, FBI HQ 100-448092, Section 7, online at
www.wintersolider.com, http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=VVAWFBI,
pdf file HQ 100-448092 Section 7, 82-117 (esp. 96-97) (September 4, 2004). On the
National Emergency Civil Liberties Committee, see Corliss Lamont, Yes to Life: Memoirs
of Corliss Lamont, New York: Horizon Press, 1981; Corliss Lamont Website,
http://www.corliss-lamont.org/The War Called Peace: The Soviet Peace Offensive.
85
Stacewicz, 205; Nicosia, Home to War, 36, 41, 45, 49-50; Letterhead Memorandum,
FBI, “GIs and Vietnam Veterans Against the War: Information Concerning”, November
11, 1968, FBI HQ 100-451697, Section 1, online at www.wintersolider.com,
http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=VVAWFBI, pdf file HQ 100-451697
Section 01, 3-8 (September 15, 2004); Report, Los Angeles FBI, “COMINFIL, GIs and
Vietnam Veterans Against the War, formerly known as Vietnam Veterans Against the
War”, February 18, 1969, FBI HQ 100-451697, Section 1, online at
www.wintersolider.com, http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=VVAWFBI,
pdf file HQ 100-451697 Section 01, 38-39 (September 15, 2004).
86
Nicosia, Home to War, 41-49.
87
On Schnall, see excerpt from Howard Zinn, “The Impossible Victory: Vietnam”, A
People’s History of the United States, New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1980,
reprinted online at Third World Traveler,
http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Zinn/Vietnam_PeoplesHx.html (September 9, 2004).
88
On the Presidio 27 Mutiny, see Randy Rowland, “The Presidio Mutiny”, Vietnam
Veterans Against the War Anti-Imperialist, from StormWarning! 31, Spring 1995, online
at http://www.oz.net/~vvawai/sw/sw31/pgs_35-44/presidio_mutiny.html (September 9,
2004); Brandt Zembsch, “Hallinan Has Made a Career of Law and Disorder”,
ChronWatch, March 4, 2003 (September 9, 2004). On Terence Hallinan and the Hallinan
family, cf. “Terence Hallinan”, Juvenile Justice Bulletin, May 2000, online at Office of
Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention,
http://www.ncjrs.org/html/ojjdp/2000_5_1/pag5.html (September 9, 2004); California
Legislature, Thirteenth Report of the Senate Fact-Finding Subcommittee on Un-
American Activities, 1965, online at Online Archive of California,
http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt4w1003q8/ (September 9, 2004)/
89
On Priest, see letter from Cora Weiss, David Dellinger, Douglas Dowd, Sidney Lens,
Sidney Peck, and Stewart Meacham to the editors, “New Mobilization”, The New York
Review of Books, Volume 13, Number 8, November 6, 1969 (September 9, 2004);
Malcolm Kovacs, “Seaman Roger Priest vs. the Navy”, Progressive Review, April 1970,
8; Col Robert D. Heinl, Jr., “The Collapse of the Armed Forces”, Armed Forces Journal,
June 7, 1971, updated version online at Grover Furr’s Vietnam War Page,
http://www.chss.montclair.edu/english/furr/Vietnam/heinl.html (September 9, 2004);
Nicosia, Home to War, 42-43, 48. On the Stern Family Fund, see “Stern Family Fund”,
ActivistCash.com, http://www.activistcash.com/foundation.cfm/did/486 (September 9,
2004); Vincent Stehle, “Considering the Question of Perpetuity”, excerpt from
Investment Issues for Family Funds: Managing and Maximizing Your Philanthropic
Dollars, Chapter 1, reprinted online at National Center for Family Philanthropy,
http://www.ncfp.org/publications-excerpt-investments.html (September 9, 2004); Don
Hazen, “David Hunter, Philanthropic Pioneer, Dies at 84”, AlterNet,
http://www.alternet.org/story/10142/, November 28, 2000; Powell, 15-17, 29, 152,
230, 231, 236, 237, 241-242, 368. On the Institute for Policy Studies, see The Institute
for Policy Studies, http://www.ips-dc.org/overview.htm (September 9, 2004); Powell;
Entry for ”Institute for Policy Studies (IPS)” in “Glossary”, The War Called Peace: The
Soviet Peace Offensive; Entries for “Institute for Policy Studies: Marxist Think Tank” and
“The IPS Fellows” at Biographical Sketches of the Left,
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/1777/bioleft.htm (September 9, 2004).
90
On O’Dwyer, see ”In Honor of Paul O’Dwyer”, Congressional Record—Senate, 105th
Congress—2nd Session (1998), S-7608, July 7, 1998, located online through Thomas:
Legislative Information on the Internet, http://thomas.loc.gov (September 9, 2004);
Letter from Cora Weiss, David Dellinger, Donald Kalish, Douglas Dowd, Sidney Lens,
Sidney Peck, Stewart Meacham, and Terry Hallinan to the editors, “November
Mobilization”, The New York Review of Books, Volume 13, Number 9, November 20,
1969, reprinted online at http://www.nybooks.com/articles/11139 (September 9, 2004);
John Herbers, “250,000 War Protestors Stage Peaceful Rally in Washington; Militants
Stir Clashes Later”, The New York Times, November 25, 1969, reprinted online at
CINEMOD: Experimental Films of Dominic Angerame,
http://www.cinemod.net/docs/60sarticle.html (September 9, 2004).
91
Stacewicz, 205-211; Nicosia, Home to War, 43-49.
92
See Note 45.
93
Nicosia, Home to War, 49.
94
Stacewicz, 205-212; Nicosia, Home to War, 49-55.
95
Nicosia, Home to War, 51, 128; Marc Morano, “Kerry-linked Anti-War Group Can’t
Bury Deceit”, CNSNews.com,
http://www.cnsnews.com/Politics/Archive/200403/POL20040303a.html, March 3, 2004
(September 9, 2004).
96
Nicosia, Home to War, 50-55, 59-60.
97
”Black Panther Party”, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_Party
(September 15, 2004); ”Black Panthers”, Spartacus Educational,
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USApantherB.htm (September 15, 2004); Huey
P. Newton, The Huey P. Newton Reader, with foreword by Fredrika Newton and
introduction by David Hilliard, edited by David Hilliard and Donald Weise, New York:
Seven Stories Press, 2002; Bobby Seale, A Lonely Rage: The Autobiography of Bobby
Seale, New York: Times Books, 1978; Eldridge Cleaver, Soul on Ice, with introduction
by Maxwell Geismar, New York: Dell, 1968; Philip S. Foner, The Black Panthers Speak,
with new foreword by Clayborne Carson, New York: Da Capo Press, 1995 (Philadelphia:
Lippincott, 1970); Huey P. Newton, et al, The Black Panther Leaders Speak: Huey P.
Newton, Bobby Seale, Eldridge Cleaver and Company Speak Out through the Black
Panther Party’s Official Newspaper, Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1976;
”Black Panther Newspaper Collection: Maoist International Movement”, Maoist
International Movement (MIM), http://www.etext.org/Politics/MIM/bpp/index.html
(September 9, 2004); “Interview with Huey P. Newton (1968)”, The Movement, August
1968, reprinted online at Hippyland, http://www.hippy.com/php/article.php?sid=76
(September 14, 2004); “History of the Black Panther Party”, The Black Panther Party
Research Project, http://www.stanford.edu/group/blackpanthers/history.shtml
(September 17, 2004); FBI files, “Black Panther Party”, online at Federal Bureau of
Investigation—Freedom of Information Privacy Act,
http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/bpanther.htm (September 9, 2004); Powell, 29-30; John
Elvin, “Hillary Hides Her Panther Fling”, Insight on the News,
http://www.insightmag.com/news/2000/07/31/InvestigativeReport/Hillary.Hides.Her.Pa
nther.Fling-210660.shtml (September 18, 2004).
98
”Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee”, Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee (September
15, 2004); ”Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee”, Spartacus Educational,
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAsncc.htm (September 15, 2004); Jonathan
I.Z. Agronsky, Marion Barry: The Politics of Race, Latham, New York: British American
Publishing, 1991; Julian Bond, “SNCC: What We Did—Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee”, Monthly Review, October 2000, online at LookSmart,
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1132/is_5_52/ai_66937932 (September 15,
2004); John Lewis with Michael D’Orso, Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the
Movement, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998; Howard Zinn, SNCC: The New
Abolitionists, Boston: Beacon Press, 1965; John Lewis, “My Biography”, Congressman
John Lewis: Georgia’s 5th Congressional District,
http://www.house.gov/johnlewis/bio.html (September 15, 2004); SNCC 1960-1966: Six
years of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, http://www.ibiblio.org/sncc/
(September 15, 2004); Stokely Carmichael, Ready for Revolution: The Life and
Struggles of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture), with Ekwueme Michael Thelwell, New
York: Scribner, 2003; “Kwame Ture: His Last Words! Organize! Organize!”, Kwame Ture
(formerly known as Stokely Carmichael, http://www.kwameture.com/ (September 15,
2004); Elizabeth Martinez, “The Venceremos Brigade Still Means, ‘We Shall Overcome’:
After 30 years of constant activism, the Venceremos Brigade continues to be a unique
pillar of the U.S. left”, Z Magazine, http://www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/Martinez2.htm
(September 15, 2004); “Sixties Project: Primary Document Archive: Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee (SNCC)”, The Sixties Project,
http://lists.village.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Primary.html (September
15, 2004); Robin D.G. Kelley, Hammer and Hoe: Alabama Communists during the Great
Depression, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1990, 229-230; FBI
files, “Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee”, online at Federal Bureau of
Investigation—Freedom of Information Privacy Act,
http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/sncc.htm (September 9, 2004); Powell, 29-30.
99
Gitlin, 280-281, 348-352, 377-408; “Sixties Project: Primary Document Archive:
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)”, The Sixties Project,
http://lists.village.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Primary.html (September
15, 2004); ”SDS”, Maoist International Movement (MIM),
http://www.etext.org/Politics/MIM/sds/index.html (September 9, 2004); Alan Adelson,
SDS, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1972; “Who we are and what we do”,
Venceremos Brigade, http://www.venceremosbrigade.org/aboutVB.htm (September 15,
2004); Martinez; FBI files, “Weather Underground Organization (WUO)”, online at
Federal Bureau of Investigation—Freedom of Information Privacy Act,
http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/weather.htm (September 9, 2004); “National Lawyers Guild
& its Terrorist Network”; Juan F. Benemelis, Las guerras secretas de Fidel Castro, Grupo
de Apoyo a la Democracia, Capitulo 12, “Los Macheteros de Puerto Rico”, online at
Grupo de Apoyo a la Democracia,
http://www.gadcuba.org/Guerras%20Secretas/Index.htm, translation at
http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.gadcuba.org/Guerra
s%2520Secretas/Los%2520Macheteros%2520de%2520Puero%2520Rico.htm&prev=/s
earch%3Fq%3Djulie%2Bnichamin%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8
(September 15, 2004).
100
Stacewicz, 265-266; Nicosia, Home to War, 53-54; 67; 150-152; Memo from New
York SAC to FBI Director, “Proposed Peace March from Morristown, New Jersey to
Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, September 4-7, 1970, Sponsored by Vietnam Veterans
Against the War”, August 20, 1970, 3, FBI HQ 100-448092, Section 1, online at
www.wintersolider.com, http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=VVAWFBI,
pdf file HQ 100-448092 Section 1, 92 (September 4, 2004).
John Kerry's Fellow Travellers
A 5-part series exposing John Kerry's Communist connections.

Part 4: Subversion in the Senate: Kerry's Communist

Constituency
By Fedora

*NOTE: The term "fellow traveller" as used in this article series refers to someone who
is not a member of the Communist Party (CP) but regularly engages in actions which
advance the Party's program. Some apparent fellow travellers may actually be
"concealed party members": members of the CP who conceal their membership. Which
of these classifications is applicable to the Kerrys is a question this series leaves
unresolved. This series does not argue for any direct evidence of Richard or John Kerry
or other members of the Kerry family belonging to the CP. What this series does argue
for is a consistent pattern of the Kerry family working with Communists and Communist
fellow travellers in a way that advances the Communist program.

Introduction

Part 4 of this series, "Hanoi John", described John Kerry's collaboration with
Communist-associated antiwar groups during the period between his early
Congressional runs in 1970 and 1972. After Kerry's 1972 loss, he took a hiatus from
politics to earn his law degree and serve as an Assistant DA, paving the way for him to
re-enter politics as Lieutenant Governor to Michael Dukakis in 1982 and as US Senator
in 1984. As Senator, Kerry resumed his collaboration with America's enemies,
undermining the military and the intelligence community, betraying Vietnam POWs and
MIAs, and receiving financial rewards from Communist and terrorist benefactors.

Kerry Joins the Antiwar Lobby

Kerry's 1984 campaign platform was characterized by radical opposition to the Reagan
administration's defense policies. Kerry proposed slashing $52 billion from the defense
budget, freezing nuclear weapons development, and eliminating such weapons
programs as the Apache helicopter, cruise missiles, the Stealth bomber, the MX missile,
and the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), among others.1

Kerry specifically crafted his platform on these issues to win the approval of Paul
Walker, a representative of the influential political action committee Freeze Voter '84,
whose support in the 1984 campaign was crucial for Massachusetts Democrats.2 Freeze
Voter '84 was an arm of the Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign (NWFC) or "Freeze".
The Freeze had been founded in 1980 by Randall Forsberg, founder of the Institute for
Defense & Disarmament Studies (IDDS).3 Forsberg was associated with the Institute for
Policy Studies (IPS),4 a left-wing think tank linked to the KGB and Cuban intelligence,5
and linked to the Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW) when John Kerry belonged
to that organization.6 In 1982 Forsberg had travelled with an IPS delegation on a KGB-
arranged trip to Moscow to discuss arms control and disarmament with Soviet
representatives.7 Under Forsberg's leadership, Freeze drew together a coalition of
Communist front groups and fellow travellers, including the American Friends Service
Committee (AFSC), Clergy and Laity Concerned (CALC), the National Committee for a
Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE), the War Resisters League (WRL), and the Women's
International Leagure for Peace and Freedom (WILPF).8 Paul Walker, who then sat on
the Freeze Voter '84 executive committee, later became an informal advisor to Kerry.9
He currently sits on the board of Global Green USA, an affiliate of Green Cross
International (GCI), an international environmentalist group led by former Soviet
Premier Mikhail Gorbachev.10

Kerry had first joined forces with the Freeze while running for Lieutenant Governor in
1982. At that time he spoke at a June 12 New York Freeze rally which had been
organized by Leslie Cagan of Mobilization for Survival (MFS), an IPS-organized group
led by a coalition of Vietnam-era antiwar leaders which included former VVAW ally
Sidney Peck, founder of the Communist front group the People's Coalition for Peace and
Justice (PCPJ).11 Kerry again ran on a Freeze platform during his 1984 Senate
campaign,12 and ever since becoming a Senator, he has been a consistent ally of the
antiwar lobby in Congress.13

Protesting Another War in Nicaragua

One of Kerry's first antiwar acts as Senator came just weeks after he took office, when
in April 1985 he joined Senator Tom Harkin, another former Vietnam War protestor,14 in
travelling to Nicaragua on a self-appointed "fact-finding" mission to find evidence that
the Reagan administration had exaggerated the Communist threat posed by the
Sandinista regime. Later in 1985, Kerry's staff received a tip alleging illegal CIA support
to the Sandinistas' enemies, the Contras. Follow-up investigation of the tip Kerry's staff
received, in conjunction with a leak to the Lebanese paper Ash-Shiraa, led to what
became the Iran-Contra scandal.15

A few days after Kerry's visit to Nicaragua, Sandinista leaders flew to Moscow to talk to
Soviet leaders about strengthening Soviet-Nicaraguan ties.16 The Soviets had been
active in Latin America since the 1920s, and had been increasing their activity
significantly since Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba in 1959. Cuba had initially taken
the initiative in supporting the Nicaraguan Communists in 1978, and with Cuban
support the Sandinistas had succeeded in overthrowing the government in 1979.
Impressed with Cuba's success, the Soviets began helping Cuba consolidate support of
the new Sandinista regime from 1979 on.17 In this they were aided by the pro-Cuban
lobby in the United States, which had allied with the antiwar movement in the 1960s
and had grown stronger in the 1970s with the support of the Carter administration's
new Latin American policy. Carter's policy, which had been influenced by an Institute
for Policy Studies report called The Southern Connection, shifted the emphasis of US
foreign policy from containing Communism to spreading "human rights", which became
a pretext for spreading socialism. Carter's policy was supported by a pro-Castro network
which came to be centered around the IPS and a number of associated groups. When
Reagan came to power and began opposing the Sandinistas and aiding the Contras, the
US pro-Castro network responded by forming a new IPS spinoff to support the
Sandinistas, the Policy Alternatives for the Caribbean and Central America (PACCA). IPS
and PACCA circulated a report praising the Sandinistas and attacking the Contras in
order to discourage Congress from passing an aid package to the Contras that was due
to be voted on in spring 1985.18

Kerry and Harkin's trip to Nicaragua was made on the eve of the Contra aid vote in an
attempt to influence it. The trip was arranged by Peter Kornbluh, an IPS scholar. During
this period Kerry's legislative aide was an IPS member named Gary Porter, who had
previously worked for a KGB-linked pro-Vietcong news outlet called Dispatch News
Service. Kerry praised an IPS report attacking Reagan's Latin American policy.19 The tip
which alerted Kerry's staff to the CIA Contra operation came through the International
Center for Development Policy (ICDP), an IPS-associated think tank. The ICDP had
been founded by Lindsay Mattison, who was linked to Cuban intelligence agent Orlando
Letelier, and the FBI investigated several of its members for contact with the Soviet
Union, Cuba, and Nicaragua.20 Kerry's investigation was also assisted by the Christic
Institute, a spinoff of the Quixote Center, a group that funneled money to the
Sandinistas.21 Kerry's colleague Harkin helped raise money for front groups supporting
the Sandinistas and other Communist groups in Latin America.22 Kerry's contact with
this network of associates prompted the FBI to probe whether his investigation of the
Contras was being assisted by Nicaraguan intelligence.23

Subverting the CIA

Kerry used the exposure of the Contra operation to undermine the CIA by reviving a
line of propaganda the VVAW and antiwar movement had previously used during the
Vietnam War, which alleged official US complicity in drug dealing by CIA assets. In
addition to informing Kerry about the Contra operation itself, the ICDP and Christic
Institute provided witnesses who alleged to Kerry's staff that some of the CIA's Contra
assets were dealing drugs. Kerry's investigation of these allegations led to his chairing
of a Senate subcommittee investigation of terrorism, narcotics, and intelligence
operations, which in turn led to Kerry's participation in a related investigation of a bank
with intelligence community connections that was being used to launder narcoterrorism
money, the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI).24 Kerry's staff and its
allies at the ICDP and Christic Institute assisted antiwar authors who spun the results of
Kerry's investigation so as to imply that the Reagan-Bush CIA as an institution was
complicit in narcotics trafficking and that conversely allegations of Communist
complicity in narotrafficking were a red-baiting smear.25

In fact, historically drug dealers have worked with Communists as well as non-
Communists. In the 1950s Cuba emerged as a key center for distributing heroin to the
Mafia in Miami, New Orleans, and Dallas, and after Castro took over in 1959 Cuba
remained a key distribution point. In the late 1970s and 1980s as the Medellin Cartel
was gaining control of the growing cocaine traffic, Castro allowed cartel cofounders
Robert Vesco and Carlos Lehder-Rivas to use Cuban waters and airspace for drug
smuggling. Meanwhile in the late 1970s smugglers in Central America who would later
work for the Medellin Cartel smuggled weapons to the Cuban-backed Sandinistas, and
used the opportunity to set up drug-smuggling channels in Nicaragua and the
surrounding region.26 Similarly, on the BCCI end of Kerry's investigation, one of the
BCCI-linked drug dealers Kerry investigated, Monzer Al-Kassar, had links to Soviet
intelligence and Middle Eastern terrorist groups.27
Kerry's investigations perfunctorily noted some of this in passing but reserved their
focus for allegations that some of the smugglers who had previously worked with the
Sandinistas were now using the CIA's Contra operation to smuggle drugs for the
Medellin Cartel. Meanwhile, a Christic Institute lawsuit assisted by Kerry's staff similarly
attempted to link the CIA's Contra asset John Hull and other members of the CIA's
Contra operation to Medellin Cartel leaders Pablo Escobar and Jorge Ochoa. The
allegations which triggered the Kerry investigation and Christic lawsuit had initially been
collected by the ICDP and Christic from several key witnesses. The first was Jack
Terrell, a mercenary who had volunteered to aid the Contras in 1984 and was
suspected by US intelligence of being a Nicaraguan agent.28 Terrell directed Kerry's staff
to another key witness, Steven Carr, an imprisoned mercenary who had been
discharged from the Navy for dealing drugs before briefly joining the Contras, and had
initially reported his allegations of Contra drug dealing to California State Assemblyman
Tom Hayden, husband of Jane Fonda, then a supporter of pro-Sandinista groups.29 Carr
helped elicit the cooperation of another key witness, his former associate Jesus Garcia,
then imprisoned for illegal firearm trafficking.30 Terrell, Carr, and Kerry's staff also
assisted a lawsuit filed by the Christic Institute against allegedly CIA-linked individuals
on behalf of Tony Avirgan, an ABC cameraman, and his wife Martha Honey, a Canadian
Broadcast Corporation/London Sunday Times journalist.31 Avirgan had been injured in a
bomb blast while on assignment from ABC in Costa Rica to cover a May 1984 press
conference where Contra faction leader Edén Pastora was planning to denounce other
factions of the Contras and announce the formation of his own Contra faction. Pastora a
former Sandinista, had refused to work under the Contra groups backed by the CIA and
as a result had been cut off by the CIA earlier in 1984. Subsequently for funding he had
turned to George Morales32, a drug dealer linked to the Medellin Cartel and to Cuba.33
Pastora's main rival within the Contras was CIA asset John Hull, a prime target of
Kerry's investigation and of the Christic lawsuit, which attempted to link him to the
Medellin Cartel's Pablo Escobar and Jorge Ochoa. Kerry built his case against Hull on
the testimony of Terrell, Carr, Garcia, and five other key witnesses with criminal
backgrounds and clear conflicts of interest: Pastora's cocaine supplier Morales; Morales'
pilot Gary Betzer; Floyd Carlton, a pilot who smuggled drugs for Manuel Noriega, who
had recently fallen out with the Medellin Cartel and been targeted for assassination by
Escobar; Jose Blandon, who was also linked to Noriega as well as to the Medellin
Cartel's main rival in the cocaine trade, the Cali Cartel, which was then waging a
vendetta against Escobar; and Werner Lotz, a convicted drug dealer who had been the
personal pilot of Medellin Cartel cofounder Robert Vesco.34 Relying on these
questionable witnesses, Kerry was unable to gather enough evidence against Hull or
anyone else connected with the CIA to warrant any US law-enforcement action. As CIA
Central American Task Force head Alan Fiers summarized the results of the
investigation of Hull: "It is possible that John Hull's ranch was used as a transshipment
point for drugs. We never had any hard proof of that other than the claims made by
various convicted narcotics traffickers. It is possible it could have been used without
Hull's knowledge. It is also possible he could have been a willing accomplice in using it.
We just don't have any significant information about that."35 The Costa Rican
government dropped a narcotics case against Hull it had initiated, the Christic Institute's
lawsuit was summarily dismissed, and a later critical review failed to find any
substantiation of Kerry's allegations of CIA complicity in Contra drug trafficking.36
Meanwhile, the Justice Department complained that Kerry's investigation was
compromising open investigations of drug traffickers.37 In order to build its case against
the CIA, Kerry's subcommittee arranged immunity for a major drug trafficker, Michael
Palmer--a drug-dealing partner of Manuel Noriega's associate Steven Kalish--in
exchange for Palmer's testimony.38 And when Kerry's investigation of BCCI began to
point towards Clark Clifford, a major Democratic Party figure who had once been an
attorney for the Kennedy family, Kerry--prodded by Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and
senior Democrats Pamela Harriman and Claiborne Pell--declined to press the
investigation, on the grounds that "I'm not going to humiliate an old man," recalled
Kerry's cousin and staff member David McKean, who later wrote a book on Clifford.39 It
seems curious that Kerry expressed such qualms about humiliating the 84-year-old
Clifford as meanwhile he was doing his best to humiliate 77-year-old Ronald Reagan
with his investigation of the Contras.

Betraying the US in Vietnam Again

After undermining the CIA's war against the Sandinistas, Kerry returned to his old role
of betraying US troops in Vietnam. The United States had long sought to pressure
Vietnam to provide complete information on POWs and MIAs as a condition for
normalizing diplomatic relations. In 1991, Kerry became chairman of a Senate
committee that was assigned to gather information on POWs and MIAs, provoking
conservative objections that were surprisingly deflected by Kerry's previous longtime
enemy, Vietnam veteran John McCain. In 1993 Kerry's committee concluded that there
was no evidence of remaining POWs in Vietnam. Then in 1995 Kerry joined McCain in a
campaign to help the Clinton administration to accelerate normalization. Following a
proposed resolution by Kerry and McCain, Clinton announced normalization of US
relations with Vietnam on July 11, 1995.40

Kerry's report on POWs and MIAs noted that POW negotiations between the US and
Vietnam had been initiated in the 1960s and 1970s by antiwar groups, notably the
Committee of Liaison with Families of Servicemen Detained in North Vietnam
(COLIFAM), cochaired by David Dellinger and Cora Weiss. What Kerry's report failed to
mention was that Weiss and COLIFAM had collaborated with the North Vietnamese and
Kerry's own antiwar group, Vietnam Veterans Against the War, in using POWs as
hostages to extort POW families into pressuring the Nixon administration to end the war
in return for promised POW releases. VVAW leader Barry Romo joined a COLIFAM
delegation to Hanoi, and Weiss and other COLIFAM officers sat alongside VVAW leader
Al Hubbard on the Coordinating Committee of the People's Coalition for Peace and
Justice, a Communist front group directed by North Vietnam.41 As it had during the
Vietnam War era, Vietnam continued to make promises about POWs during
normalization negotiations, and Kerry promised that normalizing efforts with Vietnam
would make information about POWs more accessible. To hasten normalization, Kerry's
committee conspired with debunkers of POW reports by coaching witnesses, failing to
subpoena files, and shredding documents. Early into Kerry's investigation, the head of
the Pentagon's POW/MIA office, Colonel Millard Peck, resigned in disgust, complaining,
"The mind-set to 'debunk' is alive and well. It is held at all levels. . .Practically all
analysis is directed to finding fault with the source. Rarely has there been any effective,
active follow-through on any of the sightings. . .The sad fact is that. . .a cover-up may
be in progress. The entire charade does not appear to be an honest effort and may
never have been." In the aftermath of Kerry's report, relations with Vietnam were
normalized, but none of the promised information on POWs or MIAs was ever
delivered.42

Meanwhile as Kerry's committee was finalizing its report in late 1992, in anticipation of
normalization of US-Vietnamese relations, a $905 million port development deal was
signed between Vietnam and a Boston-based company which had been awarded a
contract to be the exclusive real estate agent representing Vietnam, Colliers
International. Colliers International was headed by former Boston Redevelopment
Authority executive C. Stewart Forbes, cousin of John Forbes Kerry. A Colliers partner,
Spauding and Slye Colliers, donated $100,000 to pay for holding the 2004 Democratic
National Convention in Kerry's hometown of Boston.43

Payoffs from China, Kosovo, and Iran

After selling out American POWs to Vietnam, Kerry continued to profit financially from
Communist nations and terrorist groups.

In 1996, during the midst of a massive Chinese bribery campaign of US politicians,

Kerry received illegal campaign contributions from Johnny Chung, a Chinese agent
seeking to raise funds for the Chinese army. In return Kerry arranged for Chung and a
Chinese military representative to meet with the United States Securities and Exchange
Commission.44

In July 2004, Kerry received a donation from Florin Krasniqi of the Kosovo Liberation
Army (KLA), an Albanian militant group linked to Al Qaeda and Iranian terrorists. KLA
leader Hashim Thaci was invited to attend the Democratic National Convention later
that same month.45

Finally, Kerry's 2004 campaign has received over $500,000 raised by Iranian-American
businessman Hassan Nemazee, who leads efforts to normalize US relations with Iran
and has been a major contributor to Kerry since the 1990s. In October 2004 during the
Presidential debates, Kerry proposed that the US should provide Iran with nuclear fuel
in exchange for promises that Iran will only use nuclear power for peaceful purposes.46

Conclusion

From betraying American troops in 1971 to undermining the War on Terror in 2004,
Kerry's political career has been a consistent record of siding with America's enemies.
And now today this career traitor has the brazen audacity to portray himself as a patriot
as he campaigns in pursuit of the ultimate irony: he wants to be Commander-in-Chief.

Next: "Part 5: John Kerry vs. the War on Terror: Candidate Kerry's Subversive
Campaign"

Notes
1
Brian C. Mooney, "Taking one prize, then a bigger one", June 19, 2003, Part 5 of "John
F. Kerry: Candidate in the Making", The Boston Globe,
http://www.boston.com/globe/nation/packages/kerry/061903.shtml, June 15-21, 2003;
John Risvold, A Stronger America? The Case Against John Kerry, Conrad Publishing
Company, 2004, 31-46, 91-94.
2
Mooney; Duncan Currie, "Another War He Didn't Like: John Kerry's anti-Cold War ‘84
Campaign", The Weekly Standard, Volume 10, Issue 3, September 27, 2004, online at
http://www.weeklystandard.com/Utilities/printer_preview.asp?idArticle=4651&R=A02E8
A8.
3
On the Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign, see "IDDS Staff Biographies", Institute for
Defense & Disarmament Studies, http://www.idds.org/staffbios.html; Randall Forsberg,
"Randall Forsberg discusses her work and the current international situation", Peace
Magazine, August/September 1989, 10, online at
http://www.peacemagazine.org/archive/v05n4p10.htm ; David Adams, The American
Peace Movements, New Haven, Connecticut: Advocate Press, 2002 (1985), Chapter 6,
15-18, online at Global Movement for a Culture of Peace, http://www.culture-of-
peace.info/apm/chapter6-15.html; "Nuclear Freeze Movement", Questia,
http://www.questia.com/popularSearches/nuclear_freeze_movement.jsp; Entry for
"National Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign Clearinghouse (NNWFCC)" in "Glossary",
The War Called Peace: The Soviet Peace Offensive, Foreword by Congressman John
Ashbrook, Afterword by Helmut Sauer, member of the West Germany Bundestag,
Alexandria, Virginia: Western Goals, 1982,
http://charlestonvoice.netfirms.com/PeaceGrpGloss.htm; S. Steven Powell, Covert
Cadre: Inside the Institute for Policy Studies, introduction by David Horowitz, Ottawa,
Illinois: Green Hill Publishers, Inc., 1987, 20, 295, 314, 336-340.
4
Powell, 20, 295, 314, 336-340.
5
On the Institute for Policy Studies, see The Institute for Policy Studies, http://www.ips-
dc.org/overview.htm; Powell; Entry for "Institute for Policy Studies (IPS)" in "Glossary",
The War Called Peace: The Soviet Peace Offensive; Entries for "Institute for Policy
Studies: Marxist Think Tank" and "The IPS Fellows" at Biographical Sketches of the Left,
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/1777/bioleft.htm.
6
See Part 3 in this series, "Hanoi John: Kerry and the Antiwar Movement's Communist
Connections", FreeRepublic.com,
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/1241847/posts.
7
Powell, 336-340.
8
On the American Friends Service Committee, see "AFSC History", American Friends
Service Committee, http://www.afsc.org/about/history.htm (September 7, 2004);
"American Friends Service Committee: Records, 1940-1947", Swarthmore College Peace
Collection, http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG001-
025/dg002.AFSC/afsc.htm; FBI files, "American Friends Service Committee", online at
Federal Bureau of Investigation-Freedom of Information Privacy Act,
http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/committe.htm; Entry for "American Friends Service
Committee (AFSC)" in "Glossary", The War Called Peace: The Soviet Peace Offensive;
"American Friends Service Committee (AFSC)", Biographical Sketches of the Left,
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/1777/afsc.htm; Gordon Lamb, "American
Friends? Hardly", FrontPageMagazine.com,
http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=8215, June 5, 2003. On
Clergy and Laity Concerned, see see FBI files, "Clergy and Laity Concerned About
Vietnam", online at Federal Bureau of Investigation-Freedom of Information Privacy Act,
http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/clviet.htm; entry for "Clergy and Laity Concerned (CALC)",
in "Glossary", The War Called Peace: The Soviet Peace Offensive. On SANE, see
"Communist Infiltration in the Nuclear Test Ban Movement", May 13, 1960, Box
244:6548 and "Testimony of Dr. Linus Pauling", June and October 1960, Box 244:6549,
in Series IV: Investigative Files, Subseries C: Senate Internal Security Subcommittee
Reports, 1956-1970, Thomas J. Dodd Papers, Archives & Special Collections at the
Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, University of Connecticut Libraries; US Senate, Select
Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities,
Final Report, Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports of Intelligence Agencies and the
Rights of Americans, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976, Book III,
17; Athan Theoharis and John Stuart Cox, The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great
American Inquisition, Temple University, 1988; New York: Bantam Books, 1990, 447.
On the War Resisters League, see "War Resisters' International", War Resisters
International, < a href="http://www.wri-irg.org/wrihist.htm">http://www.wri-
irg.org/wrihist.htm; "About WRL: History", War Resisters League,
http://www.warresisters.org/about_wrl.htm#hist; "War Resisters League: Records,
1923-date", Swarthmore College Peace Collection,
http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG026-050/DG040WRL.html; Sanderson
Beck, "Women for Peace", Literary Works of Sanderson Beck,
http://www.san.beck.org/GPJ28-WomenforPeace.html; "Jessie Wallace Hugham",
Woman a Week Archives, http://www.awomanaweek.com/hughan.html; "Tracy D.
Mygatt & Frances Witherspoon Papers, 1835, 1850, 1909-1973", Swarthmore College
Peace Collection, http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG051-
099/DG089MygWith.html; "A.J. Muste: Papers,1920-1967", Swarthmore College Peace
Collection, http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG026-050/dg050muste.htm;
"Protests of A.J. Muste", Literary Works of Sanderson Beck,
http://www.san.beck.org/WP25-Muste.html; FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)
Records: War Resisters League, 1939-1962, online guide at Marquette University,
http://www.marquette.edu/library/collections/archives/Mss/FBI/mss-fbi-s-9.html; Entry
for "War Resisters League (WRL)" in "Glossary", The War Called Peace: The Soviet
Peace Offensive; "Abraham Johannes Muste", Biographical Sketches of the Left,
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/1777/muste.htm. On the Women's
International League for Peace and Freedom, see see "Women's International League
for Peace and Freedom", Women In American History by Encylopaedia Britannica,
http://search.eb.com/women/articles/Women's_International_League_for_Peace_and_F
reedom.html; "History", Women's International League for Peace and Freedom,
http://www.wilpf.org/section/us%20wilpf.htm ; "Women's International League for
Peace and Freedom Collection (DG043)", Swarthmore College Peace Collection,
http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG026-050/dg043wilpf/; FBI files, "Jane
Addams", online at Federal Bureau of Investigation-Freedom of Information Privacy Act,
http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/addams.htm; J. Edgar Hoover, Masters of Deceit: The Story
of Communism in American and How to Fight It, New York: Pocket Books, Inc., 1961
(New York: Henry Holt, 1958), 220-221; Michael Tremoglie, "Not In Our Name and the
World Wide Terrorism Web", FrontPageMagazine.com,
http://www.frontpagemagazine.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=6722, March 19,
2003.
9
Mooney.
10
"About Global Green: Staff and Board", Global Green USA,
http://www.globalgreen.org/about/staff_board.html.
11
Currie. On Mobilization for Surival, see Powell, 307-310. On Peck and the People's
Coalition for Peace and Justice, see "Hanoi John: Kerry and the Antiwar Movement's
Communist Connections", FreeRepublic.com,
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/1241847/posts; Jerome R. Corsi and Scott
Swett, "John Kerry and the VVAW: Hanoi's American Puppets? Newly discovered
documents link Vietnam Veterans Against the War to Vietnamese communists",
www.wintersoldier.com,
http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/staticpages/index.php?page=puppets, October 26,
2004.
12
Mooney; Currie.
13
Risvold, 31-46, 91-94.
14
On Harkin, see "Harkin, Tom", Current Biography, Bronx, New York: The H. W. Wilson
Company, 1992.
15
John Aloysius Farrell, "With probes, making his mark", June 20, 2003, Part 6 of "John
F. Kerry: Candidate in the Making", The Boston Globe,
http://www.boston.com/globe/nation/packages/kerry/062003.shtml, June 15-21, 2003.
On Iran-Contra, see "Iran-Contra Affair", Wikipeda, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran-
Contra_Affair; Lawrence E. Walsh, Independent Counsel for United States Court of
Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, Final Report of the Independent Counsel for
Iran/Contra Matters, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993, Volume I
online at FAS: Federation of American Scientists, http://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/.
16
Farrell, "With probes, making his mark".
17
Central Intelligence Agency, Soviet Policies and Activities in Latin America and the
Caribbean: Special National Intelligence Estimate (SNIE 11/80/90-82), Washington, DC:
U.S. Government Printing Office, June 25, 1982, 11-13, online at Central Intelligence
Agency Director of Central Intelligence Electronic Reading Room: Special Collections:
Declassified National Intelligence Estimates on the Soviet Union and International
Communism, http://www.foia.cia.gov, NARA # NN3-263-094-007; 02/04/1994.
18
Powell, 223-245.
19
Powell, 22, 35, 226-227, 243, 262.
20
Farrell, "With probes, making his mark"; Ross Gelbspan, Break-Ins, Death Threats and
the FBI: The Covert War Against the Central America Movement, Boston: South End
Press, 1991, 191-193; Peter Dale Scott and Jonathan Marshall, Cocaine Politics: Drugs,
Armies, and the CIA in Central America, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991,
125-164. On the International Center for Development Policy, Letelier, and foreign
intelligence agencies, see Powell, 211-222, 236-238; Scott and Marshall, 149, 246n8.
21
Scott and Marshall, 118-119, 125-164. On the Christic Institute and Quixote Center,
see Quixote Center, http://www.quixote.org/; "The Quixote Complex", Catholic Culture,
http://www.catholicculture.org/docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=2903; Daniel Sheehan,
"Ollie North and the Operation", 1986, online at totse.com,
http://www.totse.com/en/conspiracy/institutional_analysis/oln123ha.html; "Media
Choke on Not-Guilty Finding", AIM Report, September-B 1987, online at Accuracy In
Media, http://www.aim.org/publications/aim_report/1987/09b.html; "AIM Report: Kerry
Subverted Reagan's Pro-Freedom Policies-July A", AIM Report, July 12, 2004, online at
Accuracy In Media, http://www.aim.org/aim_report_print/1786_0_4_0/; "Churches &
Organizations Promoting Liberation Theology", Biographical Sketches of the Left,
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/1777/churclib.htm; FBI files, "Christic
Institute", online at Federal Bureau of Investigation-Freedom of Information Privacy
Act, http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/christic_institute.htm; Gelbspan, 190; Scott and
Marshall, 138, 142-145; cf. Central Intelligence Agency Inspector General, Report of
Investigation: Allegation of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine
Trafficking to the United States (96-0143-IG): Volume II: The Contra Story,
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, October 8, 1998, Appendix D:
"Potential Disinformation and CIA-Contra Drug Allegations", online at Central
Intelligence Agency: Director of Central Intelligence,
http://www.cia.gov/cia/reports/cocaine/index.html.
22
"AIM Report: Kerry Subverted Reagan's Pro-Freedom Policies-July A".
23
The Boston Globe, March 24, 1988, cited in Gelbspan, 193, 247n27. Cf. Scott and
Marshall, 148-152.
24
On Kerry's narcoterrorism investigation, see Farrell, "With probes, making his mark";
Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and
International Operations, Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy, Washington, DC:
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989, body online at The National Security Archive,
http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB113/north06.pdf, selections online at
Pink Noise Studios, http://www.webcom.com/pinknoiz/covert/contracoke.html. On the
Bank of Credit and Commerce International see "Bank of Credit and Commerce
International", Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International; Senator
John Kerry and Senator Hank Brown to United States Senate Committee on Foreign
Relations, The BCCI Affair, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992,
online at FAS: Federation of American Scientists,
http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/.
25
Alfred W. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade,
Brooklyn, New York: Lawrence Hill Books, 1991 (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), xi,
xvii, xx; 478-484; Gelbspan, viii-ix, 191; Scott and Marshall, ix, xv.
26
Mike Sylvester, "Mob Connections: Jack Ruby, Smuggling With and Spying on
Communists, 1938-1958", JFK Lancer: John F. Kennedy Assassination Information,
http://www.jfklancer.com/mobconnections.html; McCoy, 40-41, 74-75, 481; James
Mills, The Underground Empire: Where Crime and Governments Embrace, New York:
Dell Publishing Co., Inc., 1986, 74, 549-551, 554-557, 840-844, 874, 1127-1128, 1132-
1133, 1143, 1146-1148; Stephanie Tepper and William Cran, "Cuba and Cocaine",
Frontline Episode 910, February 5, 1991, transcript online at PBS: Frontline,
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/archive/cubaandcocaine.html;
Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and
International Operations, Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy, 14-34, 62-69
(pdf pages 13-23, 37-40); Thomas A. Constantine to House International Relations
Committee Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, "Drug Control in the Western
Hemisphere", DEA Congressional Testimony, June 6, 1996, online at DEA: U.S. Drug
Enforcement Administration, http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/cngrtest/ct960606.htm.
27
On Monzer Al-Kassar, see Lawrence E. Walsh, Independent Counsel for United States
Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, Final Report of the Independent
Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters: Volume I: Investigations and Prosecutions,
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993, Part V, Chapter 8, online at
FAS: Federation of American Scientists, http://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/; Senator John
Kerry and Senator Hank Brown to United States Senate Committee on Foreign
Relations, The BCCI Affair, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992,
Appendix, online at FAS: Federation of American Scientists,
http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/; John Loftus and Mark Aarons, The
Secret War Against the Jews: How Western Espionage Betrayed the Jewish People, New
York: St. Martin's Griffin,1997 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), 328, 381-488;
Matthew Brunwasser, "Sierra Leone-Gunrunners, May 2002: Gallery of International
Arms Dealers: Monzer Al Kassar: The Prince of Marbella: Arms To All Sides", PBS:
Frontline/World, http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/sierraleone/alkassar.html.
28
On the intelligence community's suspicions of Terrell, see Scott and Marshall, 125-
128, 131-132, 140-147.
29
On Carr, see Mark Henry, "Mercenary Wrote to Hayden About Contra Aid", Los
Angeles Times, December 19, 1986; Michael Fessier, Jr., "An American Contra: The
Confused Life and Mysterious Death of Steven Carr", Los Angeles Times, May 31, 1987;
Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and
International Operations, Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy, 54n98 (pdf page
33); Scott and Marshall, 126, 132, 135, 154-156. On Fonda, see Scott and Marshall,
160.
30
On Garcia, see Fessier; Vince Bielski and Dennis Bernstein, "The dirty dealing in the
underground contra aid network", In These Times, December 10-16, 1986, online at
Flashpoints!, http://www.flashpoints.net/UndergroundContraAN.html; Scott and
Marshall, 132-134, 150.
31
On Avirgan and Honey, see Sheehan; FBI files, "Christic Institute".
32
On Pastora, see Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism,
Narcotics and International Operations, Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy, 41
(pdf file 26); Sheehan; McCoy, 479-482; Scott and Marshall, 8-9, 12-13, 67-68, 105,
109-114.
33
On Morales, see Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism,
Narcotics and International Operations, Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy, 49-
53 (pdf file 30-32); McCoy, 481-482; Scott and Marshall, 111-117.
34
On Hull, see Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism,
Narcotics and International Operations, Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy, 53-
59 (pdf file 32-35); FBI files, "Christic Institute", online at Federal Bureau of
Investigation-Freedom of Information Privacy Act,
http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/christic_institute.htm (see Page 2); "Other Individuals
Named in the Contra Program: John Floyd Hull", Central Intelligence Agency Inspector
General, Report of Investigation: Allegation of Connections Between CIA and the
Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States (96-0143-IG): Volume II: The Contra
Story, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, October 8, 1998, online at
Central Intelligence Agency: Director of Central Intelligence,
http://www.cia.gov/cia/reports/cocaine/index.html. On the Medellin Cartel and Noriega,
see Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and
International Operations, Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy, 85-87 (pdf file
48-49); "Interview: Fernando Arenas", PBS: Frontline: Drug Wars,
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/interviews/arenas.html. On the
Medellin and Cali cartels, see "Inside the $400 Billion Global Business: The Columbian
Cartels", PBS: Frontline: Drug Wars,
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/business/inside/colombian.html
; Scott and Marshall, 79-103.
35
"Other Individuals Named in the Contra Program: John Floyd Hull", Central
Intelligence Agency Inspector General, Report of Investigation: Allegation of
Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States
(96-0143-IG): Volume II: The Contra Story.
36
Central Intelligence Agency Inspector General, Report of Investigation: Allegation of
Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States
(96-0143-IG): Volume II: The Contra Story; "Christic Institute v. Hull", online at
Scarabbean Senior Secret Society,
http://www.geocities.com/knoxvillegreenparty/iran_contra_christic_institute/christictlpj.
html; Bill Davis, "Christic Died For Our Sins", Portland Free Press, November/December
1996, online at The Lighthouse Report,
http://www.redshift.com/~damason/lhreport/articles/cristic.html; Scott and Marshall,
157-159; "Soundbytes: Don't Confuse Me With the Facts", MediaWatch, July 1988,
online at Media Research Center,
http://secure.mediaresearch.org/news/mediawatch/1988/mw19880701nbites.html. Cf.
"Special Reports: Interview: Oliver North", PBS: Frontline: Drug Wars,
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/special/north.html
37
Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and
International Operations, Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy, 39 (pdf page 25).
38
Cf. Paul Houston, "Pilot, Heavily Guarded, Testifies at Hearing: Undercover Drug
Agent Tells of Helping Contras ", Los Angeles Times, April 7, 1988; Scott and Marshall,
165-166. On Palmer and Kalish, see Senate Committee on Foreign Relations,
Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, Drugs, Law
Enforcement and Foreign Policy, 48-49, 126-128, 168 (pdf pages 30, 69-70, 90); Scott
and Marshall, .11, 17, 68-69, 165-166, 200n42, 219n30.
39
Farrell, "With probes, making his mark". On Clifford, see Clark Clifford, Counsel to the
President: A Memoir, with Richard Holbrooke, New York: Random House, 1991;
Douglas Frantz and David McKean, Friends in High Places: The Rise and Fall of Clark
Clifford, Boston: Little, Brown, 1995; Senator John Kerry and Senator Hank Brown to
United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, The BCCI Affair, Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992, Chapter 13, online at FAS: Federation of
American Scientists, http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/.
40
"Timeline: Chronology of U.S-Vietnam Relations", Vietnam: Yesterday and Today,
http://servercc.oakton.edu/~wittman/chronol.htm; John Aloysius Farrell, "Heroism, and
growing concern about war", June 16, 2003, Part 7 of "At the center of power, seeking
the summit", The Boston Globe,
http://www.boston.com/globe/nation/packages/kerry/062103.shtml, June 15-21, 2003;
United States Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs, Report of the Select
Committee on POW/MIA Affairs, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
1993, online at http://www.aiipowmia.com/ssc/.

>41On the VVAW, Cora Weiss, and the Committee of Liaison with Families of
Servicemen Detained in North Vietnam, see FBI files, "American POWs/MIAs in
Southeast Asia", online at Federal Bureau of Investigation-Freedom of Information
Privacy Act, http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/powsmias.htm , esp. Report, "Committee of
Liaison with Families of Servicemen Detained in North Vietnam", February 6, 1973, FBI
HQ 100-457899, Section 26, pdf file 26, 40-65 (esp. 55, 58-63, 65); United States
Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs, Report of the Select Committee on
POW/MIA Affairs, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993, SSC Report
Section XXII: Accounting for Missing Servicemen, online at
http://www.aiipowmia.com/ssc/; Powell, 38-39, 42; "Hanoi John: Kerry and the Antiwar
Movement's Communist Connections", FreeRepublic.com,
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/1241847/posts. On the People's Coalition for
Peace and Justice, see Note 11.
42
Sydney H. Schanberg, "When John Kerry's Courage Went M.I.A.: Senator Covered Up
Evidence of P.O.W.'s Left Behind", The Village Voice, February 24, 2004, online at
http://www.villagevoice.com/issues/0408/schanberg.php.
43
Matt Carroll, "People: Forbes Heads Colliers", in "GTECH Target of Management LBO",
Boston Globe, Aug 10, 1989, Page 56; Steve Brown, "Independent Firms Gain Global
Ability", National Real Estate Investor, Volume 35, Issue 4, April 1993, 98-101; Lowell
Ponte, "Cash-and-Kerry, Part Two", FrontPageMagazine.com,
http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=11940, January 28, 2004;
"Page 2", Vietnam Veterans Against John Kerry,
http://www.vietnamveteransagainstjohnkerry.com/page2.html.
44
Robert Suro, "Chung Makes Deal With Prosecutors", The Washington Post, March 6,
1998, Page A01, online at washingtonpost.com, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
srv/politics/special/campfin/stories/cf030698.htm; Marvin Lee, "Sen. John Kerry Helped
Chinese Penetrate U.S. Stock Market", The Washington Weekly, November 2, 1998,
online at http://users.aol.com/patriot888/yearrat.txt; Ricki Magnussen and Marvin Lee,
"Author: President Knew of Chinese Penetration", The Washington Weekly, May 3,
1999, online at http://www.mega.nu:8080/ampp/china/j82.html; Ponte, "Cash-and-
Kerry, Part Two".
45
Srdja Trifkovic, "Kerry's Balkan Policy May Defeat Him", www.ChroniclesMagazine.org,
http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/News/Trifkovic04/NewsST101404.html, October 14,
2004; Andy Wilcoxson, "Kerry Campaign Financed By Terrorists", http://www.slobodan-
milosevic.org, http://www.slobodan-milosevic.org/news/kerry101804.htm, October 18,
2004; Joseph Farah, "Suspected terror fund-raiser attended event for Kerry: KLA
militant bonded with advisers, reportedly boasted of special favors", WorldNetDaily,
http://worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=41072, October 25, 2004;
FReeper StopDemocratsDotCom, "Investigation: Terrorist Organization linked to Al-
Qaeda funded Kerry Campaign", Post 30 at "Al-Qaida ally attended fund-raiser for
Kerry", FreeRepublic.com, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1255893/posts,
October 25, 2004; Fr. Michael Reilly, "Kerry Campaign Linked to Fund-raiser for Terror
Group", NewsMax.com,
http://www.newsmax.com/archives/ic/2004/10/25/85141.shtml, October 25, 2004.
46
Lowell Ponte, "Cash-and-Kerry", FrontPageMagazine.com,
http://frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=11939, January 27, 2004;
Kenneth R. Timmerman, "John Kerry's Iranian-American Fundraisers", Insight on the
News, http://www.insightmag.com/main.cfm?include=detail&storyid=622667, March 1,
2004; "Who Is Hassan Nemazee? And why does he want John Kerry in the White
House?", CrushKerry.com, http://www.crushkerry.com/article-113--0-0.html, April 23,
2004; Marc Morano, "Top Kerry Donor Faces Iranian Propaganda Allegations",
CNSNews.com,
http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewPolitics.asp?Page=%5CPolitics%5Carchive%5C200410%
5CPOL20041012c.html, October 12, 2004; Jerome Corsi, "John Kerry's Irangate?",
WorldNetDaily, http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=41044,
October 22, 2004.
John Kerry's Fellow Travellers
A 5--part series exposing John Kerry's Communist connections.

Part 5: John Kerry vs. the War on Terror: Candidate

Kerry's Subversive Campaign
By Fedora

*NOTE: The term “fellow traveller" as used in this article series refers to someone who
is not a member of the Communist Party (CP) but regularly engages in actions which
advance the Party's program. Some apparent fellow travellers may actually be
“concealed party members": members of the CP who conceal their membership. Which
of these classifications is applicable to the Kerrys is a question this series leaves
unresolved. This series does not argue for any direct evidence of Richard or John Kerry
or other members of the Kerry family belonging to the CP. What this series does argue
for is a consistent pattern of the Kerry family working with Communists and Communist
fellow travellers in a way that advances the Communist program.

Introduction

Part 4 of this series, “Subversion in the Senate", continued the story of Kerry's
collaboration with Communists beyond his VVAW days into his Senate career. This final
article concludes with an examination of how even today Communists collaborate with
Kerry's Presidential campaign.

Kerry's Attack Dogs

At the forefront of Kerry's campaigns since 1984 have been a group of veteran
supporters Kerry currently calls his “Band of Brothers", centered around a group known
as “The Doghunters" who heckle Kerry's opponents. The Doghunters got their name
after James Shannon, a politician running against Kerry, used the phrase, “That dog
won't hunt" in the process of accusing Kerry of flip--flopping on Vietnam, after which
Kerry's supporters publicly harassed Shannon at every opportunity.1 Kerry's Dog
Hunters have been led by Kerry's old Vietnam Veterans Against the War ally Chris
Gregory, who helped Kerry start the Massachusetts branch of the VVAW.2 Another old
VVAW member who has regularly aided Kerry's campaigns is Joe Bangert, who
frequently travels to Vietnam.3 VVAW member Scott Camil, who proposed assassinating
pro--war politicians in 1971, has also lent his support to Kerry's 2004 campaign, most
recently expressing “outrage" at an anti--Kerry movie.4 Kerry's campaign is supported
by numerous other old VVAW allies.5

The Brains Behind the Plan

If the VVAW's Doghunters provide the “muscle" for Kerry's campaign, the campaign's
“brain" is provided by a group of advisors with a left--wing foreign policy orientation.
In May 2003 Kerry's foreign policy team was joined by Rand Beers, a career diplomat
who had been appointed to senior positions in the National Security Council and State
Department by Clinton and had stayed on into the Bush administration before suddenly
resigning on the eve of the war in Iraq.6 Beers helped Kerry pull together the nucleus of
his foreign policy team.7

A key member of Kerry's team in its early stages was Gary Hart, Kerry's longtime liberal
Senate ally. Like Kerry's VVAW, Hart had supported George McGovern's 1972
Presidential campaign and was linked to the Institute for Policy Studies and the IPS--
associated Arms Control and Foreign Policy Caucus (ACFPC). More recently he had
cochaired the Hart--Rudman Commission, a Clinton administration review of national
security and counterterrorism which echoed Clinton's policies.8 Another early member of
Kerry's foreign policy team was former Clinton Secretary of Defense William Perry, who
had stirred controversy by negotiating the transfer of US military technology to China.9
A third early member of Kerry's foreign policy team was Richard Morningstar, a
diplomat from the Clinton State Department. From 1995 to 1998 Morningstar had
coordinated aid to the former Soviet Union, and in this capacity he had suppressed
reports of US aid being diverted to fund the Russian military. Later Morningstar--a
former Senior Vice President of the Overseas Private Investment Corporations (OPIC)---
-had advised Clinton on Caspian energy policy, a subject related to OPIC development
of a major oil pipeline then being built from Turkey through Georgia to Azerbaijan, the
Baku--Tbilisi--Ceyhan (BTC) Pipeline.10

As Kerry emerged from the primaries as the leading Democratic candidate, his team
attracted other prominent liberal foreign policy leaders. One was former New York
Times correspondent Leslie Gelb, a longtime ally of the KGB--linked Institute for Policy
Studies, who is suspected of helping leak the Pentagon Papers, and is currently
President Emeritus of the influential left--wing think tank the Council on Foreign
Relations (CFR).11 Also advising Kerry's team was Zbigniew Brzezinski, cofounder of the
socialistic foreign policy think tank the Trilateral Commission (TLC). As National Security
Advisor to the Carter administration, Brzezinski had promoted a shift in foreign policy
emphasis from containing Communism to promoting “human rights", which became a
pretext for promoting socialism abroad. More recently Brzezinski has served as Clinton's
emissary to Azerbaijan to promote the BTC Pipeline project.12 Also prominent on Kerry's
team were top Clinton administration foreign policy figures, notably former UN
ambassador and Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, a student of Brzezinski's, who
implemented Clinton's disastrous policies towards the former Soviet bloc, China, and the
Axis of Evil during the years leading up to 9/11;13 former UN ambassador Richard
Holbrooke, who handled Clinton's Kosovo policy and has met on the Kerry campaign's
behalf with representatives of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), an Albanian militant
group linked to Al Qaeda and Iranian terrorists;14 and former National Security Advisor
Sandy Berger, who had been intimately involved in Clinton's counterterrorist policies in
the years leading up to 9/11, and who withdrew from the Kerry campaign after he
came under investigation for stealing classified documents about Clinton's
counterterrorist policies prior to testifying before the 9/11 Commission.15

As Kerry's campaign progressed, his foreign policy team gravitated increasingly towards
the Alliance for American Leadership, an antiwar--oriented foreign policy center headed
by former Clinton ambassador to Morocco Marc Ginsberg. While serving as ambassador,
Ginsberg had coordinated new US trade and investment initiatives in the Middle East,
including the OPIC Investment Fund. Now as a private citizen Ginsberg consulted for
companies doing business in the Middle East.16

In spring 2003 Kerry's foreign policy team was joined by an associate of Ginsberg's who
shared his interests in Middle Eastern business, former ambassador Joseph Wilson.
After his diplomatic career Wilson had begun consulting for companies doing business
in Africa and the Middle East, especially Turkey. His wife, who worked for the CIA, had
recruited him to investigate a report of Iraq seeking uranium from Niger. After
investigating this report on behalf of the CIA, Wilson joined Kerry's campaign and
accused the Bush administration of misleading the public about Iraq seeking uranium in
Africa. Wilson publicized his charges and antiwar views with the aid of Communist--
friendly publications such as The Nation and Communist--linked groups such as the
Education for Peace in Iraq Center, the MoveOn.org affiliate Win Without War, and
Secure America. After a Senate investigation exposed Wilson's charges as untruthful,
Kerry's website removed hyperlink references to Wilson, though Wilson claimed he
remained an advisor to the campaign.17

Follow the Money

If Kerry's foreign policy team is part of the brains of his campaign, the heart of his
campaign is the flow of money that sustains it. Kerry's funding flows from two main
sources, overt and covert.18

On the overt side of the equation, Kerry's top career patron is Harvard University, which
is joined among Kerry's top 10 patrons by the University of California. Part 1 of this
series, “John Kerry's Red Roots", traced the roots of the Kerry family's left--wing foreign
policy views to a network of Communist fellow travellers centered around liberal
lawyers at Harvard Law School.19 The University of California, birthplace of the Free
Speech Movement, has a similar network.20

Kerry's second leading career patron is telecommunications giant Time--Warner. Time--

Warner is the parent company of CNN, founded by Ted Turner, who shares the left--
wing political orientation of his ex--wife Jane Fonda. Turner imparted CNN a liberal spin
which eventually became so blatant that it provoked the emergence of a rival network
oriented at conservative viewers, FOX.21

Alongside Time--Warner among Kerry's top 10 career patrons are several law firms
representing major clients in the telecommunications industry, in which Kerry and his
wife hold an estimated $17.6 million to $47.1 million in combined assets, representing
approximately 7% to 11% of their total assets. Chief among the telecommunications--
linked firms supporting Kerry is his third leading career patron, Mintz, Levin, Cohn,
Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, which Kerry's brother Cameron has belonged to since 1983
and which has financed Kerry's career since then. Kerry sits on the Senate's Commerce,
Science and Transportation Committee, which oversees the Federal Communications
Commission, and he has lobbied the FCC frequently on behalf of the
telecommunications industry.22
Kerry's top 10 career patrons also include three leading financial firms, Citigroup,
FleetBoston Financial Corporation, and Goldman Sachs Group. All three were implicated
in the Enron scandal.23

On the covert side, Kerry's campaign has evaded the soft--money restrictions of the
McCain--Feingold Act through the indirect support of billionaire George Soros, who has
funneled attacks on the Bush campaign and especially Bush's Iraq policy through a
“shadow party" consisting of a series of political action committees led by
MoveOn.org.24 It is striking that like so many of Kerry's advisors, Soros' business and
political interests encompass, among other things, OPIC, the BTC Pipeline, and the oil--
rich countries in the Caucasus area of the former Soviet Union.25

MoveOn.org also receives money funneled from the Tides Foundation, a charity linked
to Kerry's wife Teresa Heinz Kerry. Tides finances numerous left--wing groups, and in
turn receives funding from two key financiers of the Institute for Policy Studies, the
Stern Family Fund and the Samuel Rubin Foundation. The latter is linked to old VVAW
allies Peter Weiss and Cora Rubin Weiss, and is named after Cora's father, Fabergé, Inc.
millionaire Samuel Rubin. Rubin was a friend and business associate of Armand
Hammer, who was a key financial conduit for Soviet funding of the US Communist Party
from the 1920s on.26 Hammer's former company Occidental Petroleum has been one of
the leading US companies to venture into the Caucasus oil market George Soros now
seeks to penetrate.27 Occidental recently acquired Enron's former shares in a joint oil
venture with TotalFinaElf,28 a major French recipient of Saddam Hussein's Oil--for--Food
voucher bribes.29

Kerry's Plan

If Kerry's silent partners succeed in getting him elected, what is Kerry's plan for foreign
policy? Kerry has told us repeatedly that “I have a plan", but the details of what his
plan are remain elusive because his public statements on foreign policy are a series of
flip--flops. Still, behind Kerry's evasive rhetoric, his intentions are clear enough.30

Part 1 of this series examined the relationship between Kerry's foreign policy orientation
and his father Richard's. Richard Kerry favored a foreign policy centered around the UN
rather than US national interests, and----following US diplomat Dean Acheson and
French politician Jean Monnet----he viewed US relations with NATO and the EU as
crucial to achieving a UN--centered world order. In this context, he saw the Soviet
threat as primarily a political threat to Europe rather than a military or ideological threat
to global capitalism and democracy. Accordingly, he advocated that NATO and
European unification should be higher priorities for US foreign policy than containing or
rolling back Communism. He characterized anti--Communists' ideological opposition to
the Soviet Union as an oversimplified “either/or" dualism, and advocated instead what
in his eyes was a more sophisticated relativism. As he put it, “Casting issues in the form
of polar choices (for example: isolationism vs. interventionism) readily leads to the
conclusion that if one is wrong, the other must be right. In a more relative view of the
issue, both are likely to be wrong." Arguing on similar grounds, he opposed US anti--
Communist intervention in Vietnam and Nicaragua.31
John Kerry echoed his father's opposition to US intervention in Vietnam and Nicaragua,
and today he applies his father's line of argument to the War on Terror. Throughout his
campaign, Kerry has opposed President Bush for allegedly “going it alone" in Iraq,
which translates into criticizing Bush for not subordinating US sovereignty to UN
Security Council members France, Russia, and China. Kerry's solution to the problems of
postwar Iraq would be to turn Iraq reconstruction over to the UN. Kerry alluded to his
plan on this issue during his first debate with President Bush, “The United Nations, Kofi
Annan offered help after Baghdad fell. And we never picked him up on that and did
what was necessary to transfer authority and to transfer reconstruction. It was always
American--run."32 Left unaddressed by Kerry is the fact that any UN--sanctioned
government in Iraq would be attacked as illegitimate by Iranian--backed Iraqi Shiite
opposition groups, which in turn relates to the unresolved issue of the growing nuclear
crisis in Iran.33

Kerry's proposal for resolving the Iran crisis is similar to his proposal for Iraq. Kerry has
criticized the Bush administration for unilaterally imposing sanctions on Iran and has
argued that the US should follow Europe's lead by providing Iran with nuclear fuel in
exchange for a promise that Iran will only use its nuclear program for peaceful
purposes: “I first want to say something about those sanctions on Iran. Only the United
States put the sanctions on alone, and that's exactly what I'm talking about. In order
for the sanctions to be effective, we should have been working with the British, French
and Germans and other countries. And that's the difference between the president and
me. . .With respect to Iran, the British, French, and Germans were the ones who
initiated an effort without the United States, regrettably, to begin to try to move to curb
the nuclear possibilities in Iran. I believe we could have done better. I think the United
States should have offered the opportunity to provide the nuclear fuel, test them, see
whether or not they were actually looking for it for peaceful purposes."34 In proposing
this Kerry echoes the goals of the Iranian government as represented by one of his
campaign's major financial contributors, Iranian--American businessman Hassan
Nemazee, who has lobbied for normalization of US relations with Iran and has raised
over half a million dollars for Kerry's campaign.35 Iran's strategic plan----shared with Al
Qaeda----is to use nuclear and terrorist threats to drive US influence from the Middle
East and Muslim--populated areas of the former Soviet Union, particularly from the oil--
rich, strategically--vital regions of the Persian Gulf and the Caucasus.36

Extending his appeasement plan to another front of the War on Terror, Kerry has
criticized President Bush for bringing North Korea's neighbors into disarmament
negotiations, and has advocated a return to the Clinton administration's policy of
bilateral talks between the US and North Korea: “I want bilateral talks which put all of
the issues, from the armistice of 1952, the economic issues, the human rights issues,
the artillery disposal issues, the DMZ issues and the nuclear issues on the table." To this
President Bush responded, “The minute we have bilateral talks, the six--party talks will
unwind. That's exactly what Kim Jong Il wants."37 President Bush may have added that
this was also exactly what China wanted until the US----backed by an impressive show
of force in Iraq and by the prospect of a rearmed Japan----convinced China that
supporting multilateral talks with North Korea was in its best interests.38 Kerry's plan
would be to retreat from this position of strength into the Clintonian appeasement
policy that enabled the growth of North Korean belligerence in the first place. Kerry's
position on this issue also retreats from his self--professed opposition to the US “going
it alone", raising the question of whether his public rhetoric about his plan conceals a
more covert plan with a hidden agenda----or perhaps a not--so--hidden agenda, since
in every case Kerry's policies seem to align with the policies of America's enemies.

Brownshirt Tactics

To make his plan a reality, Kerry and his supporters have demonstrated a willingness to
use any means necessary, including the totalitarian tactics associated with the Soviet
Bolsheviks and the Nazi Brownshirts.

As early as January 6, 2003, the Democratic National Committee was circulating a

memo planning a media attack strategy which would include “[c]laiming the Bush
administration has ‘manufactured' evidence against Saddam Hussein and used that
evidence to encourage Britain and other allies to join the American fight against Iraq."39
Taking the lead in implementing this strategy was Kerry campaign foreign policy advisor
Joseph Wilson, who charged that when Bush's 2003 State of the Union address
buttressed the administration's case for war by mentioning Iraq seeking uranium from
Africa, the President was knowingly relying on forged documents about Iraq seeking
uranium from Niger. Wilson's charges were later discredited by an official
investigation,40 but despite this, Kerry continued to echo them for the duration of his
campaign. Kerry alluded to Wilson's discredited charges during his first debate with
President Bush when he accused the President of “not telling the truth about Iraq" by
charging, “First of all, we all know that in his state of the union message, he told
Congress about nuclear materials that didn't exist."41

In this case and numerous other instances, Kerry's campaign has been aided by media
complicity in allowing his lies to go unchallenged. In one notorious example, Kerry
supporters and CBS coordinated the use of forged documents to attack President Bush's
military service.42 Meanwhile, the major media collectively suppressed criticisms of
Kerry's military service and antiwar activity backed up by official military records posted
on Kerry's own website and by 20,000 pages of FBI files.43

Beyond disseminating propaganda through the media, the Kerry campaign has actively
censored anti--Kerry publicity. For instance, Kerry supporters, led by VVAW veterans,
used threats of lawsuits and violence to try to coerce theaters and television stations
into cancelling scheduled showings of an anti--Kerry film, Stolen Honor. A witness at
one theater reported that “One 'vet for Kerry' was getting in the faces of many of the
Bush supporters, and had to be separated by the police more than once."44

The Kerry campaign's undemocratic tactics also include vote fraud. In the 2000 election
battleground state of Florida, thousands of out--of--state voters have registered
illegally, and on their heels the Democratic Party has pre--emptively sent 10,000
lawyers to frivolously challenge election results.45 In another key swing state,
Wisconsin, Democrat--dominated local officials have allowed voters to register from
addresses which are known to have no occupants.46

If the Kerry campaign cannot steal the election by vote fraud, it has demonstrated a
willingness to appeal to force, the ultimate tactic of Marxist strategy. Already from
around the country there have been reports of Bush signs being stolen from owners'
lawns, break--ins and even shootings at Bush campaign headquarters, and harassment
and violence directed at early voters leaving polls.47 We can only expect such incidents
to increase as Election Day approaches.

Conclusion

Kerry's undemocratic campaign and career record of supporting America's enemies

demonstrates that he is not only unfit for command: he is one of the worst traitors in
US history, and one of the greatest threats this country has ever faced. He must not be
allowed to become Commander--in--Chief of the US military. He must not be elected--
and only you can stop him. Get out the vote on November 2.

Notes
1
Douglas Brinkley, Tour of Duty: John Kerry and the Vietnam War, New York: William
Morrow, 2004, 438--440, 444; Brian C. Mooney, “Taking one prize, then a bigger one",
June 19, 2003, Part 5 of “John F. Kerry: Candidate in the Making", The Boston Globe,
http://www.boston.com/globe/nation/packages/kerry/061903.shtml, June 15--21, 2003;
Dale Russakoff with Lucy Shackelford and Madonna Lebling, “Discipline and Ambition
Overcame First Defeat", part of “John Kerry: A Political Life", The Washington Post, July
25, 2004, Page A01, online at washingtonpost.com,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp--dyn/articles/A10637--2004Jul24.html (see
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp--dyn/articles/A10637--2004Jul24_5.html); Michael
Crowley, “The Kerry Tribes: The seven factions fighting for control of his campaign and
his presidency.", MSN.com, http://slate.msn.com/id/2098894/, April 15, 2004.
2
Christopher Gregory, interview, conducted by Lenore Fenn, Lexington Oral History
Projects, Inc., http://www.lexingtonbattlegreen1971.com/files/Gregory,%20Chris.pdf,
March 14, 1995; Bestor Cram, interview, conducted by Norma McGavern--Norland,
Lexington Oral History Projects, Inc.,
http://www.lexingtonbattlegreen1971.com/files/Cram,%20Bestor.pdf, June 19, 1992;
Memo and attachments, Boston FBI office Special Agent in Charge to FBI Director,
subject deleted, February 28, 1972, FBI HQ 100--448092, Section 14, online at
www.wintersolider.com, http://ice.he.net/~freepnet/kerry/index.php?topic=VVAWFBI,
pdf file HQ 100--448092 Section 14, 103--108 (esp. 80--84); Gerald Nicosia, Home to
War: A History of the Vietnam Veterans' Movement, New York: Crown Publishers, 2001,
72; Brinkley, 382, 438--440, 444, 463; Crowley.
3
See Bangert's testimony in “1st Marine Division", Winter Soldier Investigation:
Testimony given in Detroit, Michigan on January 31, 1971, February 1 and 2, 1971,
online at The Sixties Project,
http://lists.village.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Primary/Winter_Soldier/WS
_03_1Marine.html; Joe Bangert, "'Hanoi Jane' and 'Thanh Phong Bob'", The Veteran,
Volume 31, Number 1, 2001, online at VVAW: Vietnam Veterans Against the War,
http://www.vvaw.org/veteran/article/?id=84&hilite=Joe+Bangert; Caption to photo by
Joe Runci from Part 5 of “John F. Kerry: Candidate in the Making", The Boston Globe,
http://www.boston.com/globe/nation/packages/kerry/images/day5/04.htm, June 15--
21, 2003; Valerie Schumacher, "Valerie Schumacher's Trip to Vietnam: February, 1994",
Vietnam Veterans Home Page, http://grunt.space.swri.edu/valstrip.htm; "Ewan MacColl:
Comments, Cheers & Critiques", Peggy Seeger,
http://www.pegseeger.com/html/ewancheers.html; "The Sound of the City: The Show
at Joe's Pub: Reviews", Village Voice , March 5 -- 11, 2003, online at Vietnam
Songbook, http://www.vietnamsongbook.org/show_press.htm; Debi Boucher Stetson,
"Brewster vet helps drive Kerry political engine", TownOnline.com----The Cape Codder,
http://www.townonline.com/brewster/news/local_regional/cc_newcabangert01302004.
htm, January 30, 2004; Steve Gilbert, "One Of Kerry's Band Of Brothers -- Joe Bangert",
The American Thinker, http://www.americanthinker.com/articles.php?article_id=3782,
August 25th, 2004; Joseph Farah, "Kerry vet aide's extremist history: Joe Bangert lived
in Hanoi, revered Ho Chi Minh", WorldNetDaily,
http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=40304, September 7,
2004; "Joe Bangert", Combat Vets Against Kerry,
http://www.combatvetsagainstkerry.com/bangert.htm; Doug Fraser, “Brewster man
cries foul over anti--Kerry movie", Cape Cod Times,
http://www.capecodonline.com/cctimes/brewsterman21.htm, October 21, 2004.
4
Fraser.
5
"Kerry Camp 2004: Know the Players", Swift Vets and POWs for Truth,
http://www2.swiftvets.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=12535, October 11, 2004.
6
On Beers, see Cullen F. Thomas, “Beers, Rand", Current Biography, Volume 65, Issue
10, October 2004, 6; “Rand Beers: Assistant Secretary for International Narcotics and
Law Enforcement Affairs", U.S. Department of State,
http://www.state.gov/www/about_state/biography/beers.html.
7
"John Kerry's Campaign Staff and Advisers", The Progresssive Government,
http://www.progressivegovernment.org/PresidentialCampaign/kerrystaff.cfm, archived
at FReeper mtrott, “Drudge: Mystery Woman Dated Campaign Finance Chief",
FreeRepublic.com, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f--news/1079203/posts,
February 16, 2004, Post 40; Laura Flanders, "Not Quite a Dream Team",
TomPaine.com, http://www.tompaine.com/feature2.cfm/ID/9966, February 17, 2004;
Crowley; Laura Blumenfeld, “Former Aide Takes Aim at War on Terror", The
Washington Post, June 16, 2003, Page A01, online at washingtonpost.com,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp--dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A62941--
2003Jun15&notFound=true; Bernard Gwertzman, “Beers: Kerry Would Restore Alliance,
Stress Diplomacy if Elected President", Council on Foreign Relations,
http://www.cfr.org/pub7237/bernard_gwertzman_rand_beers/beers_kerry_would_resto
re_alliances_stress_diplomacy_if_elected_president.php, August 5, 2004; Ronald
Brownstein, “Kerry is shaping his foreign policy: His network of experts spans a range
of opinions", deseretnews.com,
http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,595055360,00.html, April 11, 2004.
8
On Hart, see “Hart, Gary", Current Biography, Bronx, New York: The H. W. Wilson
Company, 1976; “Hart, Gary Warren (1936--)", Biographical Directory of the United
States Congress, http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000287;
Gary Hart, The Good Fight: The Education of an American Reformer, New York:
Random House, 1993; Gary Hart, The Fourth Power: A Grand Strategy for the United
States in the Twenty--First Century, New York: Oxford University Press, 2004; "U.S.
Commission on National Security/21st Century / Hart--Rudman Commission",
Disinfopedia,
http://www.disinfopedia.org/wiki.phtml?title=U.S._Commission_on_National_Security/2
1st_Century_/_Hart--Rudman_Commission; Andrew F. Krepinevich, Michael G. Vickers,
and Steven M. Kosiak, "Hart--Rudman Commission Report----A Critique", April 19, 2000,
online at CSBA Online: Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments,
http://www.csbaonline.org/4Publications/Archive/B.20000419.Hart--
Rudman_Commis/B.20000419.Hart--Rudman_Commis.htm; Powell, 249--250, 258, 269,
389.
9
On Perry, see “Perry, William J.", Current Biography, Bronx, New York: The H. W.
Wilson Company, 1995; “William J. Perry", United States Department of Defense,
http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/perry.htm; FReeper Alamo--
Girl, “Behind the Treason Allegations: William Perry", Downside Legacy at Two Degrees
of Bill Clinton, http://www.alamo--girl.com/0231.htm, September 17, 2000.
10
On Morningstar, see “Kennedy School of Government Faculty: Profile: Richard L.
Morningstar", Harvard University John F. Kennedy School of Government,
http://ksgfaculty.harvard.edu/richard_morningstar. On Morningstar and Russia, see J.
Michael Waller, “U.S. Aid Is Funding Russian Weapons", Insight on the News,
http://www.insightmag.com/news/2001/01/29/InvestigativeReport/U.Aid.Is.Funding.Ru
ssian.Weapons--210848.shtml, January 29, 2001. On OPIC and the BTC Pipeline, see
“Baku--Tbilisi--Ceyhan Pipeline", Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku--Tbilisi--
Ceyhan_Pipeline; Pepe Escobar, “Silk Road Roving Part 12b: Pipelinestan Revisited",
Asia Times Online, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/EL25Ag02.html,
December 25, 2003; Seymour Khalilov and Michael Lally, "Azerbaijani Oil and Gas sector
prospects grow", BISNIS Bulletin, August/September 2001, online at BISNIS: Business
Information Service for the Newly Independent States,
http://www.bisnis.doc.gov/BISNIS/BULLETIN/8--9--01bull4.htm; "OPIC Provides $100
Million in Insurance for Loans to Caspian Pipeline Project", The Embassy of the United
States of America, Ankara----Turkey, http://ankara.usembassy.gov/opic.htm, February
4, 2004.
11
On Gelb, see “Leslie H. Gelb: President Emeritus, Council on Foreign Relations",
Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/bio.php?id=3325; S. Steven Powell,
Covert Cadre: Inside the Institute for Policy Studies, introduction by David Horowitz,
Ottawa, Illinois: Green Hill Publishers, Inc., 1987, 24, 47--48, 53, 90, 98, 103; Tom
Wells, Wild Man: The Life and Times of Daniel Ellsberg, New York: Palgrave, 2001, 461-
-462.
12
On Brzezinski, see “Zbigniew Brzezinski", Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski; Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and
Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor, 1977--1981, New York: Farrar,
Straus, Giroux, 1983; Powell, 223--224.
13
On Albright, see “Albright, Madeleine Korbel", Current Biography, Bronx, New York:
The H. W. Wilson Company, 2000; Madeleine Albright with Bill Woodward, Madam
Secretary, New York: Miramax Books, 2003; Rich Lowry, Legacy: Paying the Price for
the Clinton Years, Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2003, 215--334.
14
On Holbrooke, see “Holbrooke, Richard", Current Biography, Bronx, New York: The H.
W. Wilson Company, 1998; “Online Backgrounders: Richard C. Holbrooke: Former
Assistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian Affairs", Online NewsHour,
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/bio/holbrooke_bio.html; Sunil Sharma, “200,000
Skeletons in Richard Holbrooke's Closet", Z Communications,
http://www.zmag.org/CrisesCurEvts/sunil.htm, March 22, 1999; “Richard Holbrooke:
The Balkans' Bulldozer", BBC,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/kosovo/190803.stm, March 24, 1999;
Gary Dempsey, “An Accomplice to War in Kosovo?", Cato Institute,
http://www.cato.org/dailys/8--05--98.html, August 5, 1998; “Secret diner in
Washington: Holbrooke and Thaqui planned terror", BLIC Online in English,
http://www.blic.co.yu/arhiva/2004--03--25/E--Index.htm, March 25, 2004. On Kerry's
campaign and the KLA, cf. Srdja Trifkovic, “Kerry's Balkan Policy May Defeat Him",
www.ChroniclesMagazine.org,
http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/News/Trifkovic04/NewsST101404.html, October 14,
2004; Andy Wilcoxson, “Kerry Campaign Financed By Terrorists", http://www.slobodan-
-milosevic.org, http://www.slobodan--milosevic.org/news/kerry101804.htm, October 18,
2004; Joseph Farah, “Suspected terror fund--raiser attended event for Kerry: KLA
militant bonded with advisers, reportedly boasted of special favors", WorldNetDaily,
http://worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=41072, October 25, 2004;
FReeper StopDemocratsDotCom, “Investigation: Terrorist Organization linked to Al--
Qaeda funded Kerry Campaign", Post 30 at “Al--Qaida ally attended fund--raiser for
Kerry", FreeRepublic.com, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f--news/1255893/posts,
October 25, 2004; Fr. Michael Reilly, “Kerry Campaign Linked to Fund--raiser for Terror
Group", NewsMax.com,
http://www.newsmax.com/archives/ic/2004/10/25/85141.shtml, October 25, 2004.
15
On Berger, see “Sandy Berger", Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Berger;
“Biography of Samuel R. Berger", National Security Council,
http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/NSC/html/bergerbio.html; Susan Schmidt, “Berger
Quits as an Adviser to Kerry: Ex--Clinton Aide Facing Inquiry Over Papers",The
Washington Post, July 21, 2004, Page A01, online at washingtonpost.com,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp--dyn/articles/A64379--2004Jul20.html.
16
Brownstein. On Ginsberg, see “Marc Ginsberg: Former U.S. Ambassador to Morocco",
GTN: Greater Talent Network, Inc., http://www.greatertalent.com/bios/ginsberg.shtml;
“Marc Ginsberg", APCO Worldwide,
http://www.apcoworldwide.com/content/bios/ginsberg.cfm.
17
On Wilson and the Kerry campaign, see "Diplomat's ‘outrage' finds political outlet",
The Boston Herald, October 25, 2003, archived at FreeRepublic.com,
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f--news/1007776/posts; Joseph Curl, “Spouse of
outed CIA officer signs on with Kerry", The Washington Times,
http://www.washtimes.com/national/20040214--120835--4661r.htm, February 14,
2004; Ambassador Joseph Wilson, The Politics of Truth: Inside the Lies that Led to War
and Betrayed My Wife's CIA Identity: A Diplomat's Memoir, New York: Carroll & Graf
Publishers, 2004, 410--411, 442; Jeff Gannon, “Kerry Dumps Joe Wilson From
Campaign Team", Talon News,
http://www.talonnews.com/news/2004/july/0727_kerry_dumps_wilson.shtml, July 27,
2004; Robert B. Bluey, “Joe Wilson Says Kerry Hasn't Asked Him to Resign",
CNSNews.com,
http://www.cnsnews.com//ViewPolitics.asp?Page=\Politics\archive\200407\POL2004072
9a.html, July 29, 2004; John Armor, “Joseph Wilson Disappears Down the Memory
Hole", ChronWatch,
http://www.chronwatch.com/content/contentDisplay.asp?aid=8793, August 1, 2004. On
Wilson's left--wing connections, see Joseph Wilson, “Republic or Empire?", The Nation,
March 3, 2003, online at
http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml%3Fi=20030303&s=wilson; Ambassador Joseph
C. Wilson, IV, "The Iraq Forum: Informing Iraq Advocates Since 1998: The 2003 Iraq
Forum: June 14, 2003, Washington, DC: Evening Public Lecture: A State of the
Movement Address: Evening Keynote Lecture", audio online at EPIC: Education for
Peace in Iraq Center, http://www.epic--usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=68&showlogin=1;
“Avoiding Joseph Wilson's Liberal Bent", Times Watch,
http://www.timeswatch.org/articles/2003/1006.asp, October 6, 2003; Vincent Fiore,
“The ‘Confusion' of Joseph Wilson: Wilson outed by Senate investigation",
CommonConservative.com, http://commonconservative.com/fiore/fiore012.html, August
1, 2004; “About Secure America's Advisers", Secure America,
http://www.secureamerica.us/html/about_advisers.html. On Wilson's charges against
the Bush administration see RNC Research Briefings, “The Facts Keep ‘Dribbling' on
Wilson's Parade", GOP.com, http://www.rnc.org/RNCResearch/Read.aspx?ID=4497,
August 2, 2004; FReeper Fedora, “What Wilson Didn't Say About Africa: Joseph Wilson's
Silent Partners", FreeRepublic.com,
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/1256475/posts, October 25, 2004.
18
“The Buying of the President 2004: Senator John F. Kerry: Career Patrons", The
Center for Public Integrity,
http://www.publicintegrity.org/bop2004/candidate.aspx?cid=4&act=cp; Alex Knott,
“Who Gives the Most Money: Financial corporations and law firms dominate Career
Patrons list", The Center for Public Integrity,
http://www.publicintegrity.org/bop2004/report.aspx?aid=168, February 13, 2004.
19
FReeper Fedora, “John Kerry's Fellow Travellers: Part 1: John Kerry's Red Roots:
Richard Kerry's Left--Wing Legacy", FreeRepublic.com,
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f--news/1198744/posts. Cf. James G. Hershberg,
James B. Conant: Harvard to Hiroshima and the Making of the Nuclear Age, New York:
Alfred A. Knopf, 1993; Eleanor Kerlow, Poisoned Ivy: How Egos, Ideology, and Power
Politics Almost Ruined Harvard Law School, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994.
20
See California Legislature, Eleventh Report of the Senate Fact--Finding Subcommittee
on Un--American Activities, 1961, online at Online Archive of California,
http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt396n99b3/; Jerome C. Byrne, Report on the University
of California and Recommendations to the Special Committee of the Regents of the
University of California, Berkeley: University of California, 1965; FBI files, “Edmund
Gerald ‘Pat' Brown", online at Federal Bureau of Investigation--Freedom of Information
Privacy Act, http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/patbrown.htm.
21
"Time Warner", Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner; "Cable News
Network", Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN; "Ted Turner", Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Turner; Jim Burns, “'Commie Dictator' Castro Inspired
CNN, Ted Turner Admits", NewsMax.com,
http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2001/11/29/161828.shtml, November 30,
2001; Reed Irvine and Cliff Kincaid, “Ted Turner's Private Foreign Policy", Accuracy In
Media , http://www.aim.org/media_monitor/A1053_0_2_0_C/, March 7, 2001;
“Campaign 2000 Media Reality Check: CNN News Labeling and Questions At Republican
and Democratic National Conventions, 1988--1996", Media Research Center,
http://www.mrc.org/campaign/00/cnn.asp; Marc Morano, “Whistleblower Denounces
ABC's Marxist Bias, CNN's Propaganda for Saddam", NewsMax.com,
http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2003/5/1/160050.shtml, May 1, 2003;
Bernard Goldberg, Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News,
Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2001.
22
"Biography: Cameron F. Kerry", Mintz Levin: Mintz Levin Cohn Ferris Glovsky and
Popeo, http://www.mintz.com/about/directory/biography/262/Cameron_F_Kerry/; M.
Asif Ismail, “Kerry Carries Water for Top Donor", The Center for Public Integrity,
http://www.bop2004.org/bop2004/report.aspx?aid=4, May 7, 2003; “Bush and Kerry
fundraisers: What have they gotten, and what do they want? The John Kerry Telecom
Fundraisers", Common Cause,
http://www.commoncause.org/site/pp.asp?c=dkLNK1MQIwG&b=196565; Jonathan
Groner, “The Lawyers in John Kerry's Corner: Clinton--era DOJ, NSC veterans among
those offering advice to the would--be president", Legal Times, February 12, 2004,
Law.com, http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1076428305204; Robert Cohen,
“Kerry and Monsanto: Sleeps With Wolves", NOTmilk, February 2, 2004, online at
mindfully.org, http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/2004/Kerry--Monsanto--
Notmilk2feb04.htm.
23
"Enron Corporation", Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron; “Q&A: Banks in
trouble over Enron", BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2148534.stmThe Wall
Street Journal, July 22, 2002, archived online at Enron Stuff,
http://bodurtha.georgetown.edu/enron/Citigroup%20Deals%20Helped%20Enron%20T
o%20Disguise%20Its%20Debts%20as%20Trades.htm; Citigroup, Inc., “Enron and
Structured Finance: Citigroup Statement on Enron Settlements with the SEC, Federal
Reserve, OCC, and Manhattan DA", Citigroup,
http://www.citigroup.com/citigroup/citizen/structuredfinance/030728a.htm, July 28,
2003; “How Did Goldman Sachs Defraud Investors?", SecuritiesFraudFYI.com,
http://www.securitiesfraudfyi.com/goldman_sachs.html; Josh Friedman, “US:
FleetBoston, BofA To Pay $675 Million", CorpWatch,
http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=10389, March 16, 2004; Democrats Hush Up
Rubin's Enron Scandal", NewsMax.com,
http://www.newsmax.com/scripts/showinside.pl?a=2002/7/25/165627, July 25, 2002;
John Berlau, “Double Standard?", Insight on the News,
http://www.insightmag.com/news/2002/08/26/Politics/Double.Standard--260115.shtml,
August 5, 2002.
24
David Horowitz and Richard Poe, “The Shadow Party: Part I",
FrontPageMagazine.com,
http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=15392, October 6, 2004;
David Horowitz and Richard Poe, “The Shadow Party: Part II", FrontPageMagazine.com,
http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=15408, October 7, 2004.
25
On Soros, OPIC, and the BTC Pipeline, see “OPIC Board Resolutions: BDR(02)10", ,
http://www.opic.gov/FOIA/BoardResolutions/2002BDR/BDR--02--10.htm, July 23, 2002;
Alfred Mendes, “The Crux of the Matter", Spectrezine,
http://www.spectrezine.org/war/Mendes5.htm; Svetlana Taslik, Caspian Investment
Windfalls: Who Will Benefit? Overview and Recommendations, foreword by Joseph E.
Stiglitz, Open Society Institute, 2003, online at Open Society Institute & Soros
Foundations Network,
http://www.soros.org/initiatives/cep/articles_publications/publications/caspianoilwindfall
s_20030514/a_caspianoverview.pdf; Ernst & Young, “An EYe on Azerbaijan", Ernst &
Young,
http://www.ey.com/global/download.nsf/Azerbaijan/eye_on_azerbaijan_jan03/$file/eye
_azerbaijan_jan03.pdf, January 2003; Mark MacKinnon, “Georgia revolt carried mark of
Soros", The Globe and Mail, November 26, 2003, archived at FreeRepublic.com,
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f--news/1029727/posts.
26
Ben Johnson, “Teresa Heinz Kerry: Bag Lady for the Radical Left",
FrontPageMagazine.com,
http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=12187, February 13, 2004.
On the Stern Family Fund, Samuel Rubin Foundation, and Armand Hammer, see “Stern
Family Fund", ActivistCash.com, http://www.activistcash.com/foundation.cfm/did/486;
“Samuel Rubin Foundation", ActivistCash.com,
http://www.activistcash.com/foundation.cfm/did/469; Vincent Stehle, “Considering the
Question of Perpetuity", excerpt from Investment Issues for Family Funds: Managing
and Maximizing Your Philanthropic Dollars, Chapter 1, reprinted online at National
Center for Family Philanthropy, http://www.ncfp.org/publications--excerpt--
investments.html (September 9, 2004); Don Hazen, “David Hunter, Philanthropic
Pioneer, Dies at 84", AlterNet, http://www.alternet.org/story/10142/, November 28,
2000; Powell, 15--17, 29, 152, 230, 231, 236, 237, 241--242, 368; Harvey Klehr, John
Earl Haynes, and Fririkh Igorevich Firsov, The Secret World of American Communism,
Russian documents translated by Timothy D. Sergay, New Haven: Yale University Press,
1995, 26--30; FBI files, “Armand Hammer/Occidental Petroleum", online at Federal
Bureau of Investigation--Freedom of Information Privacy Act,
http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/hammerop.htm; Edward Jay Epstein, Dossier: The Secret
History of Armand Hammer, New York: Random House, 1996.
27
"History----Russia", Occidental Petroleum Corporation,
http://www.oogc.com/world_oper/other_oper/hist_russia.htm.
28
“Enron Pulls Out of the Dolphin Project", The U.S. Qatar Journal Online Edition,
http://www.qatarbusinesscouncil.org/journal/archives/issue14.htm#book2, Issue XIV,
June 20, 2001; "Occidental Petroleum Acquires Enron Stake", The Enquirer,
http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2002/06/03/fin_occidental_petroleum.html, June 3,
2002.
29
"Encyclopedia: Oil for Food", NationMaster.com,
http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Oil--for--Food; "The Beneficiaries of
Saddam's Oil Vouchers: The List of 270", MEMRI: The Middle East Media Research
Institute: Inquiry and Analysis Series,
http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=ia&ID=IA16004, Number 160,
January 29, 2004; Nimrod Raphaeli, “The Saddam Oil Vouchers Affair", MEMRI: The
Middle East Media Research Institute: Inquiry and Analysis Series,
http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Area=ia&ID=IA16404, Number 164, February
20, 2004; Robert Winnett and Mark Hollingsworth, "MI6 probes French links to Iraq
scam", Times Online, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/newspaper/0,,1--1197984,00.html,
August 1, 2004; Central Intelligence Agency, Comprehensive Report of the Special
Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
2004, online at http://www.cia.gov/cia/reports/iraq_wmd_2004/; William Safire,
“Duelfer report catches France red--handed", International Herald Tribune,
http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/10/13/opinion/edsaffire.html, October 14, 2004.
30
For the Kerry campaign's major foreign policy statements, see "Candidate Biography:
John Kerry (Democrat): Major Foreign Policy Statements", Council on Foreign Relations,
http://www.cfr.org/campaign2004/bio.php?can=Kerry; John Kerry, “If I Were
President----Addressing the Democratic Deficit", Foreign Policy,
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/files/story2164.php?PHPSESSID=8266fe6879960f8
8ee756067a3e309f1, March/April 2003; “2004 Debate Transcript: September 30, 2004:
The First Bush--Kerry Presidential Debate", Commission on Presidential Debates,
http://www.debates.org/pages/trans2004a.html; “2004 Debate Transcript: October 8,
2004: The Second Bush--Kerry Presidential Debate", Commission on Presidential
Debates, http://www.debates.org/pages/trans2004c.html.
31
FReeper Fedora, “John Kerry's Fellow Travellers: Part 1: John Kerry's Red Roots:
Richard Kerry's Left--Wing Legacy", FreeRepublic.com,
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f--news/1198744/posts. Cf. Richard J. Kerry, Star--
Spangled Mirror: A Father's Legacy Shapes John Kerry's Worldview, with foreword by
Franklin Foer, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 2004 (1990);
Franklin Foer, “Kerry's World: Father Knows Best", CBS News,
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/03/02/opinion/main603542.shtml, March 2,
2004.
32
“2004 Debate Transcript: September 30, 2004: The First Bush--Kerry Presidential
Debate", Commission on Presidential Debates,
http://www.debates.org/pages/trans2004a.html. Cf. John Kerry to Council on Foreign
Relations, "Making America Secure Again: Setting the Right Course for Foreign Policy",
December 3, 2003, transcript online at Council on Foreign Relations, < a
href="http://www.cfr.org/campaign2004/pub6576/john_kerry/making_america_secure_
again_setting_the_right_course_for_foreign_policy.php">http://www.cfr.org/campaign2
004/pub6576/john_kerry/making_america_secure_again_setting_the_right_course_for_
foreign_policy.php.
33
“Iraq: Iran's Involvement" , Council on Foreign Relations,
http://www.cfr.org/background/background_iraq_iran.php, May 15, 2003; “Iraq:
Muqtada al--Sadr" , Council on Foreign Relations,
http://www.cfr.org/background/background_iraq_alsadr.php, September 1, 2004;
“Muqtada al--Sadr", Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqtada_al--Sadr;
Constantine C. Menges, "Iran's covert actions in Iraq", The Washington Times,
http://www.washtimes.com/commentary/20040424--101403--3604r.htm, April 24,
2004; “Iraq Shiites Split Over U.N. Role", Muslim American Society,
http://www.masnet.org/aroundworld.asp?id=861, January 23, 2004.
34
“2004 Debate Transcript: September 30, 2004: The First Bush--Kerry Presidential
Debate", Commission on Presidential Debates,
http://www.debates.org/pages/trans2004a.html.
35
Lowell Ponte, "Cash--and--Kerry", FrontPageMagazine.com,
http://frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=11939, January 27, 2004;
Kenneth R. Timmerman, “John Kerry's Iranian--American Fundraisers", Insight on the
News, http://www.insightmag.com/main.cfm?include=detail&storyid=622667, March 1,
2004; “Who Is Hassan Nemazee? And why does he want John Kerry in the White
House?", CrushKerry.com, http://www.crushkerry.com/article--113----0--0.html, April
23, 2004; Marc Morano, “Top Kerry Donor Faces Iranian Propaganda Allegations",
CNSNews.com,
http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewPolitics.asp?Page=%5CPolitics%5Carchive%5C200410%
5CPOL20041012c.html, October 12, 2004; Jerome Corsi, “John Kerry's Irangate?",
WorldNetDaily, http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=41044,
October 22, 2004.
36
Yossef Bodansky, Bin Laden: The Man Who Declared War on America, New York:
Forum, 2001 (1999). 35--40, 102--110, 151--184, 235--242, 274--279, 385.
37
“2004 Debate Transcript: September 30, 2004: The First Bush--Kerry Presidential
Debate", Commission on Presidential Debates,
http://www.debates.org/pages/trans2004a.html.
38
"Russia, China Block Informal UN Talks on N. Korea", ABC News, February 26, 2003,
archived at FreeRepublic.com, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/852671/posts;
"China blocking major--power UN meeting on N. Korea", Reuters Foundation AlertNet,
March 13, 2003, archived at FreeRepublic.com,
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/864015/posts; "China gets tougher with North
Korea", Asia Times, April 8, 2003, archived at FreeRepublic.com,
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f--news/888221/posts; John J. Tkacik, Jr., "Getting
China to Support a Denuclearized North Korea", The Heritage Foundation,
http://www.heritage.org/Research/AsiaandthePacific/bg1678.cfm, August 25, 2003.
39
Doug Thompson, “Dems plan to undermine America to beat Bush", CapitolHillBlue,
January 6, 2003, archived at FreeRepublic.com, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f--
news/830866/posts.
40
On Wilson's charges against the Bush administration see RNC Research Briefings,
“The Facts Keep ‘Dribbling' on Wilson's Parade", GOP.com,
http://www.rnc.org/RNCResearch/Read.aspx?ID=4497, August 2, 2004; FReeper
Fedora, “What Wilson Didn't Say About Africa: Joseph Wilson's Silent Partners",
FreeRepublic.com, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/1256475/posts, October
25, 2004.
41
“2004 Debate Transcript: September 30, 2004: The First Bush--Kerry Presidential
Debate", Commission on Presidential Debates,
http://www.debates.org/pages/trans2004a.html.
42
See “CBS Names Memo Probe Panel", CBS News,
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/06/politics/main641481.shtml, September
22, 2004; Jeff Gannon, “RNC Demands Answers From CBS, Democrats About Forged
Documents", GOPUSA,
http://www.gopusa.com/news/2004/september/0922_rnc_demands_answers.shtml,
September 22, 2004.
43
Rich Noyes, “TV Gives No Respect to Swift Boat Vets for Truth: ABC, CBS & NBC Gave
75 Stories to Bush 'AWOL' Charge, 9 to Claims Kerry Embellished War Record", Media
Research Center: Media Reality Check,
http://www.mrc.org/realitycheck/2004/fax20040818.asp, August 18, 2004; Brent Baker,
“CBS: Jane Fonda/John Kerry Photo the GOP's 'New Willie Horton'", Media Research
Center: Cyberalert, http://www.mrc.org/cyberalerts/2004/cyb20040212.asp, Volume 9,
Number 25, February 12, 2004.
44
David B. Caruso, “Veteran Files Suit in Anti--Kerry Film", Yahoo! News,
http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/ap/20041018/ap_en_mo/kerry_film_1,
October 18, 2004; FReeper Fatalis, “Professor suing 'Stolen Valor' producer was a
Winter Soldier Witness (admitted to atrocities)", FreeRepublic.com,
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f--news/1249364/posts, October 18, 2004; FReeper
Scarpetta, “'Stolen Honor' Showing Canceled Due to Threats to Theatre",
FreeRepublic.com, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f--news/1250393/posts, October
19, 2004; Doug Fraser, “Brewster man cries foul over anti--Kerry movie", Cape Cod
Times, http://www.capecodonline.com/cctimes/brewsterman21.htm, October 21, 2004.
45
"Report: Thousands in Florida may be registered to vote elsewhere", ABC Action
News, http://www.abcactionnews.com/stories/2004/10/041022voting.shtml, October
22, 2004, archived at FReeper beyond the sea, “Thousands in Florida may be
Registered to Vote Elsewhere (Massive Voter Fraud)", FreeRepublic.com,
http://209.157.64.200/focus/f--news/1254542/posts, October 23, 2004; FReeper Liz,
“DNC HAS TEN THOUSAND LAWYERS POSITIONED TO STEAL FLORIDA FROM GWB
(here's what you can do)", FreeRepublic.com, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f--
news/1254593/posts, October 23, 2004.
46
FReeper ADSUM, “VOTER FRAUD CITY OF MILWAUKEE Elections Board Hearing",
FreeRepublic.com, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f--news/1260138/posts, October
28, 2004.
47
FReeper Doctor Raoul, “RESEARCH THREAD: Compiling List of Left Wing Violence
Against GOP", FreeRepublic.com,
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/1254566/posts, October 23, 2004.