ISSUE # 2

Detailed discussion of each realistic constraint, which follow, as they applied to the
design/technical project
Microcontroller: Core part of the system which process and control the system. In this project,
8051 microcontroller will be used. The architecture of the microcontroller is shown below [1].

Features of the microcontroller are [1]-[4].

 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
 Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
 32 Programmable I/O Lines
 Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
 Eight Interrupt Sources
 Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
 Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
 Watchdog Timer

Ultrasonic Transceivers

Ultrasonic sensors (also known as transceivers) work on a principle similar to radar or sonar
which evaluates attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves
respectively. Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo
which is received back by the sensor. Ultrasonic generators use piezoelectric materials such as
zinc or lead zirconium tartrates or quartz crystal. The material thickness decides the resonant
frequency when mounted and excited by electrodes attached on either side of it. The medical
scanners used for abdomen or heart ultrasound are designed at 2.5 MHz. In this circuit, a 40
kHz transducer is used for object detection in the air medium [4]-[7].
Features:
 Use for motion or distance sensing
  Frequency: 40kHz ±1.0kHz
 Aluminum case
 Capacitance: 2000Pf ±20%
 Transmitter: bandwidth 5.0kHz/100Db, sound pressure level
112Db/40 ±1.0kHz

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD):

Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2 and 20x20 displays. This
means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively. The
standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the controller chip which receives data
from an external source [7]-[9].

List of References:

[1]. D.Walid Balid. “Designing A Novel Interactive Microcontroller Training Kit for

Teaching Undergraduates Programming Embedded System Microcontroller Using

Interaction Methodologies”, Halab University, 2009.

[2]. ] A.Hameed Basuny. “Microcontroller applications”, Dar Elkotob, EYGPT, 2008.

[3]. Paul Scherz. “Practical Electronics for Inventors”, McGraw-Hill, USA, 2000.

[4]. “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems” by Muhammad Ali Mazidi

and Janice Gillispie Mazidi , Pearson Education.

[5]. http://www.atmel.com/products/microcontrollers/avr/def ault.aspx.

[6]. ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets.

[7]. www.beyondlogic.org

[8]. www.howstuffworks.com

[9]. www.alldatasheets.com