Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(1): 320-333, 2013

ISSN 1991-8178

Impact of Lumping Techniques for Fluid Characterization in

Gas Condensate Reservoir
1
Hamidreza moghadamzadeh, 2Hojjatolla Maghsoodloorad, 3Adel zarabpour, 2,4Ali Hemmati, 5Shahin
Shahsavari, 6Shadab Shahsavari
1
Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch, P.O. Box 19585-466, Tehran, Iran
2
School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak,
Tehran, Iran
3
Islamic Azad University Tabas Branch, 4-police University
5
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
6
Department of Chemical Engineering, Varamin (Pishva) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran,
Iran

Abstract: Several problems are associated with “regrouping” the original components into a smaller
number without losing the predicting power of the equation of state. These problems include (A) How
to select the groups of pure components to be represented by one pseudo-component. (B) What mixing
rules should be used for determining the EOS constants (pc, Tc, and ω) for the new lumped pseudo-
components? In this paper the results of the lumping methods are compared with the data for gas
condensate systems to find accurate lumping method for accurate fluid characterization. For this
purpose, Whitson’s lumping scheme, Pedersen lumping scheme, Danesh et al. lumping scheme, Lee et
al. lumping scheme, Behras and Stanndler lumping scheme are used as lumping scheme and Lee
mixing rules was used for calculation of thermodynamics properties of lumped group. To compare the
Impact of each Lumping method, its effect was examined on the phase diagram. The results show that
the Whitson lumping scheme (it is grouping the hydrocarbon from C7 to C16+ into 4 groups) can predict
the phase diagram of this gas condensate systems fluid with good approximation, the Pedersen
lumping scheme (it is grouping the hydrocarbon from C7 to C16+ into 3 groups ) can predict the phase
diagram of this gas condensate systems fluid somewhat and the Pedersen lumping schemes and Danesh
et al. lumping schemes (it is grouping the hydrocarbon from C7 to C16+ into 4 groups) approximately
predicted the same phase diagram and the Lee et al. lumping scheme (it is grouping the hydrocarbon
from C7 to C16+ into 3 groups) can predict the phase diagram of this gas condensate systems fluid
exactly. Therefore, the Lee at al. lumping scheme has very good accuracy compared to the other
methods. Also, All Lumping Scheme has an effect on dew point line of phase diagram.

Key words: Lumping, Groping, Pseudoization, Pseudo component, Mixing rule.

INTRODUCTION

Petroleum is composed of various hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon components. For characterizing and
simulating the oil reservoir, the reservoir fluid must be characterized. The large number of components is
necessary to describe the hydrocarbon mixture for accurate phase behavior modeling frequently burdens EOS
calculations.
Generally, with a sufficiently large number of pseudo-components used in characterizing the heavy fraction
of a hydrocarbon mixture, a satisfactory prediction of the PVT behavior by the equation of state can be obtained.
However the cost and computing time can be increased significantly with the increased number of components
in the system. Therefore, strict limitations are placed on the maximum number of components that can be used
in compositional models and the original components have to be lumped into a smaller number of pseudo
components (Ahmed 2010, 1989).
Several problems are associated with “regrouping” the original components into a smaller number without
losing the predicting power of the equation of state. These problems include How to select the groups of pure
components to be represented by one pseudo-component each.
Several unique techniques have been published that can be used to address the above lumping problems;
notably the methods proposed by Mehra et al, Schlijper, Gonzalez, Colonomos, and Rusinek, Aguilar and
McCain, Pedersen et al. (Ahmed 2010, 1989; Hong 1982; Guo and Du 1989; Lee et al. 1981; Montel and Gouel
1984; Al-Meshari 2004), Whitson (Whitson 1983), Lee et al. (Lee et al. 1981), Montel and Gouel (Montel and
Gouel 1984), Behrens and Sandler (Behrens and Sandler 1988), Hong (Hong 1982) and Danesh et al. (Danesh et
al. 1992).

Corresponding Author: Hamidreza moghadamzadeh, Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch, P.O. Box 19585-466,
Tehran, Iran
E-mail: ham_5511@yahoo.com
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For describing the phase behavior of a fluid mixture, critical pressure, critical temperature, critical volume,
acentric factor, molecular weight and binary interaction parameters of component must be specified. Different
mixing rules were evaluated for, characterizing the lumped C7+ fraction from its constituent component
properties (Ahmed 2010; Hong 1982; Adepoju 2006; Joergensen and Stenby 1995).
Impact of these lumping schemes on one system, especially gas condensate systems, isn’t studied. In this
work, the accuracy and impact of Whitson, Pedersen, Danesh et al., Lee et al., Behras and stanndler lumping
scheme on phase diagram of the gas condensate systems are researched. Lee’s mixing rule is one of these
mixing rules which are used in this research.

2. Methods:
2.1 Experiment:
A sample of reservoir fluid is prepared from one of gas condensate oil fields. In the laboratory, it
composition is determined by using gas chromatography. Also, the properties of heavy oil fraction were
measured with the existing standards methods in the laboratory.

2.2 Lee’s mixing rules:

There are many mixing rules which obtained by researchers. Lee’s mixing rules is one of useful rules. Lee
et al. (1979) (Ahmed 2010) used Kay’s mixing rules as the characterizing approach for determining the
properties of the lumped fractions in their suggested regrouping model. To using this rule, normalized mole
fraction of the component i in the lumped fraction must be defined. It was defined by:
zi
φi = L

∑z
(1)
i

After that, Lee et al. are proposed the following rules for calculation of thermodynamic property of multi
component mixture:
(2)
MwL
γL = L

∑ φ Mw
(3)
i i

φi MwiVci
VcL = ∑ (4)
MwL
L
Pcl = ∑ φi Pci (5)

L
TcL = ∑ φi Tci (6)

L
ω l = ∑ φi ω i (7)

3. Results:
In this paper, Whitson’s lumping scheme, Pedersen lumping scheme, Danesh et al. lumping scheme, Lee et
al. lumping scheme, Behras and Stanndler lumping scheme are used. Calculation of the method described in the
appendix. A compositional analysis of gas condensate systems fluid described in Table 1 and the molecular
weight and the specific gravity of C16+ is equal to 259 and 0.908 respectively. The phase diagram of this gas
condensate system is shown in Figure 1.

3.1 Whitson’s lumping scheme:

Whitson (Whitson 1983) proposed a regrouping scheme whereby the compositional distribution of the C7+
fraction is reduced to only a few multiple carbon- number (MCN) groups. Whitson suggested that the number of
MCN groups is necessary to describe the plus fraction is given by the following empirical rule:

N G = Int [1 + 3.3 log( N − n )] (8)

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Not that, for black oil system this number probably can be reduced by one.6
The molecular weights separating each MCN group are calculated from the following expression:
I
 MwN  NG
MwI = Mwn   (9)
 Mwn 
Table 1: Composition of reservoir fluid
Component zi Component zi
C1 0.413506 C8 0.00268
C2 0.0403 C9 0.00207
C3 0.2153 C10 0.00159
i-C4 0.0539 C11 0.00123
n-C4 0.0543 C12 0.00095
i-C5 0.0515 C13 0.00073
n-C5 0.0519 C14 0.000566
C6 0.1039 C15 0.000437
C7 0.00347 C16+ 0.001671

Fig. 1: Phase diagram of reservoir fluid

Components with molecular weight falling within the boundaries of MI–1 to MI are included in the I’th
MCN group. By applying the Whitson lumping scheme can see that it is grouping the hydrocarbon from C7 to
C16+ into 4 groups. The results of Whitson’s lumping scheme are shown in Table 2. The impact of this scheme
on the phase diagram is shown in Figure 2. Thus, this figure shows that the Whitson lumping scheme can predict
the phase diagram of this gas condensate systems fluid with good approximation.

Table 2: Whitson's lumping scheme results

Vcl Pcl Tcl
Group I component zi zI MwI γI ωl
(ft3/lb) (psia) (R)
C7 0.00347
1 C8 0.00268 0.00822 105.9 0.746 0.0627 424 1020 0.3076
C9 0.00207
C10 0.001596
2 0.002826 139.7 0.787 0.0628 339.7 1144.5 0.4000
C11 0.00123
C12 0.00095
3 C13 0.00073 0.002246 172.9 0.814 0.0631 288 1230.6 0.4794
C14 0.000566
C15 0.000437
4 0.0016 0.002108 248 0.892 0.0637 223.3 1433 0.6531
C16+
71

Whitson's lumping scheme accuracy can be attributed to function of the number of MCN groups (equation
8) and iterative method to find the molecular weight of each group Determination of the number of groups is the
excellent characteristics of this approach.

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Fig. 2: Impact of Whitson’s lumping scheme on phase diagram

3.2 Pedersen Lumping Scheme:

Pedersen et al. (Ahmed 2010, 1989; Hong 1982; Guo and Du 1989; Lee et al. 1981; Montel and Gouel
1984; Al-Meshari 2004) suggested the process of grouping the components on the basis of each group
containing approximately the same weight fraction (equal weight fraction), which will give all hydrocarbon
segments of the C7+ fractions equal importance. The C7+ fraction is divided into three or more groups that, by
weight, are equal size approximately. The weight for each pseudo component, Wj, can be calculated as:
nc
w j = ∑ zi × Mwi (10)
i =1
By applying the Pedersen lumping scheme can see that it is grouping the hydrocarbon from C7 to C16+ into 3
groups (3 groups is selected according to some restrictions). The results of Pedersen lumping scheme are shown
in Table 3. The phase diagram of this system is under the impact of Pedersen lumping scheme is shown in
Figure 3. Therefore, this figure shows that the Pedersen lumping scheme can predict the phase diagram of this
gas condensate systems fluid somewhat.

Table 3: Pedersen lumping scheme results

Vcl Pcl Tcl
Group I component zi zI MwI γI ωl
(ft3/lb) (psia) (R)
C7 0.00347
1 0.00615 100.794 0.73657 0.06277 438.184 1007.2 0.29395
C8 0.00268
C9 0.00207
C10 0.001596
2 0.00584 136.522 0.78409 0.06279 348.896 1123.4 0.39027
C11 0.00123
C12 0.00095
C13 0.00073
C14 0.000566
3 0.003404 222.709 0.86866 0.06353 244.507 1363.8 0.59401
C15 0.000437
C16+ 0.001671

As you can see, a simple relationship exists between the concentration and molecular weight in Pedersen
lumping scheme. Choosing the number of groups is based on the limitations and experiences, so, the accuracy of
this method would not be high.

3.3 Danesh et al. lumping scheme:

Danesh et al. (Danesh et al. 1992) proposed a lumping method based on the concentration and molecular
weight of compounds in a mixture. This grouping method arranged the original components in order of their
normal boiling point temperatures and grouped together in ascending order to form Np groups so that the values
of Σ (zilnMi) for all the groups become nearly equal, (Quasi-equal-weight criterion). That is:
 l  1  n 
∑ z i × ln Mwi −   × ∑ z i × ln Mwi  ≤ 0

(11)
 i =1  N p  i =1 
And

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 l +1  1 n 
∑ z i ln Mwi −  ∑ z i × ln Mwi  ≥ 0

 i =1  N p  i =1  (12)

i = 1,2,..., n, l = 1,2,...N p

Fig. 3: Impact of Pedersen lumping scheme on phase diagram

According to the Danesh et al. lumping scheme can see that it is grouping the hydrocarbon from C7 to C16+
into 4 groups. The results of Danesh et al. lumping scheme are shown in Table 4. The phase diagram of this
system is under the impact of Danesh et al. lumping scheme is shown in Figure 4. The predicted phase diagram
of this gas condensate systems fluid by the Danesh et al. lumping scheme is look like the phase diagram was
predicted by Pedersen lumping scheme. Figure 4 show that this lumping scheme can predict the phase diagram
somewhat.
In this method, choosing the number of groups was done similar to the Pedersen lumping scheme. In
Danesh et al. lumping scheme some limitation is defined for choosing the molecular weight of groups, so it
would be more accurate than the Pedersen lumping scheme.

Table 4: Danesh et al. lumping scheme results

Group Vcl Pcl Tcl
component zi zI MwI γI ωl
I (ft3/lb) (psia) (R)
1 C7 0.00347 0.00347 96 0.727 0.06289 453 985 96
C8 0.00268
2 0.00475 113.101 0.75719 0.06261 403.312 1045.59 113.101
C9 0.00207

C10 0.001596
3 C11 0.00123 0.00377 145.045 0.79169 0.06288 330.17 1159.3 145.045
C12 0.00095

C13 0.00073
C14 0.000566
4 0.003404 222.709 0.86866 0.06353 244.507 1363.78 222.709
C15 0.000437
C16+ 0.001671

3.4 Lee et al. lumping scheme:

Lee et al. (Lee et al. 1981) devised a simple procedure that can be served as a guideline for lumping the oil
fractions. The idea for the procedure lies in the physical reasoning that crude-oil fractious having relatively close
physicochemical properties can be represented fairly accurately by a single fraction, the closeness of these
properties can be reflected by the slopes of curve when these properties are plotted against some characteristic
independent variables.
According to the Lee et al. lumping scheme can see that it is grouping the hydrocarbon from C7 to C16+ into
3 groups. The results of Lee et al. lumping scheme are shown in Table 5. The accuracy of this scheme can be
seen in the phase diagram in Figure 5. Hence, Figure 5 shows that the Lee et al. lumping scheme can predict the
phase diagram of this gas condensate systems fluid exactly.

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Fig. 4: Impact of Danesh et al. lumping scheme on phase diagram

Lee et al. lumping scheme is more complex than lumping schemes which is discussed in this paper but it
gives highly accurate answer. On the other hand, this lumping scheme is determined number of groups which is
the key points of this method.

3.5 Behras And Stanndler Lumping Scheme:

Behrens and Standler (Behrens and Sandler 1988) have been used a semi continuous thermodynamic
description to model the C7+ fraction for equation of state (EOS) calculations. The step-by-step procedure will
be illustrated.
Step 1: Finding the ends of the distribution
the ends of the distribution can be calculated by:
(13)
A= starting carbon number - 1/2
B= ending carbon number + 1/2 (14)

Table 5: Lee et al. lumping scheme results

Group Vcl Pcl Tcl
component zi zI MwI γI ωl
I (ft3/lb) (psia) (R)
C7 0.00347
1 0.00615 100.794 0.73657 0.06277 438.184 1007.2 0.29395
C8 0.00268
C9 0.00207
C10 0.001596
C11 0.00123
2 C12 0.00095 0.007573 148.237 0.79453 0.0629 331.518 1155.6 0.41792
C13 0.00073
C14 0.000566
C15 0.000437
3 C16+ 0.001671 0.001671 259 0.908 0.0638 215 1467 0.68

The parameters of the semi continuous distribution in this system are

A = 7 - 1/2 = 6.5
B =16 + 1/2 =16.5.
Step 2 – determining the slope of the distribution
The slope of the distribution is found from the average carbon number Cn which is related to the where
average MW approximately as
−
( MW + 4)
c n
= (15)
14
The slope of the distribution, α, is then found from the following equation:
1
−
 (B − A)e − Bα 
= c − A +  − Aα  (16)
α n
e − e − Bα 

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Fig. 5: Impact of Lee et al. lumping scheme on phase diagram

If the upper endpoint were infinity, the term in the brackets would vanish and l/α could be found explicitly.
Since the upper endpoint is finite, α is found by successive substitutions. Slope of the distribution:
−
(141.25 + 4)
c n
= = 10.375
14
Then
1  6 × e −12.5*α 
= 10.375 − 6.5 +  −6.5*α → α = 0.0011
α e − e −12.5*α 
Step 3 - Finding integration points and weights
The integration range can be calculated by Equation (17).

c = ( B − A)α (17)
Integration points and weights
C = (16.5-6.5)*0.0011 = 0.011
Because C< 0.3 so with this method cannot lump this fluid.

Conclusions:
By comparing the phase diagram for reservoir fluid (Figure 1), and data that is lumped with some lumping
schemes like Whitson’s Lumping Scheme (Figure 2), Pedersen lumping scheme (Figure 3), Danesh lumping
scheme (Figure 4), Lee et al. lumping scheme (Figure 5) and also plot all lumping scheme and the phase
diagram of reservoir fluid on one diagram (Figure 6) can be seen that:

Fig. 6: All lumping scheme

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1- With the Pedersen Lumping Scheme and Danesh et al. Lumping Scheme can reach to the approximately
same the phase diagram.
2- Lee at al. Lumping Scheme has very good accuracy related to the other methods in characterization of gas
condensate reservoir.
3- All Lumping Scheme has an effect on dew point line.

REFERENCES

Adepoju, O.O., 2007. Coefficient of Isothermal Oil Compressibility- A Study for Reservoir Fluids by Cubic
Equation-of-State. VDM Verlag Dr. Mueller e.K Press.
Ahmed, T.H., 1989. Hydrocarbon phase behavior, Contributions in petroleum geology & engineering 7.
Gulf Pub. Co Press.
Ahmed, Tarek H., 2010. Reservoir engineering handbook. Gulf Professional Pub Press.
Al-Meshari, A.A., 2004. New strategic method to tune equation-of-state to match experimental data for
compositional simulation, Ph.D. thesis, Texas A&M University, Texas
Behrens, R.A., and S.I. Sandler, 1988. The Use of Semicontinuous Description To Model the C7+ Fraction
in Equation of State Calculations. SPE Reservoir Engineering, 3(3): 1041-1047.
Danesh, Ali, Dong-hai Xu, Adrian C. Todd, and U. Heriot-Watt, 1992. A Grouping Method To Optimize
Oil Description for Compositional Simulation of Gas-Injection Processes. SPE Reservoir Engineering, 7(3):
343-348.
Guo, T.M., and L. and Du., 1989. A New Three Parameter Cubic Equation of State for Reservoir Fluids–
Part II. Application to Reservoir Crude Oils. SPE pp: 19373.
Hong, K.C., 1982. Lumped-Component Characterization of Crude Oils for Compositional Simulation. In
SPE Enhanced Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Joergensen, M., and E.H. Stenby, 1995. Optimization of Pseudo-component Selection for Compositional
Studies of Reservoir Fluids. In 70th Annul Technical Conference and Exhibition. Daltas, Taxas.
Lee, S.T., R.H. Jacoby, W.H. Chen, W.E. Culham, and Gulf Research and Development Co., 1981.
Experimental and Theoretical Studies on the Fluid Properties Required for Simulation of Thermal Processes.
SPE Journal., 21(5): 535-550.
Montel, F., and P.L. Gouel., 1984. A New Lumping Scheme of Analytical Data for Compositional Studies.
In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Houston, Texas.
Whitson, C., 1983. Characterizing Hydrocarbon Plus Fractions. SPE Journal, 23(4): 683-694.

Nomanclature:
I = 1, 2. . . Ng
i = component i
Int = integer
L = lumped fraction
MwC7 = molecular weight of C7
Mwi = Molecular weight
MwN+ = molecular weight of the last reported component in the extended analysis of the hydrocarbon
system
n = number of carbon atoms of the first component in the plus fraction, i.e., n = 7 for C7+
N = number of carbon atoms of the last component in the hydrocarbon system
Ng = number of MCN groups
Pci = Critical pressure
Tci = Critical temperature
vci = Critical volume
Wj = weight for each pseudo component
Zi = mole fraction
Фi = weighting factor
ωi = Acentric factor

Appendix A:
A.1 Whitson’s lumping scheme:
Determining the appropriate number of pseudo-components forming in the C7+ by using the Whitson’s
Lumping Scheme
Step 1. Determining the molecular weight of each component in the system:

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TableA-1: Molecular weight of components

component zi Mwi
C7 0.00347 96
C8 0.00268 107
C9 0.00207 121
C10 0.00159 134
C11 0.00123 147
C12 0.00095 161
C13 0.00073 175
C14 0.000566 190
C15 0.000437 206
C16+ 0.001671 259

Step 2. Calculating the number of pseudo-components:

For calculation of pseudo-components having

N=16
n=7
N g = Int [1 + 3.3 log( N − n)]
Therefore,

N g = Int [1 + 3.3 log(16 − 7)]

N g = Int [4.15]
Ng = 4
Step 3. Determining the molecular weights separating the hydrocarbon groups:
I
 MwN +  Ng
MwI = MwC 7  
 MwC 7 
I
 259  4
MwI = 96 
 96 
Therefore,

MwI = 96(2.698)
I
4

Table A-2: Molecular weight of each group

I MWI
1 123.0359
2 157.6857
3 202.0937
4 259.008

• First pseudo-component: The first pseudo-component includes all components with a molecular weight
in the range of 96 to 123. This group then includes C7, C8, and C9.
• Second pseudo-component: The second pseudo-component contains all components with a molecular
weight higher than 123 to a molecular weight of 158. This group includes C10 and C11.
• Third pseudo-component: The third pseudo-component includes components with a molecular weight
higher than 158 to a molecular weight of 202. Therefore, this group includes C12, C13, and C14.
• Fourth pseudo-component: This pseudo-component includes all the remaining components, i.e., C15 and
C16+.

Table A-3: Molecular percentofeach group

Group I component zi zI
C7 0.00347
1 C8 0.00268 0.00822
C9 0.00207
2 C10 0.001596 0.002826

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C11 0.00123
C12 0.00095
3 C13 0.00073 0.002246
C14 0.000566
C15 0.000437
4 0.002108
C16+ 0.001671
Zl is calculated by the equation of:
l

∑z i = zl

there are numerous ways to mix the properties of the individual components, all giving different properties
for the pseudo-components, the choice of a correct mixing rule is as important as the lumping scheme.
The mixing rules can be employed to characterize the pseudo-component in terms of its pseudo physical
and pseudo-critical properties. In this Example Using Lee’s mixing rules to determine the physical and critical
properties of the four pseudo-components

TableA-4: Thermodynamics property of components

Mwi γi vci Pci Tci ωi
Group
component zi zI from from from from from from
I
appendix appendix appendix appendix appendix appendix
C7 0.00347 96 0.727 0.06289 453 985 0.280
1 C8 0.00268 0.00822 107 0.748 0.06264 419 1036 0.312
C9 0.00207 121 0.768 0.06258 383 1058 0.348
C10 0.001596 134 0.782 0.06273 351 1128 0.385
2 0.002826
C11 0.00123 147 0.793 0.06291 325 1166 0.419
C12 0.00095 161 0.804 0.06306 302 1203 0.454
3 C13 0.00073 0.002246 175 0.815 0.06311 286 1236 0.484
C14 0.000566 190 0.825 0.06316 270 1270 0.516
C15 0.000437 206 0.826 0.06325 255 1304 0.550
4 0.002108
C16+ 0.001671 259 0.908 0.0638* 215* 1467 0.68*
* Calculated
Step 2. Calculate the physical and critical properties of each group by applying Equations (4-23) through (4-29) to give:

Table A-5: φi of components

Group I component zi zl φi=zi/zl
C7 0.00347 0.423171
1 C8 0.00268 0.00822 0.326829
C9 0.00207 0.252439
C10 0.001596 0.57
2 0.002826
C11 0.00123 0.439286
C12 0.00095 0.431818
3 C13 0.00073 0.002246 0.331818
C14 0.000566 0.257273
C15 0.000437 0.208095
4 0.002108
C16+ 0.001671 0.795714

Table A-6: Thermodynamics property of each group by Whitson’s lumping scheme

Group 1 2 3 4
zI 0.00822 0.002826 0.002246 0.002108
MI 105.9 139.7 172.9 248
γI 0.746 0.787 0.814 0.892
Vcl 0.0627 0.0628 0.0631 0.0637
Pcl 424 339.7 288 223.3
Tcl 1020 1144.5 1230.6 1433
ωl 0.3076 0.4000 0.4794 0.6531

A.2 Pedersen Lumping Scheme:

Table A-7: Molecular weight of components

component zi Mwi zi Mwi
C7 0.00347 96 0.3331
C8 0.00268 107 0.2868
C9 0.00207 121 0.2505
C10 0.00159 134 0.2131
C11 0.00123 147 0.1808
C12 0.00095 161 0.153
C13 0.00073 175 0.1278

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C14 0.000566 190 0.1075

C15 0.000437 206 0.09
C16+ 0.01671 259 4.3279

∑ z Mw =2.1753
i i
Let take 3 groups so wl for each groups is equal to:

1 2.1753
∑ z i Mwi = = 0.7254
Wl = 3 3
According to this value of wl groups are

Table A-8: Molecular percent of each group

Group I component zi zI
C7 0.00347
1 0.00615
C8 0.00268
C9 0.00207
C10 0.001596
2 0.00584
C11 0.00123
C12 0.00095
C13 0.00073
C14 0.000566
3 0.003404
C15 0.000437
C16+ 0.001671
By using Lee’s mixing rules:

Table A-9: φi of components

Group I component zi zI φi=zi/zl
C7 0.00347 0.564228
1 0.00615 0.435772
C8 0.00268
0.354452
C9 0.00207 0.27226
C10 0.001596 0.210616
2 0.00584
C11 0.00123 0.162671
C12 0.00095 0.214454
C13 0.00073 0.166275
C14 0.000566 0.128378
3 0.003404
C15 0.000437 0.490893
C16+ 0.001671 0.564228

Table A-10: Thermodynamics property of each group by Behras and Stanndler lumping scheme
Group 1 2 3
zI 0.00615 0.00584 0.003404
MI 100.7935 136.5223 222.7089
γI 0.736566 0.784092 0.868659
Vcl 0.062774 0.062787 0.063528
Pcl 438.1837 348.8955 244.5065
Tcl 1007.2 1123.4 1363.8
ωl 0.293945 0.390271 0.594009

A.3 Danesh et al. Lumping scheme:

Table A-11: Molecular weight of components

component zi Ln(Mwi) zi *Ln(Mwi)
C7 0.00347 4.5643 0.015838
C8 0.00268 4.6728 0.012523
C9 0.00207 4.7958 0.009927
C10 0.00159 4.8978 0.007788
C11 0.00123 4.9904 0.006138
C12 0.00095 5.0814 0.004827
C13 0.00073 5.1648 0.00377
C14 0.000566 5.247 0.00297
C15 0.000437 5.3279 0.002328
C16+ 0.001671 5.5568 0.009285

∑ z ln(Mw ) =0.075396
i i

Let take 4 groups, so groups are:

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Table A-12: Molecular percent of each group

Group I component zi zI
1 C7 0.00347 0.00347
C8 0.00268
2 0.00475
C9 0.00207
C10 0.001596
3 C11 0.00123 0.00377
C12 0.00095
C13 0.00073
C14 0.000566
4 0.003404
C15 0.000437
C16+ 0.001671
By using Lee’s mixing rules:

Table A-13: φi of components

Group I component zi zI φi=zi/zl
1 C7 0.00347 0.00347 1
C8 0.00268 0.564211
2 0.00475
C9 0.00207 0.435789
C10 0.001596 0.421751
3 C11 0.00123 0.00377 0.32626
C12 0.00095 0.251989
C13 0.00073 0.214454
C14 0.000566 0.166275
4 0.003404
C15 0.000437 0.128378
C16+ 0.001671 0.490893

Table A-14: Thermodynamics property of each group by Danesh et al. lumping scheme
Group 1 2 3 4
zI 0.00347 0.00475 0.00377 0.003404
MI 96 113.1011 145.0451 222.7089
γI 0.727 0.757193 0.791691 0.868659
Vcl 0.06289 0.062612 0.062882 0.063528
Pcl 453 403.3116 330.1698 244.5065
Tcl 985 1045.587 1159.297 1363.779
ωl 0.28 0.327688 0.41348 0.594009

A.4 Lee et al. Lumping scheme:

First plot zi vs. Tb and Mwi vs. Tb

Zi = 0.2926e-0.012*Tb Zi vs. Tb

0.004
0.0035
0.003
0.0025
Zi

0.002
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Tb

Fig. A -1: Molecular percent of each components with bubble point temperature

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Mwi vs. Tb

250

200
Mwi = 0.7571*Tb - 203.2
150
Mwi Mwi = 0.5224*Tb - 95.878
100

50

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Tb

Fig. A -2: Molecular weight of components with bubble point temperature

Set property of zi number 1 and property of Mwi number 2

1
wi =
2
− −
component z Mwi Tb m i1 m i2 mi1 mi 2 Mi

C7 0.00347 96 366 -4.3454E-05 0.5224 1 0.69 0.845

C8 0.00268 107 390 -3.258E-05 0.5224 0.7498 0.69 0.7199
C9 0.00207 121 416 -2.3848E-05 0.2524 0.5488 0.69 0.6194
C10 0.00159 134 439 -1.8096E-05 0.2524 0.4164 0.69 0.5532
C11 0.00123 147 461 -1.3898E-05 0.7571 0.3198 1 0.6599
C12 0.00095 161 482 -1.0802E-05 0.7571 0.2486 1 0.6243
C13 0.00073 175 501 -8.5996E-06 0.7571 0.1979 1 0.599
C14 0.000566 190 520 -6.8463E-06 0.7571 0.1576 1 0.5788
C15 0.000437 206 539 -5.4505E-06 0.7571 0.1254 1 0.5627

Table A-15: Molecular percent of each group

Group I component zi zI
C7 0.00347
1 0.00615
C8 0.00268
C9 0.00207
C10 0.001596
C11 0.00123
2 C12 0.00095 0.007573
C13 0.00073
C14 0.000566
C15 0.000437
3 C16+ 0.001671 0.001671
By using Lee’s mixing rules:

Table A-16: φi of components

Group I component zi zI φi=zi/zl
C7 0.00347 0.564228
1 0.00615
C8 0.00268 0.435772
C9 0.00207 0.273339
C10 0.001596 0.209956
C11 0.00123 0.162419
2 0.007573
C12 0.00095 0.125446
C13 0.00073 0.096395
C14 0.000566 0.074739

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C15 0.000437 0.057705

3 C16+ 0.001671 0.001671 1

Table A-17: Thermodynamics property of components by Lee lumping scheme

Group 1 2 3
zI 0.00615 0.007573 0.001671
MI 100.7935 148.2374 259
γI 0.736566 0.794528 0.908
Vcl 0.062774 0.062897 0.0638
Pcl 438.1837 331.5179 215
Tcl 1007.2 1155.6 1467
ωl 0.293945 0.41792 0.68

A.5 Behras and Stanndler lumping scheme

Staring component C7
Mole fraction (xD) 0.0154
MW 141.25

Step 1:
The parameters of the semi continuous distribution in this example are
A = 7 - 1/2 = 6.5
B =16 + 1/2 =16.5.
Step 2: determine the slope of the distribution
−
(141.25 + 4)
c n
= = 10.375
14
Then
1  6 × e −12.5*α 
= 10.375 − 6.5 +  −6.5*α
α e − e −12.5*α 
α = 0.0011
Step 3 - Find integration points and weights
C = (16.5-6.5)*0.0011 = 0.011
Because C< 0.3 so with this method cannot lump this oil.

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