Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Research Article
The study examined the morphological and proximate compositions of three edible mushrooms
including Termitomyces clypeatus R. Heim, Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. and Lentinus tigrinus
(Bull.) Fr. in Plateau and Kogi States, Nigeria. The collection of the fruiting bodies was done at
random during the rainy season (July to September). The fruiting bodies of the macrofungi at the
point of collection were photographed on site and the important morphological features were
recorded before collection and packaging. The moisture content, protein content, total
carbohydrate, ash content, crude fiber and crude fat compositions of the edible mushrooms were
determined. T. clypeatus mushroom had a significantly (p≤0.05) higher moisture content (91.67%)
and lower crude protein content (2.5%), compared to L. tigrinus and L. squarrosulus. T. clypeatus
mushroom had a significantly (p≤0.05) lower crude fiber (2.10%) and crude fat (2.27%) contents,
compared to the significantly higher (p≤0.05) crude fiber and crude fat compositions of L. tigrinus
and L. squarrosulus. The ash content and carbohydrate content of the mushrooms species
ranged from 0.90% to 20.33% and 6.88% to 26.18% respectively. Based on the high nutritional
value of the three edible mushrooms assessed, it can thus be inferred that the mushrooms are
valuable diet assets.
Keywords: Morphology, Proximate, Characterization, Edible mushrooms, Nutritional diet.
INTRODUCTION
There is a very high incidence of malnutrition, especially of contribute enormously to food value of our habitual diet as
protein deficiency in developing countries and this has they may contribute enormously to the supply of both
become worrisome. This austere condition is macro and micro-nutrients in our diet. Nutritive value of
predominantly common in sub-Saharan Africa region, edible mushrooms is attributed to their high content of
which has the highest incidence of under nourishment with essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals and low lipid
one in three people deprived of access to sufficient food compare to some vegetables and fruits including carrots,
(FAO, 2006; Abdalla et al., 2016). The issue of protein tomatoes, asparagus, potatoes and oranges (Kayode et
deficiency in developing countries especially Nigeria is a al., 2013; Okwulehie and Ogoke, 2013; Adejumo and
prevailing reality which may persist in perpetuity if care is Awosanya, 2005).
not taken. In order to meet the protein source deficit, there
is need for unconventional alternative sources of protein *Corresponding author: Babajide Charles Falemara,
such as mushrooms. Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5054, Forest
Hills, Jericho, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Email:
Edible mushrooms with high nutritious content value are fbabajide@gmail.com. Co-Authors Email:
considered as one of the most unexploited resources of 1
vijoshua65@gmail.com; 3seyifunmiaina@gmail.com;
the world (Kayode et al., 2013). They have potentials to 4
charles_jide@yahoo.com
Morphological Characterization and Proximate Analysis of Three Edible Mushrooms in Plateau and Kogi States, Nigeria
The up rise in poverty prevalence calls for alternatives in decreases gradually from November to April (Olowolafe,
mitigating the food gap with respect to sufficiency of 2002).
production in meeting the teeming population food
demand (Abdalla et al., 2016). Mushrooms have assumed Kogi State has an average maximum temperature of
greater importance in the diets of both rural and urban 33.2°C and an average minimum temperature of 22.8°C.
dwellers, unlike previously when consumption was Lokoja, the State capital is generally hot throughout the
confined to rural Nigerians, who pick and collect them year with an average humidity of 68 to 70%. The climatic
around waste dumbs, forests and farm lands when the cover of Kogi State is tropical, which is divisible into two
mushroom fruiting bodies usually pop out under favourable major seasons; dry season and wet season. The dry
environmental conditions. These edible mushrooms are season lasts from November to February, while the rainy
usually displayed and sold along the road sides at cheap season lasts from March to October. The annual daily
cost compared to other forms of meat (chicken, pork and mean temperature is 28°C, while in the hot season; the
beef) of similar nutrient composition (Adejumo and average temperature is about 35°C. High humidity is also
Awosanya, 2005). common (Ibitoye, 2006). Annual rainfall ranges from
1016mm in the driest parts of the State to 1524mm in the
Mushrooms have potential in addressing current food wettest parts (KOSEEDS, 2014).
crisis problems in Africa as well as future problems
resulting from population explosions. They can solve Sample Collection and Identification
world’s food shortage problem due to the fact that they
occupy a place above vegetables and legumes but below The collection of the fruiting bodies was done at random
the first class proteins in meat, fish and poultry (Boa, during the rainy season (July to September) the study
2004). They can also resolve most of the world’s health location. The fruiting bodies of the macrofungi at the point
problems because they are endowed with bioactive of collection was photographed on site and the important
compounds that are of medicinal value (Change and Miles, information was recorded (Plate 1).
2004; Colak et al., 2018). Termitomyces mushrooms are
The samples after collection were properly labeled and
known to contain bioactive components with potentials for
wrapped in brown paper in order to avoid excess humidity.
treating neurodegenerative disorders and as antioxidants,
All the collected samples were taken to the laboratory for
immunomodulators, antitumors, and antimicrobials (Hsieh
identification. Identification was done using illustrations in
and Ju, 2018). In addition, preliminary studies have
colour field guides and description keys as described in
revealed that Temitomyces and Lentinus mushroom
Peter (2000); Largent and Theirs (1977); Miller and Miller
species possesses substantial antimicrobial and
(2006); and Neale and Syme (1998). These provide
antioxidant properties (Oyetayo, 2011). As such the results
general details of identification tools according to certain
of this study tend to provide more insight into the food
important features. It includes features like gill attachment
values of indigenous edible mushrooms to be collected
to stem, spore colors under microscope, spore print color,
from the study area, which are almost neglected as food
volva and ring attachments to the stipe. This guide was
sources in preference to exotic and most times costlier
used to identify the mushroom family and genera.
food items. The aim of the study is to morphologically
Secondary sources like books and online information was
characterize and assess the proximate composition of
used to compliment the identification tools.
three edible species of mushrooms.
Morphological identification of the edible Mushrooms
METHODS The three edible mushrooms collected were characterized
and identified using the stature types and field guide
Study Area identification keys.
The experiment was carried out in Jos, Plateau and Proximate Analysis
Iyamoye, Kogi States, Nigeria. The Lentinus species were
collected from Plateau state, while the Termitoyces The three mushrooms after collection and proper
species was collected from Kogi State because of relative identification were taken for proximate analysis on dry
abundance and edibility of these mushrooms in the basis. Proximate analyses was done using the procedure
respective states. Jos is located in Northern Guinea of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2006) to
savanna and is situated between latitudes 80 and 30´ and determine the moisture, protein content, total
100 10 N and longitude 80 20´ and 90 30´E. It has an carbohydrate, ash content, crude fiber and crude fat
average elevation of about 1,250m above sea level and (ether-extract) composition of the edible mushrooms
stands at a height of about 600m above the surrounding
plains. The average temperature in Jos ranges between Experimental Design and statistical analysis
21°C to 25°C. The climate of the state is cool due to its
high altitude. The mean annual rainfall is 1,260mm, while Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experimental
the relative humidity increases from May to October and design was adopted for the purpose of this study in which
Morphological Characterization and Proximate Analysis of Three Edible Mushrooms in Plateau and Kogi States, Nigeria
the mushroom samples were replicated three (3) times.
Data collected from the proximate analysis were subjected
to analyses of variance to determined significant difference
at 5% probability level.
Morphological Characterization and Proximate Analysis of Three Edible Mushrooms in Plateau and Kogi States, Nigeria
wavy and cracked with age, while the pileus margin in compositions of L. tigrinus having 14.63% crude fiber and
section is straight. The length and diameter of the stipe 7.89% crude fat contents and L. squarrosulus which
ranged from 85 mm to 156 mm and 5 mm to 14 mm possesses 11.21% crude fiber and 5.88% crude fat. The
respectively. The stipe is equal in shape and tapers crude fiber and crude fat contents of L. tigrinus and L.
towards the slightly swollen or bulbous base. The squarrosulus were significantly different from each other
attachment of the stipe is central. Gills are adnexed, (Figure 2).
crowded and closely free. There are streaked light brown
variety and they appear membranaceous. Annulus and The ash content of the mushrooms species ranged
volva are absent. The mushroom is usually found on the between 0.90% and 20.33% (Figure 3). T. clypeatus
ground/soil (Plate 4). mushroom species had the lowest significantly different
ash content (0.90%), while L. tigrinus had the highest ash
content (20.33%) not significantly different from ash
content of L. squarrosulus species (18.43%). In the same
similar trend, the carbohydrate content of the mushroom
species ranged between 6.88% and 26.18% (Figure 3). T.
clypeatus mushroom had the lowest significantly different
(p≤0.05) carbohydrate content (6.88%), while L. tigrinus
mushroom species possessed the highest carbohydrate
content which is not significantly different from the
carbohydrate content of L. squarrosulus (25.03%).
Morphological Characterization and Proximate Analysis of Three Edible Mushrooms in Plateau and Kogi States, Nigeria
et al. (2017) in L. squarrosulus, L. tuber-regium and
Macrocybe gigantean (20.97% to 31.04%) mushroom
species. As affirmed by Barros et al. (2007), variations in
the protein constituent could be ascribed to the influence
of variability in the nature/kind of mushroom species,
mushroom developmental stage, as well as the sampled
part of the mushrooms (Barros et al., 2007), while Bernaś
et al. (2006) attributed the differences to possibilities of
species/strain specific, pileus size, time of harvest and the
level of nitrogen available in the growth substrate.
Morphological Characterization and Proximate Analysis of Three Edible Mushrooms in Plateau and Kogi States, Nigeria
found in T. clypeatus (Adebiyi et al., 2018), 7.84% species. Our profound gratitude also goes to the
associated with P. squarrosulus (Duru et al., 2018), 4.30% anonymous reviewers as well as the editorial team for their
found in L. tigrinus (Olayinka, 2016), 7.4% determined in insightful comments and contributions in improving the
L. tigrinus (Dulay et al., 2014), 7.30% and 8.01% evaluated quality of this paper.
in P. ostreatus and P. florida (Falemara and Joshua, 2016)
and very low 1.14% established in L. squarrosulus REFERENCES
(Sylvester et al., 2014).
Abdalla RR, Ahmed AI, Abdalla AI, Abdelmaboud, OAA,
Carbohydrate (%) Khiery NTMA, Elriah NDA, Saeed MSA. (2016). Some
Wild Edible and Medicinal Mushroom Species at
Carbohydrates are good sources of energy as such a high
Khartoum and Sinnar States-Sudan. Journal of
concentration of this is required in breakfast meals and
Microbial & Biochemical Technology 8(6):503-506. doi:
weaning food formulas (Kassegn, 2018). The
10.4172/1948- 5948.1000333
carbohydrate found in T. clypeatus (6.88%) is significantly
Adebiyi AO, Tedela PO, Alabi OO (2018). An Inter-Species
lower than the quantity discovered in Lentinus species
Comparative Study on the Distribution of Nutrients in
(25.03% to 26.18%). The high carbohydrate content of the
Selected Edible Mushrooms in Ekiti State, Nigeria.
Lentinus species gives an indication that they will supply
Haya: The Saudi Journal of Life Sciences 3(6):469-473
more energy in human diet. Previous research studies
Adejumo TO, Awosanya OB. (2005). Proximate and
earlier reported higher carbohydrate content in
mineral composition of four edible mushroom species
mushrooms varying from 56.35% and 75.35% in L.
from south western Nigeria. African Journal of
squarrosulus and T. clypeatus respectively (Adebiyi et al.,
Biotechnology 4(10):1084-1088.
2018), 56.56% in Tricholoma matsutake (Odoh et al.,
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2005.000-3212
2017), to a range of 48.84% and 50.03% in L. squarrosulus
Antia BS, Akpan EJ, Okon PA, Umoren IU. (2006).
and L. tuber-regium respectively (Das et al., 2017). This
Nutritive and anti-nutritive evaluation of sweet potatoes
high carbohydrate content according to Adebiyi et al.
(Ipomoea batatas) leaves. Pak. J. Nutr. 5(2):166-168
(2018) explains why mushrooms are used locally as
Barros L, Baptista P, Correia DM, Morais JS, Ferreira FR.
binder, bulking agent or thickeners in soup.
(2007). Effects of Conservation treatment and cooking
on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of
CONCLUSION Portuguese wild edible mushrooms. Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55:4781-4788. DOI:
The research study morphologically characterized and 10.1021/jf070407o
analyzed the proximate constituents of three edible Bello MO, Farade OS, Adewusi SRA, Olawore NO. (2008).
mushrooms (T. clypeatus, L. squarrosulus and L. tigrinus) Studies of some lesser known Nigerian fruits. Afr. J.
which showed evidence of exceptional crude protein, fiber, Biotechnol. 7:3972-3979
fat, carbohydrate and ash endowment required for good Bernaś E, Jawarska G, Lisiewska Z. (2006). Edible
and quality nutritional diet. However, the Lentinus species mushrooms as a source of valuable nutritive
mushrooms showed better nutritional composition constituents. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment (5):5–20
compared to the T. clypeatus species. Based on the Boa E. (2004). Wild edible fungi: A global overview of their
variable nutritional composition of these edible use and importance to people. Italy: FAO, Rome. 148pp
mushrooms, it can thus be inferred that the mushrooms Chang ST, Miles PG. (2004). Mushroom cultivation,
are valuable asset with tremendous potentials in nutritive value, medicinal effect and environmental
supplementing the nutritional deficiency prevalent in impact. 2nd ed. CRC Press, Boca, Raton, Florida, USA
developing countries like Nigeria. 477pp
Das AR, Saha AK, Das, P. (2017). Proximate composition
and antimicrobial activity of three wild edible
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS mushrooms consumed by ethnic inhabitants of Tripura
in northeast India. Studies in Fungi 2(1):17–25
BCF conceived the study and supervised data collection, Dulay RMR, Arenas MC, Kalaw SP, Reyes RG, Cabrera,
performed statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. EC. (2014). Proximate composition and functionality of
VIJ also supervised data collection. CRT and OOA culinary-medicinal tiger saw gill mushroom, Lentinus
collected the data. All authors contributed to the writing, tigrinus (higher basidiomycetes) from the Philippines.
reading and approval of the final manuscript. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 16(1):85-
94
Duru M, Nwadike C, Ezekwe A, Nwaogwugwu C,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Eboagwu I, Odika P, Njoku S, Chukwudoruo C. (2018).
Evaluation of nutritional, anti-nutritional and some
We the authors will like to appreciate the laboratory biochemical studies on Pleurotus squarrosulus (Mont.)
assistants, particularly, Mrs. J. Tanko for her gainful insight singer using rats. African Journal of Biochemistry
in laboratory analysis and identification of the mushroom Research, 12(2):7-27. DOI: 10.5897/AJBR2017.0925
Morphological Characterization and Proximate Analysis of Three Edible Mushrooms in Plateau and Kogi States, Nigeria
Falemara BC, Joshua VI. (2016). Comparative Yield and mushroom consumed in northern part of Nigeria.
Proximate Composition of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) Academia Journal of Scientific Research 5(9):349-364
P. Kumm. and Pleurotus florida (Mont.) Singer Okwulehie IC, Ogoke JA. (2013). Bioactive, nutritional and
Cultivated on Different Substrates. Forest Management heavy metal constituents of some edible mushrooms
and the challenges of Environmental Sustainability. found in Abia state of Nigeria. Int. J. Appl. Microbiol.
Book of Proceedings of the 5th Biennial Conference. Biotechnol. Res. 1:7-15
Forest and Forest Products Society. April 25th – 28rd, Olayinka AA. (2016). Evaluation of the Nutritional Status of
2016. Delta State University, Abraka, Asaba, Nigeria. Two Edible Mushroom Species in Ekiti State, Nigeria.
444-450pp Food Science and Quality Management 51:32-36
FAO. (2006). Food and Agriculture Organization. The state Olowolafe EA. (2002). Soil parent materials and soil
of food insecurity in the world. A FAO Report. FAO, properties in two separate catchment areas on the Jos
Rome, Italy. Plateau, Nigeria. GeoJournal 56:201-212
Hsieh HM, Ju YM. (2018). Medicinal components in Olusanya JO. (2008). Essentials of food and nutrition, 1st
Termitomyces mushrooms. Applied Microbiology and edition, Apex Book limited, Lagos: 36-75.
Biotechnology. 102(12) 4987– Oyetayo OV. (2011). Medicinal Uses of Mushrooms in
4994|https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-8991-8 Nigeria: Towards Full and Sustainable Exploitation. Afr
Ibitoye SJ. (2006). The Impact of Cooperative Societies on J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 20 8(3): 267–274.
Rural Development in Ankpa LGA of Kogi State, Peter Jordan (2000). The Mushroom guide and Identifier.
Nigeria. National Association of Science, Humanities Annes Publishing Limited, Hermes Home, London SEI.
and Education Research Journal, 4 (2):193-198. SHA. 128pp
Ijioma BC, Ihediohanma NC, Onuegbu NC, Okafor, DC. Salamat D, Shahid M, Najeeb J. (2017). Proximate
(2015). Nutritional composition and some antinutritional analysis and simultaneous mineral profiling of five
factors of three edible mushroom species in South selected wild commercial mushroom as a potential
eastern Nigeria. European Journal of Food, Science nutraceutical. International Journal of Chemical Studies
and Technology (3)2:57-63 5(3):297-303
Kassegn H. (2018). Determination of proximate Smith JL, Groff JL. (2009). Advanced Nutrition and Human
composition and bioactive compounds of the Metabolism. 5th edition, Australian Wardsworth
Abyssinian purple wheat. Cogent Food & Agriculture Cengage Learning. 600pp
4:1-9 Srikram A, Supapvanich S. (2016). Proximate
Kayode RMO, Olakulehin TF, Annongu AA, Sola-Ojo FE, compositions and bioactive compounds of edible wild
Oyeyinka SA, Kayode BI. (2013). Evaluation of the and cultivated mushrooms from Northeast Thailand.
nutritional composition and phytochemical screening of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 50:432-436
an exotic and wild species of oyster mushrooms Sylvester EC, Ezejiofor AJ, Nnedinma, EA. (2014). Survey
(Pleurotus sajorcaju). Nigerian Journal Agricultural, and proximate analysis of edible mushrooms in Enugu
Food and Environment. 9(3)48-53. State, Nigeria. Annals of Experimental Biology 2(3):52-
KOSEEDS (2014). Report of the Drafting Committee. Kogi 57
State Economic Empowerment and Development Ugbogu AE, Amadi BA. (2014). Biochemical composition
Strategy. 218pp of month beans (V. aconitifolia) and pidgeon pea (C.
Largent D, Theirs HD. (1977). How to Identify Mushrooms cajan). Intraspecific Journal of Nutrition and Food
to Genus II: Field Identification of Genera. Mad River Science, 1(1):001-008
Press. Inc CA. 31pp Ulziijargal E, Mau JL. (2011). Nutrient compositions of
Mattila P, Könkö K, Eurola M, Pihlava JM, Astola J, culinary medicinal mushroom fruiting bodies and
Vahteristo L, Hietaniemi V, Kumpulainen J, Valtonen M, mycelia. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
Piironen V. (2001). Contents of vitamins, mineral 13(4):343-349
elements, and some phenolic compounds in cultivated
mushrooms. J Agric Food Chem 49(5) 2343-2348. doi:
10.1021/jf001525d Accepted 29 September 2018.
Miller OK Jr, Miller HH. (2006). North American Citation: Joshua VI, Falemara BC, Aina OO, Courson TR
Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible (2018). Morphological Characterization and Proximate
Fungi. Guilford, CT: FalconGuide. 584 pp Analysis of Three Edible Mushrooms in Plateau and Kogi
Mukhopadhyay R, Guha AK. (2015). A comprehensive States, Nigeria. World Journal of Microbiology 4(2): 139-
analysis of the nutritional quality of edible 145.
mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju grown in
deproteinized whey medium. LWT- Food Science
and Technology 61:339-345 Copyright: © 2018 Falemara et al. This is an open-access
Neale LB, Katrina S. (1998). Fungi of Southern Australia. article distributed under the terms of the Creative
University of Western Australia Press, Australia. 391pp Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
Odoh R, Ugwuja DI, Udegbunam IS. (2017). Proximate use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
composition and mineral profiles of selected edible provided the original author and source are cited.
Morphological Characterization and Proximate Analysis of Three Edible Mushrooms in Plateau and Kogi States, Nigeria