CONTENT

1. PROGRAMME OVERVIEW ...................................................................... 1

2. WELCOME MESSAGE .............................................................................. 2
3. ABOUT AWTEC ....................................................................................... 4
4. GENERAL INFORMATION........................................................................ 5
5. AWTEC COMMITTEE ............................................................................ 11
6. CONFERENCE LAYOUT .......................................................................... 13
7. SPONSORS ............................................................................................ 14
8. ABSTRACTS ........................................................................................... 33
 3rd ASIAN WAVE AND TIDAL ENERGY CONFERENCE (AWTEC 2016) - October 24 (Mon) to October 28 (Fri)
PROGRAMME OVERVIEW
Concurrent Events South East Asia Collaboration for Ocean Renewable Energy (SEACORE) FORUM (10:30am - 1:30pm, NTU Innovation Centre) INORE Workshop (9am to 3:30pm, NTU - The Hive)
Day 0 4:30pm – 6:00 pm Asian Wave and Tidal Energy Conference (AWTEC) 2016 Welcome Reception (Indochine @ The CHIJMES - 30 Victoria Street, Singapore 187996)
Mon
(Oct 24) 6:00pm – 8:00 pm AWTEC Organizing Committee Meeting & Dinner (AWTEC OC only) Exhibition
6 pm onwards SIngapore International Energy Week (SIEW) Welcome Reception (Venue: National Gallery of Singapore) Preparations

AWTEC 2016 - CONFERENCE PROPER (Venue: Marina Bay Sands Expo and Convention Centre)
9am - 10:15am Joint Opening Session (Asia Clean Energy Summit and AWTEC) and Exhibition Launch
10:15 - 10:45am Morning Coffee / Tea Break
10:45am - 12:30pm 1st Day AWTEC Opening and Plenary Session
Day 1 12:30 - 1:45pm Lunch Break
Tue
(Oct 25) 1:45 - 3:15pm Technical Session (TS) 1.1 Tidal Devices and Technologies Technical Session 1.2 Wave Energy Modelling Technical Session 1.3 Numerical Methods TS 1.4 Techno-Economics, Policy & Enviromental Considerations
3:15 - 3:45pm Afternoon Coffee / Tea Break
3:45 - 5:30pm TS 2.1 Tidal Energy Modelling TS 2.2 - Wave Energy Device Modelling And Testing TS 2.3 - Resource Assessment Session 1 TS 2.4 - Offshore Renewables and Materials
ACES and
6:30pm onwards Walking Tour (Gardens by the Bay) AWTEC
9am - 10:30am 2nd day AWTEC PlenarySession Exhibition
Proper
1. PROGRAMME OVERVIEW

10:30 - 11am Morning Coffee / Tea Break

11am - 12:30pm TS 3.1 Tidal Device Components and Technologies TS 3.2 Wave Energy Device Studies Session 1 TS 3.3 Numerical Methods and Simulations Session 2 Technical Session 3.4 - Techno-Economics, Offshore Trends, & Environmental Considerations
Day 2 12:30 - 1:45pm Lunch Break
Wed
(Oct 26) 1:45 - 3:15pm Tropical Marine Energy Workshop - Session 1 TS 4.2 Wave Energy Device Studies Session 2 TS 4.3 Numerical Methods and Simulations Session 1 TS 4.4 Offshore Renewables Sesssion
3:15 - 3:45pm Afternoon Coffee / Tea Break
3:45 - 5:30pm Tropical Marine Energy Workshop - Session 2 TS 5.2 Wave and Tidal Arrays TS 5.3 Resource Assessment Session 2 INORE Session
6:30pm - 9:45pm AWTEC Conference Dinner (S.E.A. Aquarium, Resorts World Sentosa)
9am - 10:30am 3rd day AWTEC Plenary Session
10:30 - 11am Morning Coffee / Tea Break
11am - 12:30pm TS 6.1 Test Sites and Arrays for Marine Renewables TS 6.2 Wave Energy Systems TS 6.3 Resource Assessment Session 3 TS 6.4 Development and Progress Marine Renewables
Day 3 12:30 - 1:45pm Lunch Break
Thu
(Oct 27) 1:45 - 3:15pm TS 7.1 Tidal Device Technologies - Design and Development TS 7.3 Wave Energy Converters TS 7.3 Tidal Simulations and Modelling TS 7.4 Measurements and Instrumentation
No more
3:15 - 3:45pm Afternoon Coffee / Tea Break Exhibition
Round Table Discussion - Prospects and Opportunities of Ocean/Marine Renewable Energy in Asia
3:45 - 5:45pm
AWTEC Conference Awards and Closing Ceremony
Day 4
Fri 9am to 5pm Technical Tours / Site Visits
(Oct 28)
Notes:
1. During the Conference Proper, AWTEC will use 4 rooms - i.e. Room 1, Room 2, Room 3, and Room 4
2. AWTEC Plenary Sessions are held in a Combined Hall (Room 1)
3. Room assignments for Technical Sessions (TS) are indicated by the 2nd digit of the Session Code (e.g. TS 2.1 is in Room 1, TS 3.2 is in Room 2, TS 5.3 is in Room 3 and TS 7.4 is in Room 4)

1
2. WELCOME MESSAGE

Dear AWTEC 2016 Delegates,

It gives me great pleasure to welcome you all to this important

international conference, which addresses ocean energy such as
tidal and wave energy as well as offshore wind energy as alternative
energy sources that could help support regional energy security.
With your indulgence, I am sure the conference will advance the
science of energy harvesting, educate the technology adopters,
financial community and policy makers.
On behalf of the AWTEC2016 organizing committee, I am honoured
and delighted to welcome you to the 3rd Asian Wave and Tidal
Energy Conference (AWTEC 2016) at Marina Bay Sands, Singapore. I believe we have chosen a venue
that guarantees a memorable technical conference among the culture and scenery of Singapore.
Our technical program is rich and varied with around 14 keynote speeches, 30 invited talks and 150
technical papers split between different parallel oral sessions each day. Besides, the conference
there are pre-conference training workshops, industry focused workshop and site visits. We have
also arranged exhibition booths that will show technical demonstrations of upcoming commercial
solutions. I am sure there will be numerous opportunities for informal networking among academia,
government and industrial representatives.

As a conference chair of AWTEC 2016, I know that the success of the conference has been through
the dedication of many people, especially Dr. Michael Lochinvar Abundo, Ms. Mary Ann Quirapas,
Mr. C. Dwarakesh, Ms. Yvonne Loh and the various members of the Wind and Marine Research
Group of Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ER@N), Ms. Miko Tan & team of IPromo Pte Ltd and Ms.
Nor Azlyn Supingi and team of Sustainable Energy Association of Singapore (SEAS) in planning and
organizing both the technical program, web page management, logistics and supporting social
arrangements. I would like to thank the executive committee of AWTEC led by Prof. “Joe” Chul H. Jo
and EWTEC executive committee consisting of Prof. Cameron Johnstone and Prof. AbuBakr Bahaj for
their support and guidance in making this AWTEC happen. In particular, we thank the program
chairs and various members of Wind and Marine Research Group of ERI@N for their useful advice in
organizing the technical program; the program committee for their thorough and timely reviewing of
the papers, and our sponsors who have helped us to support the expenses in organizing the AWTEC
2016 and in participating to make this event meaningful and timely to the region. I sincerely thank
the senior management of ERI@N in providing the necessary support and encouragement in
organizing this conference.

Dr. Srikanth Narasimalu

Chair, Local Organising Committee, AWTEC 2016 - Singapore
Program Director/Senior Scientist – Wind & Marine Renewable Energy
Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N)

2
Dear AWTEC 2016 Delegates,

In my capacity as Chairman of the Executive Board of the

European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference (EWTEC), it is with
great pleasure that I extend a sincere and warm welcome to the
Asian Wave and Tidal Energy Conference 2016 in Singapore.
AWTEC 2016 exemplifies the importance and value of
international co-operation and the sharing of understanding in
the area of wave and tidal energy. At a time when innovation is
at the core of delivering step changes in technology
development and deployment; never has there been a greater
requirement for such a collaboration and sharing of new
knowledge in the harnessing of energies from the seas. There are
a number of exciting and collaborative research projects and technology development programs
being undertaken in marine renewable; and a large number of these will be shared with delegates
throughout AWTEC 2016.

At this exciting and memorable time in the history of marine renewables, as the first arrays are being
deployed; the sharing of the experiences gained from the numerous activities undertaken to
facilitate this provides invaluable learning to inform the next stages of technology and project
development.

The strong strategic collaborations between AWTEC and EWTEC provide an unrivaled platform for
deepening Asia-European partnerships; and fostering opportunities for greater levels of engagement
and development of international research activity. From these partnerships, the new
methodologies necessary in addressing the challenges associated with the development of wave and
tidal energy technologies and more effective deployment can be develop. Together with the
progressive evolution of AWTEC-EWTEC; this symbiotic relationship nurtures and supports the
enhancement of international wave and tidal energy research capacity; thus feeding the
development of international marine renewables research.

I would like to take this opportunity to wish everyone a highly enjoyable and stimulating AWTEC
2016 conference in the inspiring country of Singapore; and encourage you all to take advantage of
this international gathering and engage in the numerous events and discussions, aiding the
development of this exciting industry.

Cameron Johnstone
Chairman, Executive Board
European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference

3
3. ABOUT AWTEC

AWTEC is an international technical and scientific conference supported by EWTEC organization

which is being recognized as the leading conference in the area of ocean wave and tidal renewable
energies and widely respected for its commitment to maintain high standards in the quality of
academic and industrial contributions to its proceedings since 1979. AWTEC will provide the
attendees with an ideal forum to engage in knowledge transfer and debate at the cutting edge of
marine renewable energy technology and also deliver an update on recent global activities and
initiatives with a distinctly special interest in the Asian region.

AWTEC MISSION STATEMENT

Marine energy research, technology devices and commercial systems have risen rapidly in the last 10
years. From those experiences, there is an extensive understanding of the challenges and difficulties
to be addressed for the successful development of a wave and tidal current power industry.

To facilitate that development, AWTEC's key priorities will be

Information sharing:
Share and exchange information on the recent research and development and also testing protocols
for the deployment of wave and tidal current power technologies leading to the acceleration of the
marine energy industry and so to the development of a wider international marine power market.

Harmonization of standards:
Adopt common approaches and solutions for the generic components and systems of wave and tidal
current power devices, where possible, so that related industries can benefit from these efforts and
establish common solutions to aid the timely development of this international industry. This will be
applied not only to the primary industries and supply chains but also to research and development
parties.

Policies:
Promote the policies and supporting mechanisms of the countries/economies currently leading this
development to widen the marine energy industry up-take to an international role.

4
4. GENERAL INFORMATION

The Venue
Some refer to her as the “little red dot”, but Singapore’s presence in the world today is larger than
that moniker. In fact, Singapore is a bustling cosmopolitan city that offers a world-class living
environment, with her landscape populated by high-rise buildings and gardens. One interesting facet
you’ll discover about Singapore is a ubiquitous collage of cultures, where people of different
ethnicities and beliefs coexist. Besides a vibrant multicultural experience, there’s more you can
discover about Singapore.

Below is a map for the key locations of activities surrounding AWTEC 2016:

5
AWTEC 2016 is located in the Marina Bay Sands Convention Centre. As Asia’s leading destination for
business, leisure and entertainment, MBS is home to multiple unique and vibrant venues, creating a
world-class experience for our AWTEC 3016 delegates. From breath-taking rooms and suites,
extensive and highly flexible event spaces, sumptuous dining, exciting entertainment to the finest in
retail, it is all under one roof, all within reach.
Below is a map of Marina Bay Sands:

Conference Location

6
Transportation
Marina Bay Sands is in the central area of Singapore, only about 20 minutes from Changi Airport.
Please check transportation information at: tinyurl.com/MBS-Transportation-Guide

Registration
The registration desk will be open on October 25 (Tues) from 08:00 to 17:30, October 26 (Wed) from
08:00 to 17:30, October 27 (Thurs) from 08:00 to 17:30.

Welcome Reception
The welcome reception will be at IndoChine @ Chijmes from 16:30 to 18:00 on October 24 (Mon).
Drinks together with refreshment will be served to welcome you to the conference. All delegates are
welcome to join.

AWTEC Organizing Committee Meeting (Oct 24)

The AWTEC Organizing Committee members are requested to join the OC meeting on 24 October
2016 at Carlton Hotel from 18:00 to 19:00 to be followed by dinner. The meeting agenda is to
discuss AWTEC’s future activities together with suggestions and comments to make AWTEC more
successful and productive.

7
Banquet (OCT 26)
The banquet will be held on October 26 (Wed) from 18:30 at Ocean Gallery, SEA Aquarium Sentosa.
The banquet ticket should be shown to enter the Ocean Gallery. A limited number of further tickets
will be available for purchase at the registration desk at SGD 120. The banquet program will include
the conference report, awards, traditional performance, announcement of AWTEC 2016 and dinner.
For those who cannot join the banquet, please advise the AWTEC Secretariat in advance to confirm
the number of people attending the dinner. The formal dress code is recommended for the banquet.
A shuttle will be provided for participants coming from Marina Bay Sands.

How to get there:

Route to Universal Studios Singapore by Train / Sentosa Express:
Take North-East line or Circle line to HarbourFront station.
Take Exit E to VivoCity and proceed to level 3 to board the Sentosa Express. Alight 1 stop later at
Waterfront station.
Walk straight till you see Chili's Restaurant on your right. Turn right and head towards the Universal
Studios Globe.

Below is a map of Resorts World Sentosa :

Banquet Location

For more information, please visit: www.rwsentosa.com

Lunch / Coffee Break

Lunch and coffee break are both included in the delegate ticket. AWTEC delegates will have the
designated buffet lines within the F&B area in ACES exhibition.

8
Tours
a. Gardens by the Bay Tour (Oct 25)
Gardens by the Bay brings to life the National Parks Board Singapore's vision of creating a City in a
Garden. The Gardens captures the essence of Singapore as the premier tropical Garden City with the
perfect environment in which to live and work - making Singapore a leading global city of the 21st
century.

For more information, please visit: www.gardensbythebay.com.sg

b. Technical Tours (Oct 28)

Please find the program for the technical tour. Each group will consist of max 40 participants.

Time Location 1: Eco Campus Location 2 : Floating Tidal

Turbine Platform @ LitaOcean
Shipyard
AM (9:30 am to Group A (Location 1, Batch 1) Group B (Location 2, Batch 1)
12:00 pm)
PM (1:30 to 4:00 pm) Group C (Location 1, Batch 2) Group D (Location 2, Batch 2)

Location 1: NTU Eco Campus

EcoCampus Initiative aims to develop a novel campus-wide sustainability framework with various
demonstration sites, to achieve 35% reduction in energy, water, and waste intensity of the campus
by 2020. Let us walk around the campus and witness the green spots established by our enthusiastic
and dedicated NTU community in the effort of greening our lovely campus.” Please visit this website
for more information about the ERI@N EcoCampus :
http://ecocampus.ntu.edu.sg/Pages/AboutEcoCampus.aspx

9
Location 2: Floating Tidal Turbine Platform @ LitaOcean Shipyard (50kW Floating Tidal Turbine
Demo Unit in Singapore)
The Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), in collaboration with Envirotek, OceanPixel, Schottel
Hydro, and Lita Ocean, is developing a 50kW floating tidal turbine demonstration project in
Singapore.The floating system will be deployed near Sentosa Boardwalk where peak currents reach
more than 2 m/s. Sentosa Dev’t Corp. and ERI@N have been working together towards enabling
tropical tidal energy systems for the region. This demonstration project will not only showcase the
possible harnessing of tidal energy in South East Asia but will also be used towards ERI@N’s
Research and Development goals.

The technical tour / site visit will bring the delegates to Lita Ocean’s shipyard to see the facility
where the demonstration unit was integrated. A short presentation will be shown about the project
to brief the visitors. The floating tidal turbine system may very well be at the quayside of the
shipyard. The delegates will be then brought to the Sentosa Boardwalk for viewing of the location
for deployment.

If interested, please register here: tinyurl.com/technicaltourform

Internet Access
The free Wi-Fi is accessible in MBS Foyer area.

Assistance and Staff

Conference information and help will be available at the registration desk throughout the
conference.

Authors Information
1. Please check your session room before your presentation program. It can be found
in the program leaflet given to you during your registration.
2. Please make sure that your presentation file has been uploaded in the computer
right before the session.
3. Each presentation is around 12 minutes and remaining time will be left for Q&A.
Each session will be handled and facilitated by a Session Chair.
4. Both Chair and speakers are kindly requested to respect scheduled timing of the
presentations.
5. If there is any help you need, please contact the staff who will be available in the
session room.

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5. AWTEC COMMITTEE

AWTEC Executive Board

▪ President Takeshi Kinoshita – Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science (Japan)

▪ Prof. Chul H. Jo – Inha University (Korea)

AWTEC Organizing Committee

▪ Irene Penesis – University of Tasmania, Australian Maritime College (Australia)

▪ Mark Hemer – The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CSIRO)
▪ Chee Ming Lim – Universiti Brunei Darussalam (Brunei Darussalam)
▪ Shi Hongda– Ocean University China (China)
▪ Weimin Liu – The First Institute of Oceanography (China)
▪ Dengwen Xia- National Ocean Technology Center (NOTC) (China)
▪ Rafiuddin Ahmed – University of South Pacific (Fiji)
▪ Johnny C.L. Chan – City University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong)
▪ K.W. Chow – The University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong)
▪ Mukhtasor – Indonesian Ocean Energy Association (Indonesia)
▪ Kyozuka Yusaku – Kyushu University (Japan)
▪ Shuichi Nagata – Saga University (Japan)
▪ Chang-Kyu Rheem- University of Tokyo (Japan)
▪ Young-Ho Lee – Korea Maritime and Ocean University (Korea)
▪ Seung Ho Shin – Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (Korea)
▪ Young-Do Choi- Mokpo National University (Korea)
▪ Omar Yaakob – Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Malaysia)
▪ Lim Yun Seng – Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (Malaysia)
▪ Myat Lwin – Myanmar Maritime University (Myanmar)
▪ Htun Naing Aung – Union of Myanmar of Federation of Chambers of Commerce and
Industries, Energy and Environment Cluster Group (Myanmar)
▪ Ross Vennell – University of Otago (New Zealand)
▪ Rajnish Sharma – University of Auckland (New Zealand)
▪ Laura David – University of the Philippines (Philippines)
▪ Sutthiphong Srigrarom – University of Glasgow Singapore (Singapore)
▪ Narasimalu Srikanth- Nanyang Technology University (Singapore)
▪ Michael Lochinvar Abundo – Nanyang Technology University (Singapore)
▪ Cheng Han Tsai – National Taiwan Ocean University (Taiwan)
▪ Jiahn-Horng Chen – Research Center for Ocean Energy and Strategies (Taiwan)
▪ Chen Bang-Fuh – National Sun Yat-San University (Taiwan)
▪ Chaiwat Ekkawatpanit – King Mongkut University of Technology Thonburi (Thailand)
▪ Pham Hoang Luong – Hanoi University of Science and Technology (Vietnam)
▪ Nguyen Binh Khanh – Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (Vietnam)

11
EWTEC Advisory Committee

▪ AbuBakr Bahaj (UK)

▪ Cameron Johnstone (UK)
▪ Mats Leijon (Sweden)

AWTEC Local and Technical Committee

▪ Srikanth Narasimalu - Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Local OC Chair

▪ Michael Abundo - ERI@N, Conference and Lead Coordinator
▪ Mary Ann Joy Quirapas - ERI@N, Lead Secretariat
▪ Chandrasekar Dwarakesh - ERI@N, Digital Affairs Coordinator
▪ Ho Hiang Kwee - ERI@N
▪ Sridhar Idapalapati - School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (MAE)
▪ Eddie Ng - School of MAE
▪ Zhou Kun - School of (MAE)
▪ Yang Yaowen - School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE)
▪ Pavel Tkalich - National University Singapore (NUS)
▪ Kavita Gandhi - Sustainable Energy Association of Singapore (SEAS)
▪ Ey Kuet – Marine Industry Advisor

12
6. CONFERENCE LAYOUT
Marina Bay Sands Convention Centre, Level 4
AWTEC Room 1: Roselle | 4601- 4603
AWTEC Room 2: Roselle | 4605 - 4606
AWTEC Room 3: Roselle |4604
AWTEC Room 4: Simpor | 4812
AWTEC/ ACES Exhibition: Roselle | 4700

Room 4

Room 1

AWTEC/ ACES
Exhibition Room 3

Room 2

13
7. SPONSORS

Platinum Sponsor | SCOTTISH DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL

Scotland is a top European location for global companies and attracts more international investors
than any UK region outside London. Over 2000 overseas companies, with a combined turnover of
£100 billion are already located here, including Barclays, Blackrock, HERO BPO, JP Morgan,
Mitsubishi and Morgan Stanley. Scotland’s strengths include:

• A highly educated and skilled workforce

• Strong culture of research, innovation and creativity
• Easy connections to global markets including the UK, Europe and America
• Strong connected infrastructure
• Lower operating costs, can be up to 40% lower than London
• Business friendly environment, including one of the lowest tax rates in the G20
• Enviable lifestyle and work/life balance

Get in touch and let us show you the benefits of the country that Ernst & Young's UK Attractiveness
Survey rates as Europe's top destination for inward investment.

For more information, please visit: www.sdi.co.uk/

14
Platinum Sponsor | DCNS

As an international high-tech company, DCNS uses its extraordinary know-how, unique industrial
resources and capacity to arrange innovative strategic partnerships to meet its clients’ requirements.

The Group designs, produces and supports submarines and surface ships. The Group also provides
services for naval shipyards and bases. In addition, the Group offers a wide range of marine
renewable energy solutions.

Aware of its corporate social responsibilities, DCNS is a member of the United Nations Global
Compact. The Group reports revenues of €3.04 billion and has a workforce of 12,953 employees.

For more information, please visit: en.dcnsgroup.com

15
Premium Sponsor | ClassNK

Since its inception in 1899, ClassNK has been engaged in a range of activities dedicated to ensuring
the safety of life and property at sea and protecting the marine environment over the course of its
116 year history as a leading classification society.

ClassNK conducts surveys from its worldwide service network of around 130 offices to ensure that
all new and existing ships and offshore structures fully comply with the classification rules developed
by the Society. The rules cover not only hull structures, but also propulsion systems, electrics and
electronic systems, safety equipment, cargo handling gear, various materials and navigational
equipment, among other systems and components. ClassNK has authorization from over 100 flag
administrations around the world to conduct statutory surveys and issue certifications in accordance
with international conventions and national rules and regulations.

For more information, please visit: www.classnk.com

16
Premium Sponsor | CORNWALL

Whether you’re thinking of starting a new business or seeking a expand your operations, Invest in
Cornwall can help you find out just what Cornwall has to offer – and ensure that you get all the
support you need to business here.

Our extensive network and local knowledge enables us to provide advice and support to potential
investors on areas such as:

• Making the right introductions

• Identifying suitable premises
• Accessing funding
• Recruiting the best talent for your business

With success stories such as Australian wave energy company Carnegie, why not discover how our
free of charge service can help you?

For more information, please visit: www.investincornwall.com

17
Premium Sponsor | DHI

DHI are the first people you should call when you have a tough challenge to solve in a water
environment — be it a river, a reservoir, an ocean, a coastline, within a city or a factory.
Our knowledge of water environments is second-to-none. It represents 50 years of dedicated
research, and real-life experience from more than 140 countries. We strive to make this knowledge
globally accessible to clients and partners by channelling it through our local teams and unique
software.
Our world is water. So whether you need to save water, share it fairly, improve its quality, quantify
its impact or manage its flow, we can help. Our knowledge, combined with our team’s expertise and
the power of our technology, holds the key to unlocking the right solution.

For more information, please visit: www.dhigroup.com

18
Track Sponsor | OCEAN PIXEL

Incorporated in September 2014, OceanPixel is a Singapore start-up company that spun off from the
initiative of Nanyang Technological University (NTU) through its Energy Research Institute @ NTU
(ERI@N). Strategically partnering and collaborating with experts from the Scotland, UK (e.g.
Aquatera) and with access to marine renewable energy thought leaders in the South East Asia (SEA)
region, OceanPixel has positioned itself to be the pioneer company dedicated to ocean renewable
energy planning in SEA. To date, OceanPixel is currently handling projects in Singapore, Indonesia,
and other parts of Asia with potential projects in under development. In February 2015, OceanPixel
Philippines Inc. was established as its counterpart in the Philippines.

For more information, please visit: www.oceanpixel.org

19
Track Sponsor | AQUATERA

Aquatera was established in 2000 to provide a modern and innovative suite of environmental
services and products. The company delivers to local, UK and worldwide markets and has
established a strong track record in the renewable energy and other energy sectors. This work
includes preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) and environmental impact
assessment (EIA) documents for renewable energy projects and strategies, as well as resource
assessment studies, risk assessments, design advice, operations support, environmental surveying,
developing visualisation tools and producing information and awareness materials.

For more information, please visit: www.aquatera.co.uk

20
Track Sponsor | SCHOTTEL HYDRO

SCHOTTEL HYDRO offers its services in three segments: hydrokinetic turbines, semi-submerged
platforms and components, such as turbine hubs and drives. SCHOTTEL HYDRO also includes the
fully-owned subsidiaries TidalStream Ltd. (TSL) in United Kingdom and the Canadian company Black
Rock Tidal Power (BRTP). SCHOTTEL HYDRO is located in Spay, Germany. A large network of
SCHOTTEL sales and service locations ensure local customer service worldwide.

For more information, please visit: www.schottel.de/schottel-hydro

21
Sponsor | BARDOT OCEAN

Bardot Ocean is part of Bardot Group, a French engineering company specialised in subsea projects.
At Bardot Ocean, the first goal of our engineers is to provide the best marine innovative solutions to
communities worldwide, to ensure their energy independence and the highest quality of life possible
for their inhabitants. Our integrated energy solutions provide fully personalised packages adapted to
your activity needs or location, combined with the highest local content possible on construction
and installation activities. Our technology based on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) uses
the ocean water to produce electricity, air-conditioning and fresh drinking water.

For more information, please visit: otec.bardotgroup.com

22
Sponsor | NORTEK

Nortek designs, develops and produces scientific oceanographic instruments that are used to
measure the movement of water in its different forms. These instruments are utilized by scientists,
researchers and engineers at renowned institutions worldwide. They are deployed in demanding
environments that require state-of-the-art instrumentation that is reliable and easy to use.

For more information, please visit: www.nortek-as.com

23
Sponsor | LITAOCEAN

Lita Ocean was established in the 1970s and has since become one of the leading shipping
companies in Singapore providing a diverse range of marine and shipyard services.

Our well-equipped waterfront yard, a fleet of more than 40 various types of vessels and an
experienced workforce have served various governmental organizations, port authorities,
international oil majors, offshore oil and gas companies, marine engineering and marine service
providers.
For more information, please visit: www.litaocean.com

24
Sponsor | Envirotek

ENVIROTEK
CleanTech investor in Singapore, Canada, Australia, Ireland, and the Philippines.

25
Local Organizer | ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE @ NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY (ERI@N)

Established in June 2010, the Energy Research Institute at NTU (ERI@N) envisions to be a leading
research institute for innovative energy solutions. The Institute distinguishes itself through
excellence in basic research directed towards outcomes of high industry relevance, with focus on
systems-level research for tropical megacities. The Institute integrates research across NTU as a
whole in the context of the energy challenge, and then helps translate outcomes into industry and
practice. ERI@N’s mission manifests itself into a comprehensive effort on Energy Generation,
Conversion and Storage Systems, Grid Systems, and Urban Solutions, in a “Living Lab” environment
with a particular focus on solutions for Megacities and for the Tropical Environment.

ERI@N has been handling workshops and conferences (e.g. Offshore Renewable Energy Conference
2012, Asia Future Energy Forum 2013, Asia Clean Energy Summit 2014) over the past few years.
ERI@N has led SEACORE (South East Asia Collaboration for Ocean Renewable Energy) activities and
its efforts act as evidences to support renewable energy adoption in the region. ERI@N has been
working together with SEAS (the Sustainable Energy Association of Singapore) and Singapore’s
renewable energy firms under their umbrella. ERI@N’s two flagship projects, EcoCampus and
Renewable Energy Integration Demonstrator Singapore (REIDS) are providing significant outcomes in
energy efficiency and renewable energy.

For more information, please visit: http://erian.ntu.edu.sg/Pages/Home.aspx

26
Local Organizer | SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ASSOCIATION OF SINGAPORE

The Sustainable Energy Association of Singapore (SEAS) is a non-government and non-profit business
association that represents the interests and provides a common platform for companies in
Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency, and Financial Institutions to meet, discuss, collaborate and
undertake viable projects together.

For more information, please visit: www.seas.org.sg

27
Supporter | ASIA CLEAN ENERGY SUMMIT

Asia Clean Energy Summit (ACES) is Asia’s leading event focusing on clean energy technology, policy
and finance supported by leading government agencies, research institutes and industry in
Singapore. ACES provide a common platform for regional thought leaders in both the public and
private sector to collaborate on critical issues and opportunities in harnessing clean energy for the
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28
Supporter | ASEAN CENTRE FOR ENERGY

The ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE), established on January 1, 1999 as an inter-governmental
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Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam, ACE is hosted by Indonesia.
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29
Supporter | IMREST

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has registered charity status and is the first professional institution to bring together marine
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30
Supporter | SEACORE

In order to understand the regional energy needs and ocean energy technology challenges specific
to tropical conditions, the Energy Research Institute at Nanyang Technological University (ERI@N)
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Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. It is founded on February 26,
2013 after an ocean renewable energy workshop hosted by ERI@N and sponsored by the British
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31
Supporter | OCEAN ENERGY SYSTEM

The Ocean Energy Systems Energy Technology Collaboration Programme (OES) was launched in
2001. The need for technology cooperation was identified in response to increased activity in the
development of ocean wave and tidal current energy in the latter part of the 1990’s and the
beginning of this decade, primarily in Denmark, Portugal and the United Kingdom. These three
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For more information, please visit: www.ocean-energy-systems.org

32
8. ABSTRACTS
S/N ID Abstract Title Author Page
No.

1 A1 Marine Energy Technologies: Readiness & Pathways AbuBakr S Bahaj 49

to Array Deployment

2 A2 Developing the World’s Largest Tidal Energy Project Andrew Dagley 50

at MeyGen

3 A3 System Design Considerations for Tidal Turbine Andrew Good, 51

Array Architecture Kevin Harnett

4 A4 Renewable Energy Policy Development and its Badariah Yosiyana, 52

Impact on the Deployment in ASEAN Sanjayan
Velautham
5 A5 Effect of Idealised Unsteady Flow to the Binoe E. Abuan, 53
Performance of Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine Robert J. Howell

6 A6 Comparison of Five Acoustic Doppler Current Björn Elsäßer, 55

Profilers in a High Flow Tidal Environment Hanna Torrens-
Spence, Pál
Schmitt, Louise
Kregting
7 A7 Current Developments and Enabling Factors for Bruce Cameron 56
Tidal Energy Development in Canada

8 A8 Device Architecture of a 1/10th Scale Tidal Turbine Carwyn Frost, Ian 57

for Experimental Testing in Real Sea State Benson, Bjoern
Elsaesser
9 A9 Introduction of tidal energy researches and projects Chul-Hee Jo 58
in Korea

10 A10 WaveNET – The Road to Commercialisation David J Campbell 59

11 A11 Wave Energy Mapping in Malaysia using Multi- Farah Ellyza 63

mission Satellite Altimetry Hashim, Omar
Yaakob, Kamaludin
Mohd Omar, Ami
Hassan Md Din,

33
S/N ID Abstract Title Author Page
No.

Kho King Koh

12 A12 Feedbacks from Sabella D10 1 MW sea trials Jean-Christophe 65

ALLO

13 A13 Ocean Energy Systems: An International Technology José Luis Villate, 66

Collaboration Programme Ana Brito-Melo

14 A14 Managing uncertainty in EIA of marine renewable Justine Saunders, 67

energy developments: key lessons learned from Sonia Pans
Europe
15 A15 Marine Renewable Energies by DCNS - From R&D to Laurent Albert 68
Industry

16 A16 Polymer Material Qualification for OTEC/SWAC Maëva Alétas, 69

system Frederic
Ceffis,Pierre
Guerin
17 A17 The continuing development of Marine Renewable Martin Murphy 70
Energy in Wales CEng FIMarEST
FIET
18 A18 REAC Energy GmbH Tobias Breitbach 71

19 A19 Overview of In-Stream Tidal Energy Development in Toby Balch 72

Nova Scotia, Canada

20 A20 A Simple Method to Predict Power Output From Veena R, Manuel S 73

Large Offshore Wind Farms Using M, Mathew S,
Artificial Neural Networks Petra M I and Lim
CM
21 A21 Evaluation of Wave Energy Using Numerical Model Wongnarin 75
in Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea Kompor, Chaiwat
Ekkawatpanit,
Duangrudee
Kositgittiwong

34
S/N ID Abstract Title Author Page
No.

22 B13 Suction Anchors for Floating Renewable Energy Manuel Herduin, 76

Devices Christophe Gaudin,
Liang Zhao,
Conleth
O’Loughlin, Mark
Cassidy, James
Hambleton
23 B16 OpenFOAM Modelling of Point-absorbing WECs Linnea Sjökvist, 77
with Different Buoy Topologies Malin Göteman

24 B18 Marine Energy in Costa Rica: Taking notes on UK's T Hernández- 78

expertise Madrigal, S
Wright-Green, A
Mason-Jones, T
O’Doherty, D
O’Doherty
25 B19 Numerical Study on Tidal Farming Optimization in Manh Hung 80
Jangjuk Channel, South Korea Nguyen, Haechang
Jeong, Bu-gi Kim,
Jun-ho Kim,
Changjo Yang
26 B26 Simulating Marine Current Turbine Wakes with T. Ebdon, D.M. 81
Advanced Turbulence Models O’Doherty, T.
O’Doherty, A.
Mason-Jones
27 B28 The Development of Wave and Tidal Energy Test Jiahn-Horng Chen, 83
Sites at National Taiwan Ocean University Shiaw-Yih Tzang

28 B30 Temporal and spatial distribution of turbulence in Rolf Lueck, Fabian 84

Islay Sound Wolk, Kevin Black

29 B33 Design of tidal stream turbine drive trains, Key M. Hofmann, M. 85

drivers and parameters, limitations and first field Baumann, J.
testing experiences Marnoch
30 B34 Performance of Finite Arrays of Oscillating Wave Zhi Yung Tay, 86
Surge Converters in Irregular and Multi-Directional Vengatesan
Sea Venugopal
31 B35 A Genetic Algorithm Scheme for Spacing Zhi Yung Tay, 88
Optimisation In WEC Arrays Vengatesan
Venugopal

35
S/N ID Abstract Title Author Page
No.

32 B44 CFD SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL Changhong Hu, 90

MEASUREMENT OF THE WAKE OF A HORIZONTAL Cheng Liu,
TIDAL CURRENT TURBINE Sueyoshi Makoto,
Mina Ohmori,
Yusaku Kyozuka
33 B53 A Novel Drivetrain Option for Tidal Energy System Xiaoxu Zhang, Zhe 92
Chen, Xiao Liu

34 B54 InSTREAM, Sensors and methods for measuring Fabian Wolk 93

turbulence in laboratory and field

35 B55 Energy Storage System for Wind Energy Integration Zhen Shu, and 95
in Power Transmission Systems Kelvin Tan Kian
Hock
36 B56 Designing TEC Arrays in Constricted Channels Malcolm Smeaton, 96
Ross Vennell, Alice
Harang
37 B57 Wave Energy Resource Assessment in Asia Michael H. Wang, 98
David Darbinyan

38 B60 Effect of Idealised Unsteady Flow to the Binoe E. Abuan, 99

Performance of Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine Robert J. Howell

39 B61 Numerical modelling of the WaveRoller device using T. Tan Loh, D. 101
OpenFOAM Greaves, T. Mäki,
M. Vuorinen D.
Simmonds, A. Kyte
40 B62 Nonlinear Froude-Krylov Force Representations for Giuseppe Giorgi, 103
Heaving Buoy Wave Energy Converters Markel Peñalba ,
John V. Ringwood
41 B63 Nonlinear Hydrodynamic Force Relevance for Giuseppe Giorgi, 105
Different Wave Energy Converter Types Markel Peñalba,
John V. Ringwood
42 B65 Three-tether axisymmetric wave energy converter: Nataliia Yu. 107
estimation of energy delivery Sergiienko,
Benjamin S.
Cazzolato, Boyin
Ding, Maziar
Arjomandi

36
S/N ID Abstract Title Author Page
No.

43 B68 Challenges in Representing Tidal Turbine Using Anas RAHMAN, 108

Actuator Disc Concept for Large Scale Ocean Vengatesan
Modelling VENUGOPAL,
Jérôme THIEBOT
44 B69 Declutching Control of a Point Absorber Based on Enrico Anderlini, 109
Reinforcement Learning Paul Stansell,
David Forehand,
Elva Bannon, Qing
Xiao, and
Mohammad
Abusara
45 B73 Optimal scaling of a generic point absorber WEC in Alain H. Clément, 111
a range of production sites Brian Winship

46 B74 Tidal Current Phasing Along the Coast of Norway Nicole Carpman, 113
Karin Thomas

47 B75 Combining Tidal Energy Yield Uncertainties Sunny Shah, 115

Hannah Buckland,
Philipp R. Thies,
Tom Bruce
48 B79 Numerical study on the performance of twin-raft WenChuang Chen, 116
wave energy dissipators YongLiang Zhang,
HuiFeng Yu
49 B82 Numerical Modelling of a Tidal Turbine Behaviour T. Leroux, N. 118
under Real Unsteady Tidal Flow Osbourne, J.M.
McMillan, D.
Groulx, A.E. Hay
50 B83 Numerical Modelling of a Three-Bladed NREL S814 Grant Currie, Nick 119
Tidal Turbine Osbourne, Dominic
Groulx
51 B84 Effect of power take-off system on the capture Huifeng Yu, 120
width ratio of a novel wave energy converter Yongliang Zhang,
Wenchuang Chen
52 B85 Performance of ocean wave-energy arrays in Irene Penesis, 122
Australia Richard Manasseh,
Alan Fleming,
Gregor
Macfarlane,
Swapnadip De
Chowdhury, Jean-
Roch Nader,
37
S/N ID Abstract Title Author Page
No.

Alexander
Babanin, Suhith
Illesinghe,
Alessandro Toffoli
53 B86 Experiment and Numerical Analysis of HATCT Model Seung-Jun Kim, 123
for Energy Independent Island in Korea Patrick Mark Singh,
Beom-Soo Hyun,
Young-Ho Lee,
Young-Do Choi
54 B88 Assessing tidal turbine performance and the Alexei Sentchev, 124
relationship between the turbine output power and Maxime Thiébaut ,
turbulence in a tidal estuary François G. Schmitt
55 B92 Vertical arrays of reduced diameter turbines for low Benjamin T. 125
velocity tidal flows Tarver, Chul-H. Jo,
Johnny C.L. Chan
56 B93 Comparison of numerical tidal resource assessment Benjamin T. 126
with field test results in the South China Sea Tarver, Jimmy C.K.
Ton, Ken Chen,
Kang-Hee Le, Chul-
H. Jo and Johnny
C.L. Chan
57 B94 Tidal energy resource characterisation along the Alexei Sentchev , 127
French coast by using HF radar and ADCP velocity Maxime Thiébaut
measurements
58 B95 A High-Resolution, Wave and Current Resource A. Webb, W. 129
Assessment of Japan: The Web GIS Dataset Fujiwara, K.
Kiyomatsu, K.
Matsuda, Y.
Miyazawa, S.
Varlamov, T.
Waseda, J.
Yoshikawa
59 B96 Comparison of Damping Controls for a Wave Jennifer Leijon, 130
Energy Converter with a Linear Generator Power Irina Dolguntseva,
Take-Off: a Case Study for the Lysekil and Wave Hub Boel Ekergård,
Test Sites Cecilia Boström
60 B98 Study on performance of tail van for solo Salter's Jinming Wu, 131
Duck wave energy converter Yingxue Yao

61 B100 High Resolution Wave Model for Beirut, Lebanon Ahmad Kourani, 132
Peninsula Matthias Liermann

38
S/N ID Abstract Title Author Page
No.

62 B105 Turbulent intensity by experimental and numerical Patxi Garcia Novo, 134
analysis in Kobe Seto Sound Yusaku Kyozuka

63 B109 Development of OWC-Type wave power generation Kazuyoshi Kihara , 135

device through TRL Koichi Masuda,
Tomoki
Ikoma,Yasushi
Hosokawa
64 B116 Viscous Effects on the Performance of Wave Energy Aidan Bharath, 137
Converters Jean-Roch Nader,
Irene Penesis ,
Gregor MacFarlane
65 B118 The Flow-Induced Vibration of Pivoted Rigid Circular Johnstone, Andrew 139
Cylinders as the Proposed Basis for a Tidal Stream D, Stappenbelt,
Energy Device Brad, Blitzner,
Aslaug T
66 B119 Tidal Current Analysis near Offshore Bridges Hak-Soo Lim, Jin- 140
through Field Observations and Numerical Hak Yi, Chang-Shik
Simulation Kim, Won-Dae
Baek
67 B124 Seasonal Variation of the Tidal and Ocean Currents Shoki HONMA, 142
in the Tsugaru Strait Ayumi
SARUWATARI,
Makoto
MIYATAKE, and
Tomoya HIROTA
68 B126 Floater design and structural analysis on 15kW-class Patrick Mark Singh, 144
WEC Zhenmu Chen,
Soo-Hyeon Park,
Young-Do Choi
69 B135 Investigating the development of large scale wave Kyra Eve Johnston, 145
energy converter test sites in Tasmania Irene Penesis,
Rahman Rahimi
70 B136 Wave Energy Potential Estimation Using Normalized Tomoki Taniguchi, 147
WEC Performance and Standardized Metocean Data Toshifumi
Fujiwara, Shunji
Inoue
71 B137 Effects of Extreme Wave-Current Interactions on Stephanie 149
the Performance of Tidal Stream Turbines Ordonez-Sanchez,
Kate Porter,
Carwyn Frost,
Matthew Allmark,
Cameron

39
S/N ID Abstract Title Author Page
No.

Johnstone, Tim
O’Doherty

72 B138 Comparative Study of Numerical Modelling Kate Porter, 151

Techniques to Estimate Tidal Turbine Blade Loads Stephanie
Ordonez-Sanchez,
Thomas
Nevalainen, Song
Fu, Cameron
Johnstone
73 B142 Optimal Design of Blade Shape for a 200 kW Class Ji-Hye Seo, Jin- 153
Horizontal Axis Tidal Current Turbines HakYi, Jin-Soon
Park Kwang-Soo
Lee
74 B144 Effects of Current Field around Tidal Turbine Array Yuka Watanabe, 155
with Fan and Porous Media Tomoki Ikoma,
Koichi Masuda,
Hiroaki Eto
75 B145 Field measurement validation of linear models for George Crossley, 156
wave-current interaction Ed Mackay, Sandy
Day
76 B148 Comparative Performance Analysis of Doubly-Fed Suchithra R, Sumit 157
Induction Generator with Wells and Impulse Sadaphale, Paresh
Turbines Halder, Nithya
Venkatesan, Abdus
Samad
77 B151 Modelling Wave-induced Motions of a Floating WEC Da-Wei CHEN, 159
with Mooring Lines using the SPH Method Shuichi NAGATA,
Yasutaka IMAI
78 B154 The variation of artificial discharge-induced current Jeong Sik Park, 160
in the world's largest tidal power plant according to Seung-Buhm Woo,
the construction of flow reduction facilities Jin Il Song, Jong
Wook Kim, Chang
Joon Park, Hyo
Keun Kwon
79 B155 Dry and Wet Testing of a PTO based on Luca Castellini, Gia 161
Recirculating Ballscrew Technology como Alessandri

80 B156 A Pseudo 3-Dimensional Testing Technique for Slam Alan Mckinley, 163
Loading on an Oscillating Wave Surge Converter Paul Lamont-Kane,
Matt Folley, Bjoern
Elsaesser

40
S/N ID Abstract Title Author Page
No.

81 B162 Design of Floating Kuroshio Turbine Blade Ching-Yeh Hsin, 165

Geometries Shih-Yun Wang,
Jiahn-Horng Chen,
Forng-Chen Chiu
82 B166 Simulations of Taut-Moored Platform PLAT-O using Penny Jeffcoate, 167
ProteusDS Fabrizio Fiore,
Dean Steinke,
Andrew Baron, Ralf
Starzmann, Sarah
Bischol
83 B168 Influence of power take off on front face loads on a Krisna A. Pawitan, 169
small-scale OWC model Tom Bruce

84 B169 The Australian Wave Energy Atlas Mark Hemer, 171

Graham Symonds,
Ron Hoeke, Uwe
Rosebrock, Rob
Kenyon, Stefan
Zieger, Tom
Durrant, Stephanie
Contardo, Julian
O'Grady, Kathy
McInnes
85 B173 Technology Application of Oscillating Water Column Inovasita Alifdini, 172
on The Sungai Suci Beach as Solutions for Make A Yochi Okta
Renewable Energy in Coastal Bengkulu, Indonesia Andrawina, Denny
Nugroho Sugianto,
Adrian Bela
Widodo, Alfin
Darari
86 B175 The impact of a real tidal flow on the fatigue loads Tom Blackmore, Lu 174
acting on a tidal turbine ke S Blunden, Khila
n Shah, Luke E Mye
rs, AbuBakr S Bahaj
87 B185 Characteristics of tidal current energy distribution in Chul Hee Jo , Chan 176
Korea Hoe Goo , Bong
Kum Cho , Su Jin
Hwang
88 B186 Design of a 10 kW Ocean-current Turbine Katsutoshi 177
Shirasawa,
Junichiro Minami,
Hidetsugu
Iwashita, Tsumoru
Shintake

41
S/N ID Abstract Title Author Page
No.

89 B187 Evaluation of influential factors leading to M.Garnier, 178

discrepancies between analytical and numerical R.Menard,
determination of hydrodynamique forces acting on S.Vellutini,
jacket structures N.Couty,
M.Beauvais,
H.Cucu
90 B192 Optical system for underwater positioning of F. Remouit, J. 180
Observation Class Remotely Operated Vehicle Engström

91 B195 Parametric Analysis of the Actuator Disc Concept Anas RAHMAN, 181
for Three Dimensional Tidal Modelling Vengatesan
VENUGOPAL,
Jerome THIEBOT
92 B199 Research on Scale Effects on the Wake Field of Tidal Junzhe Tan , Peng 182
Turbine Wang , Xiancai Si ,
Shujie Wang , Peng
Yuan
93 B201 Design of a Floating Platform for Shallow Water Gino Bawn, David 184
Tidal Stream Energy Resources Leboe

94 B202 A Validated BEMT model for tidal stream turbines Steven Allsop, 185
with investgation of free-surface effects Christophe
Peyrard, Philipp R.
Thies, Evangelos
Boulougouris,
Gareth Harrison
95 B209 Identifying the design wave group for the extreme Ashkan Rafiee , 187
response of a point absorber wave energy Hugh Wolgamot,
converter Scott Draper, Jana
Orszaghova,
Jonathan Fievez,
Tim Sawyer
96 B212 Design Optimization and Stability Analysis of Bang-Fuh Chen , 189
Diffuser Augmented Duct Cheng-wei Huang ,
Bing-Han Lin
97 B218 Numerical Study on the Application of Multiple Beom-Soo Hyun & 190
Vertical-Axis Tidal Turbine System Jeong-Ki Lee

98 B222 Experimental Investigation on Wave Energy Jialin Han, Daisuke 192

Harvesting Performance of a Small Ship - Based on Kitazawa , Takeshi
an Application of MPPT Kinoshita , Teruo
Maeda and Hiroshi

42
S/N ID Abstract Title Author Page
No.

Itakura

99 B226 Motion Performance of Floating Metocean Data Jeongrok Kim, 194

Measurement System in Waves Yoon Hyeok Bae, Il
Hyoung Cho
100 B228 An Exploratory Techno-Economic Analysis of Swati Sharma, Dr. 195
Underground Pumped Hydroelectricity Storage Srikanth
Systems in Underground Caverns in Singapore Narasimalu
101 B229 Proposal of WEC to Harness the Power of the Tsumoru Shintake 196
Breaking Wave Using Rotating Turbines

102 B230 Practical Aspects and Expected Wind Data Detlef Stein, 198
Uncertainty of using Floating LiDAR systems for Patrick Schwenk,
Offshore Wind Resource Assessments Justus Kellner, Jian
Hao Koh, Benoit
Nguyen
103 B231 Development of a New Small-Sized Water Turbine Jian Shen and 199
Generator for Low Flow Velocities Hirotada Nanjo,
Shoji Kasai, Takeshi
Kubota, M.
Shimada
104 B235 Validation of ProteusDS numerical model using Andrew Baron, 201
TRITON tank test data Dean Steinke, Ralf
Starzmann, Sarah
Bischof , Katja
Jacobsen
105 B240 Feedback Control of Wave Energy Converters Ossama 203
Abdelkhalik , Jiajun
Song, Rush
Robinett
106 B242 Reduction in the Cost of Tidal Energy Through the Mark Leybourne, 205
Exploitation of Lower Flow Resources Joe Hussey,
Michael Lochinvar
Abundo
107 B244 Performance Analysis of a floating OWC- type Wave Shigeki Okubo , 206
Energy Converter by Vortex Method Shuichi Nagata,
Yasutaka Imai,
Tengen Murakami,
Toshiaki Setoguchi

43
S/N ID Abstract Title Author Page
No.

108 B245 A Review of India's Developing Offshore Wind Mark Leybourne, 207
Market and Opportunities Joe Hussey

109 B256 Rated power and control of an oscillating-water- A.F.O. Falcão, 208
column wave energy converter J.C.C. Henriques,
L.M.C. Gato
110 B269 Planning and Monitoring of the MRE Test Site in Changlei MA, 209
China Jianjun SHI

111 B271 Impact of atmosphere-ocean-wave coupling on Nikhil Garg, Ng Yin 210

modelling hurricane waves and storm surge Kwee, Eddie, and
Srikanth
Narasimalu
112 B276 Development and Application of Offshore Surging Zhong-hua Zhang, 212
Wave Energy Power Generation Converter Xiang-nan Wang

113 B280 Tank-testing to validate a linear numerical Cam Algie , Alan 213
performance model of the Bombora wave energy Fleming, Shawn
converter Ryan , Sam
Leighton
114 B288 Introduction to Metal Additive Manufacturing and WU WENJIN, TOR 215
its Challenges in Offshore & Marine SHU BENG,
Narasimalu
Srikanth, CHUA
CHEE KAI, AZIZ
AMIRALI
MERCHANT
115 B289 Numerically modelling the scour process around an Andrew Pang 216
offshore foundation

116 B296 Influence of Island Wakes on Tidal Energy Potential Vivien P. Chua, Shi 217
in Singapore Strait Ying Tan, Ming Xu

117 B299 Vortex induced vibration of vertical cylinder in E A Odhiambo, 218

progressive waves as simulated by direct-forcing Ming-Jyh Chern,
immersed boundary method Tzyy-Leng Horng
118 B304 Turbine-Current Frequencies Interaction in Vertical I. Amin 219
axis Marine Current Turbine

44
S/N ID Abstract Title Author Page
No.

119 B305 Effect of Number of Blades on the Performance of Islam Ahmed Amin 221
Vertical axis Marine Current Turbine under
Unsteady Current Velocity
120 B311 WaveRoller technology development and testing Christopher M. 223
Ridgewell

121 B312 The Characteristics of the Small Segment Multi- Mohammad 224
Chamber Oscillating Water Column Shalby , Paul
Walker, David G.
Dorrell
122 B317 A low cost and highly efficient TFM generator for Anders Hagnestål 226
wave power

123 B318 Design & Development of Airborne Wind Turbine R. Lokesh Kannan, 227
K.
Sreekousalyadevi,
S.M. Madhan
Kumar, R. Karthick,
V. Hariprasad, R.
Arvind Singh, S.
Jayalakshmi and N.
Srikanth
124 B328 A Design Procedure for a Resonance Two-body Kweon, Hyuck-Min 229
Power Buoy · Choi, Jang-young ·
Cho, Il-Hyoung ·
Ruy, Won-Sun ·
Kang, Ju Whan
125 B330 Research on Characteristics of the Seawater Weimin Liu, Wei 230
Temperature Rise in Cold Water Pipe in OTEC Shi, Lei Liu,
Power Plant Fengyun Chen
126 C1 The JELLYFISH, a COMMERCIAL SCALE SALTER’S Ramuel Mamara 234
DUCK Marine Hydro kinetic device

127 C2 Hydroelasticity of Tidal Current Turbine Blades Jing Jie LIM, Bing 235
Feng NG

128 C3 THE Supergen UK Centre for marine energy Henry Jeffrey 237
research

45
S/N ID Abstract Title Author Page
No.

129 C4 Design and Sea Trial of a Scaled Prototype for Ship- Lin Cui 238
based Multi-point Absorber Wave Energy
Conversion Device
130 C6 Integration of wave measurement device into a Jess Kolbusz, David 239
wave energy array Harrowfield,
Mathieu Cocho &
David Velasco
131 C7 Evaluation of Wave Energy Using Numerical Model Wongnarin 245
in Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea Kompor, Chaiwat
Ekkawatpanit,
Duangrudee
Kositkittiwong
132 C8 The Role of Test and Demonstration Centres in Mr Kiyohiko Ko 246
Supporting Ocean Energy in Japan and Asia,
Introduction of Nagasaki-Asia Marine Energy Centre
133 D1 Influence of Scour on Soil-structure Interaction of Abhinav K. A, 247
Tripod Supported Offshore Wind Turbines Nilanjan Saha

134 D2 Design Analysis of a Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine Louis Angelo 248
Danao1, Binoe
Abuan, Robert
Howell
135 D3 Tidal energy resource characterisation along the Alexei Sentchev, 250
French coast by using HF radar and ADCP velocity Maxime Thiébaut
measurements
136 D4 Anchor Installation for the Taut Moored Tidal Nick Cresswell, 252
Platform PLAT-O Jason Hayman,
Andy Kyte
137 D5 Non-floating Non-submersible sea wave energy D. Ghana Bharathi 253
converter for the seaside with low gradient

138 D6 Ocean Energy Systems: José Luis Villate, 255

An International Technology Collaboration Ana Brito-Melo
Programme
139 D7 The importance of performance assessment and Oliver Wragg 256
verification in marine energy test programmes

140 D8 Tidal Energy: A Promising Future Resource for Sam Green, Remo 257
Tasmania Cossu, Irene
Penesis, Jean-Roch

46
S/N ID Abstract Title Author Page
No.

Nader

141 D9 Modelling 50 kW Top Hinged Flap Type Pilot Wave S.D.G.S.P.Gunawar 258
Energy Device for Southern Coastal Region in Sri dane,
Lanka C.J.Kankanamge,
H.M.S.Sanjaya,
TomijiWatabe,You
ng-Ho Lee
142 D10 Potential Social‐Economic‐Environment Effects of Ou Ling, Xu Wei 260
Tidal current Energy development in
Zhoushan,China
143 D11 Full-Scale Artificial Ocean Wave Generation and Lex L. de Rijk, 261
Wave Energy Converter Performance Testing Henry L. Han

144 D12 What should a Condition Monitoring system J. Marnoch, M. 262

look like for a tidal turbine? Baumann, M.
Hofmann
145 D13 Time-domain analysis of oscillating two-body wave Sung-Jae Kim, Min- 264
energy converter Jae Shin,
Weoncheol Koo
146 D14 Numerical Analysis of WEC Platform under Various Sanghwan Heo, 265
Environmental Conditions Weoncheol Koo,
Min-Su Park
147 D15 Wave Energy Resource Evaluation Lex L. de Rijk, 266
for Yushan Island, China Henry L. Han

148 D16 Hydrofoil Optimization and Hygrothermal A.N Rajaram, 267

Behaviour of a Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine Blade Narasimalu
Srikanth, Chai Gin
Boay
149 D17 Numerical and Experimental Study on Primary Yukitaka Yasuzawa, 275
Energy Conversion of Multiple Circular Cylindrical Naoto Takamatsu,
OWC Units for Wave Power Generation Takatomo
Setoguchir
150 D18 Tribological challenges of tidal and offshore wind Loganathan 276
turbines. Pranava Saai, Dr.
Narasimalu
Srikanth

47
S/N ID Abstract Title Author Page
No.

151 D19 A Tribological Evaluation of Effects of Moisture and Abhiruchi Gadgila, 277
Salinity on Offshore Turbine Gear Oils Narasimalu
Srikantha, Kun
Zhoub, Amblard,
Benedictec,
Espinoux, Fredericc
152 D20 ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING IN OFFSHORE Kannappan 278
STRUTURES Lakshmanan and
Dr. Narasimalu
Srikanth
153 D21 Influence of a Single Protruded Rectangular Feature Sim Tze Siang 279
on Smooth-Walled Circular Cylinder Under High
Reynolds Number Flow
154 D22 Drivetrain Loads and Bearing Fatigue Life of T.M Nevalainen, P. 281
Horizontal Axis TSTs Operating in Unsteady Seas Davies, C.M
Johnstone
155 D23 Meta-cognitive Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Neural Nguyen Anh, Ren 282
Network for Significant Wave Height Forecasting Ye, Sundaram
Suresh, Narasimalu
Srikanth
156 D24 Evaluating Passive Structural Control of Tidal Song Fu, Cameron 283
Turbines Johnstone, Joe
Clarke
157 D25 A study on performance enhancement of U-tube Byung Ha Kim, Hui 285
type floating WEC Seong Jeong,
Young Ho Lee
158 D26 Design and Hydrodynamic Analysis of a Point Anurag 286
Absorber Wave Energy Converter Devarapalli, Joydip
Bhattacharjee
159 D27 Analysis and Validation of Hydro-turbine Turbulent Sanchit Salunkhe, 288
Wake Shanti Bhushan,
David Thompson
160 D28 Numerical Analysis on the Stream Directional In Cheol Kim, Hong 290
Positioning of a Counter-Rotating Tidal Current Goo Kang, Byung
Turbine within a Duct Jun Kim, Young Ho
Lee
161 D29 Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking Wen MingXing1, 291
algorithm for tidal turbine generator Ren Ye, S. Mahesh,
N. Srikanth

48
Marine Energy Technologies: Readiness & Pathways to Array Deployment
Professor AbuBakr S Bahaj
University of Southampton
Energy and Climate Change Division, Sustainable Energy Research Group
(www.energy.soton.ac.uk)
Faculty of Engineering and the Environment
Southampton, SO17 1 BJ, United Kingdom

Abstract
The utilisation of ocean resources, such as wind, waves and marine currents (or tides) is
gathering pace at a global level as their exploitation offers an appropriate pathway for
sustainable electrical power production. Tangible plans are now in place for multi converter
deployment in farms or arrays of what is termed as marine energy - covering the exploitation
of the kinetic energy in ocean waves and tidal streams or currents.

In 2010 the UK’s Crown Estate announced concessions to deploy over 1.6GW of multi-
megawatt mix wave and tidal technology farms and arrays in the Pentland Firth by 2020.
Recently, it also announced further concessions of sites to exploit the marine energy
resources spanning both the north and the south of the UK. This programme has spurred
many global activities for the development and deployment of marine energy technologies.
Globally, there were announcements for the technology through energy yield support
mechanisms for the deployment of multiple devices in arrays, especially those announced for
the Bay of Fundy in Canada, as well as in France, South Korea and China.

Focussing on marine energy, this paper aims to convey the current status of wave and tidal
current energy conversion technologies, addressing issues related to their readiness
compared with others renewable technologies such offshore wind, and will provide a
discourse on current technology commercial scale deployment.

49
 Developing the World’s Largest Tidal Energy
Project at MeyGen
Andrew Dagley1
1
Head of Asia Pacific, Atlantis Resources
1
andrewdagley@atlantisresourcesltd.com

Abstract:
Atlantis is the world’s leading developer of tidal power projects and power generation equipment.
Atlantis is seeking to deliver a new generation of energy infrastructure across the globe. Over the
next five years, we hope to deliver a billion pounds’ worth of tidal infrastructure. In Scotland
alone, we will install 640MW of tidal power capacity by 2022. This will enable Atlantis to deliver
continuous, clean, and predictable supplies of energy, at scale, to power homes and businesses
throughout the United Kingdom, and ultimately across a range of international markets.

Atlantis is also developing its own 1.5MW turbine system (“AR1500”) in cooperation with
Lockheed Martin Corporation, which will be deployed at the MeyGen in 2016. As a turbine
supplier, its industry leading position was further reinforced in 2015 with the acquisition of
Marine Current Turbines from Siemens AG. Atlantis is also a leading tidal energy project
developer and has the largest portfolio of tidal current sites in Europe.

In 2014, Atlantis achieved financial close on the first 6MW phase of the 400MW MeyGen array
off the north eastern coast of Scotland in the United Kingdom. Once fully constructed, MeyGen is
expected to be the largest tidal current project in the world providing power to more than 175,000
homes. The MeyGen project is an industry leading project in many respects, it represents the first
commercial and utility scale array to commence construction as well as the first project financed
tidal current project. All four 1.5MW turbines from the first phase (Phase 1A) are set to be
installed over the coming months, making MeyGen the largest grid connected tidal stream array
in the world.

This presentation will seek to give you some insight into the challenges and progress in
developing the world’s largest tidal energy project.

50
 System Design Considerations for Tidal
Turbine Array Architecture
Andrew Good#1, Kevin Harnett#2
#
OpenHydro Technology Ltd., Ireland
1andrew.good@openhydro.com

2kevin.harnett@openhydro.com

This paper provides a system level overview of the various considerations which have been included
in the design and delivery of OpenHydro’s recent demonstration arrays. A similar process is also
currently being undertaken for the pre-commercial arrays which will quickly follow these important
demonstration array projects.

OpenHydro has recently completed the deployment of two full scale turbines as part of EDF’s
Paimpol-Bréhat project in France, and a second demonstration array is nearing completion for Cape
Sharp Tidal Ventures Ltd. in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. OpenHydro is also actively developing the
next generation of pre-commercial arrays, building on the experience gained from these
demonstration arrays.

The paper provides a system level overview of the relevant considerations for the architecture
design of these tidal arrays. Efficient management of these (and other) interdependent factors is
critical if the objectives of a given project are to be achieved. This continuously improving
methodology is based on the lessons learned throughout more than 10 years of tidal technology and
project development activities.

51
 Renewable Energy Policy Development and its Impact on the Deployment in
ASEAN
Badariah Yosiyana1*, Sanjayan Velautham2
1
Acting Manager of Renewable Energy Support Programme, ASEAN Centre for Energy, Jakarta, Indonesia
2
Executive Director, ASEAN Centre for Energy, Jakarta, Indonesia

Abstract:
The policy exchange among ASEAN Member States (AMS) is one of the important tools for bringing the
awareness on clean energy policy and regional cooperation on energy. This presentation discusses AMS’
experience on renewable energy policy development both in regional and national level. In regional level, the
ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC) is a series of guiding policy documents to support
the implementation of multilateral energy cooperation to advance regional integration and connectivity goals
as well as to address the collective energy challenges in ASEAN. ,. The key initiatives on clean energy under
the APAEC 2016-2025 include the target to reduce energy intensity by 20% in 2020 based on 2005 level and
aspirational target to increase the component of renewable energy to 23% by 2025 in ASEAN Energy Mix. In
national level, increasing numbers of AMS countries are implementing policy measures and dedicating funding
to encourage the deployment of clean energy generation.

RE power plants across the AMS had a cumulated installed capacity of around 23,650 MW in 2006. It
continually expanded to reach 51,700 MW by 2014. The presentation will also show the region’s status on
renewable energy (RE) in power sector, including the policy implementation and statistic. The assessment on
the impact of RE policies to RE deployment in one of the AMS will be presented. The design and
implementation of clean energy policy and the development trends and the positive impact of the key policy
instruments on total installed capacity of RE will also be shared. The key policies among others are (a) RE
targets set by the governing body, (b) selling tariff of electricity from RE sources, (c) incentives for a developer
to implement RE projects, (d) financing support available to RE project developers and (e) permit and
licensing structure for RE power generation.

Defining a single common policy for the successful promotion of RE generation for all ASEAN countries is
complex, particularly due to many factors that are country specific. This presentation will provide several
recommendations for the region to enhance the development of renewable energy.

Keywords: ASEAN, Renewable Energy, Renewable Energy Policy

*Corresponding author. Tel.: +62 21 5279332, Fax: +62 21 5279350

E-mail address: yosiyana@aseanenergy.org

52
 Effect of Idealised Unsteady Flow to the
Performance of Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine
Binoe E. Abuan#1, Robert J. Howell#2
#
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield
Sheffield, United Kingdom
1
beabuan1@sheffield.ac.uk
2
r.howell@sheffield.ac.uk
I. KEYWORDS
Unsteady flow, steady flow, Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine
(HATT), power coefficient, CFD simulation
II. ABSTRACT
Unsteady flows in tidal streams can be caused by the
presence of surface waves, turbulence and shear flows. Since
unsteadiness can be present where Horizontal Axis Tidal
Turbines (HATTs) are installed, it is important to understand
the effect of such conditions on the performance and
hydrodynamics of HATTs.
This paper will present the effects of an idealised unsteady
flow on the performance of a new three-bladed tidal turbine
model designed at the University of Sheffield. The Sheffield
HATT uses NACA 44xx series aerofoil with NACA 4424 at
the root and NACA 4412 at the tip of each blade. It was
designed to have a flatter Power Coefficient (Cp) vs Tip
Speed Ratio (TSR) curve (power curve) but similar maximum
Cp compared to the Southampton turbine as illustrated by
Batten et al [1]. This will have advantages in unsteady flow
where the turbine rotates at a constant RPM but the water
velocity changes (and so TSR) the performance will remain
higher on average. This of course depends on the rotational
frequency of the turbine and the frequency of the unsteadiness
in the water, i.e. the reduced frequency as well as the system
response time.
Fig.1 Power Coefficient vs TSR comparison between the Fluent simulation
results and QBlade BEM solution together with experimental results from
Batten et al [1]
QBlade [2], an open-source Blade Element Momentum
(BEM) simulator coupled with a turbine design function, was
used for the preliminary design of the Sheffield HATT.
Aerofoil profiles for 10 sections were loaded into the Qblade’s
XFOIL module to capture lift and drag information. These
were needed in the BEM module to produce the BEM power
curve. An iterative process was used to determine the most
suitable profiles, twist and taper required to achieve the design
target. An investigation of the Sheffield HATT blade loading
design was reported by Danao et al [3].
A CFD model was then created of the resulting Sheffield
HATT and was modelled using ANSYS FLUENT (version
15.0) with a tidal stream velocity of 2 m/s over the TSR range
from 2 to 10. The power coefficient for those TSRs was
monitored. The mesh used included a boundary layer mesh
using prism layers and unstructured elements created using
ANSYS ICEM-CFD. Simulations were carried out using the
Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) method with
standard k-ε as the turbulence model. The solution was
deemed to have converged when residual values reached
5x10-6. Periodic convergence was usually achieved after nine
turbine revolutions.
Figure 1 shows the comparison of the power curves from
the CFD and BEM simulations together with the experimental
performance of the Southampton HATT [1]. It can be seen
that the Sheffield HATT has succeeded in its design aim of
achieving a similarly high maximum Cp as the Batten [1]
turbine, but over a wider range of operating conditions.
The peak in the power curve at 0.445, or 44.5% at TSR=6,
was chosen to be the point of comparison with an unsteady
flow simulation since any turbine would generally be operated
at the location of maximum performance.
The idealized unsteady flow was set to have an amplitude
of 25% of the mean velocity at a frequency equal to 1Hz. To
achieve this, a UDF was created for use with ANSYS Fluent
where the velocity at the inlet boundary to the computational
domain was set to vary with time according to u(t) = 1.940061
+ 0.49 sin(2πt), where t is the flow time. It is important to note
that this equation was also set to have a cycle-average water
power equal to the steady flow water power at 2 m/s.
The numerical response of the HATT for one cycle is
shown in Figure 2. Also superimposed on Figure 2 is the one
cycle average of the Cp for the unsteady flow and the Cp from
the steady simulation.
While a lower cycle-averaged Cp was observed in the
unsteady simulation, i.e. 38% as compared to the 44% from
the steady flow simulation, the region between flow times of
0.05s and 0.52s of the cycle has a higher Cp as compared to
the steady flow. The maximum Cp for the unsteady case is
59%.
53

Fig.2 Power Coefficient Response of the HATT to the unsteady flow over one
cycle
The shape of the Cp curve for the unsteady case cannot be
easily described using both the plots of the power derived by
the turbine and the water power available. As shown in Figure
3, the available water power has larger amplitudes and even a
higher mean as compared to power derived by the turbine.
The interaction between these two factors results to the
distinct shape of the power curve in Figure 2 which has a
rapid rise corresponding to the increase of water speed (and
power) from 38% to its maximum point of 59% at the 0.26s
mark, a flattening decreasing curve between the 0.28s to 0.52s
spot and an abrupt decrease from 0.52s to 0.76s before it
returns to its original value by the end of the cycle.
Figure 3 shows the cubic relation between the available
water power and the water velocity. The correspondence of
the power extracted by the turbine to the available power can
also be observed. As might be expected, it is possible to see
that the region where the velocity increases has a positive
effect on the extracted power. However, it can also be affected
by the reduced tip speed ratio which in turns gives a higher
incident angle of attack. The power extracted by the turbine is
dependent on two factors, the power of the water stream and
the hydrodynamics concerning the turbine or the combination
of both.
Preliminary conclusions
The response of the Sheffield HATT to unsteady flow has
found that it has lower performance when subjected to
unsteady inflow compared to steady flow with the same water
power. It is also realised that this interaction is complex and
little information was understood and hence requires further
investigation.
Fig.3 Power derived from the Turbine (from simulation) and Power available
from water for one cycle
REFERENCES
[1] Batten W.M.J. et al, “Experimentally validated numerical method for
the hydrodynamic design of horizontal axis tidal turbines,” Ocean
Engineering, 10 October 2006
[2] Wendler et al, “QBlade: An open source tool for design and simulation
of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines,” International Journal of
Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, February 2013.
[3] Danao L.A.M., et al, "Design of a Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine - A
Numerical Approach", submitted to the AWTEC 2016 conference.
[4] Bahaj A.S. et al, “Experimental verifications of numerical predictions
for the hydrodynamic performance of horizontal axis marine current
turbines,” Renewable energy vol. 32, issue 15, December 2007.
[5] Malki R. et al, “A coupled blade element momentum – computational
fluid dynamics model for evaluating tidal stream turbine
performance,” Applied Mathematical Modelling, 2012.
[6] O’Dohetry, T. et al, “Considerations of a horizontal axis tidal turbine,
proceedings of the institution of civil engineers, “ 2010, p 119-130.
[7] Gant, S. and Stallard, T., “Modelling a tidal turbine in unsteady flow,”
Proceedings of the 18th International Offshore and Polar Engineering
Conference. Vancouver, 6-11 July 2008.
[8] Afgan, I. et al, “Turbulent flow and loading on a tidal stream turbine
by LES and RANS,” International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 43,
2013, pp. 96-108.
[9] Milne, I.A. et al, “The role of waves on tidal turbine unsteady blade
loading, 3rd International Conference on Ocean Energy, October 6,
2010.
[10] Milne, I.A. et al, “Blade Loading on tidal turbines for Uniform
Unsteady Flow,” Renewable Energy Vol. 77, May, 2015.
[11] McCann G.N. et al, “Implications of Site-Specific Conditions on the
Prediction of Loading and Power Performance of a Tidal Stream
Device,” 2nd International Conference on Ocean Engineering, 2008.
54
 Comparison of Five Acoustic Doppler Current
Profilers in a High Flow Tidal Environment
Björn Elsäßer#1†, Hanna Torrens-Spence#2†, Pál Schmitt#3†, Louise Kregting#4†
#
Marine Research Group, Queen’s University Belfast
Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
1b.elsaesser@qub.ac.uk, 2htorrensspence01@qub.ac.uk

3p.schmitt@qub.ac.uk, 4l.kregting@qub.ac.uk

†These authors contributed equally to this work.

I. KEYWORDS
Hydrodynamics; Tidal Flow; ADCP, Instrument Comparison;
Current Measurement; Field Study; Tidal Energy

II. ABSTRACT

Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) are commonly

used across a range of disciplines for flow measurements in
Figure 2. Frame Setup. a) Left frame: Frame 3 with ADCP 4 (top), ADCP 5
fluvial, coastal and offshore environments. As with any (left); Right frame: Frame 3 with ADCP 1 (top) and ADCP 2 (back); b) Frame
measurement instrument, calibration and assessment of the 2 with ADCP 3
accuracy of ADCP outputs is of high interest to many users, but
in most cases the data is not independently verified. The
accuracy of ADCP measurements is of particular importance to
the emerging tidal stream energy industry, since the available
power from tidal currents is proportional to velocity cubed and
ADCPs are the most commonly used measurement instrument
for assessment of the resource potential. This paper presents a
field study conducted to compare flow velocity measurements
from multiple collocated ADCPs.
The instruments were deployed at the same time in close
proximity at a field location with strong tidal flows in Copeland
Sound, Northern Ireland. Peak current velocities in the Sound
have been known to exceed 2ms-1 and the site is also sheltered
from Atlantic swell waves, making it a suitable location to
assess the equipment in a current dominated environment. A
total of five ADCPs, including four different models from three
manufacturers, on three frames (Fig. 2a, b) were deployed at
the site for the duration of one ebb tidal cycle.
The experimental methodology, along with the methods of
data post-processing and analysis are presented in the paper.
The paper also compares and contrasts the flow speed and
direction results from the different instruments. The differences
in results between instruments highlight the issues of
instrument accuracy and of spatial variability of flow
conditions.

55
Current Developments and Enabling Factors
for Tidal Energy Development in Canada
Mr Bruce Cameron
Principal Consultant, Envigour Energy Policy

Abstract

This presentation by Bruce Cameron, Principal Consultant with Envigour Energy Policy
Consultants, will examine the current state of instream tidal development in Canada. Mr.
Cameron recently retired from his position as Executive Director of Electricity,
Renewables and Efficiency with the Nova Scotia Department of Energy. As a member of
Marine Renewables Canada, Mr. Cameron will address current development in Canada
and give an overview of industry players from Canada.

The presentation will include status of deployments in the Bay of Fundy of Nova Scotia
as well as smaller developments on the west coast of Canada, including Open Hydro
devices at the Cape Sharp site and the construction of a series of Schottel turbines at the
Black Rock tidal site. It will also examine some of the lessons learned for supply chain
developments; consultations with other ocean users and aboriginal peoples. The update
on Canada’s west coast activities will focus on tidal device developments and small scale
project developers.

Finally, the presentation will also look at the emerging regulatory framework in Canada
for environmental assessments, licensing and fisheries protection with respect to marine
renewable Energy projects.

56
 Device Architecture of a 1/10th Scale Tidal Turbine
for Experimental Testing in Real Sea State
Carwyn Frost#1, Ian Benson#, Bjoern Elsaesser#
#
Queens University Belfast, School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering
David Keir Building, Queen’s University, Belfast
1C.Frost@qub.ac.uk
I. KEYWORDS
Tidal Turbine, Real Sea, Drivetrain, Experimental, DAQ
II. ABSTRACT
Interest in tidal energy has grown significantly in the past
10 years with a number of devices reaching Technology
Readiness Levels (TRLs) of 9 which corresponds to
successful deployment of a full system in the marine
environment [1]. The work is currently supported by the
research community through primarily small scale devices at
TRL levels 4-5 which corresponds to laboratory testing and
simulated operational environment [2]. The device
architecture of industrial and research turbines often differ, as
sub-system testing dictates. Both however offer vital insight
into the performance of turbines in a range of different
conditions, for demonstration and validation of the design/
computational model.
This paper looks at the approach of the 1/10th TTT
experimental turbine [3] at TRL level of 6. The paper
considers the architecture of the device drivetrain and
instrumentation and identifying the significance of this scale
device in stemming the gap between the research community
and device developers. Reynolds numbers is an example of
one such consideration, the paper discusses the significance of
rotor or blade frame of reference and the likely consequences
for 1/10th scale experimental testing are discussed.
Figure 1: TTT Single Device
The TTT device can be seen in Figure 1 which shows a 1.5
m diameter rotor connected to a 0.35 m diameter nacelle that
is supported from a surface mounted 2.5 m profiled stanchion.
The drivetrains key features are identified in Figure 2. The
rotor is mounted to the driveshaft and supported by a set of
thrust bearings, which are located beyond the nacelles flange
as shown on the LHS of Figure 2. The nacelle hosts a torque
sensor, mounted between two shaft couplings, this is placed
before the gearbox in order to measure the mechanical torque
of the rotor. The low speed driveshaft enters a 1:10 planetary
gearbox. The high speed shaft is connected to a permanent
magnet generator on the far RHS of Figure 2.
Nacelle Flange
Torque Sensor
Gearbox
P-M Generator
Figure 2: TTT Drivetrain
The power, and data signals are sent to the surface through
the hollow centre of the profiled stanchion. At the surface the
Data Acquisition (DAQ) box and power regulators and
dissipaters reside.
The TTT device is a rugged field capable solution ideal for
experimental testing in the tidal environments. The paper goes
on to discuss the statistical uncertainty associated with the
instrumentation, defining the quality of data provided from
this experimental set-up.
REFERENCES
[1] Mankins, J.C. (1995) NASA Office of Space Access and Technology.
[Online]. Available: http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/codeq/trl/
[2] Day, A. Babarit, A. Fontaine, A. He, Y. Kraskowski, M. Murai, M. et
al. Hydrodynamic modelling of marine renewable energy devices: A
state of the art review. Ocean Engineering. 2015;108:46-69.
[3] Jeffcoate, P. Elsaesser, B. Whittaker, T. & Boake, C. Testing Tidal
Turbines – Part 1: Steady Towing Tests vs. Moored Tidal Tests.
ASRANet International Conference on Offshore Renewable Energy.
2014.
[4] Jeffcoate, P. Whittaker, T. & Elsaesser, B. Field tests of multiple 1/10th
scale tidal turbine devices in steady flows. Journal of Renewable
Energy. 2015.
57
 Introduction of tidal energy researches and
projects in Korea
Chul-Hee Jo
Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
Contact number: +82-32-860-7342
chjo@inha.ac.kr

The importance of renewable energy has been increased with the great concern for global climate
changes and intranational agreement to reduce the carbon emission. Among various renewable
energy sources, the ocean energy has a great potential to substitute the fossil fuel in the future
considering the great amount being present in the earth. The tidal energy however is considered as
very reliable, sustainable and predictable energy among ocean energies. Even tidal barrage is also
very predictable energy, many project over the world have been delayed or cancelled due to the
significant environmental impacts. As South Korea is being surrounded by ocean, there are many
potential sites for tidal current and tidal barrage powers. The tidal current power (TPC) is now
regarded as the one of best ocean energies with the minimum environment impact. It is ideal to
apply TPC in the areas with strong current. Having about 10m tidal range in the west and very
strong tidal current along the west to south coastal areas, there are several ocean tial energy projects
are going on with various research activities. In this presentation, the ongoing research activities
and projects in Korea will be introduced and the difficulties and collabolation will be discussed.

58
 WaveNET – The Road to Commercialisation
David J Campbell
Commercial Director, Albatern Ltd
Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, UK

Abstract— Albatern have been developing their WaveNET wave commercial viability is set at a more easily achievable level
energy array system since 2007. Following concept development, than for grid scale projects.
models were built and tested in wave tank and open water For projects it is important to assess the wave resources that
environments to inform further design work. would provide the energy to drive a Wave Energy Converter,
In 2011, a 7.5kW prototype SQUID unit was deployed. This as this will determine project yield. Albatern have developed
validated launching, handling and recovery operations. The full a set of visual tools to view wave resource at a global and
power conversion equipment was added in early 2012, and the local level and how these impact on the adoption of wave
unit produced power consistently from April to November 2012
energy at different scales in different geographies and
in a benign site.
From lessons learned, Albatern developed their Series 6 applications.
SQUID units and WaveNET arrays to be capable of low cost
build and deployment with an operation and maintenance
strategy that managed cost through project lifecycle. These
WEC units and arrays have been shown to operate well in wind
sea conditions through numerical modelling supported by tank
test work.
Early markets have been identified for these units in the
aquaculture sector and also remote and off grid coastal
communities in a variety of geographies around the world
including South East Asia, South America and the Caribbean.
This paper covers the experience gained by the Albatern
team as they have brought units through development and looks
at the route to commercial projects with an ASEAN perspective.

Keywords— WaveNET; wave energy; wind sea; lessons learned;

commercialisation

I. INTRODUCTION
In order to become a commercially viable source of
Fig. 1 LCOE visualisation for Series 6 array
sustainable energy, wave energy must reach a cost of energy
that is comparable with other forms of generation, or provide Consideration also needs to be given to the overall solution
a benefit to justify a small premium. that is required to provide the generation for a particular target
Albatern have developed their Series 6 units and site, the resources available to generate electricity, and how
WaveNET arrays to be capable of low cost build and these might be combined and managed to provide a
deployment with an operation and maintenance strategy sustainable electrical supply to meet load patterns in that
designed to control these costs through project life. These locality.
WEC units have been shown through numerical modelling to For instance, work is ongoing on obtaining a greater
operate with good yield in wind sea conditions and this understanding of electrical load requirements on salmon farms
modelling has been confirmed by tank test work. in Scotland and Chile.
II. WAVE RESOURCE AND LOAD ON SITE
In the aquaculture and off-grid coastal communities sectors
the incumbent generation is usually based on diesel generation
which has seen rising costs over the last 15 years – although
recent price declines have occurred in line with oil market
conditions. Smaller and shorter wind driven seas are found in
many areas where offshore aquaculture sites and coastal
communities can access these waves. This opens up many
areas where wave resource is moderate to enable wave energy
to be generated, and the competition with diesel means that
the cost of energy threshold which needs to be reached for Fig. 2 Electrical load profile on salmon farm in Chile

59
 III. PROJECT COSTS
By focusing on the project components in a smaller scale
wave array project - being capital costs, deployment,
operations and maintenance and decommissioning - Albatern
have sought to keep project costs down with an additional
local focus on the customers who will operate these units
through the project life. With a number of deployments now
completed of both single units, and WaveNET arrays,
Albatern have gained valuable insights into the issues
involved in the various activities involved.
A. Capital Costs of Device
Experience has been gained of component sourcing and Fig. 4 Road transport on standard articulated trailer
engineering services. With a build of 6 units in total now This loading ability is also an advantage when a number of
completed, cost reduction is already being realised, and a units have to be transported by sea to the final deployment
greater understanding of the achievable paths to further location. The robust construction of units allows them to be
reductions obtained. The repeated components used in the stacked on deployment vessels enabling cost effective
Squid units offers scope has a multiplier effect – for instance transport to the final deployment site.
with 6 units built requiring 36 standard pumping modules.
B. Moorings
In working with the salmon farming sector in Scotland,
greater insight into the mooring techniques was gained, where
stationkeeping of structures in more open water sites is being
developed. Coupled with a deep understanding of
hydrodynamic forces, a mooring system has been developed
for the WaveNET coupled arrays that has been shown in both
tank tests and open sea trials to be effective in stationkeeping
and load handling.

Fig. 5 Stack of 6 units on vessel in transit to deployment site

Albatern have now completed a number of deployments,

and gained valuable experience from these. In 2011 initial
deployment testing of the first prototype unit was carried out
Fig. 3 Mooring system for WaveNET array leading to 8 months of continuous electricity production in
The mooring system is kept under some tension, reducing 2012 in a benign site. Learning gained led to a major design
entanglement risks, and with a catenary spring effect to enable revision. The first WaveNET array was deployed on a new
stationkeeping as well as dealing with the tidal range. This salmon farm site on the west coast of Scotland in summer
system has also shown to be easy and quick to install and 2014 after commissioning over winter 2013/14.
retrieve using vessels already working on mooring work for
salmon farms and therefore available in the local area at
modest hire costs and with low mobilisation times.
C. Device and Array Deployment
The Squid units have been designed to be loaded onto
standard articulated trailers. This enables units to be
assembled in a workshop near to where components are
manufactured and transported to deployment sites quickly and
at low cost.

Fig. 6 Deployment at Muck Salmon Farm using local multicat vessel

60
 Further refinements were carried out and single unit
operations carried out over winter 2014/15 with some severe
weather experience gained.
Fig. 7 SQUID unit running in severe weather December 2014
With the build of a further 3 units in 2015, the first
WaveNET array of 6 units to produce power to shore was
commissioned on the west coast of Scotland in August 2015.
Fig. 8 Commissioning of 6 unit WaveNET array August 2015
This resulted in the array producing power to shore for the
first time, and also the commissioning of a hybrid system
incorporating battery storage as a demonstration of a system
for use on salmon farms to handle intermittency and load
following.
Through these different projects, experience and knowledge
has also been gained of the consenting process covering site
lease and marine licensing requirements. This allows these
considerations to be understood in general terms as similar
issues are likely to arise on projects in other areas, and
different issues will likely arise which are project and/or site
specific. An understanding of these issues and how devices
interact with the marine environment gives experience which
will be valuable for other projects and geographies to work
alongside local experience.
D. Operations & Maintenance
Through the number of deployments and maintenance work
carried out on these, Albatern have been able to develop
experience of early stage operational issues. Some challenges
have been encountered, but the ability to reverse the
deployment process to recover units into their horizontal
towing orientation, tow to shore and remove from the water
for maintenance have now all been proved. Units can be
moved with small RIBs/workboats and manoeuvred to shore.
Fig. 9 SQUID unit pulled up slipway for maintenance
When taken to shore, units have either been lifted from the
water using cranes already working in the area, or been drawn
up a slipway using a trolley and electric winch which have all
been provided at modest cost. This has demonstrated the
ability to carry out first stage maintenance in a local situation
using resources likely to be found there already and thereby
keeping project costs down.
E. Decommissioning
With 4 short duration projects now completed, each of
these units or arrays has been completely removed and the site
left as it was originally found – with the exception of the
marks from the deployed anchors which would be no more
prominent than those from a moored vessel. The total costs of
decommissioning these sites has been less than GBP 10,000
per site, which ranks very well compared to other wave
energy devices.
IV. NEXT STAGES
Now that the 6 unit WaveNET array has completed
commissioning, this array is scheduled for deployment in a
pathfinder project to provide commercial power to an
operating salmon farm site in summer 2016. This project will
also feature grid connection which will enable export to grid
at times that the salmon farm does not require power
overnight.
This project is located next to a salmon farm site in a
location with a moderate wave climate. This gives access to
waves across a range of sea states in a typical customer site.
This will give a better indication of array yield across that
range, and will also allow operation in the full range of sea
conditions experienced in these sites which will increase
customer confidence in device operation and allow assessment
of performance through storms, so that there is better
understanding of the risks posed, and mitigated, for operation
close to cages containing high value salmon stock. In addition,
this project will demonstrate a WaveNET wave energy array
operating in a grid connected situation which will give
61
valuable experience of operation for shore connected projects
where connection into a local grid will be required.
V. CONCLUSIONS
Through the deployments that have taken place to date of
Albatern’s Series 6 single SQUID units, and WaveNET arrays,
a depth of knowledge and experience has been gained. This
adds significant capability and experience to the effective and
cost efficient deployment of WaveNET arrays in different
locations and geographies. The specialist device
understanding can be combined with local project knowledge
to ensure effective planning and deployment of these projects
on a commercial basis, with a clearer understanding of support
required.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Thanks are given to Dr-Ing Gonzalo Tampier Brockhaus of
the Universidad Austral de Chile, based in Valdivia, Chile, for
the use of the load graph for the salmon farm site shown at Fig
1. This graph was based on data collected on an operating site
on a joint project to understand the application of renewable
energies (including wave energy) to provide power for
offshore salmon farm sites in Chile.
62
Wave Energy Mapping in Malaysia using Multi-
mission Satellite Altimetry
Farah Ellyza Hashim1, Omar Yaakob*2, Kamaludin Mohd Omar3, Ami Hassan Md Din4, Kho King Koh*5
Marine Technology Centre Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310, UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
1
fellyza2@live.utm.my
*Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310, UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
2
omar@fkm.utm.my
5
koh@fkm.utm.my
Geomatic Innovation Research Group (GnG)
Faculty of Geoinformation & Real Estate
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310, UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
3kamaludin_omar2004@yahoo.com
4amihassan@utm.my
I. KEYWORDS case study of the Baltic Sea,” Renew. Energy, vol.
31, no. 13, pp. 2164–2170, 2006.
Wave energy, Malaysia, resources, mapping, [2] J. van Nieuwkoop, H. Smith, G. Smith, and J.
satellite altimeter L, “Wave resource assessment along the Cornish
coast (UK) from a 23-year hindcast dataset validated
II. ABSTRACT against buoy measurements,” Renew. Energy, vol.
58, pp. 1–14, 2013.
This paper presents results of an assessment of the [3] G. Kim, M. E. Lee, K. S. Lee, J. S. Park, W.
wave energy resources in Malaysia using satellite M. Jeong, S. K. Kang, J. G. Soh, and H. Kim, “An
altimetry data. The potential for the wave energy was overview of ocean renewable energy resources in
assessed based on data from multi-mission satellite Korea,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 16, no. 4,
altimeter, covering the period of 10 years from year pp. 2278–2288, 2012.
2001 to year 2010. The satellite missions used in this [4] M. G. Hughes and A. D. Heap, “National-scale
study consist of Topex, ERS-2, Jason-1, Envisat and wave energy resource assessment for Australia,”
Jason-2. Renew. Energy, vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 1783–1791, 2010.
The resources were assessed at three levels; [5] K. A. Maulud, O. Karim, K. Sopian, Z. M.
theoretical wave energy resource, technical wave Darus, and E. M. Ramly, “Identification a potential
energy resource and practical wave energy resource. wave energy location in malaysia using GIS,” in
Theoretically, it was found that locations along the WSEAS International Conference Proceedings
coastlines of Malaysia have a mean wave power Mathematics and Computers in Science and
density in the range of 5 kW/m to 7 kW/m. The Engineering, 2008, pp. 426–430.
technical resource potential was assessed by taking [6] A. Muzathik, W. Nik, M. Ibrahim, and K.
into consideration the available technology of Wave Samo, “Wave energy potential of Peninsular
Energy Converters (WECs). Physical, socioeconomic Malaysia,” ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci, vol. 5, no. 7, pp.
and environmental constraints in the study areas that 11–23, 2010.
define the practical wave energy resources are plotted [7] W. B. Wan Nik, M. Z. Ibrahim, and K. B.
on the maps to present a realistic practical Samo, “Wave energy potential of Peninsular
assessment. Malaysia,” ARPN J. Appl. Sci., vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 11–
The study concluded that Malaysia does have a 23, 2010.
potential of wave energy resource that could be [8] Jaswar, C. L. Siow, A. Maimun, and C. G.
exploited as a source of renewable energy. However Soares, “Estimation of electrical-wave power in
when considering technical and practical issues, it Merang Shore, Terengganu, Malaysia,” J. Teknol.,
can be concluded that the wave energy is still too vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 9–14, 2014.
small for commercial development using current [9] A. Mirzaei, F. Tangang, and L. Juneng, “Wave
technologies. energy potential along the east coast of Peninsular
Malaysia,” Energy, vol. 68, pp. 722–734, Apr. 2014.
III. REFERENCES [10] N. H. Samrat, N. Bin Ahmad, I. A.
[1] H. Bernhoff, E. Sjöstedt, and M. Leijon, Choudhury, and Z. Taha, “Prospect of wave energy
“Wave energy resources in sheltered sea areas: A in Malaysia,” 2014 IEEE 8th Int. Power Eng. Optim.
Conf., no. March, pp. 127–132, 2014.

63
 [11] S. K. Gulev, V. Grigorieva, A. Sterl, and D.
Woolf, “Assessment of the reliability of wave
observations from voluntary observing ships: Insights
from the validation of a global wind wave
climatology based on voluntary observing ship data,”
J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., vol. 108, no. C7, pp. 32–36,
2003.
[12] M. Mueller and R. Wallace, “Enabling
science and technology for marine renewable
energy,” Energy Policy, vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 4376–
4382, Dec. 2008.
[13] H. E. Krogstad and S. F. Barstow, “Satellite
wave measurements for coastal engineering
applications,” Coast. Eng., vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 283–
307, 1999.
[14] C. Sølvsteen and C. Hansen, “Comparison of
altimetry wave and wind data with model and buoy
data,” ESA Spec. Publ., vol. 614, p. 46, 2006.
[15] K. Sudheesh, P. Vethamony, M. T. Babu, and
S. Jayakumar, “Assessment of wave modeling results
with buoy and altimeter deep water waves for a
summer monsoon,” in Third Indian National
Conference on Dock and Harbor Engineering, 2004,
pp. 184–192.
[16] O. Yaakob, F. E. Hashim, K. Mohd Omar, A.
H. Md Din, and K. K. Koh, “Satellite-based wave
data and wave energy resource assessment for South
China Sea,” Renew. Energy, vol. 88, no. January
2016, pp. 359–371, 2016.
[17] A. M. Muzathik, W. B. W. Nik, K. B. Samo,
and M. Z. Ibrahim, “Ocean wave measurement and
wave climate prediction of Peninsular Malaysia,” J.
Phys. Sci., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 77–92, 2011.
[18] E. Mackay, A. Bahaj, C. Retzler, and P.
Challenor, “Wave energy resource assessment using
satellite altimeter data,” in ASME 2008 27th
International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and
Arctic Engineering, 2008, pp. 861–870.
[19] D. J. T. Carter, P. G. Challenor, and P. D.
Cotton, “Surface wave statistics from satellite
altimeters,” in International Conference on
Seakeeping and Weather, 1995, pp. 1–13.
[20] P. A. Hwang, W. J. Teague, G. A. Jacobs, and
D. W. Wang, “A statistical comparison of wind
speed, wave height, and wave period derived from
satellite altimeters and ocean buoys in the Gulf of
Mexico region,” J. Geophys. Res., vol. 103, pp.
10451–10468, 1998.
[21] C. P. Gommenginger, M. A. Srokosz, and P.
G. Challenor, “An empirical model to retrieving
ocean wave period from nadir altimeter,” in
Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2003.
IGARSS’03. Proceedings, 2003, vol. 00, no. 1, pp.
2706–2708.
[22] Y. Quilfen, B. Chapron, F. Collard, and M.
Serre, “Calibration/validation of an altimeter wave
period model and application to Topex/Poseidon and
Jason-1 altimeters,” Mar. Geod., vol. 27, no. 3–4, pp.
535–549, 2004.
[23] E. B. L. Mackay, C. H. Retzler, P. G.
Challenor, and C. P. Gommenginger, “A parametric
model for ocean wave period from Ku band altimeter
data,” J. Geophys. Res., vol. 113, no. C3, p. C03029,
2008.
[24] R. Govindan, R. Kumar, S. Basu, and A.
Sarkar, “Altimeter-derived ocean wave period using
genetic algorithm,” IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett.,
vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 354–358, 2011.
[25] L.-L. Fu and A. Cazenave, Satellite altimetry
and earth sciences: a handbook of techniques and
applications (Vol. 69). Academic Press, 2000.
[26] O. Giustolisi and D. A. Savic, “A symbolic
data-driven technique based on evolutionary
polynomial regression,” J. Hydroinformatics, vol. 8,
no. 3, pp. 207–222, 2006.
[27] P. Gadonneix, de C. Francisco Barnes, de M.
Norberto Franco, D. Richard, J. C.P., K. Younghoon
David, and J. Ferioli, “2010 Survey of energy
resources,” London, 2010.
[28] P. T. Jacobson, G. Hagerman, and G. Scott,
“Mapping and assessment of the United States ocean
wave energy resource,” Palo Alto, USA, 2011.
[29] I. Galparsoro, P. Liria, and I. Legorburu, “A
marine spatial planning approach to select suitable
areas for installing Wave Energy Converters (WECs),
on the Basque continental shelf (Bay of Biscay),”
Coast. Manag., vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 1–19, 2012.
[30] “Submarine Cable Map,” 2014. [Online].
Available: http://www.submarinecablemap.com/.
[Accessed: 15-Mar-2015].
[31] “Oil & Gas Map - Malaysia,” 2012. [Online].
Available: mapsglobe.com . [Accessed: 18-Aug-
2014].
[32] “UNEP-WCMC Global Distribution of Coral
Reefs,” UNEP-WCMC’s Ocean Data Viewer, 2010.
[Online]. Available: http://data.unep-
wcmc.org/datasets/13. [Accessed: 05-Aug-2014].
64
 Feedbacks from Sabella D10 1 MW sea trials
Jean-Christophe ALLO#1
#
SABELLA
11, rue Félix Le Dantec – 29000 QUIMPER – FRANCE
1jc.allo@sabella.bzh

September. During this trial period at sea, energy produced is

I. KEYWORDS
Marine current turbines, ASEAN, Insular energy model,
remote communities, Ushant
II. ABSTRACT
Since 2009 and its reward and recognition of promising
technology by French public authorities, SABELLA is
working on its real scale marine current turbine Sabella D10,
10 meter diameter device with maximal output power of
1 MW.
The first step of this project was the qualification of the
selected installation area: the Fromveur strait with currents up
to 4 m/s and an average bathymetry of 50 meters.
delivered, through a submarine power cable, to the non-
interconnected insular grid of Ushant. This device is fully
monitored, both in operation and in terms of environment
(pressure sensors, temperature probes, accelerometers, ADCPs,
acoustic camera, etc.). This instrumentation monitors its
behavior during the whole test year and carry out
environmental measurements in the Fromveur strait, where
harsh sea states and strong currents have, up to now, limited
the knowledge to basic studies. It covers up to 10% of the
local electricity needs and meet a full social acceptance.

Fig. 3: installation of Sabella D10 in the Fromveur strait

Fig. 1: location of the Fromveur strait
The design and engineering of the turbine was made
through several classical steps, from CFD and finite elements
analysis to physical trials in circulating water channel at the
INSEAN. It allows a complete and perfect definition of loads
on the device, efficiency of the rotor and determination of the
power curve under several environmental parameters (such as
upstream or downstream flow).
With the feedback of the demonstrator and a better
understanding of environmental conditions of the site,
SABELLA continue with Eussabella project, a tidal turbine
pilot power plant of 3 devices with an installed power capacity
around 3 MW. This project will see complementary
installation of onshore storage to demonstrate SABELLA’s
insular energy model that will be deployed in ASEAN.

Fig. 2: physical tests at INSEAN circulating water channel

After a final assembly in Brest during first semester of

2015, this pre industrial machine was immersed in June 2015
in the Fromveur strait and is now fully operating since

65
 Ocean Energy Systems:
An International Technology Collaboration Programme
José Luis Villate1 and Ana Brito-Melo2
1
OES Chairman
TECNALIA
Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia; C/Geldo, Edificio 700; E-48160 Derio – Bizkaia, Spain
joseluis.villate@tecnalia.com
2O
OES Executive Secretary
WAVEC
R. Dom Jerónimo Osório, 11, 1º andar, 1400-119, Lisbon, Portugal
ana@wavec.org
I. KEYWORDS
Ocean energy resources, energy policies, International
Energy Agency, Ocean Energy Systems.
II. ABSTRACT
The Ocean Energy Systems Technology Collaboration
Program (OES) is an intergovernmental collaboration between
countries, to advance research, development and
demonstration of conversion technologies to harness energy
from all forms of ocean renewable resources, such as tides,
waves, currents, temperature gradient (ocean thermal energy
conversion and submarine geothermal energy) and salinity
gradient for electricity generation, as well as for other uses,
such as desalination, through international cooperation and
information exchange.
The OES operates under the aegis of the International
Energy Agency (IEA). The IEA provides a framework for
international co-operation on energy issues. There are
currently some 40 active programmes in the areas of
renewable energy, fossil fuels, fusion power and cross-cutting
activities for technology research, development,
demonstration and deployment.
Presently 23 countries are members of the OES,
contributing annually to a common fund. The Mission set out
in the Strategic Plan (2012 – 2016) was to see OES becoming
an Authoritative International Voice for Ocean Energy,
working to promote and accelerate the uptake of ocean energy
as a sustainable energy supply option. During 2016 the OES
Executive Committee will developed a new 5-year Strategic
Plan and review is mission, vision and strategic direction.
The OES is an important platform for a wide range of
international collaborative R&D activities in ocean energy.
The Members of the OES have been active for 15 years and
have succeeded in establishing the following collaborative
tasks or research projects:
Task 1 - Review, Exchange and Dissemination of
Information on Ocean Energy Systems (active)
Task 2 - Development of Recommended Practices for
Testing and Evaluating Ocean Energy Systems (concluded)
Task 3 - Integration of Ocean Energy Plants into
Distribution and Transmission Electrical Grids (concluded)
Task 4 - Assessment of Environmental Effects and
Monitoring Efforts for Ocean Wave, Tidal, and Current
Energy Systems (active)
Task 5 - Exchange and Assessment of Ocean Energy
Device Project Information and Experience (active)
Task 6 - Worldwide Web GIS Database for Ocean Energy
(active)
Task 7 – Cost of Energy Assessment for Wave, Tidal, and
OTEC at an International Level (active)
Task 8 – Consenting Processes for Ocean Energy on OES
Member Countries (active)
Task 9 – International Ocean Energy Technology
Roadmap (active)
This paper aims to present the main achievements of these
collaborative projects.
Benefits from International Collaboration
The strength of the OES is that it combines the work and
experience of many governments and nations, including all
the countries, where marine energy technologies and projects
are being actively developed. Because the representatives of
member governments on the Executive Committee include
government departments, national energy agencies, device and
project developers, research institutions, universities and
national trade associations, the widest ranges of interests,
objectives and concerns can be shared.
The OES international co-operation facilitates:
 Securing access to advanced R&D teams in the
participating countries;
 Developing a harmonized set of measures and testing
protocols for the testing of prototypes;
 Reducing national costs by collaborating
internationally;
 Creating valuable international contacts between
government, industry and science.
The OES Annual Report, available for download in the
OES website, has turned to be a reference of the OES work
and national activities reported by each member country.
General information on OES can be found on its website at:
www.ocean-energy-systems.org.
DISCLAIMER
The OES functions within a framework created by the
International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings and
publications of the OES do not necessarily represent the views
or policies of the IEA Secretariat or its individual member
countries.
66
 Managing uncertainty in EIA of marine renewable
energy developments: key lessons learned from
Europe
Justine Saunders#1, Sonia Pans2
#
DHI Water & Environment (S) Pte Ltd
1 Cleantech Loop, #03-05 CleanTech One, Singapore 637141
1jus@dhigroup.com
2spa@dhigroup.com
I. KEYWORDS
Legislative requirements, Standards, Uncertainty, Arrays,
Deploy-and-Monitor.
II. ABSTRACT
The maritime sector of marine renewable energy harvesting
is still a very young and rapidly developing one. Even the
offshore wind energy development sector, which precedes
marine renewables by ten years, is undergoing rapid changes
in blade and turbine technologies and foundation innovations.
Such rapid innovation introduces much uncertainty into the
licensing process.
The technology is relatively new, particularly on such a
large commercial scale, and very little is known about the
pressures arising from the technology and how environmental
receptors will interact. Although some similarities can be
drawn from other industries, for example the rotating blades
of a ship may cause a risk of collision for marine mammals
and introduce anthropogenic noise as does a marine energy
turbine, the specific characteristics of those pressures differ.
Furthermore, whilst the technology is developing quickly,
the permitting process in comparison is slow and a typical
EIA in Europe may take 3 to 5 years on average. Developers
need some flexibility in the licensing process to enable them
to innovate whilst still meeting the requirements of EIA
legislation.
Finally, our understanding of the marine environment is
still very poor. In Europe, despite a strong investment in
science supported by detailed environmental policies such as
the EU Habitats Directive and the Marine Strategy Framework
Directive, coordinated through regional programmes such as
OSPAR and HELCOM, there remains a poor understanding of
marine benthic habitat distributions and migratory birds and
marine mammals.
A certain degree of uncertainty is expected in science.
However, it can pose an issue for the legality of the EIA
process [1] where a decision maker must have regard to the
precautionary principle and to the degree of uncertainty, as to
environmental impact, at the date of the decision. The quality
of the information available will influence the decision
maker’s ability to make a judgment as to the likelihood of
significant effects on the environment. There may be cases
where the uncertainties are such that a proposed development
cannot be approved. It is therefore, vital to be transparent in
presenting where the uncertainties lie and how they have been
addressed in the EIA process.
This over-arching issue of uncertainty in the licensing of
wave and tidal energy technologies has been thoroughly
investigated and addressed over the past ten years in Europe
[2] and Canada. As the marine renewable energy industry in
Asia shifts into a stage of commercial development, it is
timely to consider the environmental permitting requirements
of proposed developments as indicated by the AWTEC
thematic track.
This presentation will provide an overview of three key
sources of uncertainty and solutions for managing it:
1. Managing uncertainty in the project design -
application of a design envelope;
2. Managing uncertainty in the environment – use of
predictive habitat modelling;
3. Managing uncertainty in understanding of impacts -
deploy and monitor approaches
DHI is well-placed to provide an overview on the various
EIA requirements and considerations throughout Asia with
offices in nearly every country. The author has been an EIA
practitioner for marine development projects in Australia,
Europe and Asia for ten years.
REFERENCES
[1] Scottish Natural Heritage. 2013. A Handbook on Environmental
Impact Assessment
[2] Marine Scotland. 2012. Licensing and Consents Manual. Covering
Marine Renewables and Offshore Wind Energy Development. Report
R.1957. October 2012
67
Marine Renewable Energies by DCNS - From
R&D to Industry
Laurent Albert

Investments in renewable energies are, as of today, massive and represent nearly 50% of the
total investment into new power generation assets. The vast majority of those investments are
oriented towards photovoltaic and wind power. Marine renewable energies represent a small
part of this movement and is mainly about offshore wind that is primarily happening in
Europe where up to 8 GW are now in operation. Other marine renewable energies are in
different stages of technology development and are emerging with significant advantages.
Come learn about roadblocks and enablers in this special session devoted to offshore
renewables.

68
 Polymer Material Qualification
for OTEC/SWAC system
 Maëva Alétas#1 ,  
Frederic Ceffis#2 ,  
Pierre Guerin#3  
#BARDOT GROUP 297 Avenue Mistral, 13600 La Ciotat France  
1 maeva.aletas@bardotgroup.com  
2 frederic.ceffis@bardotgroup.com  
3 pierre.guerin@bardotgroup.com  
 
Abstract

— In the actual context Bardot Group brings together different skills (material qualification,
hydrodynamic…) to have a competitive solution in marine renewable energy. Our test campaign bring
significant asset for the design and the different choices for the installation procedure of OTEC (Ocean
Thermal Energy Conversion), SWAC (Sea Water Air Conditioning) system. Nowadays our design is
based on a mix of structural and hydrodynamic analysis. In the past of the industry, studies remained
focused in modelling the pipe/riser behaviour under waves and current mainly for steel structure. Our new
concept based on polymer materials allows significant cost reduction and efficient solution for OTEC &
SWAC technologies. Keywords—OTEC, HDPE, SWAC, WIR, Material qualification, water pumping,
riser/ pipe intake

Keywords OTEC, HDPE, SWAC, WIR, Material qualification, water pumping, riser/ pipe intake

References
[1] ASTM D 638, Standard test method for tensile properties of plastic.
[2] ASTM D 695, Standard test method for compression properties of plastic.
[3] GS EP COR 226 rev0, Materials for thermal insulation of pipeline, piping and subsea components,
2010.
[4] DNV OS F201, Dynamic risers.
[5] DNV F109, On bottom stability design.

69
 The continuing development of Marine
Renewable Energy in Wales
Martin Murphy CEng FIMarEST FIET
Chair of Marine Energy Wales

Abstract
The ocean resources around the coastline of Wales in the United Kingdom offer
great opportunity for the exploitation of marine renewable energy from wave
energy systems, tidal stream systems and tidal range lagoons. However, in 2013 it
was calculated that over £70 million (SGD 100M) had been spent in research
grants to support the Welsh ocean energy sector but evidence suggested that
benefits of this work were limited, largely due to a lack of co-ordination or steer
from industry. This highlighted the urgent need to redefine industry driven
research requirements. As a result the Wales Ocean Energy Research Partnership
(WOERP) was established and a comprehensive industry led research programme
was developed for Wales. In turn, collaboration between the key stakeholders of
Government, academia, regulators and industry has led to advances in technology
development, better understanding of the marine and coastal conservation issues,
and supporting research. Investment confidence is rising as exemplified by new
project developments. This paper will describe the progress being made across the
three subsectors of the industry.

70
 Abstract of the Presentation of REAC Energy
GmbH
Tobias Breitbach

With the StreamCube, REAC Energy GmbH has developed and validated a system
technology that is able to use slow currents of flat land rivers or tides as well as common
ocean currents to generate electricity. Basically the working principle of StreamCubes is
based on drag, similar to undershot water wheels.

The type specific low efficiency requires a design for very low Capex and Opex expenditures.
External appraisals indicate a promising relationship between performance, yield and
production costs. Such a low cost structure can only be reached by a modular approach and
an industrial manufacturing approach for key components.

71
 Overview of In-Stream Tidal Energy Development
in Nova Scotia, Canada
Toby Balch,1
123
Nova Scotia Department of Energy
1690 Hollis Street, 11th Floor
Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
1
Toby.Balch@novascotia.ca

As Nova Scotia prepares for the deployment of twenty-five

I. KEYWORDS
Marine renewable energy; tidal energy; supply chain;
innovation; ocean technology; Nova Scotia; Canada; Bay of
Fundy
II. ABSTRACT
Nova Scotia, Canada is home to one of the largest and most
accessible tidal energy resources globally in the Bay of Fundy, identify opportunities for local ocean technology companies—
where more than 160 billion tonnes of water flow twice a day.
Known as the ‘Everest of tidal power,’ the Bay of Fundy
represents a significant environmental and economic
opportunity for the province. Recent estimates state that
accelerated tidal energy development could contribute as
much as $1.7 billion CAD to provincial gross domestic
product out to 2040 [1].
Home to the Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy
(‘FORCE’)—Canada’s leading test center for in-stream tidal
energy—Nova Scotia has taken significant steps to develop
this resource, including conducting extensive stakeholder and
public consultation, strategic environmental assessments,
traditional ecological knowledge studies, and baseline
research. Since that time, continuous learning, consultation,
and information-sharing have been critical in the development
of this growing sector in a transparent and responsible manner.
In 2012, the Province introduced its Marine Renewable
Energy Strategy [2], which outlines a high-level plan to
continue research, development, and regulatory efforts in
order to harness this resource. Specifically, the Strategy
articulates a goal of licensing three hundred megawatts of [2]
commercially-competitive in-stream tidal energy post-2020 in
order to help achieve optimum economic, social, and
environmental value from the marine renewable energy sector. [3]
megawatts of in-stream tidal energy within the Bay of Fundy
over the next five years, the Province has passed its Marine
Renewable-energy Act [3]. This sector-specific legislation was
developed in advance of commercial-scale deployments to
ensure the safe, sustainable, and responsible growth of the
industry that both respects and benefits Nova Scotians.
In order to achieve this, the Province is actively working to
particularly small- and medium-sized enterprises—to support
these projects as they move forward. Such local experience
can, and already has, lead to position these companies to
compete in the global supply chain, exporting skills, goods,
and intellectual property.
This presentation outlines the process the Province of Nova
Scotia and its partners have undergone to support innovation
and continuous learning related to the growing in-stream tidal
energy industry. Particular focus is given to supply chain
opportunities, building capacity in local markets, and export
development strategies.
REFERENCES
[1] Gardner Pinfold and Acadia Tidal Energy Institute. (2015). Value
Proposition for Tidal Energy Development in Nova Scotia, Atlantic
Canada and Canada. Available online: www.oera.ca/marine-
renewable-energy/tidal-research-projects/other-tidal-research/value-
proposition-for-tidal-energy-development/
Province of Nova Scotia. (2012). Marine Renewable Energy Strategy.
Available online: www.novascotia.ca/energy
Province of Nova Scotia. (2015). An Act Respecting the Generation of
Electricity from Marine Renewable-energy Resources.

72
 A Simple Method to Predict Power Output From
Large Offshore Wind Farms Using
Artificial Neural Networks
Veena R, Manuel S M, Mathew S, Petra M I and Lim C M
Universiti Brunei Darussalam
Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam
sathyajith.mathew@ubd.edu.bn

I. KEYWORDS
Offshore wind farm, wake losses, short term wind power
prediction, Artificial Neural Network, machine learning.
II. ABSTRACT
The offshore wind energy sector is expanding aggressively.
A capacity of 3.4 GW has been added to the Global offshore
wind power in 2015, with which the cumulative installations
has reached up to 12 GW [1]. Large scale wind farms are
growing beyond the EU waters as 9 % of the new installations
are in China, Japan and South Korea. Several ambitious
projects, with large scale offshore wind power systems, are at
different stages of planning and development around the
world.
With these capacity additions, share of electricity from
offshore wind farms in the respective local grids is increasing.
Wind being a stochastic phenomenon, the power output
expected from these systems may significantly vary in tune
with the temporal changes in the direction and strength of
wind resource available at the site. This makes the power
dispatch scheduling of the grids integrated with large scale
offshore wind farms more challenging. Hence, reliable
forecasts of the power output from the farm, at different time Fig. 1. Layout of the turbines in the offshore farm
intervals, are essential for the efficient management of these
systems. The Horn Rev offshore wind farm, near the west coast of
The most common approach in short term wind power Denmark, is chosen for the present study. The farm consists of
forecast combines the outputs from the numerical weather 80 Vestas V80 wind turbines of 2 MW rated capacity. These
prediction models with wind farm wake models and wind turbines are arranged in 8 rows from north to south and 10
turbine energy models [2]. The velocity and direction of the columns from east to west. The spacing between the columns
free stream wind, over the wind farm site at a given time of and rows are kept same at 560 m. Out of the 80 turbines, 40
interest, is forecasted using the weather prediction models. turbines coming under strong wake field are considered for
From this free stream wind velocity, the velocity ‘felt’ by this analysis. Layout of these turbines is shown in Fig. 1.
individual turbines in a wind farm is estimated by Performance data from these turbines, averaged over 10
incorporating the wake losses within the farm. These min interval, is used for developing and testing the ANN
velocities at the hub height of the turbines are further model. From the data, the major parameters influencing the
translated to power and energy using wind turbine energy power produced by individual turbines are found to be the
models. As errors from individual models are accumulated velocity and direction of the wind. Performance of the
and reflected in the final wind power forecast, the accuracy of turbines at wind speeds of 6 m/s, 8 m/s and 10 m/s and wind
this approach is not very impressive. directions 270º, 221º and 312º were considered for the
In contrast, for an existing wind farm where sufficient analysis. A band of ± 5º, ±10º and ±15º were considered for
performance data are available, techniques based on artificial each direction.
intelligence can effectively be used for the short-term power Two-third of the available data were used for the training
forecasts. In this paper, we propose such a simplified machine the ANN model, which is then tested for its accuracy using the
learning method, based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN), rest of the data. Both training and testing datasets were
for predicting the power output from an offshore wind farm.

73
 12000 30000 60000
Predicted Observed Predicted Observed
10000 Predicted Observed
25000 50000

Power, kW
8000
Power, kW

20000

Power, kW
40000
6000 15000 30000
4000 10000 20000
2000 5000 10000
0 0 0
221 270 312 221 270 312 221 270 312
Wind direction, degrees Wind direction, degrees Wind direction, degrees
A B C
Fig. 2 Comparison between the predicted and observed total power output from the 40 turbines at (A) 6 m/s (B) 8m/s and (C) 10 m/s
wind speeds.

normalized by min-max method. The resilient back
propagation algorithm with weight backtracking (RPROP+)
was used for the model development. The optimal number of
hidden layers and nodes in the model were identified by
minimizing the error through iterative process.
The performance of the proposed ANN model in predicting
the total power output from the 40 wind turbines, compared
with the actual observed data are shown in Fig. 2. Reasonable
agreements between the predicted and observed performances
are evident from the figure. Under the error analysis,
considering the estimated and observed output from all the 40
turbines at different wind speeds and directions, it was found
that the accuracy of the proposed model is 84 per cent.
It is interesting to note that the model slightly under
predicted the turbine performances for all the flow directions
at lower wind speeds where as a tendency for over prediction
is evident at higher wind velocities. Higher wind velocities
would trigger higher wave height and therefore sea surface
roughness and wind turbulence intensity. Higher turbulence
levels of wind flow would reduce the productivity of wind
turbines [3].
The intensity of turbulence is not considered as an input
parameter in the current model. This could be the reason for
the model to overestimate the performance of the turbines at
higher wind velocities. Thus, the performance of the model at
higher wind velocities could further be improved by
incorporating turbulence intensity as one of its input
parameters.
REFERENCES
[1] GWEC, “Offshore wind”, Global Wind Reports 2015, PP 46-53, 2016.
[2] S. Mathew, J. Hazra, S.A. Husain, C. Basu, L.C DeSilva, D .Seetharam,
N.Y. Voo, S. Kalyanaraman, Z Sulaiman, “An advanced model for the
short-term forecast of wind energy” in Proc. MODSIM, 2011, paper,
p. 1745-1752.
[3] M. Türka, and S. Emeis, “The dependence of offshore turbulence
intensity on wind speed”, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial
Aerodynamics, Vol 98: 8–9, pp. 466–471, 2010.

74
Evaluation of Wave Energy Using Numerical Model
in Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea
Wongnarin Kompor#1, Chaiwat Ekkawatpanit#2, Duangrudee Kositgittiwong #3
#
Civil Engineering Department, King Mongut’s University of Technology Thonburi
126 Pracha Uthit Rd., Bang Mod, Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
1
wongnarin.kompor@mail.kmutt.ac.th
2
chaiwat.ekk@kmutt.ac.th
3
duangrudee.kos@kmutt.ac.th

I. KEYWORDS
Wave power, Significant Wave Height, SWAN model,
Gulf of Thailand, Andaman Sea, Thailand

II. ABSTRACT
In the last 5 years, Thailand energy consumption has
increased due to the expansion of economic. The main energy
consumption is still petroleum with 54% of all energy. The
second main energy is electricity with 22%. Consider only in
electricity, the main source, which is used as a fuel to generate
electricity, are natural gas liquid 65%, coal 21%, electricity
import/export 8%, hydropower 3%, oil 1 % and renewable
energy 2%. From that reason Thailand need to find an
alternative energy such as renewable energy. One of the
interesting renewable energy, which is the green energy
sources, is the ocean wave energy because Thailand has Gulf
of Thailand and Andaman Sea cover on two sides. At the
beginning of studying the ocean wave energy, the observation
of the potential of ocean wave energy through the ocean is
necessary attempt. The reason of the potential observation is (a) (b)
the budget of ocean wave energy converter currently Fig.2 Significant wave height
expensive, low efficiency and effectively due to technical (a) Gulf of Thailand (b) Andaman Sea
problem. The numerical model used in this study is Simulated
WAves Nearshore (SWAN). This model can be used to
determine the characteristic of ocean wave include ocean
wave height. The significant wave height is evaluated to find
the natural potential of natural ocean wave energy in both
GoT and Andaman Sea over 10-year (2004 to 2014). ETOPO1
is used as a bathymetry data in this study. Wind data used in
this study are from NOGAPs and NAVGEM which NOGAPs
used from 2004 until February 2013 and after that until 2014
Fig.3 Wave power
used NAVGEM. The results from this study show the
seasonal wave energy map for Gulf of Thailand and Andaman REFERENCES
Sea. Andaman Sea can provide more potential of wave energy [1] Kompor W., Tanaka H, Ekkawatpanit C., Kositgittiwong D.,
than Gulf of Thailand due to significant wave height is higher. “Application of Simulating waves Nearshore (SWAN) model in
Gulf of Thailand”, Tohoku Journal Natural Disaster Science,
Vol.52, 2016 (in press)
[2] Energy Policy and Planning Office, 2013, Energy Statistic of
Thailand 2013. Retrieved from http://www.eppo.go.th/info/cd-
2013/index.html
[3] Adem Akpınar, Gerbrant Ph. van Vledder, Murat Ihsan Komurcu,
Mehmet Ozger. “Evaluation of the numerical wave model (SWAN)
for wave simulation in the Black Sea”. Continental Shelf Res. 50-
51, pp. 80-99, 2012
[4] Booij, N., Ris, R.C., Holthuijsen, L.H., “A third-generation wave
model for coastal regions, Part 1, model description and
validation”. J. Geophys. Res. 104, pp. 7649-7666, April 15, 1999
(a) (b)
[5] Wannawong W., Ekkawatpanit C., and Kosigitiwong D.,
Fig.1 (a) Gulf of Thailand (b) Andaman Sea “Assessment of wave energy resource from the deep sea to the
(adapted from ArcGis) coastal area of Gulf of Thailand”, Grand Renewable Energy,
Tokyo, Japan, 27 July-1 August, 2011

75
 SUCTION ANCHORS FOR FLOATING
RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVICES
Manuel Herduin#1, Christophe Gaudin#2, Liang Zhao#3, Conleth O’Loughlin#4, Mark Cassidy#5, James Hambleton*6
#
Centre for Offshore Foundation Systems, The University of Western Australia, Australia
1
Manuel.Herduin@research.uwa.edu.au, 2Christophe.Gaudin@uwa.edu.au, 3
Liang.Zhao@uwa.edu.au, 4Conleth.Oloughlin@uwa.edu.au, 5Mark.Cassidy@uwa.edu.au
*
School of Engineering (Civil Engineering), The University of Newcastle, Australia
6
James.Hambleton@newcastle.edu.au

I. KEYWORDS With respect to this principle, suction caisson may be a

Offshore floating renewable energy array, foundation, potential alternative anchoring solution due to the capacity to
anchor sharing, cost reduction. resist multidirectional loading, the ease of installation and
decommissioning or to mobilise additional capacity through
II. ABSTRACT active suction.

Floating Renewable Energy Devices (FREDs) require cost
effective anchoring systems to make the cost of energy
produced competitive with fossil fuel alternatives. The
transfer of the technology from the offshore oil and gas
industry is not relevant as the FREDs will be deployed in
large numbers and will need a high level of compliancy for
power extraction optimisation. Different anchoring cost
reduction strategies are currently being investigated by the
Centre for Offshore Foundation Systems. One of the
principles being examined is the possibility to share the
holding capacity of one anchor to moor multiple FREDs.
The choice of the pattern of the array (also referred as inter
device spacing) is not only a matter of power production
optimisation, device’s nature or bathymetry, but it is also a
matter of soil stratigraphy (encountered in shallow waters) and
loads magnitude/direction applied on foundations [1-2].
Multiple array configurations were modelled with
hydrodynamic software to replicate multi directional mooring
loads acting on shared anchors. This has produced insights on
array optimisation layout from a geotechnical point of view.
Centrifuge experiments on dry sand were accomplished to
quantify the capacity of 1/100 scale suction caisson in one
direction (F2), following a preliminary loading (F1) in a given
direction. Parameters investigated included the magnitude of
loading with respect to the monotonic capacity in the primary
direction, and θ the orientation of the second loading direction.
For θ = 120°, at 85% of the monotonic capacity, the soil
undergoes considerable straining before reaching the peak
resistance at 99% of the monotonic peak resistance. For θ =
60° and 90°, the holding capacity of the caisson is very similar
to the monotonic capacity, regardless of the magnitude and the
direction of F1 (Fig. 2.). These results show the critical shear
behaviour of the seabed when subjected to multidirectional
forces.
This project is focussing on the problematic of anchoring
systems for FREDs in a global way, meaning that the
knowledges being developed could be extended to floating
wind turbines, wave energy converters and even floating tidal
turbines.

The reduction of the number of anchors with the concept of

anchor sharing could represent a significant cost-saving:
Considering a small array of 3 FREDs, each moored with 3
mooring lines with no anchor sharing, 9 anchoring points are
required. For 6 FREDs with anchor sharing, a total of 10
anchors are needed (Fig. 1.).

Fig. 2 Summary of the peak load resistances after loading at 30, 50 &
85% of the monotonic capacity for three different load angle
scenario 60, 90 & 120°.

[1]
[2]
Fig. 1 Triangular pattern formation for anchor optimisation; anchors
in red, shared anchor in green, FREDs in yellow, subsurface buoy in
blue for taut mooring line configuration.
REFERENCES
C. Sharp, B. DuPont. (2015) Analysis of WEC Array Economics:
Current State-of-the-Art and Future Needs, Proceedings of the 11th
European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, 6-11th Sept. France.
J. A. Knappett, M. J. Brown, H. Aldaikh, S. Patra, C. D. O’Loughlin, S.
H. Chow, C. Gaudin, J. T. Lieng. (2015) A review of anchor
technology for floating renewable energy devices and key design
considerations, Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics III – Meyer (Ed.),
Taylor & Francis Group, London.

76
 OpenFOAM Modelling of Point-absorbing WECs
with Different Buoy Topologies
Linnea Sjökvist#1, Malin Göteman#2
#
Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University
Uppsala, Sweden
1linnea.sjokvist@angstrom.uu.se

2malin.goteman@angstrom.uu.se

is restricted by both upper and lower endstops. The

I. KEYWORDS
OpenFOAM, CFD, point absorber, buoy topologies,
overtopping waves
II. ABSTRACT
The realization of full-scale wave energy converter
(WEC) systems requires reliable simulation tools that
can study the performance of the system with many
degrees of freedom and in a large range of parameters.
A WEC system is most thoroughly described by solving
the full Navier-Stokes equations and simulating external
forces such as power take-off (PTO) and mooring loads
simultaneously [1]. This is a computationally time
consuming approach, which might not be suitable for
optimization studies, but can be necessary for extreme
design cases and survivability studies. In this study, a
numerical wavetank is being experimentally verified and
is used to study the motion of floating point absorber
buoys, moving in six degrees of freedom.
The open source software OpenFOAM is used, where
Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) are
solved, and the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method is used
to calculate the surface elevation [2, 3]. The RNG κ-ε
model is used to model the turbulence. The WEC system
that is studied in this paper consist of a floating point
absorbing buoy that is connected to a linear generator on
the seabed. The translator inside the generator moves in
heave only, and is directly driven by the buoy, its motion
simulated WEC corresponds to the concept developed
by Uppsala University, Sweden, that is being tested at an
offshore site in Lysekil, Sweden [4].
Several different buoy geometries and topologies are
studied, and the effect of their different behavior on the
WEC performance and survivability is analyzed.
One of the strengths with VOF-RANS simulations is the
possibility to simulate overtopping and breaking waves.
The line force and motion are studied when an incident
wave is not overtopping, but high enough to make the
translator hit the upper endstop, and this case is
compared to situations with overtopping waves.
REFERENCES
[1] M. Folley, A. Babarit, B. Child, D. Forehand, L. O´Boyle K.
Silverthorne, J. Spinneken, V. Stratigaki, P. Trouch, “A Review of
Numerical Modelling of Wave Energy Converter Arrays”, In
Proceedings of ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean,
Offshore and Arctic Engineering OMAE 2012
[2] OpenFOAM user guide, Version 2.4.0, http://www.openfoam.com,
2015
[3] N. G. Jacobsen, D. R. Fuhrman, J. Fredso, “A Wave Generating
Toolbox for the Open-source CFD Library: OpenFOAM” International
Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids., vol. 70, pp. 1073-1088,
2012.
[4] E. Leijerskog, C. Bodström, A. Savin, E. Strömstedt, H. Gravråkmo, J.
Engström, K. Haikonen, M. Rahm, B. Ekergård, O. Svensson, R.
Waters, S. Tyrberg, R. Ekström, V. Kurupath, W. Li, J. Sundberg, M.
Leijon, A. Baudoin, L. Hai, R. Krishna “Lysekil Research Site, Sweden,
Status Update” In Proceedings of the 9th European Wave and Tidal
Energy Conference, Southampton, UK, Sep. 2011

77
 Marine Energy in Costa Rica: Taking notes on UK’s
expertise
T Hernández-Madrigal#1, S Wright-Green#2, A Mason-Jones#3, T O’Doherty#4, D O’Doherty*5
#
Cardiff Marine Energy Research Group, Cardiff University
Queens Buildings, Newport Rd, Cardiff, Wales
1HernandezMadrigalT@cardiff.ac.uk

2Wright-GreenS@cardiff.ac.uk

3Mason-JonesA@cardiff.ac.uk

4ODoherty@cardiff.ac.uk

*School of Engineering, University of South Wales

Treforest, Pontypridd, Wales
5Daphne.ODoherty@southwales.ac.uk

To compare the procedures and determine Costa Rica’s

I. KEYWORDS
Costa Rica, UK, Marine Energy, Tidal energy, Gulf of
Nicoya.
II. ABSTRACT
Marine energy has been considered for over a decade as an
alternative resource to fossil fuels to produce electricity and
help slow climate change around the world. The United
Kingdom is a world leader in research related to electricity
production using marine resources such as tidal currents and
range, and waves. Therefore the UK is a good benchmark to
use when developing marine energy generation in other parts
of the world. In this paper, Costa Rica, a Central American
country that produces over 90% of its electricity using
renewable sources is considered as a possible location for the
use of marine energy. This paper shows what steps need to be
taken if a marine energy project were to be proposed in the
Gulf of Nicoya or Dulce Gulf, comparing the procedures,
legislation and obstacles that have been lived in the UK
already.
The aim of the research is to determine how Costa Rica can
contribute to the international research in relation to the use of
marine resources, considering the experience obtained from
the use of other alternative sources such as wind, hydro and
geothermal. It can also lead to the baseline on considering
Latin America as a location for the use of marine resources
extending the world’s current potential for the extraction of
electricity.
The UK has found that international collaboration with
research has accelerated the development and deployment of
tidal stream devices. With the reported how tidal stream
currents off Costa Rica then the generation technology [9]
must be created to expand the niche where this resource can
be used, so stakeholders such as consumers, investors and
policy makers can get more involved in the subject to make
power plants more feasible around the world.
This paper will contribute to determine the influence of
public perspective [17] on the development of new renewable
energy projects and how the views of different societies affect
the creation and use of the technology. A comparison between
the UK and Costa Rica will be made, and results will show
how culture can influence the progress of new initiatives and
implementation.
current situation for future marine energy projects, UK’s tidal
lagoon planning [8] will be taken as the reference and will
compared with a hypothetical marine energy project operated
off the Costa Rican coast. This includes, but is not limited to,
location selection [10], environmental impact assessment,
economic effects and socio-economic impact in the region.
From the results, it can be deduced what institutions in
Costa Rica - and the collaboration among them - are needed to
start research and innovation along with other countries,
providing more options on places where to invest for
developers and benefit the world by reducing the dependence
on fossil fuels.
Figure 1. Possible locations for marine energy projects in Costa Rica. [12]
REFERENCES
[1] (2006). The Habitats and Species in the Severn Estuary. Available:
http://www.severnestuary.net
[2] (2011). Nature Conservation Designation. Available:
hhtp://www.severnestuary.net
[3] "The Economic Case for a Tidal Lagoon Industry in the UK," ed:
Centre for Economics & Business Research, 2014.
[4] G. J. Allan, P. Lecca, P. G. McGregor, and J. K. Swales, "The
economic impacts of marine energy developments: A case study
from Scotland," Marine Policy, vol. 43, pp. 122-131, 1// 2014.
[5] P. A. J. Bonar, I. G. Bryden, and A. G. L. Borthwick, "Social and
ecological impacts of marine energy development," Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 47, pp. 486-495, 7// 2015.
[6] L. Dafydd. (2015). Swansea's Bay £1bn Tidal Lagoon Hit by
Delay.
[7] G. Dalton, G. Allan, N. Beaumont, A. Georgakaki, N. Hacking, T.
Hooper, et al., "Economic and socio-economic assessment
methods for ocean renewable energy: Public and private
perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 45,
pp. 850-878, 5// 2015.

78
[8] T. Fijen and O. Morris, "TIdal Generation for Swansea and the [13]
Severn," Cardiff, 2015.
[9] H. Jeffrey, B. Jay, and M. Winskel, "Accelerating the development [14]
of marine energy: Exploring the prospects, benefits and
challenges," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol.
80, pp. 1306-1316, 9// 2013.
[10] M. Lewis, S. P. Neill, P. E. Robins, and M. R. Hashemi, "Resource [15]
assessment for future generations of tidal-stream energy arrays,"
Energy, vol. 83, pp. 403-415, 4/1/ 2015.
[11] C. M. Mason, L. Lim-Camacho, K. Scheepers, and J. M. Parr, [16]
"Testing the water: Understanding stakeholder readiness for
strategic coastal and marine management," Ocean & Coastal
Management, vol. 104, pp. 45-56, 2// 2015.
[12] A. B. e. Melo, "Determination potential of marine energy for [17]
electricity generation in Costa Rica," Instituto Costarricense de
Electricidad (ICE), San Jose, Costa Rica2013.
J. Poole. (2015, Learning Central. Available:
http://learningcentra.cf.ac.uk
M. Povitkina, S. C. Jagers, M. Sjöstedt, and A. Sundström,
"Democracy, development and the marine environment – A global
time-series investigation," Ocean & Coastal Management, vol.
105, pp. 25-34, 3// 2015.
J. Rojas, "The Development of Marine Energy for Power
Generation in Costa Rica," in Iberoamerican Forum of Non-
Convential Renewable Energies, San Jose, Costa Rica, 2015.
K. Soleimani, M. J. Ketabdari, and F. Khorasani, "Feasibility
study on tidal and wave energy conversion in Iranian seas,"
Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, vol. 11, pp.
77-86, 9// 2015.
A. Vazquez and G. Iglesias, "Public perceptions and externalities
in tidal stream energy: A valuation for policy making," Ocean &
Coastal Management, vol. 105, pp. 15-24, 3// 2015.
79
 Numerical Study on Tidal Farming Optimization in
Jangjuk Channel, South Korea
Manh Hung Nguyen#1, Haechang Jeong#2, Bu-gi Kim*3, Jun-ho Kim*4, Changjo Yang#5
#
Division of Marine Engineering, Mokpo National Maritime University
91 Haeyangdaehak-ro, Mokpo, Jeollanam-do, 58628, Korea
1
nguyenmanhhung.vmu@gmail.com
2
jeonghc2@gmail.com
5
cjyang@mmu.ac.kr
*
Division of Marine Mechatronics, Mokpo National Maritime University
91 Haeyangdaehak-ro, Mokpo, Jeollanam-do, 58628, Korea
3
kim60091@mmu.ac.kr
4
junho.kim@mmu.ac.kr

I. KEYWORDS
Tidal farming optimization, Tidal stream devices, Energy
yield, Tidal energy extraction, Wake modelling.

II. ABSTRACT
In this paper, an efficient approach to tidal farming
optimization inside Jangjuk channel, Korea consisting of 1MW
scale tidal turbines was carried out by means of evaluating array
scale interactions and the potential effects, and taking into
account the impact of wake effects, tidal device characteristics
and device installation constraints. The approach is
implemented by an application of numerical modelling method.
The utility of the approach in this research is demonstrated by
optimizing the tidal farm in an idealized scenario and a more
realistic case with different configurations of tidal array,
including 28 turbines for the centred layout and 30 turbines for
the staggered layout. Each layout was tested at two different
formations (named A and B for the former, C and D for the
latter). According to the numerical results, the centred layout A
and the staggered layout C show the best performance in energy
yield generation as the net energy of all turbines (or wake
energy yield which includes the impacts of wake effects on
power generation) extracted from these two layouts is virtually
equal to the estimate of speed-up energy yield (or the gross
energy which is the sum of the energy yield of each turbine
without wake effects). In addition, the averaged energy yield
per device of the staggered layout C is higher than the centred
layout A, about 1.113GWh/year against 1.08GWh/year. It also
means that the staggered formation C is an optimal array for
tidal farming in Jangjuk channel. Conversely, the centred
layout B shows the worst performance if tidal energy extraction
comparing to others, about 9.3% and 17.4% lower than the
gross energy of the layouts A and C, respectively. In general,
energy yield calculation by means of taking into account the
impact of wake effects, tidal device characteristics and device
constraints give more reliable and more accurate results.
Fig. 1 Energy density inside Jangjuk-sudo (kW/m2)
(a) Flood tide
(b) Ebb tide
Fig. 2 Wake flow visualization in the centered layout
A
REFERENCES
[1] M. Esteban and D. Leary, “Current developments and future prospects of offshore
wind and ocean energy”, Application Energy Journal, vol. 90, pp. 128-136, 2012.
[2] A. S. Bahaj and L. Myers, “Analytical estimates of the energy yield potential from
the Alderney Race (Channel Islands) using marine current energy converters”,
Renewable Energy Journal, vol. 29, pp. 1931-1945, 2004.
[3] D. Hasegawa, J. Sheng, D. A. Greenberg and K. R. Thompson, “Far-field effects
of tidal energy extraction in the Minas Passage on tidal circulation in the Bay of
Fundy and Gulf of Maine using a nested-grid coastal circulation model”, Ocean
Dynamics, vol. 61, no. 11, pp. 1845-1868, 2011.
[4] M. E. Harrison, W. M. J. Batten, L. E. Myers and A. S. Bahaj, “Comparison
between CFD simulations and experiments for predicting the far wake of
horizontal axis tidal turbines”, Renewable Power Generation Journal, vol. 4, pp.
613-627, 2010.
[5] A. D. Hoang, C. J. Yang and Y. H. Lee, “An evaluation for predicting the far wake
of tidal turbines positioned in array at different longitudinal spaces”, Korean
Society of Marine Engineering Journal, vol. 26, pp. 358-367, 2012.
[6] D. Hasegawa, J. Sheng, D. A. Greenberg and K. R. Thompson, “Far-field effects
of tidal energy extraction in the Minas Passage on tidal circulation in the Bay of
Fundy and Gulf of Maine using a nested-grid coastal circulation model”, Ocean
Dynamics, vol. 61, no. 11, pp. 1845-1868, 2011.
[7] A. D. Hoang, C. J. Yang and Y. H. Lee, “An evaluation for predicting the far wake
of tidal turbines positioned in array at different longitudinal spaces”, Korean
Society of Marine Engineering Journal, vol. 26, pp. 358-367, 2012.
[8] S. W. Funke, P. E. Farrell and M. D. Piggott, “Tidal turbine array optimization
using the adjoint approach”, Renewable Energy, vol. 63, pp. 658-673, 2014.

80
 Simulating Marine Current Turbine Wakes
with Advanced Turbulence Models
T. Ebdon1#, D.M. O’Doherty2*, T. O’Doherty3#, A. Mason-Jones4#

#Schoolof Engineering, Cardiff University,

Cardiff, United Kingdom
1EbdonT@cardiff.ac.uk

3ODoherty@cardiff.ac.uk

4Mason-JonesA@cardiff.ac.uk

*School of Engineering, University of South Wales,

Pontypridd, United Kingdom
2daphne.odoherty@southwales.ac.uk

I. KEYWORDS Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence

Tidal Turbines, Wakes, CFD, Turbulence, DES
II. ABSTRACT
Understanding the nature of wakes from tidal
stream turbines is crucial if they are to fulfil
their potential and make a significant
contribution to reliable, predictable renewable
energy. Being able to accurately characterise a
turbine wake is necessary in order to calculate
mechanical loading, array layout and potential
environmental impacts of the deployment of
multiple turbines. In addition to this, a better
understanding of the temporal nature of tidal
turbine wakes allows better prediction of the
fluctuating loads experienced by downstream
turbines within an array, increasing reliability
and reducing the costs of energy produced by
tidal turbines. Finally, knowing how the wakes
behave in the far-field should allow predictions
to be made regarding changes to tidal channel
dynamics, and potential environmental effects
such as changes to water turbidity and sediment
transport.
A study has been conducted into the use of
scale-resolving turbulence models for modelling
the wakes of marine current turbines using full
rotor geometry. Previous studies using Reynolds
models have tended to significantly over predict
the extent of the wakes [1] [2], and the authors
hypothesise that this is due to the inability of
RANS turbulence models to accurately model
the mixing of the free stream and the wake of
the turbine. Scale-resolving models directly
resolve the large-scale turbulence, and only
apply a turbulence model to the small scale
turbulence, allowing both the larger length
scales measured at potential sites for tidal
turbines, as well as the anisotropic nature of the
turbulence in the wake [3] to be modelled. This
should provide better reproduction of the
mixing between the wake and the free-stream,
and therefore better reproduction of the extent
and character of the wake itself. Presented here
are CFD results (fig. 1), for a 10m diameter, 3
bladed turbine mounted on a monopole, using a
scale-resolving turbulence model and input
turbulence that is realistic in both intensity and
length scale, based on data measured at
potential sites for tidal turbines [4]. The scale-
resolving CFD results are compared to
experimental results [5], and show improved
correlation to those from previous CFD studies
using RANS turbulence models. Furthermore,
the use of scale-resolving models has not
significantly compromised the prediction of the
power and thrust coefficients from the turbine.

81

Figure 1: Comparison of instantaneous stream
wise velocity and time-averaged stream wise
velocity using a DES turbulence model.
The knowledge gained from this work could
potentially be used to determine the wider
environmental impacts of the wakes of tidal
stream turbines, as well as having implications
for the layout of tidal turbine arrays.
III. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors acknowledge the financial support
provided by the Welsh Government and Higher
Education Funding Council for Wales through
the Sêr Cymru National Research Network for
Low Carbon, Energy and the Environment.
IV. REFERENCES
[1] Ceri Morris. Influence of Solidity on the
Performance, Swirl Characteristics,
Wake Recovery and Blade Deflection of a
Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine.
PhD thesis, School of Engineering, Cardiff
University, 2014.
[2] A. Mason-Jones. Performance assessment of
a Horizontal Axis Tidal Tur-
bine in a high velocity shear environment. PhD
thesis, School of Engineering,
Cardiff University, 2010.
[3] S.C. Tedds, I. Owen, and R.J. Poole. Near-wake
characteristics of a model
horizontal axis tidal stream turbine. Renewable
Energy, 63:222-235, 2014.
[4] I.A. Milne, R.N. Sharma, R.G.J. Flay, and S.
Bickerton. Characteristics of
the turbulence in the flow at a tidal stream
power site. Phil Trans R Soc A,
371:20120196, 2013.
[5] Paul Mycek, Benoît Gaurier, Gréegory
Germain, Gréegory Pinon, and Elie
Rivoalen. Experimental study of the turbulence
intensity effects on marine
current turbines behaviour. part I: One single
turbine. Renewable Energy,
66:729-746, 2014.
82
 The Development of Wave and Tidal Energy Test
Sites at National Taiwan Ocean University
Jiahn-Horng Chen1, Shiaw-Yih Tzang 2
#
Research Center for Ocean Energy and Strategies, National Taiwan Ocean University
2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung, Taiwan
1
b0105@mail.ntou.edu.tw
2
sytzang@mail.ntou.edu.tw

In this paper, the environments, challenges, and progress of

I. KEYWORDS development will be addressed, the recent tests of some
Wave energy; tidal energy; test site; Taiwan coast. devices discussed, and the future goal envisioned to develop
the sites with full facilities and research capability to meet the
II. ABSTRACT need of marine energy harnessing in Asia-Pacific region.
Ocean energy represents one of the major parts of
renewable energy in the world. Among the various kinds of
ocean energy, the most abundant resource is attributed to • A site near NTOU 
wave energy and it has been estimated to be greater than 2
TW worldwide. Many devices of different types, such as point
absorber, attenuator, oscillating wave surge converter,
oscillating water column, overtopping device, and submerged TEC (water depth =40 m)

pressure differential, were proposed in the past two decades. Tidal Test Zone

In fact, the wave energy converter has long been considered as 0.953 km2 (235.5 Acre)

one of the most promising ocean energy devices.

However, while an abundance of wave and tidal energy is
WEC 2 (water depth=30 m)
available and many studies have been devoted to development WEC1 (water depth=15 m)
Buoy
of energy converters, its harnessing is still challenging from Wave Test Zone
0.489 km2 (120.8 Acre)
the technological point of view. This is due partially to the
energetic and even hostile ocean environments. The test site is
the step stone for these converters to leap from laboratories to Fig. 1 The test site for wave and tidal energy devices in Taiwan.
energy industries or from one ocean environment to another.
For example, in the Asian-Pacific region, the extreme 30
KLH 2002
average wave energy (kW/m)

2003

condition due, in particular, to typhoons and/or earthquakes 2004

2005
2006
must be considered. For these purposes, some test sites are 20
2007
2008

under development in Asian-Pacific region [1-5], each of 2009

2010

which features particular interests in wave and/or tidal devices.

10
In Taiwan, a tidal wave energy test site has also been
planned and constructed at waters outside National Taiwan
Ocean University, shown in Fig. 1.The site focuses on tests of 0
12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
devices designed for medium wave energy density which is Month

popular around the whole world and, in particular, in the Asia-
Pacific area. In addition, the site features a strong tidal current
due to the seabed topography and typical waves in Taiwan
area. In addition, the site is in the region where typhoons
frequently hit. Furthermore, there are convenient nearby
operation bases for work boats and construction machinery.
Therefore, the deployment, retrieval, and maintenance
manpower are fully available. A data buoy has been deployed
in the test site for many years. It records the wave height,
period, and direction, wind speed and direction, water
temperature, and air temperature and pressure. The wave
energy variation in the past ten years is now available, as
shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 Wave energy density in the test site.
REFERENCES
[1] B. Batten and B.L. Polagye, NMREC Accomplishments and Impacts
2009-2013, Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center,
2013.
[2] P. Cross, “HNEI Research at the US Navy Wave Energy Test Site,” Int.
Conf. Ocean Energy, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, 2014.
[3] T. Kinoshita, “Outline of Offshore Renewable Energy,” Int. Workshop
Marine Energy, Tokyo, Japan, 2014.
[4] C. Ni, “Development of Ocean Energy Test Field in China,” J.
Shipping Ocean Eng., Vol. 5, pp. 44-49, 2015.
[5] K.E. Kiong, “Renewable Energy Integration Demonstrator Singapore,
REIDS Offshore,” Int. Workshop Marine Energy, Tokyo, Japan, 2014.

83
 Temporal and spatial distribution of turbulence
in Islay Sound
Rolf Lueck#1, Fabian Wolk#2, Kevin Black*3
#
Rockland Scientific Inc.
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
1
rolf@rocklandscientific.com, 2fabian@rocklandscientific.com
*
Partrac Ltd.
Glasgow, UK
3
kblack@partrac.com

dissipation rate improve estimates of skin friction parameters

I. KEYWORDS in numerical models seeking to optimize turbine performance,
turbulence, microstructure, tidal channel, tidal energy, TiME and it is a key parameter for the numerical modeling of
turbulence [5].
II. ABSTRACT This paper focuses on turbulence data collected with the
Turbulence measurements were conducted with a Vertical VMP system at Islay Sound in April 2014. The VMP and the
Microstructure Profiler (VMP, Fig. 1) in the Sound of Islay, as experimental site are described and representative profiles of
part of the Turbulence in the Marine Environment (TiME) the turbulence data measured by the VMP are presented. A
project. Multiple casts were conducted with the VMP at a time-series of dissipation rate over the tidal cycle (obtained by
fixed station near a bottom-moored turbulence measurement conducting repeated profiles at a fixed measurement station),
platform, during both ebb and flood cycles of the tide. In and cross-channel and along-channel transects of TKE
addition, cross-channel and along-channel profile transects dissipation rate are presented and discussed.
were taken centered on the turbulence mooring site. The
purpose of this paper is to summarize the temporal evolution
and spatial variability of turbulence at this location, which is a
site slated for tidal energy generation. Turbulence data
collected with the profiler are quantified in terms of the rate of
dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, ε, which varies by up
to three orders of magnitude over the tidal cycle at the fixed
profiling station, and by up to two orders of magnitude for the
across-channel transect. The results from the bottom-mounted
platform are discussed elsewhere.

The interaction of swift tidal currents with topographic

features in tidal channels results in a high variability of flow
speeds, which affects the reliability and the efficiency of
energy extraction, as well as the operational risk of energy
conversion devices. In this context, the accurate and complete
characterization of turbulence has been identified as a priority
for tidal energy site assessments [1], [2].
The research programme Turbulence in the Marine
Environment, TiME, seeks to establish methods and
methodologies for measuring and evaluating turbulent effects
in tidal arrays. As part of the TiME project, two field
campaigns at Islay Sound and the Inner Sound of the Pentland
Firth have been conducted in 2014. Both campaigns involved
the deployment of two turbulence measurement systems. One
of the systems is a boat-deployed vertical microstructure
profiler, VMP, that measures profiles of turbulent TKE
dissipation rates at various locations near the mooring site.
The VMP carries velocity shear probes that resolve velocity
fluctuations with length scales ranging from several
millimetres to approximately 1 m, thereby resolving the
turbulent energy spectrum from the inertial sub-range to the
dissipation scale. Turbulent flow fluctuations at these scales
are important for predicting dynamic processes, such as the
differential loading over the chord length of rotor blades [3],
[4]. In addition, the accurate measurements of the TKE
Fig. 1. The VMP-200 in its deck stand ready for deployment. The lower end
is at the front of the picture and shows the front guard (four black-tip prongs)
and the velocity shear and thermistor probes. The aft end holds the radial
array of filaments that provide drag to stabilize the fall rate and orientation
of the profiler.
REFERENCES
[1] A. Hay, J. McMillan, R. Cheel, and D. Schillinger, “Turbulence and
drag in a high Reynolds number tidal passage targeted for in-stream
tidal power,” in Oceans - San Diego, 2013, Sept 2013, pp. 1–10.
[2] L. Blunden and A. Bahaj, “Tidal energy resource assessment for tidal
stream generators,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical
Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, vol. 221, no. 2, pp.
137–146, 2007.
[3] P. J. Moriarty, W. E. Holley, and S. Butterfield, “Effect of turbulence
variations on extreme loads prediction for wind turbines,” Journal of
Solar Energy Engineering, vol. 124, no. 4, pp. 387–395, 2002.
[4] J. Thomson, B. Polagye, V. Durgesh, and M. C. Richmond,
“Measurements of turbulence at two tidal energy sites in Puget sound,
WA,” IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 363–
374, 2012.
[5] H. Buchard, K. Bolding, M. R. Villarreal, T. Rippeth, N. Fisher,
and A. Stips, Marine Turbulence: Theories, Observations and Models.
Cambridge University Press, 2005, Ch. 25, pp. 213 – 224.

84
 Abstract for AWTEC 2016
M. Hofmann#1, M. Baumann*2, J. Marnoch#3
#
SKF GmbH Germany
9th floor, Gunnar-Wester Str. 12, 97421 Schweinfurt, Germany
1
Matthias.Hofmann@skf.com
*SKF U.K. Limited
Wellheads Road Farburn Industrial Estate, Dyce, Aberdeen, AB21 7HG, Scotland
2
Michael.Baumann@skf.com
3
Jim.Marnoch@skf.com

Fig. 1 Example drive train of an tidal stream turbine

I. KEYWORDS
Design of tidal stream turbine drive trains – Key drivers
The content of this presentation is derived from practical
and parameters, limitations and first field testing experiences
experience from various advanced tidal stream turbine
II. ABSTRACT projects in Europe, North America and Asia. SKF who is one
of the global leaders in the bearing industry is engaged with
The presentation covers different drive train concepts for
most advanced tidal stream turbine manufacturers from the
tidal stream turbines. It provides indications of suitable rotor
early prototype phase. This involves drive train design,
bearing arrangements, including their dimensions and types. It
engineering, manufacturing, as well as validation and testing .
introduces engineering working steps from first hub load
For the latter, SKF is currently building the world’s biggest
analysis, to classical bearing selection criteria’s, to complex
large size bearing test centre to significantly increase the
deformation behaviour under load and its influence on
reliability and life span of such bearings.
performance and life time. It describes how high axial loads
and bending moments on the rotor hub can be absorbed when
selecting the right main shaft bearing configuration and
explains why possible deformations have to be minimised in
order to ensure optimal sealing performance. Most suitable
rotor shaft seal solutions for shallow and deep water
applications will be introduced with their merits and demerits
discussed. More standardised and holistic approaches to
design which will be adopted in the next generation designs
will be presented. Design solutions for pitch blade and yaw
mechanism’s will be introduced and most suitable types will
be described in more detail.

Fig. 2 Large size bearing test centre, Schweinfurt Germany

REFERENCES
[1] M. Hofmann, Senior Application Engineer, SKF GmbH Germany,
2016
[2] M. Baumann, Business Development Manager, SKF U.K. Limited,
2009-2016
[3] J. Marnoch, Ocean Energy Manager, SKF U.K. Limited 2009-2015

85
 Performance of Finite Arrays of Oscillating Wave
Surge Converters in Irregular and
Multi-Directional Sea
Zhi Yung Tay1, Vengatesan Venugopal2
Institute for Energy System, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh
The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, United Kingdom
1Z.Tay@ed.ac.uk

2V.Venugopal@ed.ac.uk

I. KEYWORDS (a)
1.05 1.05
Oscillating wave surge converter, q-factor, hydrodynamic
interaction, multiple arrays, power performance 1.00
1.00
II. ABSTRACT 0.95
0.95
The oscillating wave surge converter (OWSC) type devices
(eg., Oyster wave energy converter) generates power via 0.90

q
0 .9 0
rotating motion at the bottom of the device. This type of wave
energy converters have a wide power absorption bandwidth 0.85
0 .8
5
which enables the generation of electricity at a wide range of
0.80 01 6
wave frequencies. The power produced by the OWSC could 90 .8 0
be maximised by properly arranging the OWSC in arrays due 60 12
30
to the constructive interference between the devices. This 0
(s)


paper examines the performance of the power generated by (de 8

g) -3
0 Tp
multiple arrays of OWSCs under irregular and multi- -6
0
4
directional wave conditions using the industry standard -9
0
hydrodynamic software WAMIT. The efficiency of the
OWSC is reported in terms of the q-factor. The results show Fig. 2 q-factor for three arrays of OWSC under multi-directional sea
that the OWSC arranged in a multiple arrays configuration
would yield both constructive and destructive interference
depending on the wave directions and frequencies. Also, the
energy period is shown to affect the performance of the
OWSCs significantly. The detailed results presented in the full
paper will provide a clear understanding of the behaviour and
performance of the OWSC when arranged in arrays of
different numbers and configurations, subjected to irregular
and multi-directional sea.
(a)

3.0 3.0
2.5 2.5
2.0
2.0
1.5
1 .5
q

1.0
1 .0
0.5 Fig. 2 Normalised mean power for three arrays
0 .5

0.0 0
16 7 5 .0
60
REFERENCES
12 45 [1] Delauré, Y. and A. Lewis, 3D hydrodynamic modelling of fixed
Tp ) oscillating water column wave power plant by a boundary element
deg
30
(s) 8
15 ( [2]
methods. Ocean engineering, 2003. 30(3): p. 309-330.
[2] Vantorre, M., R. Banasiak, and R. Verhoeven, Modelling of
0
4 hydraulic performance and wave energy extraction by a point absorber
in heave. Applied Ocean Research, 2004. 26(1): p. 61-72.
Fig. 1 q-factor for three arrays of OWSC under irregular sea

86
[3] [3] Wolgamot, H., P. Taylor, and R. Eatock Taylor, The interaction
factor and directionality in wave energy arrays. Ocean Engineering,
2012. 47: p. 65-73.
[4] [4] Falcão, A.F.d.O., Wave energy utilization: A review of the
technologies. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 2010. 14(3):
p. 899-918.
[5] [5] Babarit, A. and J. Hals. On the maximum and actual capture width
ratio of wave energy converters. in Proceedings. 2011.
[6] [6] Renzi, E. and F. Dias, Wave-power extraction from a finite array
of Oscillating Wave Surge Converters.
[7] [7] Renzi, E., et al., Wave-power absorption from a finite array of
oscillating wave surge converters. Renewable Energy, 2014. 63: p. 55-
68.
87
 A Genetic Algorithm Scheme for Spacing
Optimisation In WEC Arrays
Zhi Yung Tay1, Vengatesan Venugopal2
Institute for Energy System, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh
The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, United Kingdom
1Z.Tay@ed.ac.uk

2V.Venugopal@ed.ac.uk

1.05
I. KEYWORDS (b)
1.00
Oscillating wave surge converter arrays, genetic algorithm,
hydrodynamic interaction, q-factor, optimal spacing 0.95

II. ABSTRACT 0.90

q
A genetic algorithm (GA) optimisation scheme is proposed to
seek for the optimal spacing of wave energy convertors (WEC) 0.85

arranged in arrays. The GA considers three spacing variables

that define the arrays’ configuration and seek for the optimal 0.80

spacing by taking the maximum q-factor of the array as the

0.75
objective function. On the other hand, the q-factor, which 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
defines the constructive and destructive hydrodynamic x
s (a)
interference between the WEC, is predicted by using the p q
industry standard hydrodynamic software WAMIT. A number 1.05
(c)
of 12 oscillation wave surge convertors (OWSC) arranged in
three different arrays is considered to facilitate the discussion 1.00
of the optimal spacing outcome. Their comparisons with
respect to different scattered parameters and layout 0.95
configuration are presented. An interesting correlation
between the optimal spacing and the scattered parameters is 0.90
q

observed and presented. The effect of the wave elevation

surrounding the arrays under optimal spacing will also be 0.85
studied. sxp (a)
1.05 0.80
(a)
1.00 0.75
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
y2
0.95 s (a)
p
Fig. 1. Example of q-factor with respect to (a) spy1 (b) spx (c) spy2
0.90
q

0.85 (b) Double-array, sy2 =0

p
2.0
0.80

0.75
1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 1.5
y1
s (a)
p
sp

1.0
Spacing sy1
p
Spacing sxp
OWSC 1 OWSC 1
OWSC 2 OWSC 2
0.5
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
ka
Fig. 2 Optimal spacing for OWSC arranged in two-row array

88
 REFERENCES
[1] Carbon Trust, Future Marine Energy, Result of Marine Energy
Challenge: Cost Competitiveness and Growth of Wave and Tidal
Stream Energy. 2006. The Carbon Trust, UK.
[2] WaveNet, Final Report of the European Thematic Network on Wave
Energy. 2003. Energy Environment and Sustainable Development
Programme, Denmark.
[3] Babarit, A. and Hals, J., On the maximum and actual capture width
ratio of wave energy converters. In Proc. 10th European Wave Energy
Conference. 2011.
[4] AquaMarine Power, Project: North-west Lewis. 2012. Available from:
http://www.aquamarinepower.com/projects/north-west-lewis/.
[5] O'Hara Murray, R., Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters Round 1 Array
Layouts. July 2014. Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for
Scotland (MASTS), UK.
[6] Xodus Group, Brough Head Wave Farm - Scoping Report. 2011.
Xodus Group.
[7] Child, B. and Venugopal, V., Optimal configurations of wave energy
device arrays. Ocean Engineering. 2010. 37(16), p. 1402-1417.

89
CFD SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT OF THE WAKE OF A
HORIZONTAL TIDAL CURRENT TURBINE
Changhong Hu1, Cheng Liu1, Sueyoshi Makoto1, Mina Ohmori2, Yusaku Kyozuka3
1
Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University
2
Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Science, Kyushu University
3
Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University

SUMMARY: A CFD approach is developed by using the CFD library OpenFOAM® for prediction of the
performance and the far wake of a three bladed horizontal axis tidal turbine (HATT). The Actuator Line (ACL)
model is developed for simulation of the HATT. Both Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model and Reynolds
Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) model are considered in the flow solver. An experiment is also carried out in a
circulating water channel to build a benchmark database for validation of the CFD model. In this paper, recently
obtained results of both CFD development and experiment are presented.

Keywords: Wake measurement; LDV; Horizontal axis tidal turbine; CFD; OpenFOAM

INTRODUCTION region will be used for comparison with the CFD

Tidal current is an important source of ocean
renewable energy to generate electricity due to its
reliable and predictable features. Japan has a high
tidal current energy potential and several national
research projects have been promoted in recent
years. The research presented in this paper is a part
of a research project on development of numerical
method to investigate the hydrodynamic
performance of a tidal farm. The purpose of our
research is to develop CFD tools for simulation of
tidal turbine array with the consideration of
interference among multiple turbines. In the first
stage of the research, the hydrodynamic behavior of
a single turbine operating in uniform flow has been
investigated (Liu and Hu, 2015). A CFD approach
has been developed by using the CFD library
OpenFOAM® for prediction of the performance and
the far wake of a three bladed HATT. RANS
equation is used in the flow solver. Both the
steady-state solver and transient solver are
developed and carefully validated.
For numerical simulation of a tidal farm, the
CFD model with the tidal turbine fully resolved is
computational time consuming and not practical due
to the restriction of the available computation
resource. The ACL model, in which the turbine is
modeled by a kind of hydrodynamic force in the
flow simulation, is considered suitable for
simulation of the multiple turbine interference. In
this paper, the accuracy of the wake simulation from
a single turbine by using ACL model is studied. A
numerical example of tidal turbine farm simulation
is also presented for demonstration of the
performance of the CFD method.
To validate the CFD model an experiment is
carried out in a circulating water channel. In this
experiment the wake flow field of a 1/60 scale
HATT is measured with a laser Doppler velocimeter
(LDV) device. The measured velocity profile and
the turbulence kinetic energy profile in the wake
results.
CFD DEVELOPMENT
The ACL method (Sørensen, 2002) is an efficient
approach that can be used to provide majority wake
flow characteristics of a rotating turbine. Following
the basic idea in the Blade Element Method (BEM),
the forces (per span-wise length) can be projected
into the right-hand side of the Navier-Stokes
equation. To avoid numerical oscillations, the
aerodynamic blade forces term is distributed using
the Gauss projection function. The ACL method is
implemented into a Cartesian grid based flow solver
to achieve high computational efficiency. For
modelling turbulence flows both the RANS model
and LES turbulence model are used.
Fig. 1 Time averaged velocity profile of a single
turbine (RANS Simulation).
Fig. 2 Time averaged turbulence kinetic energy
(TKE) profile (RANS Simulation).
To validate the ACL method, a numerical
simulation is carried out on an experimental case
which is carried out in Kyushu University as
described in the next section. For the inlet flow a
low turbulence level is considered. Both RANS
model and LES model are used for the simulation.
In Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, time averaged velocity profile
and time averaged turbulence kinetic energy

90
obtained by the RANS simulation are shown,
respectively.
By using ACL model LES simulation can be
performed on a tidal farm. Figure 3 shows the
vortex structure behind a tidal turbine by the
simulation with ACL model. An example of LES
simulation on wake interaction of a tidal farm with 5
turbines is shown in Fig.4 to demonstrate the
capability of the proposed CFD method.
Fig. 3 Vortex structure visualized by the Q-criterion
(LES Simulation).
Fig. 4 Wake interaction simulation on a tidal farm
with 5 turbines
Fig. 5 Circulating water channel of Kyushu
University
Fig. 6 Experimental setup
EXPERIMENT
The model experiment is carried out in a
circulating water channel of Kyushu University
which is shown in Fig.5. The measurement section
of the water channel is 6m long, 2m wide and 1m
deep. Maximum velocity is 3.3m/s. In Fig.6, the
experimental setup is shown. The flow velocities in
the wake of the turbine are measured by a LDV
system. Since LDV is a point measurement device,
an automatic three-dimensional drive system is
installed on the water tunnel for plane measurement
of the velocity distributions. The turbine model used
in the experiment is a 1/60 scale model of a
three-bladed HATT which is made by a 3-D printer.
The rotor diameter is 0.3m and the uniform
upstream velocity is 0.28 m/s.
Fig.7 Measured velocity distribution on 4 planes
An example of the measurement is shown in
Fig.7. The experiment has just been completed and
analysis of the data is ongoing. In the conference,
details of the experimental results as well as the
comparison between the CFD and the experiment
will be presented.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research is supported by the New Energy
Development Organization (NEDO).
REFERENCE
C. Liu, C. Hu, Numerical Prediction of the
Hydrodynamic Performance of Horizontal Tidal
Turbines, ASME 34th International Conference
on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering,
Paper No. OMAE2015-41776, (2015).
Sørensen, J. N. and Shen, W. Z., Numerical
Modeling of Wind Turbine Wakes, Journal of
Fluids Engineering, Vol. 124, (2002), pp.
393-399.
91
 A Novel Drivetrain Option for Tidal Energy System
Xiaoxu Zhang, Zhe Chen, Xiao Liu
Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Denmark
xia@et.aau.dk, zch@et.aau.dk, xil@et.aau.dk
I. KEYWORDS
Drivetrain, generator, gearbox, tidal current turbine, tidal
energy.
II. ABSTRACT
Tidal energy has been regarded as another promising
renewable resource for electricity generation, and is moving
towards commercialisation step by step [1]. The drivetrain for
tidal energy conversion has been widely investigated by tidal
current turbine developers, but there is no recognized best
solution and therefore a number of different designs exist [2].
Generally, the drivetrain solutions for tidal current turbine are
classified as mechanical geared drivetrain and direct drivetrain,
as shown in Fig. 1. The mechanical geared drivetrain, which
dominates the current market of the tidal current turbines, is
featured by a high-speed generator coupled with a mechanical
gearbox, such as HS 1000 turbine developed by Andritz
Hydro Hammerfest, and SeaGen S developed by Marine
Current Turbine [3]. However, it has been proved that
mechanical gearboxes are easy to fall into failure because of
the metal teeth meshing, resulting in frequent maintenance
and replacement. This may reduce the operational time of the
tidal current turbine and increase the operating cost [4].
Therefore, a few tidal turbine developers have built direct-
derive products, such as OpenHydro turbine and Swan turbine.
Although direct-drive wind turbine can operate without
gearbox, the direct-drive generator has to rotate at low speed,
which leads to a bulky size of the drivetrain. For this reason,
this paper will propose a new contactless geared drivetrain for Fig. 2 Magnetic geared drivetrain.
the tidal energy conversation system, which may be a better
solution to the above examples.
Converter and
Gearbox Generotor
Transformer
Tidal current Blades
(a) Mechanical geared drivetrain
Generotor
Converter and
Transformer
Grid
Tidal current Blades
(b) Direct drivetrain
Fig. 1 Two popular drivetrains.
III. THE NOVEL DRIVETRAIN
The studied drivetrain is featured by a magnetic geared
generator (MGM), as shown in Fig. 2 (a), which is an
integration of a magnetic gear and a permanent magnet
synchronous generator. The proposed MGM has an inner rotor
with 4-pole-pair surface-mounted radially magnetized
permanent magnets (PMs), and an outer rotor with 23-pole-
pair circumferentially magnetized PMs. The ferromagnetic
pole shoes wedged between the outer PMs will provide the
flux paths not only for the outer PMs, but also for the inner
PMs. Furthermore, a stator is placed outside with 4-pole-pair
armature windings. It is worth noting that the teeth of the
stator together with the two rotors can function as a magnetic
gear [5]. The outer rotor is the low-speed side while the inner
rotor is high-speed side, and their speed ratio is equal to the
pole pair ratio of the PMs on both rotors. Therefore, the blades
of the turbine are connected to the outer rotor. With the
assistance of the magnetic gear, the inner rotor will rotate at a
higher speed. Since the pole pair number of inner rotor is
same as that of armature winding, they can couple with each
other to generate electricity. The proposed drivetrain is shown
in Fig. 2 (b).
(a) Geared drivetrain
Converter and
Transformer
Grid
Tidal current Blades MGM
(b) Proposed drivetrain
Hence, the proposed MGM for tidal current turbines will
function as both torque transmission and electricity generation,
which makes the energy conversion system more compact and
technically attractive. The significant features of the novel
Grid
drivetrain are as follows,
• No gear lubrication
• Inherent overload protection
• Reduced mechanical fatigue
• No mechanical contact losses other than bearing
• High torque density
REFERENCES
[1] A.S. Bahaj, “Generating electricity from the oceans,” Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Review, vol. 15, n.7, pp.3399-3416, Sept. 2011.
[2] Z. Zhou, F. Scuiller, J.F. Charpentier, M. Benbouzid, T. Tang, “An up-
to-date review of large marine tidal current turbine technologies,”
Proceedings of the Power Electronics and Application Conference,
Shanghai, China, 5–8 November 2014.
[3] J. Zhang, L. Moreau, P.E. Guillerm, M. Machmoum, “State of the Art
in Tidal Current Energy Extracting Technologies,” International
Conference on Green Energy, March 2014.
[4] O. Keysan, A.S. McDonald and M. Mueller, “A direct drive permanent
magnet generator design for a tidal current turbine (SeaGen),” in
Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Electric Machines &
Drives Conference, Niagara Falls (Canada), pp. 224- 229, May 2011.
[5] X. Zhang, X. Liu, Z. Chen, “A Novel Coaxial Magnetic Gear and Its
Integration with Permanent-Magnet Brushless Motor,” IEEE
Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 52, no. 7, 2016. (Accepted)
92
 InSTREAM – Sensors and methods for measuring
turbulence in laboratory and field
Fabian Wolk
Rockland Scientific Inc.
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
fabian@rocklandscientific.com
I. KEYWORDS
turbulence, microstructure, tidal channel, tidal energy, InSTREAM
II. ABSTRACT
The flow through tidal passages is, by nature, extremely
turbulent and this flow speed variability affects the reliability
and efficiency of energy extraction and the operational risks
for in-stream turbines. The accurate measurement and
numerical modeling of turbulence for these conditions is,
therefore, important for designing and deploying any wave or
tidal technology and assessing the risk and cost of operation.
In order to systematically address this issue, a research
consortium comprising six commercial and academic entities
in the UK and Canada was formed to carry out a three-year
research project titled In-situ Turbulence Replication
Evaluation And Measurement, InSTREAM. The consortium
consists of Rockland Scientific in Victoria, BC in partnership
with Dalhousie University and Black Rock Tidal Power in
Nova Scotia, along with UK-based FloWaveTT, European
Marine Energy Centre (EMEC), and Ocean Array Systems.1
The objectives of the InSTREAM project are to develop a
set of sensors and methods that can be used at tidal energy
sites as well as laboratory-scale simulators, and measure
turbulence over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales to
capture time-averaged turbulence quantities as well as
turbulent intermittency. The latter is important for
understanding occurrence rates of extreme loading events [1].
The sensor system comprises standard electromagnetic flow
sensors as well as velocity shear probes [2], [3], which will be
installed at three locations during the 2016 experimental
season. The first installation is at the FloWaveTT Energy
Research Facility in Edinburgh, UK (Fig. 1), to test and
validate the laboratory configuration. Deployments are then
carried out at two field sites: the European Marine Energy
Centre in Scotland, at the Fall-of-Warness, and the FORCE
site at Minas Passage located in the upper Bay of Fundy in
Nova Scotia, Canada. The data sets from all measurement
locations are compared against each other and analyzed for
turbulence flow structure.
The laboratory experiments at FloWaveTT are conducted
under the site-specific conditions, indicative of flow
conditions found at the EMEC and FORCE sites to test and
validate the sensor setup and establish a base line data set for
comparison with the subsequent field observations. The input
met-ocean conditions are scaled according to Froude
1 acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP); and a acoustic
The project is co-funded by the Offshore Energy Research Association, a
Nova Scotia based not-for-profit research group, and InnovateUK, a
government-funded business and innovation organization.
engineering principles at around 1:20 scale, resulting in upper
flow speeds of 1.2 m/s in the tank. Flow and wave conditions
are measured using FloWave’s standard lab equipment and
logged using its CompactRio NI DAQ equipment. Data
logged directly from the turbulence transducer will be time
stamped by a reference signal generated by the DAQ to allow
data synchronisation during post processing.
Fig. 1. A prototype of a measurement system carrying velocity shear probes is
tested during a pilot study for the InSTREAM project at the FloWave TT
Energy Research Facility in Edinburgh, UK.
The installation at the EMEC site provides the opportunity
to install the turbulence sensors for an extended period and
obtain continuous real-time data of the turbulence conditions.
The turbulence sensor module, carrying velocity shear probes,
fast-response thermistor (temperature) probes, and
electromagnetic current meter, is installed in a fixed position
approximately 2 m above the seabed on a cabled infrastructure
module, called IMP. The sensor package is installed on a
suitable mounting arm that holds the instrument in a fixed
horizontal position. In this mounting configuration
measurements are only possible for one phase of the tide,
because the turbulence sensors need to be placed in the
unobstructed flow upstream of any wake-inducing structures.
The experimental plan at the FORCE site follows
procedures that were established for similar experiments at
Grand Passage, Nova Scotia [4], and at Islay Sound and
Pentland Firth, the latter as part of the Turbulence in the
Marine Environment Project (TiME [5]). The work at the
FORCE site will be conducted at a turbine berth site. Two
instrumented submerged buoyancy platforms called Nemo [6]
will be anchored to the sea floor upstream and downstream of
the berth, at heights within the depth aperture of a planned
tidal turbine for the majority of the flow conditions. The
Nemo floats, Fig. 2, consist of a 4.5 m long streamlined body
made from syntactic foam, with cutouts to house various
instrument components: a turbulence sensor payload equipped
with velocity shear probes and fast-response thermistors, a
electromagnetic current sensor, a 600 kHz downward-looking
Doppler velocimeter (ADV). The deployment is for a
28-day lunar cycle, with an intermediate recovery and re-
93
deployment to check the system’s integrity and sensor health,
and to download data. Supporting the measurements with the
Nemo, existing instrumentation assets at or surrounding the
berth will be exploited to provide general oceanographic data
sets, such as flow speed profiles in the water column (ADCP),
as well as wave state, etc.
Fig. 2. The instrumented platform, Nemo, carrying turbulence sensors (shown
in in the inset) and flow sensors. Two Nemo floats are deployed
simultaneously upstream and downstream of a turbine berth site at FORCE.
Data from all test facilities are processed and analysed
according to the best practice guidelines issued by the TiME
project [7]. This involves a structural decomposition of the
recorded flows, which is a robust method for deriving inputs
for simulation and on-going analysis of turbine performance
when operating within turbulent environments. The nature of
turbulent motion (especially Reynolds Stresses) is expected to
vary considerably between the experimental basin (FloWave)
and the test sites.
The characterisation at each site will be used to provide a
‘translation’ between the effects of turbulence at model scale
in FloWave and the effects likely to manifest at full scale.
Furthermore, the extended time series data of high-resolution
turbulence are used to refine statistical models of turbulence
intermittency.
REFERENCES
[1] A. Hay, “Going Beyond TKE”, Horizon 2020 Projects: Portal, vol. 9,
p. 192, 2016. (available at www.horizon2020projects.com)
[2] J. M. McMillan, A. E. Hay, R. G. Lueck, and F. Wolk, “An assessment
of the dissipation rates at a tidal energy site using a VMP and an
ADCP,” in Proceedings of the EWTEC ’15, Nantes, France, September
2015.
[3] T. R. Osborn and W. R. Crawford. "An airfoil probe for measuring
turbulent velocity fluctuations in water." Air-Sea Interaction. Springer
US, 1980. 369-386.
[4] J. M. McMillan, Alex E. Hay, R. G. Lueck, and F. Wolk, “Rates of
Dissipation of Turbulent Kinetic Energy in a High Reynolds Number
Tidal Channel”, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,
2016, under review.
[5] T. H. Clark, “Turbulence in Marine Environments (TiME): A
framework for understanding turbulence and its effects on tidal
devices,” in Proceedings of the 11th European Wave and Tidal Energy
Conference, 2015.
[6] R. G. Lueck, F. Wolk, J. Hancyk, and K. Black, “Hub-height Time
Series Measurements of Velocity and Dissipation of Turbulence
Kinetic Energy in a Tidal Channel”, in Proceedings of the 2015
IEEE/OES 11th Current, Waves, Turbulence Measurement Workshop,
St. Petersburg, Florida, USA, March 2015.
[7] K. Black, J. Ibrahim, J. McKay, T. H. Clark, N. C. Pearson, R. Moore,
J. Hernon, D. Lambkin, and B. S. Cooper, “Turbulence: Best practices
for measurement of turbulent flows. A guide for the tidal power
industry.,” MRCF-TiME-KS9a, 2015.
[8] T. H. Clark, K. Black, J. Ibrahim, N. Minns, S. Fisher, T. Roc, J.
Hernon, and R. White, “Turbulence: Best practices for data processing,
classification and characterisation of turbulent flows. A guide for the
tidal power industry.,” MRCF-TiME-KS9b, 2015.
94
 Energy Storage System for Wind Energy Integration
in Power Transmission Systems
Zhen Shu, and Kelvin Tan Kian Hock
DNV GL Energy (formerly KEMA), Singapore Technology Centre
16 Science Park Drive 118227, Singapore
Zhen.Shu@dnvgl.com
Kelvin.Tan@dnvgl.com
I. KEYWORDS
Wind energy, system integration, energy storage system,
power system generation dispatch, transmission systems.
II. ABSTRACT
As one of the most cost-effective renewable energy
sources, wind energy has been growing fast in recent years,
reaching a global installed capacity of 369,553 MW in 2014.
Associated with this fast growth, some new requirements
need to be fulfilled to ensure good quality of power supply.
One of the most important requirements is arising from power
transmission. Ideally, independent system operators (ISO)
would preferably dispatch all the wind resource due to its low
production cost and low carbon emission. However, at high
penetration level, this dispatch may no longer be appropriate,
because a huge amount of wind energy imposing high stress
on transmission system would lead to congestion [1], [2]. In
this circumstance, some wind energy has to be curtailed. For
example, in ERCOT rich wind area, 16% of wind power was
discarded in year 2009 [3]. In [1], analysis indicates that wind
curtailment can considerably reduce the total production cost
in a congested transmission system. These effects motivate
ESS deployment to control intermittent energy injection and
strengthen wind dispatch ability [4].
As illustrated in Fig. 1, a small transmission system
consists of a bus with wind generation, and two others with
conventional generators (denoted by G1 and G2). Assume that
the wind energy capacity is so high such that the not all of the
wind power output can be delivered to the load at bus3 via
transmission lines (connecting bus2 to bus1 and bus3) due to
their limited capacities. Installing an ESS at the wind bus can
help alleviate this challenge. The ESS can be used to store the
excess wind energy during rich-wind hours and discharge it
back to the grid later when transmission stress becomes less.
As such, a higher percentage of wind energy, as a carbon-free
resource, can be integrated.
G1
1 pumped-storage hydro units in stochastic power systems,” IEEE
2 3
G2
ESS
Fig. 1 An illustration of three-bus transmission system
The similar problem of coupling ESS with wind
generation has been quantitatively analyzed in some research
[5]-[7]. However, the single-bus model used in [5]-[7] merely
calculates an energy balance between supply and demand
without characterizing power system network features. Due to
the lack of incorporating power flows and transmission
capacity constraints, the benefits of wind energy in an
interconnected network would be overestimated since the
transmission congestion, as an essential restriction for large
scale integration of intermittent resource, is overlooked.
This paper presents the operation strategy of a grid-
connected wind power plant coupled with energy storage
system (ESS) in power transmission systems. The ESS is
deployed to enhance the dispatch ability of wind generation
from the viewpoint of system integration. The problem is
formulated as an optimal generation dispatch model, with a
particular emphasis on the interconnected network modeling
and market regulation requirements. Specifically, the
transmission system power flow and capacity constraints are
explicitly incorporated in problem formulation and
computation. It is demonstrated that for wind energy
integration, appropriate ESS coordination can considerably
reduce the overall energy production cost and meanwhile
enhance the wind utilization, facilitating the low-carbon
economy transition. In addition, through some sensitivity
analysis, further insights are provided to reveal the numerical
relationships between wind penetration level and total energy
production cost under limited transmission capacity. This
study will be very useful assisting in short-term operation as
well as long-term planning for wind energy integration in a
systematic manner.
REFERENCES
[1] E. Ela and D. Edelson, “Participation of wind power in LMP-based
energy market,” IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 3, no.
4, pp. 777-783, Oct. 2012.
[2] J. M. Morales, A. J. Conejo, and J. Pérez-Ruiz, “Simulating the impact
of wind production on locational marginal prices,” IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 820-828, May 2011.
[3] National Renewable Energy Laboratory, “Examples of Wind Energy
Curtailment Practices,” Jul. 2010. [Online]. Available:
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/48737.pdf
[4] M. E. Khodayar, M. Shahidehpour, L. Wu, “Enhancing the
dispatchability of variable wind generation by coordination with
Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 2808-2818, Aug.
2013.
[5] M. Black, G. Strbac, “Value of bulk energy storage for managing wind
power fluctuations,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 22,
no. 1, pp. 197-205, Mar. 2007.
[6] J. J. Hargreaves, B. F. Hobbs, “Commitment and dispatch with
uncertain wind generation by dynamic programming,” IEEE
Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 724-734, Jun.
2012.
[7] C. Palanichamy and N. S. Batu, “Day-night weather-based economic
power dispatch,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 17, no. 2,
pp. 469-475, May. 2002.
95
 Designing TEC Arrays in Constricted Channels
Malcolm Smeaton#1, Ross Vennell#2, Alice Harang#3
#
Ocean Physics Group, Department of Marine Science, University of Otago
PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
1smema798@student.otago.ac.nz

2ross.vennell@otago.ac.nz

3alice.harang@student.otago.ac.nz

cross-section. Findings from these studies, however, may not

I. KEYWORDS
Constriction, Array, Power, Optimisation, Modelling,
Resource Assessment
II. ABSTRACT
Tidal stream energy has the potential to make a significant
contribution to the world’s supply of renewable energy. In
particular, channels such as the Cook Strait in New Zealand,
the Bay of Fundy in Canada, and the Pentland Firth in the
United Kingdom can generate electricity in the order of
gigawatts [1, 2, 3]. Realising power production of this scale
requires large arrays of the order of hundreds of TEC (tidal
energy conversion) devices [4, 5]. Arrays this large change the
nature of the tidal resource itself, resulting in a non-linear
relationship between the number of turbines in an array and the
array’s output.
In recent literature, several generalised resource assessment
studies have been completed on array design in tidal channels
and can be broadly classified as macro scale or micro scale
studies [8]. Macro scale studies focus primarily on the total
number of turbines in the array, how these turbines are placed
into rows, and the turbines’ “tuning” (or blade pitch) of these
rows [6, 7]. Whereas micro scale design is focused more so with
the relative positioning and spacing of turbines within rows and
those in adjacent rows. This latter type of study may be
concerned with effects such as staggering turbines in adjacent
rows or packing turbines on one side of a channel [8].
Macro scale resource assessment studies have been mostly
limited to unconstricted channels with a uniform rectangular
necessarily hold in channels with variable cross-sectional area.
In this paper we will test some aspects of this theory by
allowing the channel width to vary according to a Gaussian
shaped constriction (Figure 1). Specifically, we will look at the
sensitivity of the array design to factors such as the number of
rows, number of turbines in each row, the optimal tuning of
these rows, and the position of these rows in both small and
large channels with differing degrees of constriction.
The majority of macro scale array studies are completed
using one-dimensional (1D) modelling as this allows a wide
range of channels and array configurations to be tested quickly.
One-dimensional models are limited by their inability to
resolve cross-flow effects such as eddying and wakes, and
consequently, are prone to overestimate power output. Despite
this, they are still suitable for observing the relationship.
Here we combine a one-dimensional shallow water model
based on those of [10, 11, 12] with an actuator disc turbine
model found in [13] (Figure 1). We use an analytical
approximation to the shallow water model provided by [1] to
rapidly calculate channel transport and array power output. For
single row arrays, finding the optimal array output can be done
using standard methods. However, for arrays made up of
multiple rows, we adopt a Monte Carlo style search.
Constricted channels have lower potentials
In a previous work we demonstrated the upper limit for
power production (channel potential) from a constricted
channel connecting two large water bodies is always less than
that of an unconstricted channels of equivalent dimensions.

Figure 1: Diagram showing the application of the actuator disc model into the constricted channel model. Points in the
zoomed in view of the row of turbines show the points of reference 0-4 referred to in the actuator disc equations

96
This is due to enhanced drag effects resulting from high
velocities in the constricted region. In special circumstances,
the potential of channels connected to an enclosed bay may
increase with increased constriction due to feedback between
the free surface of the terminal bay and the transport through
the connecting channel. Channel potential is realised by totally
blocking the channel’s cross-section with a row of turbines [13].
A more interesting question than focussing on the upper limit
for production is; “If I have M turbines, how can I get the
greatest power production?” This will be constrained by the
need to allow for navigation of marine vessels and marine life
along the channel.
Constricted channels can produce more power using fewer
turbines
Despite the upper power limit being smaller, constricted
channels are shown to be capable of producing greater amounts
of power using fewer turbines. Predictably, this is achieved by
placing a row of turbines in the most constricted part of the
channel. M turbines placed in this smaller cross-section can
achieve a higher blockage ratio than if placed outside of the
constriction. Furthermore, a comparison of rows with equal
blockage ratio placed inside and outside of the constricted
region showed that there is a small, though significant,
advantage in using the higher velocity speeds of the constricted
zone.
There is a diminishing return on adding rows to an array
A diminishing return on power was observed when adding
additional rows to an array. This result is consistent with
findings in [6, 7] for unconstricted channels. If there is a
constraint on how much of the channel’s cross section may be
blocked by turbines, then multiple rows of turbines will be
necessary to increase array output beyond a certain limit. In this
paper we will demonstrate that this diminishing returns effect
is more profound in small and constricted channels.
The same amount of power can be generated outside of a
constriction using a greater number of less robust turbines
Turbines placed in the fast flowing region of constricted
channels must be capable of tolerating greater force loads and
this will likely translate into greater capital investment costs. In
some cases, it may be preferable to use a greater number of
structurally weaker turbines in a less constricted part of the
channel to generate the same amount of power.
The power-to-force ratio is greater in constricted channels, and
greatest in the constricted region
While the issue of optimising power output is important,
decisions regarding actual array design will be made on an
economic basis. If all turbines have the same external
dimensions (e.g. blade diameter, height, support structure
geometry) then the shell thickness of the turbine components
must be proportional to the load on the turbine and turbines that
experience greater force will require thicker outer shells. Based
on this assumption, the power to force ratio of the turbines can
be used as a crude indication of array economics [8]. Note that
actual economics of array design will depend on additional
factors (such as cable lengths and channel depth) and that this
ratio is merely being used as a rough indication.
Based on this ratio, the most constricted cross-section of the
channel is also the most economic part of the channel to
develop and, in general, constricted channels appear to be more
economically favourable than unconstricted channels of
equivalent dimensions. The power to force ratio of large
channels initially decreases as the row is filled but then
increases to the same ratio when the cross-section is nearly
totally blocked. For smaller channels this parameter increases
to a maximum value and then decreases again suggesting that
it is economically optimal to only partially block these channels.
REERENCES
[1] R. Vennell, Estimating the power potential of tidal currents and the
impact of power extraction on flow speeds, Renewable Energy, vol 36,
pp 3558-3565, 2011
[2] R. Karsten, A. Swan, J. Culina. Assessment of arrays of in-stream tidal
turbines in the Bay of Fundy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences,
vol 371, pp1:14, 2013
[3] S. Draper, T. Adcock, A. Borthwick, G. Houlsby. Estimate of the tidal
stream power resource of the Pentland Firth. Renewable Energy, vol 63,
pp 650-657, 2014
[4] S. Funke, P. Farrell, M. Piggott, Tidal turbine array optimisation using
the adjoint approach, Renewable Energy, vol 63, pp 658-673, 2014
[5] R. Vennell, Exceeding the Betz limit with tidal turbines, Renewable
Energy, vol 55, pp 277-285, 2013
[6] R. Vennell, Tuning tidal turbines in-concert to maximize farm
efficiency, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol 671, pp 587-604, 2011
[7] R. Vennell, Tuning turbines in a tidal channel, Journal of Fluid
Mechanics, vol 663, pp 253-267, 2010
[8] R. Vennell, S. Funke, S. Draper, C. Stevens, T. Divett, Designign large
arrays of tidal turbines: A synthesis and review, Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol 41, pp 454-472, 2015
[9] Z. Yang, T. Wang, A. Copping, Modeling tidal stream energy extraction
and its effects on transport processes in a tidal channel and bay system
using a three-dimensional coastal ocean model, Renewable Energy, vol
50, pp 605-613, 2013
[10] C. Garrett, P. Cummins, The power potential of tidal currents in channels,
Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and
Engineering Sciences, vol 461, pp 2563-2572, 2005
[11] R. Karsten, J. McMillan, M. Lickley, R. Haynes, Assessment of tidal
current energy in the Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy, Proceedings of the
Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and
Energy, vol 222, pp 493-607, 2008
[12] J. Blanchfield, C. Garrett, P. Wild, A. Rowe, The extractable power from
a channel linking a bay to the open ocean, Proceedings of the Insitution
of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, vol 222,
pp 289 -297, 2008
[13] C. Garrett, P. Cummins, The efficiency of a turbine in a tidal channel,
Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol 588, pp 243-251, 2007.
97
 Wave Energy Resource Assessment in Asia
Michael H. Wang1, David Darbinyan2
Fugro Global Environmental and Ocean Sciences
35 Loyang Crescent, Level 1
Singapore 509012
1
h.wang@fugro.com
2
d.darbinyan@fugro.com

Over Threshold (POT) technique has been conducted on

I. KEYWORDS the significant wave height for representative grid points in
Wave Energy; Resource Assessment; Hindcast; Spatial and each of the sub-regions. The derived criteria would
Temporal Variations; Extreme Value Analysis provide the baselines for further evaluation on the
durability and integrity of the wave energy converters
II. ABSTRACT before being deployed in the sub-regions.
This paper presents the results from an investigation of
wave energy resources derived from the analysis using the
IOWAGA (Integrated Ocean Waves for Geophysical and
Other Application) hindcast data ([1]). IOWAGA is a
Wavewatch III global hindcast model for which data are
available for the 22-year period from January 1990 to
December 2012 at 3-hourly intervals. The model
resolution is 0.5° and is forced by the National Centers for
Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast
System Reanalysis (CFSR) atmospheric data. Wave flux is
one of the output parameters from IOWAGA (see Figure
1).
Although there have been general studies for global wave
energy resource assessment ([2],[3],[4]), detailed
assessment on the regional level is limited, probably due to
the interest confined by the political boundaries. The
purpose of this preliminary study is to identify potential
areas in Asia for wave energy development. The spatial
and temporal variations in wave energy flux in the region Figure. 1 Mean wave energy flux (kW/m) for December 2012
are presented, and several parameters used to quantify the
temporal variation in the wave energy flux are presented REFERENCES
and discussed. Based on the spatial and temporal [1] IOWAGA. 2015. The wave model WAVEWATCH III. [ONLINE]
variations, the regions have been divided into sub-regions, Available at:
http://wwz.ifremer.fr/iowaga_fre/Products/WAVEWATCH-III.
with each of them presenting similar wave energy [Accessed 28 January 16].
characteristics. The driving forces behinds the wave [2] Cornett, A., 2008, A global wave energy resource assessment.
energy regime for each of these sub-regions are discussed. International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, At
Vancouver, Canada, Volume: ISOPE-2008-TPC-579
For the sub-regions identified as high potential for wave [3] Isaacs, J.D. and Seymour, R.J. (1973) “The ocean as a power resource”,
energy development, joint frequency distributions between Int. Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 4(3), 201-205, 1973.
[4] Mørk, G., Barstow, S. Kabuth, A. Pontes, M. T., 2010. Proceedings of
energy flux and significant wave height, energy flux and OMAE2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore
peak period, energy flux and wave direction are examined. Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, June 6-11, 2010, Shanghai
In addition, Extreme Value Analysis (EVA) using Peak

98
 Effect of Idealised Unsteady Flow to the
Performance of Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine
Binoe E. Abuan#1, Robert J. Howell#2
#
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield
Sheffield, United Kingdom
1
beabuan1@sheffield.ac.uk
2
r.howell@sheffield.ac.uk
I. KEYWORDS
Unsteady flow, steady flow, Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine
(HATT), power coefficient, CFD simulation
II. ABSTRACT
Unsteady flows in tidal streams can be caused by the
presence of surface waves, turbulence and shear flows. Since
unsteadiness can be present where Horizontal Axis Tidal
Turbines (HATTs) are installed, it is important to understand
the effect of such conditions on the performance and
hydrodynamics of HATTs.
This paper will present the effects of an idealised unsteady
flow on the performance of a new three-bladed tidal turbine
model designed at the University of Sheffield. The Sheffield
HATT uses NACA 44xx series aerofoil with NACA 4424 at
the root and NACA 4412 at the tip of each blade. It was
designed to have a flatter Power Coefficient (Cp) vs Tip
Speed Ratio (TSR) curve (power curve) but similar maximum
Cp compared to the Southampton turbine as illustrated by
Batten et al [1]. This will have advantages in unsteady flow
where the turbine rotates at a constant RPM but the water
velocity changes (and so TSR) the performance will remain
higher on average. This of course depends on the rotational
frequency of the turbine and the frequency of the unsteadiness
in the water, i.e. the reduced frequency as well as the system
response time.
Fig.1 Power Coefficient vs TSR comparison between the Fluent simulation
results and QBlade BEM solution together with experimental results from
Batten et al [1]
QBlade [2], an open-source Blade Element Momentum
(BEM) simulator coupled with a turbine design function, was
used for the preliminary design of the Sheffield HATT.
Aerofoil profiles for 10 sections were loaded into the Qblade’s
XFOIL module to capture lift and drag information. These
were needed in the BEM module to produce the BEM power
curve. An iterative process was used to determine the most
suitable profiles, twist and taper required to achieve the design
target. An investigation of the Sheffield HATT blade loading
design was reported by Danao et al [3].
A CFD model was then created of the resulting Sheffield
HATT and was modelled using ANSYS FLUENT (version
15.0) with a tidal stream velocity of 2 m/s over the TSR range
from 2 to 10. The power coefficient for those TSRs was
monitored. The mesh used included a boundary layer mesh
using prism layers and unstructured elements created using
ANSYS ICEM-CFD. Simulations were carried out using the
Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) method with
standard k-ε as the turbulence model. The solution was
deemed to have converged when residual values reached
5x10-6. Periodic convergence was usually achieved after nine
turbine revolutions.
Figure 1 shows the comparison of the power curves from
the CFD and BEM simulations together with the experimental
performance of the Southampton HATT [1]. It can be seen
that the Sheffield HATT has succeeded in its design aim of
achieving a similarly high maximum Cp as the Batten [1]
turbine, but over a wider range of operating conditions.
The peak in the power curve at 0.445, or 44.5% at TSR=6,
was chosen to be the point of comparison with an unsteady
flow simulation since any turbine would generally be operated
at the location of maximum performance.
The idealized unsteady flow was set to have an amplitude
of 25% of the mean velocity at a frequency equal to 1Hz. To
achieve this, a UDF was created for use with ANSYS Fluent
where the velocity at the inlet boundary to the computational
domain was set to vary with time according to u(t) = 1.940061
+ 0.49 sin(2πt), where t is the flow time. It is important to note
that this equation was also set to have a cycle-average water
power equal to the steady flow water power at 2 m/s.
The numerical response of the HATT for one cycle is
shown in Figure 2. Also superimposed on Figure 2 is the one
cycle average of the Cp for the unsteady flow and the Cp from
the steady simulation.
While a lower cycle-averaged Cp was observed in the
unsteady simulation, i.e. 38% as compared to the 44% from
the steady flow simulation, the region between flow times of
0.05s and 0.52s of the cycle has a higher Cp as compared to
the steady flow. The maximum Cp for the unsteady case is
59%.
99

Fig.2 Power Coefficient Response of the HATT to the unsteady flow over one
cycle
The shape of the Cp curve for the unsteady case cannot be
easily described using both the plots of the power derived by
the turbine and the water power available. As shown in Figure
3, the available water power has larger amplitudes and even a
higher mean as compared to power derived by the turbine.
The interaction between these two factors results to the
distinct shape of the power curve in Figure 2 which has a
rapid rise corresponding to the increase of water speed (and
power) from 38% to its maximum point of 59% at the 0.26s
mark, a flattening decreasing curve between the 0.28s to 0.52s
spot and an abrupt decrease from 0.52s to 0.76s before it
returns to its original value by the end of the cycle.
Figure 3 shows the cubic relation between the available
water power and the water velocity. The correspondence of
the power extracted by the turbine to the available power can
also be observed. As might be expected, it is possible to see
that the region where the velocity increases has a positive
effect on the extracted power. However, it can also be affected
by the reduced tip speed ratio which in turns gives a higher
incident angle of attack. The power extracted by the turbine is
dependent on two factors, the power of the water stream and
the hydrodynamics concerning the turbine or the combination
of both.
Preliminary conclusions
The response of the Sheffield HATT to unsteady flow has
found that it has lower performance when subjected to
unsteady inflow compared to steady flow with the same water
power. It is also realised that this interaction is complex and
little information was understood and hence requires further
investigation.
Fig.3 Power derived from the Turbine (from simulation) and Power available
from water for one cycle
REFERENCES
[1] Batten W.M.J. et al, “Experimentally validated numerical method for
the hydrodynamic design of horizontal axis tidal turbines,” Ocean
Engineering, 10 October 2006
[2] Wendler et al, “QBlade: An open source tool for design and simulation
of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines,” International Journal of
Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, February 2013.
[3] Danao L.A.M., et al, "Design of a Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine - A
Numerical Approach", submitted to the AWTEC 2016 conference.
[4] Bahaj A.S. et al, “Experimental verifications of numerical predictions
for the hydrodynamic performance of horizontal axis marine current
turbines,” Renewable energy vol. 32, issue 15, December 2007.
[5] Malki R. et al, “A coupled blade element momentum – computational
fluid dynamics model for evaluating tidal stream turbine
performance,” Applied Mathematical Modelling, 2012.
[6] O’Dohetry, T. et al, “Considerations of a horizontal axis tidal turbine,
proceedings of the institution of civil engineers, “ 2010, p 119-130.
[7] Gant, S. and Stallard, T., “Modelling a tidal turbine in unsteady flow,”
Proceedings of the 18th International Offshore and Polar Engineering
Conference. Vancouver, 6-11 July 2008.
[8] Afgan, I. et al, “Turbulent flow and loading on a tidal stream turbine
by LES and RANS,” International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 43,
2013, pp. 96-108.
[9] Milne, I.A. et al, “The role of waves on tidal turbine unsteady blade
loading, 3rd International Conference on Ocean Energy, October 6,
2010.
[10] Milne, I.A. et al, “Blade Loading on tidal turbines for Uniform
Unsteady Flow,” Renewable Energy Vol. 77, May, 2015.
[11] McCann G.N. et al, “Implications of Site-Specific Conditions on the
Prediction of Loading and Power Performance of a Tidal Stream
Device,” 2nd International Conference on Ocean Engineering, 2008.
100
 Numerical modelling of the WaveRoller device
using OpenFOAM
T. Tan Loh#1, D. Greaves#2, T. Mäki*3, M. Vuorinen*4 D. Simmonds#5, A. Kyte#6
#
School of Marine Science and Engineering, Plymouth University
Plymouth University, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
1
teng.tanloh@postgrad.plymouth.ac.uk
2
deborah.greaves@plymouth.ac.uk
5
D.Simmonds@plymouth.ac.uk
6
adam.kyte@plymouth.ac.uk
*
AW-Energy OY
Vanha Nurmijärventie 85, 01730 Vantaa, Finland
3
Tuula.Maki@aw-energy.com
4
Matti.Vuorinen@aw-energy.com

absorption in a numerical wave tank (NWT). The simulations

I. KEYWORDS of the device are carried out in a two-dimensional (2D)
WaveRoller, OWSC, CFD, OpenFOAM, waves2Foam domain as shown in Fig. 2 and also a three-dimensional (3D)
domain as shown in Fig. 3. The movement of the flap is
II. ABSTRACT modelled with a one degree of freedom (pitching), using a two
The WaveRoller device shown in Fig. 1 is an oscillating phase (air and water) flow solver with a rotating mesh feature
wave surge converter (OWSC) developed by AW-Energy. inspired by Schmitt [3] that handles the oscillating motion.
The device is bottom-hinged and consists of either a fully The PTO is replicated empirically using a linear spring-
submerged or surface piercing buoyant flap depending on the damper system, where the coefficients of the system are
tidal conditions. It operates near-shore, at depths between 8 determined from a least square fit to experimental data.
and 20 meters, where the flap is driven back and forth by
surge forces induced by shoaling waves to generate electrical Numerical results for the measured variables such as the
power [1]. angular displacement and the torque produced by the flap
motion are presented. Comparisons are made between
A numerical model is used to simulate the WaveRoller numerical and experimental data. Future work will include
device using open source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling the WaveRoller device under extreme wave
software, OpenFOAM which uses a finite volume technique conditions.
for solving the discretised Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes
(RANS) equations, coupled with the volume of fluid (VOF)
method for free surface modelling.

Fig. 2 2D simulation of the WaveRoller device in a numerical wave tank

using OpenFOAM.

Fig. 1 Illustrative view of the WaveRoller device as deployed (aw-

energy.com)

The purpose of this preliminary study is to investigate the

dynamic behaviour of the WaveRoller device when connected
to a power take-off (PTO) drive unit. The simulation is
modelled at 1:24 scale under operational wave conditions for
validating the numerical data with experiments carried out in
the laboratory of CEDEX (Centro de Estudios y
Experimentación de Obras Públicas) multidirectional wave
basin in Madrid, Spain by AW-Energy [2]. Waves2Foam, a
third party toolbox developed by Jacobson [3] within Fig. 3 3D simulation of the WaveRoller device in a numerical wave tank
OpenFOAM is used in this study for wave generation and using OpenFOAM.

101
 REFERENCES
[1] (2016) The AW-Energy website. [Online]. Available: http://aw-
energy.com
[2] J. Lucas, M. Livinstone, M.Vuorinen and J. Cruz, “Development of a
wave energy converter (WEC) design tool – application to the
WaveRoller WEC including validation of numerical estimates,” in
ICOE 2012 Proceedings, Dublin, Ireland.
[3] N. G. Jacobsen, D. R. Fuhrman, and J. Fredøe, “A wave generation
toolbox for the open-source CFD library: OpenFoam®”, International
Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 70, pp. 1073-1088, 2012.
[4] P. Schmitt, B. Elsaesser, “On the use of OpenFOAM to model
oscillating wave surge converters,” Ocean Engineering, vol. 108, pp.
98-104, Nov 2015.
102
 Nonlinear Froude-Krylov Force Representations for
Heaving Buoy Wave Energy Converters
Giuseppe Giorgi1, Markel Peñalba 2, John V. Ringwood3
Centre for Ocean Energy Research
Maynooth University
Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
1ggiorgi@eeng.nuim.ie

2 mpenalba@eeng.nuim.ie
3john.ringwood@eeng.nuim.ie

I. KEYWORDS
Wave energy, linear potential theory, nonlinear hydrostatic
stiffness, nonlinear dynamic Froude-Krylov force, latching
control.
II. ABSTRACT
Mathematical models for wave energy converters (WECs)
typically follow Cummins equation [1], using hydrodynamic
parameters identified in most of the cases by software using
Boundary Element Methods (BEM). Most of these models are
linear, which are attractive due to their low computational
requirements, but assumptions under which linear models are
valid, in particular the assumption of small motion, are
restrictive. This small motion assumption is challenged, since
the aim of WECs, especially heaving point absorbers, is to
exaggerate the amplitude of motion in order to maximise power
absorption. As a consequence, significant differences can be
observed when comparing linear models to experimental tests
[2] or nonlinear models [3].
Numerical models are a crucial tool for wave energy device
design and optimization, power production assessment and
model-based controller design. Therefore, models are required
to be accurate and computationally acceptable at the same time.
diffraction effects [4], or viscous effects [5]. [6] analyses the
relevance of different nonlinear effects for different wave
energy converters, where FK force nonlinearities appear to be
the most important for point absorbers. In particular [3]
demonstrates the value of including nonlinear FK forces in
controlled heaving point absorbers with a non-uniform cross-
sectional area (CSA), as illustrated in Figure 1, which
demonstrates the potentially misleading power production
indicators from linear FK models.
Most of the main heaving point absorbers currently under
development are either cylindrical devices – with conical
bottom [7] - or sphere-type devices [8, 9]. Nonlinear FK forces
in cylinders are insignificant, due to the uniform CSA, so a
sphere and a cone are compared in this paper. Both shapes have
a non-uniform CSA and, moreover, the cone is geometrically
asymmetric around the water plane equilibrium, so high
nonlinear effects are to be expected.
In order to highlight the impact of nonlinear FK forces,
control will be implemented in the simulations. The selected
strategy will be latching control, which is a popular WEC
control strategy [10]. The latching strategy enhances the
relative motion of the devices (in relation to the free-surface
elevation), which magnifies the instantaneous wetted surface
variations and, consequently, the relevance of nonlinear FK
forces.

Different methods will be used to include FK forces in the

model:

 Compute only nonlinear static FK forces (FKst) using

the instantaneous hydrostatic stiffness (NLKH);

 compute nonlinear (FKst) and dynamic FK forces (FKdy)

using algebraic solutions (NLFKalgeb);

 compute nonlinear FKst and FKdy using a re-meshing

routine to determine the instantaneous wetted surface
(NLFKremesh);

 use a fully nonlinear CFD model.

Figure 1: Power production estimations for linear and nonlinear models
for different wave sizes.
Different solutions to improve the linear potential flow
model have already been suggested in the literature: nonlinear
Froude-Krylov (FK) forces [3], nonlinear radiation and
This paper will study these four different methods to
compute nonlinear FK forces for two different geometries
under latching control, using regular and irregular waves. Table
I shows preliminary results - motion amplitude (Z), velocity
amplitude (V), absorbed power (P) and computational cost

103
(tCPU) – of each nonlinear model in relation to the linear model. [7] CorPower Ocean AB. [Online]. Available at
The paper also analyses the impact of the FK nonlinear effects http://www.corpowerocean.com/
on the control strategy, analysing differences in the optimal [8] Wavestar A/S. [Online]. Available at
latching duration (TL) for each method. http://wavestarenergy.com/
[9] Carnegie Wave Energy Limited. [Online]. Available at
http://carnegiewave.com/
NLKH NLFKalgeb NLFKremesh
LINEAR CFD [10] A. Babarit, A. Clement, “Optimal latching control of a wave
MODEL MODEL energy device in regular and irregular waves”, Applied Ocean
(FKst) (FKst +FKdy) (FKst +FKdy)
Research 28 (2006) 77–91
Z 100 94.4 95.3 95.1 -
V 100 92.1 92.7 92.4 -
TL 1.4 1.35 1.35 1.35 -
P 100 87.5 87.5 87.5 -
tCPU 100 100 150 515 >105
Table I: Comparing results and computational cost of the different FK force
calculation methods in the case of a 2.5 m radius sphere for a wave of 6s
period and 1m height.

Hence, the paper will discuss the value of increasing the

model’s complexity in relation to accuracy and computational
cost margins. Referring to Table I, major considerations are:
 The linear model overestimates the motion of the device,
the power extraction and the optimal latching duration;
 The main difference between linear and nonlinear
models seems to be due to FKst, which is
computationally cheap in NLKH;
 FKdy is relevant and is computed by both NLFKalgeb
and NLFKremesh, but with very different
computational costs;
 CFD computational time is prohibitive for design and
control purposes, but its high accuracy can be used to
evaluate the accuracy of partially nonlinear models,
which compute only nonlinear FK forces.

REFERENCES
[1] W. Cummins, “The Impulse Response Function and Ship
Motions” Shiffstechnik, 1962.
[2] A. Babarit, H. Mouslim, A. Clément, P. Laporte-Weywada,
“On the Numerical Modelling of the Non Linear Behaviour of
a Wave Energy Converter” in Proc. OMAE, 2009.
[3] M. Peñalba, A. Merigaud, J.C. Gilloteaux, J.V. Ringwood,
“Nonlinear Froude-Krylov Force Modelling for Two Heaving
Wave Energy Point Absorbers”, in Proc. EWTEC, 2015
[4] Gilloteaux, J-C. “Simulation de mouvements de grande
amplitude. Application à la récupération de l’énergie de
vagues.” PhD thesis, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, 2007.
[5] M.A. Bhinder, A. Babarit, L. Gentaz, P. Ferrant “Effect of
Viscous Forces on the Performance of a Surging Wave Energy
Converter”, in Proc. ISOPE, 2012
[6] M. Peñalba, G. Giorgi, J.V. Ringwood, “A Review of Non-
Linear Approaches for Wave Energy Converter Modelling”, in
Proc. EWTEC, 2015

104
 Nonlinear Hydrodynamic Force Relevance for
Different Wave Energy Converter Types
Giuseppe Giorgi1, Markel Peñalba 2, John V. Ringwood3
Centre for Ocean Energy Research
Maynooth University
Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
1ggiorgi@eeng.nuim.ie

2 mpenalba@eeng.nuim.ie
3john.ringwood@eeng.nuim.ie

I. KEYWORDS is computed by a semi-empirical formulation based on the

Wave energy, nonlinear Froude-Krylov force, viscous drag, Morrison equation [3]:
heaving point absorbers, oscillating surge converters. 1
𝐹𝑣𝑖𝑠 = − 𝜌𝐴𝐶𝐷 𝑋̇|𝑋̇| (1)
2
II. ABSTRACT
where ρ is the water density, A the cross-sectional area, 𝑋̇
The main defining parameter to classify the wide range of the velocity, and CD the viscous drag coefficient, which needs
oscillating wave energy converter (WEC) concepts is the to be identified from either a fully nonlinear method [4] or
operating principle, namely the mode in which the device experimental tests [5].
oscillates due to the action of the waves. Two of the most
common modes are heaving and surging, which are exploited Apart from the geometry of the device, nonlinearities are
respectively by heaving point absorbers (HPAs) and oscillating enhanced by the system dynamics, i.e. the amplitude of velocity
surge converters (OSCs). Notwithstanding major and the relative difference between displacement and surface
hydrodynamic differences [1], both types of devices are usually elevation. Figure 1 shows such operational space for a HPA:
described by the same linear model structure, mainly for without control the device behaves as a wave follower, so the
computational convenience. Nevertheless, the underlying relative displacement is minimal. As a consequence, the wetted
assumption of small motion is usually invalid, since the aim of surface is almost constant and FK forces are approximatively
any wave energy device is to exaggerate the amplitude of linear. On the other hand, under latching control conditions, the
motion in order to increase the power caption. amplitudes of velocity and relative displacement are increased,
with correspondingly increased impact of viscous drag and FK
The accuracy of mathematical models for wave energy nonlinearities, respectively.
converters is crucial to achieve reliable power production
assessment and an effective design of model-based controllers.
Nonlinear models are capable of producing more accurate
results, typically at the price of an additional computational cost.
Therefore, the objective of this paper is to include in the model
only relevant nonlinearities in order to achieve a reasonable
compromise between accuracy and computational effort. The
essential differences between HPA and OSC may make them
experience different nonlinear behaviour.
Major candidate sources of nonlinearities are due to Froude-
Krylov (FK) forces and viscous forces, while radiation and
diffraction are usually considered linear [2]. FK forces are
defined as the integral of the pressure of the undisturbed
incident wave field over the wetted surface of the device.
Nonlinearities derive from the variation of the instantaneous
wetted surface, resulting from a non-uniform cross sectional
area (CSA) and from the relative difference between
displacement and free surface. This paper adopts an algebraic
solution to the nonlinear FK force integral, valid for
Figure 1. Normalized velocity and relative displacement with respect
axisymmetric heaving point absorbers of any profile of
to the free surface elevation for a heaving point absorber with and
revolution and oscillating surge converters. Static and dynamic without latching control.
pressures are obtained from potential theory using Airy’s wave
formulation. The relevance of nonlinear FK forces and viscous drag is
strongly dependent on the device operating principle. [6] shows
Viscous drag, which is neglected in linear models, depends that nonlinear Froude-Krylov forces are relevant for HPAs with
on the velocity and on the geometry characteristics of the non-uniform CSA only when the device is under controlled
device, such as the presence of sharp edges. The viscous force conditions. [5] and [7] study the reduction of absorbed power

105
production due to viscous forces: a little influence was found
for HPA (3% reduction) while OSC performances deteriorated
by 35%.
Nonlinear FK and viscous drag force models will be
implemented for HPA and OSC WECs in this paper in order to
study which nonlinearity is relevant (and worth implementing)
for each type of device. It is expected that viscous forces are
negligible for HPA while FK nonlinearities will affect
significantly the device motion and power production.
Conversely, OSC dynamics are influenced mainly by viscous
drag.

REFERENCES
[1] M. Folley, A. Henry, T. Whittaker “Contrasting the
hydrodynamics of heaving and surging wave energy
converters”, in Proceedings of the 11th European Wave and
Tidal Energy Conference, Nantes, France, 2015
[2] A. Merigaud, J.-C. Gilloteaux, J. V. Ringwood, “A nonlinear
extension for linear boundary element methods in wave energy
device modelling”, in: ASME 2012 31st International
Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012, pp. 615–621
[3] J.R. Morison, M.P. O’Brien, J.W. Johnson, and S.A. Schaaf.
“The forces exerted by surface waves on pliles.” Petroleum
Trans., AIME. Vol. 189, pp. 149-157, 1950.
[4] M.A. Bhinder, A. Babarit, L. Gentaz, and P. Ferrant.
“Assessment of viscous damping via 3d-cfd modelling of a
floating wave energy device”. In Procedings of 9th European
Wave and Tidal Energy Conf. (EWTEC), Southampton, 2011.
[5] K.S. Lok, T.J. Stallard, P.K. Stansby, and N.
Jenkins. “Optimization of a clutch-rectified power take off
system for a heaving wave energy device in irregular waves with
experimental comparison”. International Journal of Marine
Energy, Vol. 8, pp. 1-16, 2014.
[6] M. Penalba, A. Merigaud, J. C. Gilloteaux, J. V. Ringwood,
“Nonlinear Froude-Krylov force modelling for two heaving
wave energy point absorbers”, in: Proceedings of European
Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, Nantes, France, 2015.
[7] M.A. Bhinder, A. Babarit, L. Gentaz, and P. Ferrant. “Effect of
viscous forces on the performance of a surging wave energy
converter”. In Proceedings of the 22nd Intl. Offshore and Polar
Engineering Conference, 2012.

106
 Three-tether axisymmetric wave energy converter:
estimation of energy delivery
Nataliia Yu. Sergiienko1, Benjamin S. Cazzolato2, Boyin Ding3, Maziar Arjomandi4
School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Adelaide
Adelaide, South Australia, 5005 Australia
1nataliia.sergiienko@adelaide.edu.au

2benjamin.cazzolato@adelaide.edu.au@adelaide.edu.au

3boyin.ding@adelaide.edu.au

4maziar.arjomandi@adelaide.edu.au

The current paper will investigate the performance of the

I. KEYWORDS
Wave energy converter, axisymmetric point absorber,
linear time domain model, energy delivery.
II. ABSTRACT
There are numerous designs and concepts that have been
offered to extract energy from ocean waves. A heaving buoy
is distinguished as the most popular prototype which
predominantly harnesses energy from the vertical motion in
waves. In contrast to such devices, a three-tether wave energy
converter (WEC) utilises heave, surge and pitch motion
modes to increase the total power absorption of the system.
The general concept of the three-tether WEC is shown on
Figure 1, where a buoy is tied to three tethers attached to the
power take-off systems at the sea floor.
Fig. 1 Schematic representation of a three-tether WEC (adapted from [1]).
three-tether WEC under irregular wave conditions considering
various criteria, such as the annual mean power, characteristic
mass, wetted surface and significant PTO force. To provide a
comprehensive analysis, buoys with different shapes, aspect
ratios and masses will be included in the analysis. Several sea
site locations throughout Australia and Europe with different
wave conditions will be used in this study. Thus, the trade-off
between different cost-related performance measures will give
a clear comparison of this WEC against other existing
prototypes.
REFERENCES
[1] Chertok, A. Wave-actuated power take-off device for electricity
generation. No. DOE/EE/0004565-1. Resolute Marine Energy, 2013.
[2] Srokosz, M.A., The submerged sphere as an absorber of wave power.
Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1979. 95(4): p. 717-741.
[3] Scruggs, J.T., et al., Optimal causal control of a wave energy converter
in a random sea. Applied Ocean Research, 2013. 42(2013): p. 1-15.
[4] Babarit, A., et al., Numerical estimation of energy delivery from a
selection of wave energy converters - final report. 2011, Ecole Centrale
de Nantes. Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet.
[5] Babarit, A., et al. Numerical benchmarking study of a selection of wave
energy converters. Renewable Energy, 2012. 41: p. 44-63.
[6] Falnes, J. and J. Hals, Heaving buoys, point absorbers and arrays.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical,
Physical and Engineering Sciences, 2012. 370(1959): p. 246-277.
[7] Todalshaug, J.H., Practical limits to the power that can be captured
from ocean waves by oscillating bodies. International Journal of
Marine Energy, 2013. 3: p. e70-e81.
[8] Hemer, M. and D. Griffin, The wave energy resource along Australia’s
southern margin. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2010.
2(4): p. 043108.

107
 Challenges in Representing Tidal Turbine Using
Actuator Disc Concept for Large Scale Ocean
Modelling
Anas RAHMAN1, Vengatesan VENUGOPAL1, Jérôme THIEBOT2
1
Institute for Energy System, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh
The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, United Kingdom

2
Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, LUSAC,
F-50130 Cherbourg-Octeville, France

I. KEYWORDS
CFD, numerical models, Telemac3D, actuator disc theory,
wake

ABSTRACT
Flow perturbation due to the deployment of tidal current
converter (TCT) has been vigorously studied and discussed as
it is expected to have an influence on the power capture and
may also alter the physical environment [1–3]. In the current
literature, most of the three dimensional (3D) numerical study
of wake characteristic have been executed using
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models. In these
models, TCT is represented either as a complete structure with
blades [4], or as an actuator disc (AD) [5]. Nonetheless, most
of these studies are conducted on a small scale domain. The
output from the numerical models were usually compared
with the flume experimental results, where porous discs are
employed to simulate the effects of a turbine on a fluid flow.
Although small scale models can give a detailed and accurate
picture of the wake phenomena, they can only be applied to
idealized cases using simple channel where the influence of
complex geometries (e.g. islands and coastlines) and
bathymetry are generally not taken into account.
AD concept is the commonly used methodology in
representing TCT and computing the wake decay for ocean
circulation model due to computational efficiency and fair
agreement with experimental data [6-8]. Nonetheless, the use
of AD for a regional scale model needs to be approached with
caution. Although the AD concept has been useful in
simulating the force exerted by turbine on the flow, the wake
characteristic for Reynolds-averaged Navier– Stokes (RANS)
model is yet to be fully comprehended [5]. In this study, the
AD is implemented in an open source software - Telemac3D,
where the effects of a 20m diameter turbine is modelled (and
validated with literature) on an idealised channel. Key
parameters that constitute the turbine source term (e.g.
resistance coefficient and disc thickness) are investigated to
observe their influence on the flow behind the disc. The
effectiveness and validity of the AD implementation on the
large scale finite element model will be discussed and
elaborated in the full paper. Figure 1 illustrated the disc
dimensions that are modelled using the AD method.
Figure. 1 Turbine representation (position and size) for actuator disc
concept in finite element model
REFERENCES
[1] S. P. Neill, E. J. Litt, S. J. Couch, and A. G. Davies, “The impact of
tidal stream turbines on large-scale sediment dynamics,” Renew.
Energy, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 2803–2812, Dec. 2009.
[2] P. E. Robins, S. P. Neill, and M. J. Lewis, “Impact of tidal-stream
arrays in relation to the natural variability of sedimentary
processes,” Renew. Energy, vol. 72, pp. 311–321, 2014.
[3] A. Chatzirodou, H. Karunarathna, S. Mainland, P. Firth, and S.
Park, “Impacts of tidal energy extraction on sea bed morphology,”
Coast. Eng., 2014.[4] R. Malki, I. Masters, A.J. Williams, T.N.
Croft, “Planning tidal stream turbine array layouts using a coupled
blade element momentum - computational fluid dynamics model, ”
Renew. Energy, vol. 63, pp. 46–54.
[4] R. Malki, I. Masters, A.J. Williams, T.N. Croft, “Planning tidal
stream turbine array layouts using a coupled blade element
momentum - computational fluid dynamics model, ” Renew.
Energy, vol. 63, pp. 46–54.
[5] M. E. Harrison, W. M. J. Batten, L. E. Myers, and A. S. Bahaj, “A
comparison between CFD simulations and experiments for
predicting the far wake of horizontal axis tidal turbines,” in
Proceedings of the 8th European Wave and Tidal Energy
Conference, 2009.
[6] T. Roc, D. Greaves, K. M. Thyng, and D. C. Conley, “Tidal turbine
representation in an ocean circulation model: Towards realistic
applications,” Ocean Eng., vol. 78, pp. 95–111, 2014.
[7] X. Sun, J. P. Chick, and I. G. Bryden, “Laboratory-scale simulation
of energy extraction from tidal currents,” Renew. Energy, vol. 33,
no. 6, pp. 1267–1274, 2008.
[8] T. Burton, N. Jenkins, D. Sharpe, and E. Bossanyi, Wind Energy
Handbook. John Wiley & Sons LTD, 2011.

108
 Declutching Control of a Point Absorber Based on
Reinforcement Learning
Enrico Anderlini#^*+1, Paul Stansell~2, David Forehand#3, Elva Bannon^4, Qing Xiao+5, and Mohammad Abusara*6
#
Institute of Energy Systems, University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK
1E.Anderlini @ed.ac.uk
3D.Forehand@ed.ac.uk

~
Dell SecureWorks
Edinburgh EH3 5DA, UK
2paulstansell@gmail.com

^
Wave Energy Scotland
Inverness, IV1 1BA, UK
4elva.bannon@hient.co.uk

+
Department of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde
Glasgow, G4 0LZ, UK
5Qing.Xiao@strath.ac.uk

*
College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter
Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
6M.Abusara@exeter.ac.uk

considered as a proof of concept. Nevertheless, its power

I. KEYWORDS
Reinforcement learning, point absorber, wave energy
converter, declutching control, resistive control.
II. INTRODUCTION
Wave power is a renewable energy source that can
significantly help reduce society’s dependence on fossil fuels
due to its enormous scale. Nevertheless, the electricity
generated by wave energy converters (WECs) is currently not
competitive with fossil-fuel power stations. One of the areas
that can contribute most towards addressing this problem is
the design of an effective control strategy, which can result in
considerable gains in absorbed energy with no additional
hardware costs.
Since the 1970s, different control strategies have been
investigated for the maximization of energy extraction. At the
moment, the most promising scheme is model predictive
control, which selects the control force at each time instant
such that it maximises power absorption over a future short
time horizon, whilst keeping the motions and forces within
safe limits [1]. However, the suitability of the control action
and consequent device response is strongly dependent on the
accuracy of the model representation of the machine dynamics
and the prediction of the wave elevation in the future time
horizon. Their precision is expected to drop dramatically in
energetic sea states. For this reason, [2] have proposed an
alternative on-line, model-free control scheme based on
reinforcement learning (RL). With this technique, the
controller selects the optimal action in each sea state for the
maximization of the power absorption from the direct
interaction with the wave environment. Hence, not only is the
method unaffected by modelling errors, but RL control can
autonomously adapt to changes in the hydrodynamics of the
device over time, e.g. due to marine growth or even non-
critical subsystem failures.
In this work, the capabilities of RL control for WECs are
further extended. In [2], resistive control of a point absorber is
absorption can be greatly improved through some means of
phase control [3]. Although reactive phase control would
provide optimal power absorption, it can result in excessive
loads and reactive power flow, which may damage the device
and the generator [1]. Therefore, in this paper phase control is
achieved through declutching control [4], which works by
disconnecting the power take-off (PTO) system (i.e. applying
no force) during part of the wave cycle. In this paper, RL will
be applied for the first time to determine the optimal timing of
the disconnection of the PTO force.
III. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
A simple single-body point absorber is considered for
simplicity, as shown in Fig. 1. The input variables to the
controller are the device displacement, velocity and optimal
PTO damping coefficient. The latter is a function of the sea
state, as measured by an external wave buoy. Its value is
either pre-computed through simulations or obtained on-line
with the model-free RL approach described in [2]. At every
time instant, the controller specifies either a resistive or no
control force to the PTO. As described in Section IV, the
action selection is based on the signs of the WEC vertical
displacement and velocity.
Float
Sensors
z z
PTO Controller
FPTO 
(0, BPTO z )
BPTO
Sea Floor
Fig. 1: Diagram of the point absorber and its control.

109
 IV. REINFORCEMENT LEARNING CONTROL
In RL, the controller, or agent, interacts with the
environment by taking an action in a specific state [5]. By
observing the associated reward, an optimal policy, i.e. a
mapping of actions to states, is learnt over time for the
maximization of the total return. In resistive control, the PTO
force is implemented as a damping term [2]. Hence, the RL
action for this declutching control application is the PTO
damping coefficient, which can be either 0 or equal to the
optimal value for the current sea. The zero control force can
be achieved in practice through a simple by-pass valve [4].
The choice of suitable RL states is particularly important, Fig. 3: Variation in capture width ratio with wave period in regular waves for
resistive and RL declutching control.
since it will determine the timing of the selection of particular
actions. Although it would be interesting to use the device Additionally, the RL control is tested in an irregular wave
displacement and the wave elevation as RL state variables to trace with a Bretschneider spectrum [3], a significant wave
look at the phase difference, the instantaneous wave elevation height of 2 m and a peak wave period of 9.25 s, which
is in fact not known in practice. Hence, the vertical corresponds to an energy period of 8 s. Fig. 4 shows the gain
displacement and velocity of the point absorber are employed in absorbed energy associated with the RL declutching control
as state variables. The resulting four RL states are defined by over the simpler resistive control for the latter portion of the
the signs of the two variables, as shown in Fig. 2. Since the wave trace, when convergence to the optimal policy has been
agent lands in the next RL state no matter what the control achieved.
action is, an episodic RL algorithm, namely a first-visit
Monte-Carlo scheme [5], is preferred in order to improve the
convergence properties. For this control application, the
episodic approach is applied in real time, with each episode
lasting two wave periods, as shown in Fig. 2, for a total of
eight RL states per episode. Thus, the return is set to the mean
absorbed power over the episode duration. The policy is then
assessed at the end of each episode and updated with an ε-
greedy exploration strategy. A penalty can be applied if the
displacement exceeds predefined limits, although this is not
treated within this work for simplicity.
Environment Fig. 4: Variation in energy absorption with time in irregular waves for
WEC resistive and the RL declutching control.
Monte-Carlo Return: Pavg
subject to
Control VI. CONCLUSIONS
sea waves
States: The described RL control is shown to learn the optimal
Policy π(s,a): select an action z  0, z  0;
(0,BPTO) in each state FPTO z  0, z  0; policy in each sea state. In particular, the proposed
PTO
Episode Length: 2Te z  0, z  0; declutching control implementation results in an increase in
z  0, z  0; energy extraction over resistive control in both regular and
Agent
irregular waves. This is achieved without incurring any
Fig. 2: Block diagram of the RL declutching control of the WEC. reactive power flow at the generator. Furthermore, although a
separate wave buoy is still providing the sea state information
V. RESULTS to the whole WEC array for the determination of the optimal
The control is tested for a vertical cylinder with a diameter PTO coefficient, the action selection is based purely on the
of 10 m and a draught of 8 m, as used in [1], [2]. Simulations information coming from on-board sensors. Therefore, the
are performed with a linear, time-domain model in order to proposed adaptive optimal control scheme can contribute to
include a realistic constraint on the force exerted by the PTO the decrease in operational costs of WECs.
system of 0.5 MN. Furthermore, an overall PTO and generator
efficiency of 75% is assumed. For simplicity, the optimal PTO REFERENCES
damping coefficient is pre-calculated in each sea state using a [1] J. a M. Cretel, G. Lightbody, G. P. Thomas, and a. W. Lewis,
Nelder-Mead optimization, although in practice the on-line, “Maximisation of energy capture by a wave-energy point absorber
using model predictive control,” IFAC Proc. Vol., vol. 18, no.
model-free approach described in [2] can be adopted as an
PART 1, pp. 3714–3721, 2011.
alternative. [2] E. Anderlini, D. I. M. Forehand, P. Stansell, Q. Xiao, and M.
In regular waves of unit amplitude, a range of wave periods Abusara, “Control of a Point Absorber using Reinforcement
are analysed. For most sea states, the optimal policy is to Learning,” Trans. Sustain. Energy, no. Under Review, 2015.
apply resistive control for z  0, z  0 and z  0, z  0 ,
[3] J. Falnes, Ocean waves and Oscillating systems, Paperback.
Cambridge University Press, 2005.
and no PTO force for the remaining states. For T=9, 7, 11 s, [4] A. Babarit, M. Guglielmi, and A. H. Clément, “Declutching control
resistive control is always applied except for z  0, z  0 .
of a wave energy converter,” Ocean Eng., vol. 36, no. 12–13, pp.
1015–1024, 2009.
Fig. 3 shows the gain in capture width ratio corresponding to [5] R. S. Sutton and A. G. Barto, Reinforcement Learning, Hardcover.
the optimal RL policy for declutching control as compared MIT Press, 1998.
with resistive control.

110
 Optimal scaling of a generic point absorber WEC in
a range of production sites
Alain H. Clément#1, Brian Winship*2
#
LHEEA Lab, Ecole Centrale de Nantes
1, Rue de la Noë, 44300 Nantes , FRANCE
1
alain.clement@ec-nantes.fr
*
Australian Maritime College, National Center for Maritime Engineering and Hydrodynamics
Locked Bag 1395, 7250 Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
2
brian.winship@utas.edu.au

proposed by Ochi [1] and calibrated by Burger et al. [2] for

I. KEYWORDS the European Atlantic area. Thus a MATLAB tool was
Wave Energy Converter, point absorber, optimal scaling. devised to establish this PDF of (Hs, Tp) for any value of the
yearly averaged power level considered as a continuous
II. ABSTRACT variable input.
The aim of the study was to investigate the optimal scaling
of a simple generic wave absorber for a range of operation
sites characterized by their level of incoming wave power.
The primary goal is to derive a methodology to answer the
Annual Energy Production - f(PL, )
classical and recurring question posed to developers: “What is
the optimal scale of my device when installed at a given
Energy Produced Annually [MWh]

8000
site ?”.
The methodology is sequenced as follow. First, the power 6000
response operator is derived in the frequency domain by the
classical sequence: determination of hydrodynamic 4000

coefficients by a standard BEM solver (here NEMOH [4] is

2000
used), then derivation of the motions RAOs of the body, and
finaly derivation of the power RAO from the later results. 0
80
Here a heaving cylindrical buoy is used as a simple example. 60 60
Once these operators are established at the reference scale 40 40
chosen as 1/1, they can be straightforwardly expanded to any 20 20
0 0
other geometrical scale by using the Froude similarity laws for Power Level [kW /m] Scale [ ]
all the physical variables implied: length, time, forces,
velocities, power , … (see Fig.1)
Fig. 2 Annual energy production versus scaling of the WEC. The blue curve
shows the locus of the maxima.

With the two databases built from these models, we were

able to define, for any power level between 10 and 70 kW/m,
the annual power produced on each site as a function of the
scale of the device.

Site power Dominant Natural

level (kW/m) Peak Period period of the
(s) optimally
scaled WEC
10 8.0 20.9
Fig. 1 Power response operator for a heaving cylinder at various scales  20 8.0 20.6
30 8.0 20.3
Keeping in the usual linear framework and Fourier 40 8.5 19.7
representation of irregular sea states, we can thus establish by 50 8.5 19.4
simple algebra the production matrix of any device of the 60 8.5 19.0
series deduced from the original (s=1) by length scaling. 70 8.5 18.4
Table 1: Dominant peak period/natural period of the optimally scaled versus
At that stage, in order to be able to further optimize the site power level
device scale for any kind of site characterized only by its
yearly averaged power level (in kW/m), we implemented the
model of bivariate probability density function (PDF)

111
 If we now consider the set of optimally scaled device for
each value of site power level, we are led to a conclusion
which appears to be in contradiction with common practise in
WEC design. We can read in lot of papers and reports that, for
floating devices with resonant productive motions, engineers
generally try to tune the natural period of the device to the
dominant period in the site wave climate statistics. Table 1
above compare these two periods for a series of site power
levels. This clearly shows that this rule of thumb for device
tuning is far to be justified by exact computations even on the
very simple case of the heaving cylinder.

It is evident that the design of such a WEC, and so the

definition of its final scale is not only a question of
hydrodynamic optimality, and that cost of manufacturing is
indeed another criterion to be considered. Thus in a second
stage, the choice of the final device scale will rely on
optimizing under two constraints: maximizing annual energy
production while minimizing the cost of the device.
In order to work towards this goal, a first attempt was made
to define a generic CAPEX cost function as the weighted sum
of three components:
 one proportional to the surface of the WEC
 one proportional to the displacement of the WEC
 one proportional to the installed power
As we know the behaviour of each term with the scale, and
given a set of weights, we were able to evaluate the cost as
a function of the scale, and finally to use this fuction to
find the optimal scaling of the WEC under the two
constraints: production/cost over a large range of site power
levels [10-70 kW/m].
Results are shown in Fig.2 where the locus of maximum
production scales is plotted as a black line.
More detailed results will be given in the full length paper.
Fig. 2 Energy production versus CAPEX for various site power levels.
REFERENCES
[1] Ochi, M K. Wave statistics for the design of ships and ocean
structures. . New York : Society of Naval Architects and Marine
Engineers, 1978-9. pp. 1-23.
[2] Burger, M F, Van Gelder, P H A J M and Gardner, F. Wave Energy
Converter Performance Standard "A Communication Tool". Delft :
Delft University of Technology, Subfacualty of Civil Engineer,
Hydraulic and Offshore Engineering Section.
[3] Delhommeau, G. Seakeeping codes aquadyn and aquaplus. 1993. 19th
WEGMENT School, Numerical Simulation of Hydrodynamics : Ship
and Offshore Structures.
[4] Babarit, A., and Delhommeau, G., 2015. Theoretical and numerical
aspects of the open source BEM solver NEMOH. In Proceedings of the
11th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference 6-11th Sept 2015,
Nantes, France, pp. 1–12.

112
 Tidal Current Phasing Along the Coast of Norway
Nicole Carpman1 , Karin Thomas2

Division of Electricity, Dept. of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University

P.O. Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
1
nicole.carpman@angstrom.uu.se
2
karin.thomas@angstrom.uu.se

I. K EYWORDS In this paper, the tidal phasing between a number of sites

Tidal current energy resource assessment, tidal phasing,
variability, flux method, ADCP.
II. A BSTRACT
Integrating a higher share of variable and intermittent re-
newable energy resources, like tidal current power, into the
existing power system, will alter the grid requirements. With
the aggregation of tidal power from a diversity of sites with
different tidal phase, a firm power output may be achieved.
It is therefore important to account for the tidal variability
and phasing (time lag) between tidal sites when performing
resource assessments.
In the United Kingdom, it was concluded that a firm
aggregated power output was not possible from sites with high
tidal current velocities, due to an insufficient phase diversity
[1]. However, when including also lower tidal stream sites, a
higher phase diversity was shown and thus a larger potential
for supplying firm power output [2]. The Norwegian coast
offers a large time lag (up to 10 hours) and numerous tidal
sites of different sizes (due to the large number of fjords)
and may thus be suitable to deliver smooth aggregated power
output.
along the Norwegian coast has been investigated (Fig. 1).
Accurate measures of tidal currents are sparse, or non-existing
at most locations. Hence, information on tidal current strength
(interpreted as mean maximum peak speed) was extracted from
Norwegian pilot books, for example [3] .
Time series of sinusiodal tidal currents were then generated
(Fig. 3) with a model that considers the variation in current
strength due to the variability in the semi-diurnal tidal cycle
(spring to neap, flood to ebb, first to second daily tide etc.) [4],
[5]. From these, time series of available kinetic energy in the
natural flow was calculated with the flux method. A constant
conversion rate of 20% was applied to calculate time series of
tidal power output (Fig. 4) [6], [7].
In the paper, at least 114 sites will be covered from south
to north (as marked in Fig. 1) and the performance of the
modeled tidal currents will be evaluated with data from long-
term ADCP (acoustic Doppler current profiler) measurements
at the site Korsnesstraumen in the Folda Fjord [8]. The total
power output will be presented (Fig. 2) as well as measures
of the total variability in the power output. Different scenarios
will be investigated with aim on minimization the power
output variability.

Figure 2. Yearly power output at each site with a SIF of 20%.

R EFERENCES
[1] A. S. Iyer, S. J. Couch, G. P. Harrison, and A. R. Wallace. Variability and
Figure 1. Investigated sites along the coast of Norway. phasing of tidal current energy around the United Kingdom. Renewable

113
 Figure 3. Example of modeled surface speed at different sites.

Figure 4. Example of modeled power output at different sites.

Energy, 51:343–357, March 2013.

[2] S. P. Neill, M. R. Hashemi, and M. J. Lewis. Tidal energy leasing and
tidal phasing. Renewable Energy, 2016(85):580–587, 2016.
[3] Den Norske Los 3 - Farvannsbeskrivelse Jaerens rev-Stad. Statens
kartverk Sjokartverket, Stavanger, 6 edition, 2006.
[4] E. Fröberg. Current power resource assessment - A study of selected sites
in Sweden and Norway. MSc, Uppsala University and Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, September 2006.
[5] M. Grabbe, E. Lalander, S. Lundin, and M Leijon. A review of the tidal
current energy resource in Norway. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 13(8):1898–1909, October 2009.
[6] Black & Veatch Ltd. and Carbon Trust. Tidal stream - Phase II - UK
tidal stream energy resource assessment. Technical Report 3, Isleworth,
United Kingdom, July 2005.
[7] I. G. Bryden and S. J. Couch. How much energy can be extracted from
moving water with a free surface: A question of importance in the field
of tidal current energy?. Renewable Energy, (32):1961–1966, 2007.
[8] N. Carpman and K. Thomas. Tidal resource characterization in the Folda
Fjord, Norway. International Journal of Marine Energy, 2016, 2016.

114
Abstract— A robust understanding of the uncertainty in a yield
estimate for a tidal energy project is a key investor requirement and a
common barrier to the commercialisation of the nascent sector. The
Root Sum Squared (RSS) method is commonly used to combine the
uncertainty in site resource (i.e. velocity, m/s) with the uncertainty in
plant performance and losses (i.e. energy, GWh). The validity of the
assumptions underlying RSS has been questioned in literature,
particularly for early stage projects. RSS assumes that all
uncertainties are independent and normally distributed, that the
relation between yield and velocity is linear for small variations and
that the combined yield uncertainty is also normally distributed.
Monte Carlo Analysis (MCA) is a competing method for uncertainty
analysis which is not limited by the same assumptions. This study
quantitatively compares the combined yield uncertainty for 4 realistic
test cases derived using the two different methods with the same
input uncertainty distributions. An excellent agreement is found for
cases where the uncertainties are relatively small and where the site
resource is low relative to the turbine rated velocity. Some
Figure 1: Annual yield uncertainty distributions for example projects
divergence in results is shown for projects with higher uncertainties
but it is noted that these projects are likely to be early stage with a The distribution of annual yield uncertainty depends on:
higher tolerance for inaccuracy in the uncertainty estimate. RSS
predicts a higher P90 yield than MCA but it is prudent to adopt the 1) Characteristics of the underlying individual
more conservative view. The point at which the divergence occurs is uncertainties (magnitude, distribution shape and
hard to define as it is a complex function of site resource, turbine correlation)
rated velocity and project uncertainties. As such, the confidence in 2) Method used to combine the individual uncertainties
RSS results is somewhat compromised, particularly for early stage
projects. A standardised framework for the categorisation and
quantification of marine energy yield uncertainties is proposed
Keywords— Tidal Energy, Uncertainty Analysis, Annual Energy in [2] and [3] respectively. As such, the focus of this paper is
Production, Root Sum Squared, Monte Carlo Analysis on the methods used to combine the uncertainties once their
characteristics have been quantified. The uncertainty
I. INTRODUCTION
categories are summarised in Table 1 as well as the values for
A key barrier to the commercialisation of the nascent tidal case study projects described in Section III.C.
energy sector is the associated high investment risk. A
significant risk component, affecting all tidal energy projects, Reference [3] recommends using the Root Sum
is the uncertainty in the pre-construction resource and yield Squared (RSS) method for combining the individual
estimate. A robust understanding of those uncertainties will uncertainties. However the validity of the assumptions
increase investor confidence [1]. implicit in such local methods when applied to the context of
tidal energy has been questioned [1]. Section II discusses these
It is important for the investor to know not only the most assumptions and how a global method such as Monte Carlo
likely (P50) value for a project’s yield (and therefore revenue) Analysis (MCA) may be more suitable.
but also the conservative case (P90) in order to appraise the
risk involved in the investment. A project with a lower P50 Confidence in the process used to combine the yield
yield may in fact be more financeable than a similar project uncertainties is as important as confidence in the individual
with a higher P50 yield if the P90/P50 ratio is higher, i.e. uncertainties themselves. The aim of this paper is to
smaller likelihood of large deviation from the P50 (Figure 1). quantitatively assess the two competing methods for
combining uncertainties to identify their benefits and
limitations.

115
 Numerical study on the performance of twin-raft
wave energy dissipators
WenChuang Chen#1, YongLiang Zhang#2, HuiFeng Yu#3
#
State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
1cwc12@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn
2 yongliangzhang@tsinghua.edu.cn
3 yhf13@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn

Table 1 Main geometric parameters of the different WEDs

I. KEYWORDS
Lf /La 1/3 1/2 1 2 3
Wave energy dissipator, asymmetric rafts, wave
Fore raft length (m) 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 3.0
transmission, dissipation ratio, optimal damping coefficient.
Aft raft length (m) 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0
II. ABSTRACT Raft width (m) 2.2
Raft height (m) 0.2
Huge waves are caused by water tongues plunging into a Raft draught (m) 0.1
stilling basin when floods discharge through high dam Raft spacing (m) 0.3
spillways, leading to negative impacts on the structural
reliability of the stilling basin and the performance of turbines
Preliminary results of the variation of wave energy
[1]. In order to minimize this adverse effect, Chen et al. [2]
dissipation ratio and wave transmission coefficient with
introduced a twin-hinged raft wave energy dissipator (WED)
dimensionless damping coefficient for total length Lf+La=4 m
to reduce waves in a finite water area, such as a stilling basin.
or 3 m are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, respectively. It can be
The performance of such a WED, whose fore raft and aft raft
seen from Fig. 2a that the smaller the length ratio is, the larger
are symmetric to the rotational axis, was investigated in an
the energy dissipation ratio. Fig. 2b shows that wave
inviscid numerical wave tank (NWT) based on a finite volume
transmission coefficient for Lf/La=1 is smaller than one for
method (FVM) to solve the Euler equations. The interaction
Lf/La=1/3 or 3. In addition, the curves of wave transmission
between similar structures and waves are extensively studied
coefficient to dimensionless damping coefficient for Lf/La=1/3
[3-5].
and 3 are almost coincident. It can be seen from Fig. 3a, for
The aim of this paper is to investigate the performance of
small total length (Lf+La=3 m), the curves of energy
twin-hinged raft WEDs, whose fore and aft rafts are non-
dissipation ratio to dimensionless damping coefficient for
symmetric to its rotational axis, focusing on the wave energy
Lf/La=1/2 and 2 are almost coincident. Fig. 3b shows that for
dissipation ratio (the ratio of the energy dissipated by a
small total length (Lf +La=3 m), wave transmission coefficient
damping system to the incoming wave energy) and wave
for Lf/La=1/2 is smaller than one for Lf/La=2. Optimal
transmission coefficient (the ratio of the transmitted wave
dimensionless damping coefficient, which correspond to the
height to the incoming wave height) in a regular wave. The
maximum energy dissipation ratios and minimum wave
mathematical model, based on Reynolds-averaged Navier-
transmission coefficient, varies with log10 (Lf/La) as shown in
Stokes (RANS) equations, is utilized to calculate wave energy
Fig. 4. It can be seen that optimal dimensionless damping
dissipation ratio and wave transmission for the same total
coefficients for Lf/La=1/n and n (n=2 or 3) are almost identical,
length of the fore raft and the aft raft but different length ratios
and smaller than one for symmetric WED, i.e. Lf/La=1.
(Lf/La) of fore raft length Lf to aft raft length La.
We consider a hinged twin-raft WED floating on water in
NWT, as shown in Fig. 1. A regular wave with period of 2 s
and height of 0.1 m is generated in the NWT. Wave-induced
relatively rotation of the rafts around the hinge is resisted by a
linear damping moment acts at the hinge. A wide combination
of different fore and aft raft lengths is used to examine the
performance of the WEDs, as shown in Table 1 together with
other geometric parameters.

Fig. 1 Schematic of the numerical wave tank (side view)

116
 REFERENCES
[1] Y. L. Zhang, J. M. Ma and S. L. Zheng, “Experimental Study of Flood
Discharge and Energy Dissipation for the Shuibuya Hydropower
Project,” Water Power, vol. 34, pp. 48-51, 2008.
[2] W. C. Chen, Y. L. Zhang and S. M. Zheng, “Advance in the Study of
Wave Energy Dissipation of Floating Bodies,” 2nd Asian Wave and
Tidal Energy Conference, Tokyo, 2014.
[3] S.-M. Zheng, Y.-H. Zhang, Y.-L. Zhang and W.-A. Sheng, “Numerical
study on the dynamics of a two-raft wave energy conversion device,”
Journal of Fluids and Structures, vol. 58, pp. 271-290, 2015.
[4] L. Sun, R. E. Taylor and Y. S. Choo, “Responses of interconnected
floating bodies,” The IES Journal Part A: Civil & Structural
Engineering, vol. 4, pp. 143-156, 2011.
[5] J. Newman, “Wave effects on deformable bodies,” Applied Ocean
Research, vol. 16, pp. 47-59, 1994.
Fig. 2 Variation of energy dissipation ratio and wave transmission coefficient
with dimensionless damping coefficient for the same total length Lf +La=4 m
but different length ratio Lf /La: (a) variation of energy dissipation ratio; (b)
variation of wave transmission coefficient

Fig. 3 Variation of energy dissipation ratio and wave transmission coefficient

with dimensionless damping coefficient for the same total length Lf +La=3 m
but different length ratio Lf /La: (a) variation of energy dissipation ratio; (b)
variation of wave transmission coefficient

Fig. 4 Variation of optimal dimensionless damping coefficient with

Log10 (Lf /La)

117
 Numerical Modelling of a Tidal Turbine Behaviour
under Real Unsteady Tidal Flow
T. Leroux#1, N. Osbourne#2, J.M. McMillan*3, D. Groulx#4, A.E. Hay*5
#
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dalhousie University
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
1
tn876184@dal.ca
2nick.a.osbourne@dal.ca

4dominic.groulx@dal.ca

*
Oceanography Department, Dalhousie University
3
justine.mcmillan@dal.ca
5alex.hay@dal.ca

I. KEYWORDS
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), ANSYS CFX,
Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine (HATT), Realistic Tidal Flow,
Unsteady Inlet Conditions

II. ABSTRACT
Recent results presented by Dr. Bjorn Elsaesser’s group
from Queen’s University Belfast showed that the turbine
maximum operating Cp is reduced by 24%, with a
consequential reduction in power production of 30%, when
comparing turbine operation in a real unsteady tidal flow to
steady tests performed by pushing the turbine in still
water [1]. This result has been found experimentally and begs
for some numerical investigation.
The heavy reliance of today’s turbine developers on steady-
flow testing (either experimental or numerical) combined with
the findings of the Queen’s University group that testing of a
turbine in steady-flow could lead to an energy generated over
prediction points to the need for studies of unsteady effects;
the large difference in the nature of the flow encountered by a
turbine in a steady-flow test and a real-tidal unsteady flow are
clearly illustrated Fig. 1 [2], and indicate the need for further
studies of the unsteady-flow effects on turbine response.
Researchers at Dalhousie University are well positioned to
study this problem since in the last 3 years, a methodology for
numerical modelling using CFD of turbulent flow over tidal
turbine was established [3], and real tidal flow data from
Grand Passage, at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy, was
captured in-situ experimentally [4].
Using ANSYS CFX, with RANS-SST turbulence physics,
fully transient simulations are performed (as opposed to using
the “frozen-rotor” approximation) in order to capture time-
dependent flow physics on the turbine blade and in the wake.
The transient simulations are performed with time steps of the
order of a second.
Fig. 1 Time series (4 minutes) of velocity seen by a turbine in a steady-flow
test (pushing in this case) and unsteady tidal flow test [reproduced from [2].
Fig. 2 Velocity measurements at 4.5 m above bottom (1 MHz ADCP) in
Grand Passage: a) Average horizontal flow speed during a flood tide;
b) Normalized rms vertical velocity where the variance associated with the
Doppler noise (0.01 m2s-2) has been removed; c) Raw (8 Hz) measurements of
vertical velocity fluctuations during the 5-minute interval denoted by the red
points in a) and b) [4].
For this study, a representative three-bladed turbine is used
in the simulations, with meshes and steady-state performance
already validated from previous work [3].
Coupled to the transient simulations must be transient, and
representative, tidal flow velocities. Figure 2 presents a
sample of turbulence resolving tidal flow measurements made
with a high sampling rate ADCP in Grand Passage, Nova
Scotia, Canada. Note the rapid fluctuations in vertical
velocity in Fig. 2c) which in RMS terms – after removing the
Doppler noise – is ca. 5% of the mean flow (Fig. 2b). These
data are used as inlet conditions in the simulations. These
rapid and significant velocity changes have a significant effect
on the performance of the turbine, the stresses on the blades
and the overall behaviour of the wake.
REFERENCES
[1] P. Jeffcoate, B. Elsaesser, T. Whittaker and C. Boake, “Testing Tidal
Turbines - Part 1: Steady Towing Tests vs. Tidal Mooring Tests”,
International Conference on Offshore Renewable Energy, 2014, 9 p.
[2] R. Starzmann, P. Jeffcoate, S. Scholl, S. Bishof and B. Elsaesser,
“Field Testing a full-scale Tidal Turbine - Part 1: Power Performance
Assessment”, 11th EWTEConference, 2015, 7 p.
[3] N. Osbourne, D. Groulx, and I. Penesis, “3D Modelling of a Tidal
Turbine – An Investigation of Wake Phenomena”, 11th EWTEC, 2015,
10 p.
[4] J.M. McMillan, A.E. Hay, R.G. Lueck, and F. Wolk, “An assessment
of the dissipation rates at a tidal energy site using a VMP and an
ADCP”. 11th EWTEC, 2015, 8 p.

118
 Numerical Modelling of a Three-Bladed
NREL S814 Tidal Turbine
Grant Currie#1, Nick Osbourne#2, Dominic Groulx#3
#
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dalhousie University
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
1grant.currie@dal.ca

2nick.a.osbourne@dal.ca

3dominic.groulx@dal.ca

I. KEYWORDS
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), ANSYS CFX,
Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine (HATT), NREL S814 Blade
Profile, Power and Thrust Coefficients

II. ABSTRACT
Researchers at Dalhousie University and the University of
Strathclyde are working towards the use of bend-twist blades
for passive adaptation of tidal turbine rotational rate [1]. An
NREL S814 blade profile is used by the researchers; with the
first series of tow tank tests, at 1/20th scale, performed using
rigid blades at Strathclyde’s Kelvin Hydrodynamics
Laboratory tow tank [2].
This paper will present results of a CFD study of this
Dalhousie-Strathclyde three-bladed horizontal axis turbine.
The flow simulations around the 1/20th scale turbine and
downstream to 20D incorporate the RANS SST turbulence
model and cover a range of tip speed ratios, TSR = 3.5 – 6,
and inlet velocities of 0.5, 0.8, 0.9 and 1 m/s.
Fig. 1 Meshed geometry of the turbine rotor (left) and cross-sectional view of
the NREL S814 blade profile, with an inflation layer (right).
Fig. 3 Numerical CT as a function of TSR for four test velocity compared to
experimental measurements [2].
A complete sensitivity analysis looking at the impact of
various mesh parameters was performed with the final turbine
mesh and inflation layering around the blade shown in Fig. 1.
The simulations were performed on ANSYS CFX using the
frozen-rotor quasi-steady formulation [3]. Although
converged values of power and thrust coefficients were
obtained after a minimal amount of iterations for each
simulation; those simulations were continued for 2500
iterations in order to ensure full development of the wake.
Flow and wake dynamics results will also be touched on in the
final conference paper.
Figures 2 and 3 present the numerical values of CP and CT
obtained for the NREL S814 tidal turbine overlaid with the
tow tank experimental results [2]. The turbine did not
perform well with a 0.5 m/s velocity and nothing is gained by
comparing the experimental and numerical results in that case.
But for the other three velocities, the numerical values are in
very good agreement with the experimental measurements for
TSR between 3.5 and 5 at the maximum of CP and TSR
between 3.5 and 5.5 for CT.

REFERENCES
[1] R.E. Murray, K. Gracie, D.A. Doman, M.J. Pegg and C. M. Johnstone,
“Design of a Passively Adaptive Rotor Blade for Optimized
Performance of a Horizontal-Axis Tidal Turbine”, 10th European Wave
and Tidal Energy Conference, 2013, 8 p.
[2] D.A. Doman, R.E. Murray, M.J. Pegg, K. Gracie, C.M. Johnstone,
T. Nevalainen, “Tow-Tank Testing of a 1/20th Scale Horizontal Axis
Tidal Turbine with Uncertainty Analysis”, International Journal of
Marine Energy, vol. 11, pp. 105-119, 2015
[3] N. Osbourne, D. Groulx,, I. Penesis, “3D Modelling of a Tidal Turbine
Fig. 2 Numerical CP as a function of TSR for four test velocity compared to – An Investigation of Wake Phenomena”, 11th European Wave and
experimental measurements [2]. Tidal Energy Conference, 2015, 10 p.

119
Effect of power take-off system on the capture width
ratio of a novel wave energy converter
Huifeng Yu#1, Yongliang Zhang#2 , Wenchuang Chen#3
# Department of Hydraulic Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Hydroscience and Engineering,
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
1yhf13@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn

2yongliangzhang@tsinghua.edu.cn

3cwc12@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn

Fig. 2 shows the variation of wave energy capture width

I. KEYWORDS
ratio ƞ with dimensionless damping coefficient cd,2 of the
Wave energy converter, raft, pendulum, power take-off hydraulic cylinder system between the pendulum and the aft
system, capture width ratio. raft for the dimensionless damping coefficient of the hydraulic
II. ABSTRACT cylinder system between the two rafts, cd,1 =0.005 , the
There is a large number of concepts for wave energy dimensionless pendulum length, Lp =0.10 , and the
conversion and over 1000 wave energy conversion techniques
dimensionless stiffness coefficient of the hydraulic cylinder
have been patented in Europe, North America and East Asia
[1]. Among all kinds of devices proposed so far, raft-type system between the pendulum and the aft raft, k  0 and
wave energy converters (WECs) consisting of two or more 0.001. It can be seen that for k  0 , the capture width ratio ƞ
floating pontoons hinged at each pontoon end have been increases rapidly with increasing cd,2 , and then decreases
proved to have the highest wave energy conversion efficiency
and high robustness for a given volume of machine without relatively slowly after reaching a maximum value, whereas for
having to rely on fixed frames of reference [2], whereas k  0.001 , the capture width ratio ƞ just increases a little
pendulum-type WECs consisting of a pendulum or an inverted with increasing cd,2 , then decreases after reaching a
pendulum hinged to a foundation, have been proven to have maximum value.
advantages of wide frequency response and high energy
conversion efficiency under normal sea conditions [3]. The
former, which uses wave curvatures as the source of reaction
and power absorption, is unable to capture wave kinetic
energy sufficiently, whereas the latter, which converts wave
kinetic energy to useful energy [4], is unable to capture wave
potential energy. In view of their respective limitations, we
combine the advantages of raft WECs and pendulum WECs
and propose a novel device (hereinafter called Wave LoongTM)
which can capture both wave kinetic energy and wave
potential energy, as shown in Fig. 1. The Wave LoongTM
under investigation mainly consists of two floating hinged
rafts, a hung pendulum and two hydraulic cylinders. The two
cuboid rafts are connected by a hinged joint and one hydraulic
cylinder is installed at the joint between the two rafts. The
pendulum is hung at the joint and another hydraulic cylinder is
installed between the pendulum and the aft raft. A Fig. 2 Variation of capture width ratio ƞ with cd,2 for Lp =0.10
mathematical model, based on the linear wave theory, is used
to investigate the effect of power take-off system on the wave Fig. 3 shows the variation of wave energy capture width
energy capture width ratio of the Wave LoongTM WEC in ratio ƞ with dimensionless stiffness coefficient k for
regular waves in the frequency domain.
cd,1 =0.005 and Lp =0.10 . It can be seen that for cd,2 =0 ,
the capture width ratio ƞ decreases with increasing k , then
increases after reaching a minimum value, and eventually
decreases relatively slowly after reaching a maximum value,
whereas for cd,2 =0.001 , the capture width ratio ƞ increases
slowly with increasing k , and then decreases slowly after
reaching a maximum value.
Fig. 1 Schematic of the Wave LoongTM WEC

120
 Fig. 4 Variation of capture width ratio ƞ with cd,2 and k for Lp =0.10
Fig. 3 Variation of capture width ratio ƞ with k ( Lp =0.10 )

Figs. 4 and 5 show the variations of capture width ratio ƞ

with dimensionless damping coefficient cd,2 and
dimensionless stiffness coefficient k for cd,1 =0.005 and
Lp =0.10 and 0.51, respectively. It can be seen that for
Lp =0.10 the optimal dimensionless damping coefficient and
the optimal dimensionless stiffness coefficient k , which all
correspond to the maximum capture width ratio, are cd,2 =0
and k  0.00012 , respectively, under which the maximum
capture width ratio ƞ=191.5% is obtained. For Lp =0.51
there are the optimal dimensionless damping coefficient
( cd,2 =0 ) and the optimal dimensionless stiffness coefficient
( k  0 ) under which the maximum capture width ratio Fig. 5 Variation of capture width ratio ƞ with cd,2 and k for Lp =0.51
ƞ=236.1% is obtained. It should be pointed out that when the
dimensionless pendulum length increases from 0.10 to 0.51 by
410%, the capture width ratio increases from 191.5% to REFERENCES
236.1% by 23.3%. [1] B. Drew, A. R. Plummer and M. N. Sahinkaya, “A review of wave
energy converter technology,” in Proceedings of the Institution of
Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, vol. 223,
pp. 887-902, 2009.
[2] R. Yemm, Z. Pizer, C. Retzler and R. Henderson, “Pelamis: experience
from concept to connection,” Philosophical transactions of the royal
society A, vol. 370, pp. 365-380, 2012.
[3] F. Flocard and T. D. Finnigan, “Laboratory experiments on the power
capture of pitching vertical cylinders in waves,” Ocean Engineering,
vol. 37, pp. 989-997, 2010.
[4] M. Folley, T. Whittaker and T. H. J. Van, “The design of small seabed-
mounted bottom- hinged wave energy converters,” 7th European Wave
and Tidal Energy Conference, Porto, 2007.

121
 Performance of ocean wave-energy arrays in
Australia
Irene Penesis #1, Richard Manasseh*2, Alan Fleming#3, Gregor Macfarlane#4, Swapnadip De Chowdhury*5, Jean-Roch
Nader #6, Alexander Babanin*7, Suhith Illesinghe*8, Alessandro Toffoli*9
#
National Centre for Maritime Engineering & Hydrodynamics,
Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania,
Locked Bag 1395, Launceston Tasmania 7250, Australia
1 I.Penesis@utas.edu.au, 3 Alan.Fleming@utas.edu.au, 4 G.J.MacFarlane@utas.edu.au, 6 JeanRoch.Nader@utas.edu.au

*
Centre for Ocean Engineering, Science and Technology,
Swinburne University of Technology
PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122 Melbourne, Australia
2 rmanasseh@swin.edu.au, 5 sdechowdhury@swin.edu.au, 7 ababanin@swin.edu.au, 8 sillesinghe@swin.edu.au, 9 atoffoli@swin.edu.au

energy arrays in Australia and to develop a software tool to

I. KEYWORDS accurately model the performance and environmental impact of
Wave Energy Converters, optimisation, environmental arrays of WECs. The tool will consider different WECs which
impact, numerical and experiment modelling have been already developed or under development.
The project would comprise both theoretical and laboratory
II. ABSTRACT modelling, the latter utilising Australia’s most technically
It is understood by the wave-power community and by advanced wave basin at AMC (Fig. 2). The objectives are:
governments and investors, that once proven by an individual 1. to develop a capability to estimate the performance of
deployment, Wave Energy Converters (WECs) would not be arrays and to embody that capability in estimator software
installed in isolation in the ocean. Like wind turbines, they readily usable by industry, governments and the public;
would be grouped into arrays (‘farms’) with a common 2. to determine the pattern of local currents created by a wave
connection to the electricity grid. This raises two significant energy converter.
issues.
The first issue arises from the scattering and radiation effects
within farms of WECs. Optimisation of multiple devices has to
include positioning as scattering effects can induce constructive
or destructive interactions (see [1], [2] and [3]). It also needs to
develop algorithms for the PTO parameters due to the coupling
induced by the radiated wave (see [4] and Fig. 1).
By absorbing wave energy, farms might also impact on the
hydrodynamic environment of the site which can lead to
changes in current and sediment transport of the coast at
proximity (see [5]).
Fig. 2: Example of the set-up of an oscillating water column WEC model
tested at the AMC wave basin.

Fig. 1: Amplitude around an array of 4 oscillating water column WECs of
the radiated wave induced by the oscillating pressure inside the chamber of
one of the device.
This paper presents an overview of a new collaborative
project between the University of Tasmania’s Australian
Maritime College (AMC) and Swinburne University of
Technology (SUT)’s Centre for Ocean Engineering, Science
and Technology. The project is supported by four Australian
wave-power companies. The aim is to address a critical
knowledge gap: understanding the performance of ocean wave-
REFERENCES
[1] J.-R. Nader, et al., A finite-element study of the efficiency of arrays of
oscillating water column wave energy converters, Ocean
Engineering, vol. 43, pp. 72-81, 2012.
[2] H. Wolgamot, P. Taylor, and R. Eatock Taylor, The interaction factor
and directionality in wave energy arrays, Ocean Engineering, vol.
47, pp. 65-73, 2012.
[3] B. Borgarino, A. Babarit, and P. Ferrant, Impact of wave interactions
effects on energy absorption in large arrays of wave energy
converters, Ocean Engineering, vol. 41, pp. 79-88, 2012.
[4] J.-R. Nader, S.-P. Zhu, and P. Cooper, Hydrodynamic and energetic
properties of a finite array of fixed oscillating water column wave
energy converters, Ocean Engineering, vol. 88, pp. 131-148, 2014.
[5] C. Jones, J. Magalen, and J. Roberts, Wave Energy Converter (WEC)
Array Effects on Wave, Current, and Sediment Circulation:
Monterey Bay, CA, S. Report, Editor. 2014, Sandia National
Laboratories.

122
 Experiment and Numerical Analysis of
HATCT Model for Energy Independent Island
in Korea
Seung-Jun Kim#1, Patrick Mark Singh#2, Beom-Soo Hyun*3, Young-Ho Lee**4, Young-Do Choi##5
#Graduate School, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mokpo National University
##Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of New and Renewable Energy Technology Research,
Mokpo National University
(61 Dorim-ri) 1666 Youngsan-ro, Cheonggye-Myeon, Muan-Gun, Jeonnam, 58555, Korea
1kimsj617@naver.com
2pms72006@yahoo.com
5ydchoi@mokpo.ac.kr
*Divisionof Naval Architecture and Ocean System Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University
**Division of Mechanical and Energy System Engineering, Korea maritime and Ocean University 727, Taejong-
ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan, 49112, Korea
3bshyun@kmou.ac.kr
4lyh@kmou.ac.kr

Abstract
The recent trend is that diesel power generation in islands where prime cost is high for power generation is
being replaced by new and renewable energy. Therefore, island areas in south-western coast of Korea is
progressing the construction project that power is supplied through eco-friendly energy source using new and
renewable energy like tidal current energy.

Tidal current energy is one of the important alternative energies among various ocean energy resources. Tidal
power generation can be of great help in many fishing nurseries and nearby islands. Also Tidal power
generation is a necessary renewable energy for promoting energy independent islands.
This study investigates about floating-bridge type small tidal current turbine. While developing a floating-bridge
type 15kW class tidal current turbine, as part of the research for the hydrofoil selection and reduced model test,
50W class tidal current turbine model study was conducted by design and analysis. The design of blades was
carried out by blade momentum theory with two different hydrofoils (MNU26, NACA63421). Performances
were investigated by using CFD analysis and experimental methods. Among the two blades, NACA63421 blade
by a commercial code showed higher power and power coefficient.

Keywords
HATCT (Horizontal Axis Tidal Current Turbine), Energy independent island, Floating bridge type, Numerical
analysis, Experiment

References
[1] S. Y. Moon, J. H. Lee, Y. C. Kim, Y. G. Kim and Y. S. Lee, “Development of 20kW small Wind Turbine for Energy
Independence Island,” Proceedings of The Korean Society for New and Renewable Energy, 2015, p. 172.
[2] D. K. Byun. (2015) YONHAP NEWS AGENCY. [Online]. Available:
http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/feature/2015/06/02/76/0900000000AEN20150602005200320F.html/
[3] T. Burton, D. Sharpe, N. Jenkins and E. Bossanyi, Wind Energy Handbook, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2001.
[4] P. M. Singh and Y. D. Choi, “Shape design and numerical analysis on a 1MW tidal current turbine for the south-western
coast of Korea,” Renewable energy, vol. 68, pp. 485-493, Aug. 2014.
[5] N. J. Lee, I. C. Kim, C.G. Kim, B. S. Hyun and Y. H. Lee, “Performance study on a counter-rotating tidal current turbine
by CFD and model experimentation,” Renewable energy, vol. 79, pp. 122-126, Jul. 2015.
[6] (2013) ANSYS Inc, “ANSYS CFX Documenation,” Ver.13 [online]. Available: http://www.ansys.com/
[7] T.Y. Chen and L.R. Liou, “Blockage correnction in wind tunnel tests of small horizontal-axis wind turbine,”
Experimental Thermal and fluid Science, vol. 35, pp. 565-569, 2011.

123
 Assessing tidal turbine performance and the
relationship between the turbine output power and
turbulence in a tidal estuary
Alexei Sentchev#1, Maxime Thiébaut #2, François G. Schmitt*3
#
Lab. Oceanography and Geosciences UMR 8187, Université du Littoral – Côte d'Opale
32 Av. Foch, 62930 Wimereux, France
1
alexei.sentchev@univ-littoral.fr
2
maxime.thiébaut@univ-littoral.fr
*Lab. Oceanography and Geosciences UMR 8187, CNRS
28 Av. Foch, 62930 Wimereux, France
3
francois.schmitt@cnrs.fr

fluctuations of the output power are driven by turbulence in

I. KEYWORDS the tidal flow (Fig. 2).
Tidal stream turbines, Turbulence in tidal estuary, Tidal The coherence spectrum shows tight correlations in both
currents, Power coefficient high (inertial) and low frequency bands separated by a large
interval. The scale invariant moment functions obtained are
II. ABSTRACT compared to laboratory experiments.
A series of tidal turbine tests were conducted in a tidal The overall performance of two Darrieus type turbines was
estuary (the Sea Schelde, Belgium) as a part of activities of assessed by evaluating the power coefficient, Cp. A low
the European project Pro-Tide (Interreg IVB NW Europe). variation of Cp around the mean value of 0.22 and 0.28 was
Two prototypes of in-stream vertical axis tidal turbines were observed for a large range of flow velocities.
tested in real conditions during several months from winter
2014 to autumn 2015.
Tidal current velocity variations were continuously
recorded at the test site by a downward-looking acoustic
Doppler current profiler (ADCP), operating at 1 Hz. Turbulent
properties of the tidal flow were estimated from two Acoustic
Doppler Velocimeters (ADV), recording 3 components of the
flow velocity at 16 and 32 Hz, 1 m below the surface. The
measurements covered different tidal current regimes: strong -5/3
ebb and flood flow with velocity above 1.5 m/s and also a f0
flow reversal (Fig. 1). Using the output power generated by
turbines and the tidal flow velocity time series, we search to
quantify the performance of the turbines and the impact of
turbulence on power production.

Time starting from 13:50 on 8.11 2014
Fig. 1 A sample of tidal current velocity (streamwise U component) recorded
by ADV at turbine test site in the Sea Schelde 1 m below the surface
The Taylor based Reynolds number was found to be 530
and the turbulence intensity in the surface layer was not
exceeding 13%. The intermittency is studied using traditional
scaling approach [1] and also cummulants approach [2] during
the flow reversal period and during stationary flow in both
directions. The results show that, in high frequency band,
Fig. 2 The turbine output power spectrum for two testing runs on 8 Nov 2014
(before and after noon). A -5/3 slope is shown in blue. Two pronounced peaks
around 0.5 Hz and 2 Hz correspond to rotor frequency (f0) and forth
harmonic (4f0).
REFERENCES
[1] F.G. Schmitt and Y. Huang, Stochastic analysis of scaling times series:
from turbulence theory to applications, Cambridge University Press,
2016.
[2] F.G. Michalec, F.G. Schmitt, S. Souissi and M. Holzner,
Characterization of intermittency in zooplankton behaviour in
turbulence, European Physical Journal E 38, 108, 2015.

124
Vertical arrays of reduced diameter
turbines for low velocity tidal flows
Benjamin T. Tarver#1, Chul-H. Jo*2, Johnny C.L. Chan#3
#
Ability R&D Energy Research Centre,
School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
1bttarver@cityu.edu.hk, 3Johnny.Chan@cityu.edu.hk
*
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, South Korea
2chjo@inha.ac.kr

Keywords: Tidal energy, Array, CFD, Actuator disk, Low velocity tidal flows

Abstract
The development of viable technologies to generate power from low velocity tidal flows will
greatly increase the global potential of tidal power generation. Currently it is deemed unfeasible to
generate power from tidal currents with a peak flow velocity less than 2 m/s due to the reduction in
the available power in the free stream. One method of generating power from low velocity flows
addresses this problem by using reduced diameter turbines mounted in a vertical array [1]. Smaller
diameter turbines are implemented to reduce the cut-in velocity through reduced powertrain load
and losses. Additionally, the modular design reduces the cost of manufacture and maintenance
through economies of scale.

Prior research suggests that the channelling effect created by adjacent turbines can be used to
improve the performance of turbines located downstream, e.g. [2,3]. This work has been conducted
for single rows of turbines in conventional array configurations but not for vertical arrays or for flow
conditions less than 2 m/s.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of the relative positioning of individual turbines
on the total power generation of a vertical array in low flow conditions. This is done using
computational fluid dynamics, modelling each turbine within the array as an actuator disk. Two
different configurations are investigated, with the relative positioning of the turbines being varied
laterally and axially in each case. The total power of the array is then calculated with the aim of
generating an optimum configuration. Upstream flow conditions are set at 1.2 m/s, using the peak
flow conditions measured at the tidal energy test site in Hong Kong as a case study [1].

References
[1] B. T. Tarver, J. C. Chan and Chul-H. Jo, A new concept in tidal turbines, Int. J. Energy Res., 2015.

[2] R. Malki, I. Masters, J. Alison, A. J. Williams and N. T. Croft, Planning tidal stream turbine array
layouts using a coupled blade element momentum – computational fluid dynamics model, Renewable
Energy, Vol. 63, p.46-54, March 2014.

[3] W. Hunter, T. Nishino, R. H. J. Willden, Investigation of tidal turbine array tuning using 3D Reynolds-
Averaged Navier–Stokes Simulations, Int. J. Marine Energy, Vol. 10, p.39-51, June 2015.

125
Comparison of numerical tidal resource
assessment with field test results in the
South China Sea
Benjamin T. Tarver#1, Jimmy C.K. Tong*2, Ken Cheng*3, Kang-Hee Lee†4, Chul-H. Jo†5 and
Johnny C.L. Chan#6
#
Ability R&D Energy Research Centre,
School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
1bttarver@cityu.edu.hk, 6Johnny.Chan@cityu.edu.hk
*
Arup, Building Sustainability Group, Hong Kong, China
2Jimmy.Tong@arup.com, 3Ken.Cheng@arup.com

†
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, South Korea
4Kanghee@inha.ac.kr, 5Chjo@inha.ac.kr

Keywords: Tidal energy, Resource assessment, Hydrodynamic model, CFD, Low velocity tidal flows

Abstract
The ability to predict the potential energy resource is crucial in the early stages of marine renewable
energy projects. In practice, specific site data is essential, however the ability to create localised
models of sufficient accuracy to predict the local resource can aid initial device development and
project feasibility assessment.

In this paper, the tidal-stream resource at a designated site in the Gold Coast area of Hong Kong is
evaluated using a 3D hydrodynamic numerical model of the South China Sea region. Using a refined,
localised, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model, the tidal current velocity through narrow
channels was estimated from regional tidal range data.

The field test data of a ducted horizontal axis turbine that was subsequently deployed at the site have
been compared with the predicted conditions to assess the accuracy of the method at predicting tidal
current velocity in narrow channels.

This paper sets an example to develop local resource characterisation techniques using regional tidal
data. Additionally, the work characterises the tidal-stream potential in a location where the tidal range
is considered low by international levels. The results demonstrate potential for developing devices to
generate power from low velocity tidal flows.

126
 Tidal energy resource characterisation along the
French coast by using HF radar and ADCP
velocity measurements
Alexei Sentchev #1, Maxime Thiébaut #2
#
Lab. Oceanography and Geosciences UMR 8187, Université du Littoral – Côte d'Opale
32 Av. Foch, 62930 Wimereux, France
1
alexei.sentchev@univ-littoral.fr
2
maxime.thiébaut@univ-littoral.fr

A year-long current velocity time series recorded by HF

I. KEYWORDS
Tidal stream resource, HF radar, velocity measurements,
Iroise Sea; Strait of Dover.
II. ABSTRACT
A methodology for assessing the tidal flow resource at two
sites along the French coast is presented. The first site, located
in the Iroise sea, western Brittany coast, is selected for
demonstration of tidal current conversion technology by
Sabella company. The second site is located in the eastern
English Channel (Strait of Dover) and till now has been
considered as promising. The resource assessment at both
sites is performed using surface velocity time series recorded
by High Frequency radars (HFR) and ADCP velocity
measurements in the radar coverage zone. Results
from .numerical modelling are also considered. Following a
guideline proposed by EMEC [1], the major parameters of
tidal flow conventionally used for tidal energy site screening
are estimated and mapped. The combination of two sources of
data allowed to characterize the current velocity variation in
three spatial dimensions and in time which increased
confidence in hydrokinetic resource assessment from the radar
data. A method is presented to find the optimal location for
energy conversion devices and to optimize the power
generation by moving devices in space.
radars in the Iroise sea in 2007-2008 were used to study tidal
dynamics and hydrokinetic resource with particular emphasis
on circulation around the Ushant Island. The analysis revealed
current velocities up to 4 m/s in two locations: west of the
island and in the Fromveur passage (Fig. 1), with 1 m/s
velocity value exceeded 70% of time there. A pronounced
asymmetry in current magnitude between the flood and ebb
flow was found in the Fromveur passage. The asymmetry
coefficient varies from 0.5 to 2.5 over a distance of 8 km there.
This high range of asymmetry variation is caused by a rapid
change of phase of the principal (M2) and higher order (forth-
and sixth-diurnal) tidal current harmonics occurring in the
passage. Asymmetry in current direction was also quantified.
Radar derived velocities in the surface layer are compared
with velocity profiles recorded by ADCP in the radar
coverage zone. The results revealed a very good overall
agreement: 0.86 correlation and zero phase lag. The ratio of
depth average to surface velocity was found equal to 0.8 and
the ratio of bottom (15 m thick layer) to surface velocity equal
to 0.7. This ensures that monitoring of surface currents by HF
radars can be successfully used for quantifying spatial and
temporal variability of current velocity in the water column.
This also enables an estimation of power density variation in
time and space. In particular, in two locations around the
Ushant Island, the power density in the surface layer attains 6
kW/m². It is three times lower in the bottom layer (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2 Cumulative occurrence of power density in the surface (grey) and

bottom (black) layers, west of the Ushant Island (A) and in the Fromveur
passage (B).

Finally, it is demonstrated that in the region of opposed

Fig. 1 Maximum surface velocity (color shading) and spring tide average flood- versus ebb-dominated asymmetries, occurring in the
velocity (black contours) around the Ushant Island off the W. Brittany coast. Fromveur passage, it is possible to provide balanced power
generation by aggregating devices and moving devices in
space and to a different altitude above the bottom. This may

127
help in searching solutions for turbine array configuration and
optimizing power production by tidal power convertors.
Resource characterisation along the north-eastern coast of
France was performed in a similar way. Two Very High
Frequency radars were deployed on the Opal coast of France
during 35 days-long period for monitoring circulation in the
surface layer [2]. The recorded velocities show strong spatial
variation (Fig. 3) and fortnightly modulation. The most
energetic area is located west of Cape Gris Nez with the peak
velocity of 2.5 m/s, mean velocity of 1 m/s, and spring tide
average velocity of 1.2 m/s (Fig. 3). Velocities exceeding 1
m/s are observed more than 50% of time there.
Fig. 3 Mean surface velocity during the study period (colour shading) and
spring tide average velocity (white contours) derived from radar
measurements in the Strait of Dover.
The current asymmetry is found higher than 1 in the whole
study domain, evidencing the flood flow dominance. The
maximum current asymmetry (1.6) is located westward of the
Cape Gris Nez, indicating the effect of cape on spatial
distribution of phases of the major astronomical tidal
constituents and overtides.
Current velocity time series recorded by the radars were
supplemented by velocity profiles from two bottom mounted
ADCP and also by velocity profiles from a regional numerical
model [3].
Mean profiles, derived from one hour averaged ADCP data
were obtained for different stages of the tidal cycle (Fig. 4)
and then approximated by a power law function (V(z)=V0
(z/d)1/α), which is routinely used in oceanographic studies [4].
Here, V0 is velocity in the surface layer, z/d is normalized
vertical coordinate. The power coefficient α of velocity profile
approximation is found to vary from 6 to 7.5 for ebb and from
5.5 to 6.5 for flood flow respectively. In each case, the lower
value of α is achieved one hour before the peak current
occurred and the bigger value is reached one hour after the
peak current occurred. The relative error of the real velocity
profiles' approximation by a power law is less than 1%. The
discrepancy between observed and modeled velocity profiles
is less than 7%. On average, the model overestimates the
observed velocities on flood tide and overestimates on ebb
tide (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4 Current velocity profiles for different stages of tidal flow during flood
and ebb tide. Time step between each tidal stage is one hour. Typical profile
for one hour long period when peak current velocity is observed (red), for
period one hour before peak current (green) and one hour after peak current
(blue). Solid lines represent velocity profiles derived from ADCP
measurements in June 2009, dashed lines represent velocity profiles from
regional numerical model. Extrapolation of measured velocities until sea
surface is given in grey.
Using velocity time series provided by the radars, the
power law expression for velocity profiles derived from
moored ADCP data, and the layer extension, the power
density time series in the surface and bottom layers were
produced. The time averaged quantities were mapped. The
results show that the highest value of power density attains 1
kW/m² in the surface layer west of the Cape Gris Nez, with a
peak value of 5 kW/m². In the rest of the domain, the mean
power density varies from 0.1 to 0.6 kW/m². This resource
appears too low for any reasonable project of tidal-stream
energy conversion.
REFERENCES
[1] C. Legrand, Assessment of Tidal Energy Resource : Marine Renewable
Energy Guides, Tech. rep., The European Marine Energy Center,
London, 2009.
[2] A. Sentchev and M. Yaremchuk, M, VHF radar observations of
surface currents off the northern Opal coast in the eastern English
Channel. Continental Shelf Research, 27, 2449-2464 2007.
[3] N. Jouanneau, A. Sentchev, and F. Dumas, Numerical modelling of
circulation and dispersion processes in Boulogne-sur-Mer harbour
(Eastern English Channel) : sensitivity to physical forcing and harbour
design, Ocean Dynamics, 63, 1321-1340, 2013.
[4] R. Soulsby, Dynamics of Marine Sands, A Manual for Practical
Applications, London: Telford, 1997.
128
 A High-Resolution, Wave and Current Resource
Assessment of Japan: The GIS-Web-Server Dataset
A. Webb#1, W. Fujiwara#2, K. Kiyomatsu#3, K. Matsuda&4, Y. Miyazawa*5, S. Varlamov*6, T. Waseda#7,
J. Yoshikawa&8
#Dept. of Ocean Technology, Policy, and Environment, The University of Tokyo

5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
1webb@isea.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp

2fujimoto@isea.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp

3kiyomatsu@isea.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp

7waseda@k.u-tokyo.ac.jp

*JAMSTEC-APL


3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-city, Kanagawa, Japan

5miyazawa@jamstec.go.jp

6vsm@jamstec.go.jp

&Web-Brain


2-3-6 Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan

8jun@web-brain.jp

4kzmat@web-brain.jp

I. KEYWORDS layer approach to resolve a 1 km coastline and the addition of

GIS web server, wave resource assessment, ocean current current effects in all wave power density calculations. The
resource assessment, NOAA WAVEWATCH III, JCOPE-T ocean current resource assessment (JAMSTEC) is based on a
12-year, high-resolution simulation using JCOPE-T — a
II. ABSTRACT regional, 1/36 degree tide-resolving model nested within the
With an extensive coastline and close proximity of the data-assimilating, 1/12 degree non-tidal JCOPE2 model. And
Kuroshio current, Japan is an ideal candidate for wave and finally, the GIS web server utilizes THREDDS Data Server
ocean current energy extraction. As part of NEDO marine and GeoServer web server software with Leaflet libraries to
renewable energy project, The University of Tokyo and host the dataset.
JAMSTEC have conducted state-of-the-art wave and ocean
current resource assessments to assist with generator site
identification and construction in Japan. These publicly-
available assessments are now accessible via a GIS web server
designed by WebBrain and maintained by The University of
Tokyo.

The wave resource assessment (University of Tokyo) is

based on a 21-year, large-scale NOAA WAVEWATCH III
(version 4.18) simulation that includes several key
components to improve model skill, such as a four-nested-

Fig. 2: Screenshot of an interactive session exploring offshore currents.

Here, we will highlight results from the assessments, give

an overview of the dataset, and provide details on the GIS
web server and online access.

REFERENCES
1. A. Webb, T. Waseda, and K. Kiyomatsu, “A 21-year high-resolution
wave resource assessment of Japan,” Ocean Dynamics, 2016, in
preparation.
2. Y. Kidoura, R. Wada, and T. Waseda, “On the Aleatory and Epistemic
Uncertainty of the Wave Resource Assessment in the North West
Fig. 1: Screenshot of an interactive session exploring wave period (energy) Pacific”, in ASME 2014 33rd Int. Conference, 2014, paper.
near the Tohoku coast.

129
 Comparison of Damping Controls for a
Wave Energy Converter with a Linear Generator
Power Take-Off: a Case Study for the Lysekil and
Wave Hub Test Sites
Jennifer Leijon#1, Irina Dolguntseva#2, Boel Ekergård*3, Cecilia Boström#4
#1, 2, 4
Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University
Box 534, Uppsala 751 21, Sweden
1jennifer.leijon@angstrom.uu.se

2irina.dolguntseva@angstrom.uu.se

4
cecilia.bostrom@angstrom.uu.se
*3
Seabased Industry AB
Sylveniusgatan 5D, 754 50 Uppsala, Sweden
3boel.ekergard@seabased.com

Abstract— A wave energy converter (WEC) should be controlled

in order to increase the average output power and protect the sys-
tem from damage. In this paper, different, linear and non-linear,
control strategies are tested for a direct driven WEC with a linear
generator (LG) power take-off (PTO). Four different control
strategies are simulated for the sea state of the test sites at Lysekil,
Sweden, and at Wave Hub, UK. The linear wave theory is used in
a hydro-mechanical two-body simulation model. It has been
shown that the average output power increases with the use of a
suitable damping at both locations. The damping force control
should be chosen to increase of the average output power while
protecting the WEC.

Keywords—linear generator, point absorbing WEC, linear and

non-linear damping, PTO force control, wave power

I. INTRODUCTION
Uppsala University [1] has developed a wave power solution
consisting of a point absorbing buoy connected via a stiff wire
to a LG, as shown in Fig. 1. This technology has also been de-
veloped further by the Swedish company Seabased Industry AB
[2]. The linear generator consists of a stator with windings and
a movable translator mounted with permanent magnets. Current
is induced in the windings as the translator moves relative to
the stator. A similar wave energy conversion concept (a point
absorber with a LG) is used in several other projects [3], [4] and
the direct driven solution enables a robust design [5].
The WEC design has being tested experimentally at Lysekil,
by the Swedish west coast [6]. In January 2016, the wave power
project was the first ever to generate wave power to the Nordic
grid [2].
The absorbed power of a LG depends on the active area of
the stator and translator, the velocity of the translator and the
damping force. In order to increase the power output from the
WEC and to protect it from damage, the system should be
Fig. 1 The WEC system consisting of a floating buoy connected via a
wire to a linear generator
damped in a suitable way. The WEC control can be electrical,
mechanical or hydraulic [7], [8].
The aim of the present paper is to investigate various non-
linear (suboptimal) damping controls for the WEC and compare
them against the conventional linear damping for two different
test sites.
The study is theoretical and is based on a hybrid frequency-
time domain hydro-mechanical model presented in [9]. The
motion of a buoy was determined in the program WAMIT [10]
and the WEC system was simulated in MATLAB [11]. The
simulations are performed for regular linear waves varying in
wave height and period. The force from the power take-off
(PTO) was used to calculate the instantaneous output power,
and finally the average output power and the annual energy

130
 Study on performance of tail vane for solo Salter’s
Duck wave energy converter
Jinming Wu#1, Yingxue Yao#2
#
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology
Harbin, 150001, China
1
wujinminghit@hotmail.com
2
yxyao@hit.edu.cn

I. KEYWORDS 0
Salter’s Duck, wave energy, tail vane, stability, drift force

Yaw angle, deg

-20 α0=-15o

II. ABSTRACT -40 α0=-30o

Salter’s Duck is the most efficient wave energy converter α0=-45o

-60
(WEC) so far, reaching at most 90% in regular wave tests [1, 2]. α0=-60o
-80
In most Duck wave energy farm scenarios, Ducks are
combined in series under a spline like structure [3]. This 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Flow time, s
structure is very complex both in combination and anchor Fig. 2 Yaw angle vs. flow time at h=0.24m, T=2.1s
system, and will reduce the reliability of the whole structure.
In this paper, a solo Duck WEC is proposed to be installed
0
like a point-absorbing WEC, as shown in Fig. 1. Only one
Yaw angle, deg

anchor point is used in the structure instead of both anchor h=0.1m

-20 h=0.2m
points on both sides of the Duck.
h=0.3m
As there is a drift force [4] in the direction of the incoming h=0.4m
wave, using the stability analysis method in [5] revealed that -40

solo Duck WEC’s pitch axis is easy to rotate to the direction

of incoming wave under very small asymmetric yaw moment
disturbance. So, a tail vane is used to adjust the pitch axis of
the WEC.
Duck Horizontal vane
Anchor point
Incoming
wave
Vertical vane
Pitch axis
Anchor line
Fig. 1 Schematic of the solo Duck WEC
The tail vane is divided into two parts: the horizontal vane
and the vertical vane. The horizontal vane is used to prevent
Duck’s pitch axis from pitch motion, so that the wave’s pitch
moment load acts against the pitch axis without much power
loss. The vertical vane is used to adjust the direction of the
pitch axis, so that the pitch axis orientates perpendicular to
direction of the incoming wave, and then the incoming wave
power reaches maximum.
In order to study the performance of tail vane in regular and
irregular waves, a BEM method [6] is used to calculate the
flow field around the WEC. Calculated results in frequency
domain and time domain is compared to the results of Mynett
[7]
and Lucas [8], and showed good agreement. Time interval
from initial yaw angle to zero has been calculated and results
are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 (α0 is initial yaw angle, h is
wave amplitude, and T is wave period). It can be seen that no
matter how large the initial yaw angle is, the time for the
WEC to rotate to zero yaw angle is almost the same. However,
the rotating time is longer when the wave amplitude is smaller.
-60
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Flow time, s
Fig. 3 Yaw angle vs. flow time at α0=-30°, T=2.1s
Different parameters are investigated non-dimensionally,
such as wave period, wave length, wave amplitude, shape of
the tale (triangular or rectangular), to find the appropriate
dimensions for the tail vane in specific wave conditions.
Finally, the performance of the tail vane is studied in
JONSWAP spectrum wave.
REFERENCES
[1] J. Falnes, Ocean waves and oscillating systems, 1st ed., Cambridge,
United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
[2] J. Cruz, Ocean wave energy: Current status and future perspectives,
Berlin, German: Springer-Verlag, 2008.
[3] D. C. Jeffrey, D. J. E. Richmond, S. H. Salter, J. R. M. Taylor, “Study
of mechanisms for extracting power from sea waves,” Univ. of
Edinburgh, Second year report on Edinburgh wave power project, Rep.
1976.
[4] W. Bai, R. E. Taylor, “Fully nonlinear simulation of wave interaction
with fixed and floating flared structures,” Ocean Engineering, vol. 36,
pp. 223-236, Mar. 2009.
[5] B. Orazov, O. M. OReilly, O. Savas, “On the dynamics of a novel
ocean wave energy converter,” Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol.
329, pp. 5058-5069, Jul. 2010.
[6] T. K. A Brekken, “On model predictive control for a point absorber
wave energy converter,” in Proc. PowerTech, 2011 IEEE Trondheim,
pp. 1-8.
[7] A. E. Mynett, D. D. Serman, C. C. Mei, “Characteristics of Salter’s
cam for extracting energy from ocean waves,” Applied Ocean Reseach,
vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 13-20, Jun. 1979.
[8] J. Lucas, J. Cruz, and S. Salter, “Update on the Design of a 1:33 scale
model of a modified Edinburgh Duck WEC” in Proc. ASME 2008 27th
International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic
Engineering, p. 12.

131
 High Resolution Wave Model for Beirut, Lebanon
Peninsula
Ahmad Kourani#1, Matthias Liermann#2
#
Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut
Bliss St., Hamra, Beirut – Lebanon
1ahk42@mail.aub.edu

2ml14@aub.edu.lb

I. KEYWORDS
Wave model, Beirut, SWAN, Nested model, Buoy and
pressure sensors data.

II. ABSTRACT
Wave energy is gaining increased attention and is being
studied as source of renewable energy. Energy assessment has
been performed for the Eastern Mediterranean sea basin by
means of simulation coupled with measurements from various
sources like buoys and satellites [1]. It was found that the
Lebanese shore has relatively low [2], but still considerable
amount of energy that worth to be harnessed [3]. The mean
monthly wave power is relatively low but stable in summer
season and peeks in winter. In general the variations of wave
period is low. Zodiatis et al. in [3] found significant kurtosis
values in the Eastern Mediterranean region, which indicates
sharpness of the peak in the probability distribution and higher
impact of possible extreme values. This triggers the need for
higher resolution studies. Launching the CANA project
provided an access to an updated high-resolution bathymetry
of the Lebanese coastal area that allows such a study. Fig. 1
shows the location of Beirut on the eastern coast of the
Mediterranean. Fig. 2 shows High-resolution features of the
Beirut shore like canyons, which are not detectable in coarse
grids.
In this study, one directional wave buoy and two pressure
Fig. 1 Study domain, eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea
sensors are deployed in Beirut coastal water providing wave
data, collected over a period of two months. In addition, a
wave simulation is performed with the SWAN third-
generation wave model with high-resolution nested grid
applied. Simulation results are compared and validated with
measurement data. Important features in this study are the
wave height, period, and direction. Due to the limited period
of available data, statistical analysis is not performed.
High-resolution wave field is assessed for Beirut area. The
results show good match between simulation and buoy data,
which validates the used model, and allows its application on
other regions of the Lebanese shore. The project will help
selecting the sites for wave energy converters, and it will have
an impact on the wave forecast in Lebanon.
Fig. 2 High-resolution bathymetry for the shore of Beirut [4], yellow circle
denotes the wave buoy, and red squares denote the pressure sensors

REFERENCES

[1] L. Cavaleri, “The wind and wave atlas of the Mediterranean Sea – the
calibration phase,” Advances in Geosciences, vol. 2, pp. 255-257, 2005.
[2] B. Ayat, “Wave power atlas of Eastern Mediterranean and Aegean Seas,”
Energy, vol. 54, pp. 251-262, 2013.
[3] G. Zodiatis, G. Galanis, A. Nikolaidis, C. Kalogeri, D. Hayes, G. C. Georgiou,

132
 P. C. Chu and G. Kallos, “Wave energy potential in the Eastern Mediterranean [Accessed 29 January 2016].
Levantine Basin. An integrated 10-year study,” Renewable Energy, vol. 69, pp.
311-323, 2014.
[4] A. Sursock, “National Council for Scientific Research - CNRS, Lebanon,”
National Council for Scientific Research, 2014. [Online]. Available:
http://www.cana-
cnrs.gov.lb/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=40&Itemid=113.

133
 Turbulent intensity by experimental and numerical
analysis in Kobe Seto Sound
Patxi Garcia Novo#1, Yusaku Kyozuka*2
#
Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University
*
Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University
6-1 Kasuga-Koen Kasuga-city Fukuoka 816-8580 JAPAN
1
patxi@esst.kyushu-u.ac.jp
3
kyozuka@esst.kyushu-u.ac.jp

I. KEYWORDS This formula was found to be a suitable tool except for

Turbulence intensity, vorticity, tidal energy, numerical velocities under 0.5 m/s, when the impact on the converter
modelling, FVCOM devices is not relevant.
Using this new equation, various Kobe Strait turbulence
II. ABSTRACT intensity maps have been created. Fig. 2 shows turbulence
Tidal stream current has become one of the alternatives to intensity at a depth of 8 meters for the moment of maximum
fossil resources or nuclear fission, whose drawbacks are well velocity during flood tide.
known. One of the factors this technology has to take into
account is the flow turbulence intensity, since it strongly
influences the converter devices behaviour.
In this paper, data measured by an AD2CP set at 8 Hz in
Kobe Strait in Goto archipelago (Nagasaki Prefecture), which
energy potential has already been studied, are presented and
processed to evaluate the turbulence conditions at the
measuring point.
As a summary, Fig. 1 shows the relation between
turbulence intensity and streamwise mean velocity for every
20 minutes period. It can be clearly seen that turbulence
becomes more important with the depth.

Fig. 2 Turbulence intensity estimation maps for maximum velocity

moments during spring flood tide at 8 meters from the surface.

Fig. 1 Turbulence intensity dependence on streamwise velocity at surface,
middle depth and bottom layers
On the other hand, a FVCOM numerical model simulating
the area hydrodynamics was validated with sea level and
velocity data mentioned above. Using this model, vorticity is
calculated for the whole area of interest.
In this paper, a new formula relating vorticity and
turbulence intensity which, as noted above, is one of the key
aspects when designing tidal current turbines, is proposed and
used to estimate the turbulence conditions of the whole Kobe
Strait.
REFERENCES
[1] Huihui S, Kyozuka Y (2014) Tidal current power potential in Goto
Islands by Observations and Simulations. In. Asian Wave and Tidal
Energy Conference. Tokyo Big Sight, Tokyo, pp 140-147.
[2] Mycek P, Gaurier B, Germain G, Pinon G, Rivoalen E (2014)
Experimental study of the turbulence intensity effects on marine
current turbines behavior. Part I: one single turbine. Renew. Energy
66:729-746.
[3] Maganga F, Germain G, King J, Pinon G, Rivoalen E (2010)
Experimental characterization of flow effects on marine current turbine
behavior and on its wake properties. IET Renewable Power Generation
4:498-509.
[4] Thomson J, Polagye B, Durgesh V, Richmond M (2012)
Measurements of turbulence at two tidal energy sites in Puget Sound,
WA. IEEE J Ocean Eng 37:363-374.
[5] Mycek P, Gaurier B, Germain G, Pinon G, Rivoalen E (2014)
Experimental study of the turbulence intensity effect on marine current
behavior. Part II: Two interacting turbines. Renewable Energy 68:876-
892.
[6] Chen C, Lin H, Beardsley R C (2003) An unstructured grid, finite-
volume, three-dimensional, primitive equations ocean model:
application to coastal ocean and estuaries. J. Atmospheric and Ocean
Tech 20:159:186

134
Development of OWC-Type wave power generation
device through TRL
Kazuyoshi Kihara #1, Koichi Masuda*2, Tomoki Ikoma*3,Yasushi Hosokawa#4
MM BRIDGE CO.,LTD
9-19,Nihonbashi-Tomizawa-cho,Chuo-ku Tokyo 103-0006
1
kihara.kazuyoshi@mm-bridge.co.jp
4
hosokawa.yasushi@mm-bridge.co.jp
NIHON UNIVERSITY
7-24-1 Narashinodai,Ffunabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8501
2
masuda.koichi@nihon-u.ac.jp
3
ikoma.tomoki@nihon-u.ac.jp

were set to examine and give practical solutions for specific

I. KEYWORDS problems of that level at each stage.
Our TRL step-flow is set as shown in Fig.2, considering
Oscillating water column, Technology Readiness Level, TRL of NASA and the EU document. This method is
Stage-Gate, Projecting Wall, Impulse Turbine expected to help comprehensive development and designing
of a practical device of OWC-type wave energy converter.
II. ABSTRACT
1. Introduction
The OWC-type wave energy converter has been developed
in Japan since 1970s. Every devices of this system could
successfully prove to generate electricity with the Wells-type
turbine. 1,2 But, the generation cost was as expensive as 100-
130yen/kWh. In this study, a projecting-wall and an impulse
turbine were newly installed to the OWC system to improve
the conversion efficiency. The new OWC device will be
placed on the top of an existing coastal facility to reduce
construction cost. The conceptual figure3,4,5) is shown in Fig.-
1. The goal of the generation cost was set as 40yen/kWh, here.
primary conversion

scondnary conversion
Fig.2 Design Method by Stage-Gate Technique
Air chamber

3. Development flow
At each stage, examinations through experiments and/or
calculations were conducted for different questions. Obtained
Surface of the water
up-and-down motion
Machine room,
turbine generator results are mainly as follows;

Existing caisson a) STAGE 1: After literature review, the PW and the

impulse turbine were selected to introduce to our new
Projecting Wall OWC-system. Also, unit device style was decided placing
on the top of the existing breakwater/seawall at coast. The
Fig. 1 Example of an image for PW-OWC wave energy convertor target cost, then, estimated possible after rough calculation.
b) STAGE 2: Effect of the PW to the improvement of the
2. TRL application
primary conversion was examined by small hydraulic
For the development of this facility designing, Technology
experiments (scale: 1/33 – 1/25). Characteristics of
Readiness Level (TRL) was applied.
impulse turbine were examined by small scale model-
OWC converter is a complex system dealing with both
experiments using an air flow tank. Owing to the PW,
water waves and air flow simultaneously. Hydraulic
primary conversion was expected to improve by 1.5
experiments and air flow experiments have some scale effects.
comparing to the non-PW facility, and owing to the
Driving force in the field of the system is irregular waves.
impulse turbine, secondary conversion was expected to
The response of the system to the exerting force becomes
increase by 1.2 comparing to the conventional Wells-
quite complex. Actual system response might be different
turbine. Also, wave force estimation was conducted using
from the simple prediction by summing up the effects of
a wave tank (scale: 1/33). The unit OWC-facility, which
component sinusoidal waves. Accordingly, from the
will be placed on the top of the breakwater, was proved
conceptual plan to the prototype field example, several stages
safe under the wave force by the designing waves.

135
 c) STAGE 3: Effect of the combined system of the PW,
OWC-air-chamber, impulse-turbine and generator was
examined by large scale model (scale:1/6.7) using regular
waves. Smooth response under small pressure difference
was checked of the impulse turbine.
d) STAGE 4: Prototype field experiment was conducted at
Sakata Port (scale: 1/1). Electricity was successfully
generated by the incident irregular waves. This system was
controlled automatically to maintain effective and safe
generation. Total conversion was found improved by the
factor of 2.
Detailed results of STAGE1-STAGE3 are reported and
discussed in the previous papers. 4,5)
4. Field experiment
For STAGE 4, the prototype facility (Photo-1) was
manufactured and placed on the seawalls in Sakata Port,
Yamagata-Prefecture in December, 2014. Installation of the
facility was conducted using a crane from land side after the
arrival of the facility parts. The cost of manufacturing,
transportation and installation can be saved cheaper due to the
land work (not the offshore work).
Phot.１ PW-OWC Wave Power Device at SAKATA PORT
The generation experiment was conducted since January,
2015. Incident waves, wave amplitude in the air-chamber,
turbine torque/rpm, and electricity generated were monitored.
Fig.3 shows the relationship between turbine torque and
incident waves. X-axis expresses time (hours: minutes: sec.)
on the same date of January 31, 2015. All data were sampled
every 0.1sec (10Hz). Both aspirating and inspiriting phases,
positive values of torque were monitored (blue line in upper
figure in Fig.3). When looking at Fig.3 closely, we found that
zero-torque (very weak torque) was observed. Blue arrows in
fig.3 indicate the occurrence of torque-zero (upper figure in
Fig.3), when the change of water level was slow in OWC
(lower figure in Fig.3).
Under the natural irregular waves, the system shows good
response to the incident power. Applying TRL, the total
system of the OWC was developed in good balance. This
OWC system was estimated possible to achieve the goal cost
of 40yen/kWh.
Turbine torque (N.M) Turbine number of
revolutions (rpm)
Turbine torque
Turbine number of
revolutions (rpm)
breakwater wave
Wave height(cm) height
wave height
OWC wave height
Wave height(cm)
The observation time
Fig.3 A time change (from 16 to 18 minute at 14 o’clock on Jan.31)
of the wave height and outbreak turbine torque and turbine
number of revolutions
5. Conclusion
1) A PW-OWC type WEC was installed on the existing
seawall in Sakata Port. Field experiment of generation was
started since January 2015.
2) Applying TRL, the total system of the OWC was developed
in good balance. This OWC system was estimated possible
to achieve the goal cost of 40yen/kWh.
3) Under the natural irregular waves, SAKATA system showed
good response to the incident power.
REFERENCES
[1] S.Takahashi,T.Adachi,H.Nakada,HOhneda,H.Katou,M.Shika
mori “Caisson Breakwater –Date Analysis of Wave Forces and
Power Conversion- “, Report of PARI, 31,1992, pp. 21-54
[2] H.Oosawa, Yukihisa Washio,Teruhisa Ogata,Tasushi Tsuritani,
Yoshinari Nagata “Research and development of wave energy
use technology –The Offshore Floating Type Wave Power
Device “Mighty Whale" Open Sea Tests – “, Rep. JAMSTEC,
2004, (in Japanese)
[3] K.Kihara, Y.Hosokawa, H.Oosawa, K.Shimosako, K.Masuda,
Y.Kanaya, Shuichi.Nagata ， and H.taguchi. “Wave Power
Generation System with Oscillating Water Column (OWC).”
Japanese Association for Coastal Zone Studies, Study
Workshop, July.2013 (in Japanese).
[4] K.Shimosako, T.Arikawa, K.kubota, M.Takeda, and
K,Kihara . “Experimental Study On Energy Conversion
Efficiency Of PW-OWC Type Wave Power Extracting
Breakwater.” 2nd Asian Wave and Tidal Energy Conference
(AWTEC) ,Tokyo 2014.
[5] Kazuyoshi Kihara, Yasushi Hosokawa, Kunihiko Kanaya,
Hiroyuki Osawa, Kenichiro Shimosako, Koichi Masuda
Tomoki Ikoma, Shuichi Nagata ,Toyohiko Ota and Takayuki
Fueki “Design of a Middle Scale Wave Energy Convertor of a
PW-OWC type for a Sea Test in the Sea of Japan ” ,
Conference of IWSH 2015 in Glasgow．26-28, August, 2015.
136
 Viscous Effects on the Performance of Wave Energy
Converters
Aidan Bharath1, Jean-Roch Nader2, Irene Penesis3 , Gregor MacFarlane4
Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania
Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
1
Aidan.Bharath@utas.edu.au
2
jeanroch.nader@utas.edu.au
3
I.Penesis@utas.edu.au
4
gregorm@utas.edu.au

I. KEYWORDS analysed against linear inviscid and irrotational results. This

Computational Fluid Dynamics, Volume of Fluid, Wave
Diffraction, Wave Energy Converters, Viscous Interaction.
II. ABSTRACT
The use of a wave energy converter (WEC) as a renewable
source of energy is becoming a reality with many prototype
designs currently being tested in real wave environments
around the world. Mathematical modelling has been used
extensively to investigate the performance of these devices.
Linear theory has been utilised widely to study the
performance of various WEC designs. Analytical
representations of submerged objects in finite and infinite
depth water [1], give accurate first order representations of the
diffracted and radiated waves and can been extended to non-
spherical shapes [2]. The work in [3] applies this approach to
WECs and analyses the effects design characteristics have on
device performance. These methods separate the diffracted
and radiated waves which are then treated individually in the
solution.
follows the linear solution method by modelling the diffracted
and radiated waves separately and applying superposition
principles to obtain the full wave field. An example of
radiated wave free surface results are shown in Fig. 1.
This study utilises the commercial package CD-Adapco
StarCCM+ as a platform for CFD simulations. The free
surface capturing is accomplished using the volume of fluid
method with linear wave inlet boundary conditions. The
model-scale submerged sphere has a diameter of 250 mm and
located 475 mm above the tank bed and 205 mm below the
mean water level. Incident wave frequencies are 0.8, 1.0 and
1.2 Hz with amplitudes of 20 and 40 mm. The incident wave
amplitudes and frequencies are mirrored by the sphere when
simulating the radiated waves. Simulations of the oscillating
sphere will make use of overset meshing available in
StarCCM+. Meshes in all simulations are refined on the free
surface in order to minimise non-physical amplitude and
phase alterations. The solvers used include a laminar flow
model with second-order time descritization and mixing layer
convection. The high resolution surface capturing is also
employed to model the alpha value propagation. An example
of the stationary sphere mesh is shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 1: The radiated wave from a heaving submerged sphere.

Fig. 2: Free surface and near sphere mesh used in simulations.

Increases in the WEC design complexity require the use of
iterative finite and boundary element method solvers to obtain
the diffracted and radiated waves [4,5]. These studies have
been used to improve WEC efficiencies and have been
implemented in the study of WEC array interactions [6]. The
impact of viscosity on both the diffracted and radiated waves
however, has yet to be quantified in great detail.
The goal for this study is to analyse the importance of
viscosity on the linear theory results of WEC diffraction and
radiation. Focus here is placed on a submerged sphere
oscillating in both heave and surge. The diffracted and
radiated waves on the free surface are modelled in a viscous,
non-linear volume of fluid numerical wave tank and are
This work offers an indication of the viscous impact on
linear theory results. The variations in the wave heights and
forces appearing on the sphere are shown with the addition of
viscous effects. Preliminary results for the heave and surge
forcing on a still cylinder are given in Fig. 3 & 4. Normalizing
forces by the incident wave height show a reduction in the
apparent heave force on the sphere. The final outcomes
provide more insight into the applicability of linear models
when analysing WEC performance. This method of
modelling the interaction between submerged spheres using
CFD will later be extended to modelling arrays of submerged
spheres.

137

Fig. 3: Heave forcing on a still cylinder in 80 and 40 mm incident
waves.
Fig. 4: Surge forcing on a still cylinder in 80 and 40 mm incident
waves.
III. REFERENCES
[1] C. Linton, “Radiation and diffraction of water waves by a submerged
sphere in finite depth,” Ocean Engineering, vol.18, no. 1, pp.61-74,
1991.
[2] I. Chatijigeorgiou, “The analytic solution for hydrodynamic diffraction
by submerged prolate spheroids in infinite water depth,” Journal of
Engineering Mathematics,vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 47-65, 2013.
[3] G. De Backer, Hydrodynamic design optimization of wave energy
converters consisting of heaving point absorbers. PhD Thesis, ugent.
[4] J.-R. Nader, S.-P. Zhu, P. Cooper, and B. Stappenbelt, “A finite-element
study of the efficiency of arrays of oscillating water column wave
energy converters,” Ocean Engineering, vol. 43, pp. 72-81, 2012.
[5] Y. Delaure and A. Lewis, “3d hydrodynamic modelling of fixed
oscillationg water column wave power plant by a boundary element
methods,” Ocean Engineering, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 309-330, 2003.
[6] J.-R. Nader, S.-P. Zhu, and P. Cooper, “Hydrodynamic and energetic
properties of a finite array of fixed oscillating water column wave
energy converters,” Ocean Engineering, vol. 88, pp. 131-148, 2014.
138
 The Flow-Induced Vibration of Pivoted Rigid
Circular Cylinders as the Proposed Basis for a Tidal
Stream Energy Device
Johnstone, Andrew D#1, Stappenbelt, Brad*2, Blitzner, Aslaug T#3
#
School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronics, University of Wollongong
Wollongong, NSW, Australia
1
adj867@uowmail.edu.au
2
brads@uow.edu.au
3
atb899@uowmail.edu.au

angle and frequency equations the efficiency equation

I. KEYWORDS accounts for all the relevant structural property terms.
Pivoted cylinder; Renewable energy; Tidal stream; Splitter- The formulated nondimensional parameters and equations
plate; Flow-induced vibration. provide additional insight into the flow-induced vibration
response of pivoted rigid cylinders. Furthermore, they are
II. ABSTRACT useful analytical tools for the optimisation of such a system
The dynamic response of pivoted rigid circular cylinders for extracting energy from an incident tidal (or steady-current)
with a single degree of freedom undergoing flow-induced crossflow.
vibration has been investigated through physical laboratory
scale experiments. The cylinders were constrained to pivot D l
about one end with freedom to swing through a plane
perpendicular to the direction of the incident crossflow.
Two different cylinder configurations were studied and for
each case over a range of applied damping the cylinder
angular and frequency response was recorded and the A B C
efficiency of energy extraction from the crossflow measured.
In the first case a plain circular cylinder cross-section was Fig. 1 Configurations of cylinder cross-section: A. Plain cylinder; B.
Cylinder with 1-sided splitter-plate; and C. Cylinder with 2-sided splitter-
employed, and in the second, rigid non-rotating splitter-plates plate.
aligned with the crossflow direction were attached along the
full length of the cylinder axis.
Composite plate: 1x10mm aluminium Magnet arm/holder (swings
Nondimensional parameters have been formulated defining plate + 2x3mm Copper sheet with cylinder)
some of the cylinder structural properties and the cylinder Fixed (fixed to carriage)
splitter- Pivot shaft
response behaviour and together with the experiment data plate SP P SP
these parameters have been employed to formulate general
equations, respectively, for the average peak oscillation angle rs
and frequency response. Each of these equations contain terms LS LS

for all the relevant structural properties of the system.

Through inspection of these equations it is apparent that the
magnitudes of the angle and frequency responses are the
outcome of the combined effects of the set of structural
properties that define the system. Fig. 2 Schematic of experiment apparatus. Items SP and LS denote,
The input- and output-power terms in the analytic respectively, the spring-sets used to control the system stiffness and the laser
expression for efficiency have been cast in the displacement sensors for measurement of the cylinder angular motion.
Carriage carrying cylinder travels in the x-direction. Tank filled with water.
nondimensional parameters of the pivoted cylinder system. Note: Cylinder with 1-sided splitter-plate depicted.
The resulting equation provides predictions of efficiency that
are highly consistent with the experiment data. Just as for the

139
 Tidal Current Speed Analysis near Offshore
Bridges through Field Observations and
Numerical Simulation
Hak-Soo Lim#1, Jin-Hak Yi*2, Chang-Shik Kim#3, Won-Dae Baek*4
#
Operational Oceanography Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology
787 Haean-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Rep. of Korea
1hslim@kiost.ac.kr

3
surfkim@kiost.ac.kr
*
Coastal Development Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Scince and Technology
Haean-ro 787, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Rep. of Korea
2
yijh@kiost.ac.kr
4
wdbaek@kiost.ac.kr
  
    
Abstract — In this study, the characteristics of the flow speed including the maximum and the average
values of tidal current speed and the characteristics of tidal currents by layer were analyzed. For this
purpose, speed of the tidal currents around Yeosu Dolsan Bridge, Incheon Bridge, and Yeongjong Bridge
were observed for a period longer than a month; the flow speed around these bridges, among the major
domestic offshore bridges, are known to be high. The observations were intended for the development of
a small-scale tidal current power generation system using the piers that are substructures of the offshore
bridges that connect land with an island or an island with an island. In addition, a regional operational
modeling system (ROMS), a numerical model of coastal hydrodynamics, was established for Yeosu and
Incheon waters and was corrected using observation data; then, a long-term simulation was carried out to
calculate the highest annual flow speed. The data obtained by analyzing the speed of the current
approaching the offshore bridges were used for analyzing the tidal currents around the bridges as an open
boundary condition of the numerical analysis model. The data obtained by observing the surroundings of
the bridges were used for verifying the result produced by the numerical analysis model. The results of
this study may be used in the development of a small-scale tidal current power generation system as
mentioned earlier based on the distribution of annual flow speed calculated in the coastal numerical
model.
Keywords — Operational Ocean Modeling System, Tidal Current Power Generation System, Flow Speed
Observation, Numerical Simulation.
 
References
[1]  D.B. Haidvogel, H. Arango,  W.P. Budgell, B.D. Cornuelle, E. Curchitser, E.D. Lorenzo, K.  Fennel, 
W.R. Geyer, A.J. Hermann, L. Lanerolle, J. Levin, J.C. McWilliams, A.J. Miller, A.M. Moore,, T.M. Powell, 
A.F. Shchepetikin, C.R. Sherwood, R.P. Signell, J.C. Warner and J. Wilkin, “Ocean forecasting in terrain‐
following coordinates: formulation and skill assessment of the Regional Ocean Modeling System,” Journal 
of Computational Physics, vol. 227, pp. 3595‐3624, 2008. 
[2]  Y. Kyozuka and T. Gunji, “Tidal current power generation by making use of a bridge pier,” in Proc. 
of the 2nd Joint Japan/Korea Workshop on Marine Environmental Engineering, 21‐22 October, 2005. 
[3]  Y. Kyozuka and K. Ogawa, “Tidal Current Power Generation Making Use of a Bridge Pier,” in Proc. 
of the OCEANS 2006 ‐ Asia Pacific, 2006.  

140
[4]  Y. Kyozuka, T. Gunji and H. Wakahama, “Tidal Power Generation by Making Use of a Bridge Pier,” 
in Proc. of the Sixteenth (2006) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, San Francisco, 
California, USA, May 28‐June 2, 2006. 
[5]  Y. Kyozuka, “Tidal current power generation making use of a pier of the Ikitsuki Bridge,” in Proc. 
of Civil Engineering in the Ocean. 24. 13‐18, 2008. 
[6]  H.S. Lim, J.A. Kim, C.S. Kim, and, K.S. Park, “SOON: The Saemangeum Operational Oceanography 
Networks,” Journal of Coastal Research, vol. SI64, pp. 1095‐1100, 2011. 
[7]  H.S. Lim, I.S. Chun, C.S. Kim, K.S. Park, J.S. Shim and J.J. Yoon, “High‐resolution operational coastal 
modeling  system  for  the  prediction  of  hydrodynamics  in  Korea  using  a  wave‐current  coupled  model,” 
Journal of Coastal Research, vol. SI65, pp. 314‐319, 2013. 
[8]  H.S.  Lim,  I.S.  Chun,  J.S.  Shim  and  C.S.  Kim,  “Wave‐induced  current  simulated  by  wave‐current 
coupled model in Haeundae,” Journal of Coastal Research, vol. SI75, pp. 1392‐1396, 2016. 

141
 Seasonal Variation of the Tidal and Ocean
Currents in the Tsugaru Strait
Shoki HONMA#1, Ayumi SARUWATARI#2, Makoto MIYATAKE#3, and Tomoya HIROTA#4
#1
Hokkaido University
honma13805@eng.hokudai.ac.jp
#2
Hokkaido University
saruwata@eng.hokudai.ac.jp
#3
National Institute of Technology, Hakodate College
miyatake@hakodate-ct.ac.jp
#4
Hokkaido University
s26143192g@eis.hokudai.ac.jp

Since the tidal component of the velocity is driven by a water

I. KEYWORDS
Tidal current, ocean current, Tsugaru Strait, energy
potential, power generation, field observation, numerical
simulation,
II. ABSTRACT
The Tsugaru Strait lying between Hakodate and Honshu
islands of Japan is one of the most powerful site for tidal and
ocean energy. The potential for tidal-ocean power of the
Tsugaru Strait has been estimated at 3.4GW that will generate
493GWh/year electricity (NEDO, 2011). There have been
great discussions for utilizing the tidal and ocean currents in
the strait over the past few years. In this study, vertical
structure and seasonal variation of the tidal-ocean currents are
explained based on field observations conducted at off the
coast of Cape Shiokubi as well as three-dimensional
numerical computations of the flow in the strait.
Numerical modelling by a three-dimensional non-hydrostatic
circulation model, MITgcm (e.g. Marshall et al., 1997),
revealed fundamental features of the current in the Tsugaru
Strait. The current is mainly formed by an ocean current
running towards the Pacific Ocean (the Tsugaru Warm
Current) and a tidal current dominated by the diurnal
constituents (K1, O1) rather than semi-diurnal ones (M2, S2).
As the ocean current cancels out the westward tidal current,
the flow of the strait basically oriented into Eastwards, which
may bring advantages in designing tidal devices for this
location.
level difference between East and West sides of the strait, the
observed velocity highly correlated with the water difference
at a lag of three hours (R~0.8). The ocean-current component
of the velocity shows seasonal variations in the range of 0.51-
0.64 ms-1 and was strengthened in summer. The effects of the
interaction between the tidal and ocean currents were
relatively intensified in summer. Coexisting tidal and ocean
currents formed more complex flow field in summer rather
than simple cancellation of each other out when the major axis
of tidal ellipses oriented into slightly different direction with
the ocean current (Fig.2).
External factors such as wind, density difference and surface
waves causes variation in the velocity field of the tidal-ocean
currents. Velocity oscillation shorter than the tidal component
quantified by Fourier analysis increased during summer
compared with winter. Vertical profile of the fluctuation of the
energy potential was estimated by residual velocity from the
tidal-ocean velocity synthesized from the harmonic constants
estimated by the present observed data. The energy fluctuation
gradually strengthened towards the water surface, and sharply
increased within 1 m beneath the surface (Fig.3). Features of
the velocity fluctuation should be investigated in more details
in the future works.
2 2 2
/

2
Off the coast of Cape Shiokubi, Hakodate city, where the / 2 2
/

flow converges to form a strong current at the narrow neck of

/
/

/
2

the strait found to be one of the potential site to harness the

2

2 2
tidal and ocean energy. Field observations were performed at
the location P1 where the water depth is 25m and 800m away 2 //
 

from the nearest coast line (see Fig.1) to see the details of the 2 / /

flow features by installing an acoustic Doppler current profiler

(ADCP) through 2013 March 18 to 2014 January 20. Peak Fig. 1 Depth average tidal and ocean energy potential distribution.
velocity at a spring tide ranged between 1.2ms-1 that may be
harness with a tidal device such as diffuser turbine system.

142
 25
Distance from seabed[m]
Spring Summer Autumn Winter
20 Upper Upper Upper Upper
Layer Layer Layer Layer
15
Middle Middle Middle Middle
Layer Layer Layer
10 Layer

5 Bottom Bottom Bottom

Bottom
Layer Layer
Layer Layer
0
1 100 1000 1 100 1000 1 100 1000 1 100 1000
RMS of the difference in the energy densities [W/m2]
Fig.2 Tidal ellipse

30 30 30 30
Distance from seabed[m]

Ocean Current upper upper Ocean Current Ocean Current

Ocean Current
upper 47.5[cm/s] Layer Layer 61.5[cm/s] 46.3[cm/s]
47.4[cm/s] upper
Layer Layer
20 20 20 20
Middle Middle
Middle Layer Ocean Current Layer
Ocean Current Middle Ocean Current
Layer Ocean Current 63.5[cm/s] 60.7[cm/s] Layer 54.1[cm/s]
51.2[cm/s]
10 10 10 10
Bottom Bottom
Bottom Layer Layer
Ocean Current Ocean Current Bottom
Layer Ocean Current
45.5[cm/s] 44.8[cm/s] Layer
Ocean Current 40.3[cm/s]
0 42.3[cm/s] 0 0 0
Summer Autumn Winter
Spring
10[cm/s] Diurnal constituents
Semi-diurnal
10[cm/s]

Fig. 3 Fluctuation Component except tide and ocean current in Each Layer

REFERENCES
[1] Marshall,J.A.Adcroft,C.Hill,L.Perelman and C.Heisy:A finite-
volume,incompressible Navier Stokes model for studies of the oceanon
parallel computers, J.Geophys.Res.Oceans,102,C3,pp.5753-575, 1997.
[2] Marshall,J.C.Hill,L.Perelman and A.Adcroft:Hydrostatic quasi-
hydrostatic,and nonhydrostatic ocean modeling,
J.Geophy.Res.Oceans,102,C3,pp.5733-5752, 1997.

143
Floater design and structural analysis on 15kW-class
WEC
Patrick Mark Singh#1, Zhenmu Chen#2, Soo-Hyeon Park*3, Young-Do Choi##4
#
Graduate School, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mokpo National University
*
Institute of New and Renewable Energy Technology Research, Mokpo National University
##
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of New and Renewable Energy Technology Research, Mokpo National
University
(61 Dorim-ri) 1666 Youngsan-ro, Cheonggye-Myeon, Muan-Gun, Jeonnam, 58555, Korea
1
pms72006@yahoo.com
2
chenzhenmu@163.com
3
psh123@mokpo.ac.kr
4
ydchoi@mokpo.ac.kr

I. KEYWORDS
Wave Energy Converter (WEC), floater, Stress,
Deformation, Structure analysis

II. ABSTRACT
Wave energy converter (WEC) is a device that exploits the
power available in the wave to generate electricity. This form
of energy is clean and renewable. There have been many new
Fig. 1 3D Model of initial model floater design
technologies of WEC being developed recently, which gives
us motivation to study it further to make it fully
commercialized.
Wave power is distinct from the diurnal flux of tidal power
and the steady gyre of ocean currents. Wave-power generation
is not currently a widely employed commercial technology,
although there have been attempts to use it since at least 1890
[1]. In 2008, the first experimental wave farm was opened in
Portugal, at the Aguçadoura Wave Park [2].
The major competitor of wave power is offshore wind
power. However, companies should not think about wave
power as competition but as a bonus with offshore wind
technology as both can be used at the same time from the
same location. So we suggest that renewable energy such as
wind and ocean technologies could be combined and used
hand in hand, rather competing between them.
A previous study was conducted on this project, which was Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of final floater design
the foundation study conducted to develop the structural
components of a miniature scaled model of a 20W class WEC.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The current study however, is focused on designing the full
scale model, 15kW class. As the floater is the key component, This work was supported by the New and Renewable
Energy of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology
we have focused on designing it by reducing its material
Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea
without exceeding the stress concentrations. government Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (No.
The previous study was a simple design using a semi- 2013T100200066)
hemisphere made of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) and
supported on its center by a wood support as shown in Figure
1.The final floater is made of urethane foam and FRP REFERENCES
thickness of 9 mm with a 0.3 m diameter PVC cylinder in the [1] C. Miller (August 2004). "Wave and Tidal Energy Experiments in San
Francisco and Santa Cruz".
center providing added support as shown in Figure 2. [2] J. L. Babcock, 2008 “EDP and Efacec to Collaborate on Wave Energy
Projects”, Bloomberg, September 23.

144
 Investigating the development of large scale
wave converter test sites in Tasmania
Kyra Eve Johnston#1, Irene Penesis#2, Rahman Rahimi #3
#
National Centre for Maritime Engineering and Hydrodynamics, Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania
Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
11kyra.eve@gmail.com

2i.penesis@utas.edu.au

3rahman.rahimi@utas.edu.au

I. KEYWORDS
Wave energy converter, wave energy test sites, Tasmania,
optimisation, large scale

II. ABSTRACT
Ocean renewable energy is a fast developing market that in
the future can make an impact on supplying the worlds
demand for cleaner energy. Wave energy converters (WEC)
are part of this innovative technology yet still require
substantial amount of testing to validate not only their
concepts but their ability to successfully survive in the harsh
ocean environment. Fig. 1 90th percentile wave energy (kW/m) for September in Southern
Australia. [3]
Established sites are highly recommended by Holmes and
Nielsen [4] particularly for large scale devices as to reduce the Five initial locations, (blue circles) in Fig. 2, were primarily
unnecessary technical and financial difficulties associated evaluated and determined based on their proximity to
with the development of such an area. The European Marine established substations in Tasmania represented by (red
Energy Centre (EMEC) and the Atlantic Marine Energy test circles), and their bathymetry. It can be noted that King Island
site (AMETS) are just an example of the highly recognised does not include a substation as it has a standalone power
sites across Europe and America that further promote the system that is designed to incorporate fluctuations of power
development of WEC’s [5]. input from renewable energy devices that a test site could be
connected to.
The focus of this paper is to investigate and determine
potential sites for the testing of large scale wave energy
converters in Tasmania, Australia. A device must therefore be
successful in functioning in mild to extreme conditions in an
open environment while demonstrating its reliability and
survivability. A selection criteria was established based on the
recommended qualities of test sites, the development of other
sites such as Belmullet [1] and the French Wave Energy test
site (SEM-REV) [6] and in particular the Australian devices.

The most imperative aspect of a site is the wave energy

resource available and its consistency as it relates directly to
how a device captures energy. The western coast of Tasmania
and King Island are part of the southern Australian region that
have been identified as an area of sufficient world class wave
energy resources as represented in Fig. 1 with areas up to
150kw/m [2, 3, 8]. Other important factors that were
considered in the site selection process included connection to
the grid, minimal environmental or societal impact,
accessibility and general suitability for Australian device
testing.
Fig. 2 Substation locations (red) and subsequent refined site location
(blue).

145
 The wave climate is one of the most influential factors in
determining a test site and a devices ability to maximise
energy capture [7]. The significant wave height and peak
wave period are highly important factors when considering the
suitability of a device at a specific location. These parameters
vary depending on design, scaling and configuration of the
device. Fig. 3 represents the scatter plot for Cape Grim
(location 3) demonstrating the significant wave height in
meters and peak wave period and seconds.
Fig. 3 Significant wave height (m) and peak wave period (s) for location 3
Further analysis into these sites indicated that Surprise
Point on King Island and Cape Grim in Tasmania were the
more suitable locations to operate a large scale test site for
wave energy converters.
Cape Grim is located in the northern region on the west
coast with proximity to Woolnorth Bluff Point/ Cape Grim
wind farm with accessibility by established roads. The site has
bathymetry and a range of depths, similar to that of large scale
test sites allowing for a greater operation of device type and
scaling all within 13km from shore. The wave power was
found to be the greatest around September and October when
the local demand for electricity is high.
Located on the southern west coast of King Island, Surprise
Point has an uninterrupted wave climate and would have little
impact on local coastal activities. The water depth at this site
ranges from 40 to 70m depth, between 3 and 5km from shore.
King Island also has the established power system that would
allow for the integration into the grid.
Both Surprise Point and Cape Grim are considered
potential locations for the development of a large scale wave
energy converter test sites in Tasmania. The sites would
provide for additional studies into WEC efficiency,
installation, mooring and environmental impact studies
necessary for the advancement and commercialisation of the
ocean renewable sector.
III. REFERENCES
[1] Developing Ocean Energy in Ireland, Belmullet Wave Energy Test Site,
S.E.A.o.I. (seai), Editor. 2007: Belmullet, Co. Mayo, Ireland.
[2] Gadonneix, P. and T.W. Thorpe, Survey of Energy Resources. 2010,
World Energy Council: United Kingdom.
[3] Hemer, M. and D. Griffin, The wave energy resource along Australia's
Southern margin. Journal of Renewable and Substantial Energy, 2010.
2(043108).
[4] Holmes, B. and Nielsen, K. Guidelines for the Development and
Testing of Wave Energy Systems, in Report T02-2.1. 2010, OES-IA
Annex Task 2.1.
[5] Lynn, P.A., Electricity from Wave and Tide: An Introduction to Marine
Energy. 2013: John Wiley & Sons.
[6] Mouslim, H., et al., Development of the French Wave Energy Test Site
SEM-REV. 2009, Ecole Centrale de Nantes Fluid Mechanics
Laboratory: Nantes France.
[7] Nielsen, K., & Pontes, T. (2010). Task 1.2 Generic and Site-Related
Wave Energy Data. Retrieved from Denmark:
[8] Rahimi, R., Tasmanian Atlas of Offshore Renewable Energies. 2015,
CSIRO, Australian Maritime College.
146
 Wave Energy Potential Estimation
Using Normalized WEC Performance
and Standardized Metocean Data
Tomoki Taniguchi#1, Toshifumi Fujiwara#2, Shunji Inoue#3
#
Offshore Renewable Energy Exploitation Department, National Maritime Research Institute, Japan
6-38-1 Shinkawa, Mitaka Tokyo, Japan
1
taniguchi@nmri.go.jp
2
fujiwara@nmri.go.jp
3
inoue@nmri.go.jp

I. KEYWORDS Normalized power matrix

Wave energy potential, 21 years hind cast dataset of waves, 0.00 -0.10 0.10 -0.20 0.20 -0.30 0.30 -0.40
0.40 -0.50 0.50 -0.60 0.60 -0.70 0.70 -0.80
Normalized power matrix, Standardized joint probability 0.80 -0.90 0.90 -1.00
distribution.
1.00
II. ABSTRACT 0.90
Recently, needs for utilization of wave energy around Japan 0.80
0.70
for providing electricity power are increasing because wave 0.60
energy is not only clean energy not to use the fossil fuel for it, 0.50
but also domestic energy not depending on import from other 0.40
0.30 0.5
countries. Wave energy potential is generally estimated by its 0.20 2.5
power density, which is calculated form wave height and 0.10 4.5
0.00 6.5
wave period. The wave power density is a fundamental factor 0.6 0.8 8.5 Hs ratio [-]
1
and information for selecting a site that could be suitable for 1.2 1.4
1.6 1.8
2 2.2
power production of Wave Energy Converter (WEC). The Ts ratio [-]
factor, however, does not usually take into account any power
matrixes, which characterizes power production performance Fig. 1 Normalized power matrix of WEC
and operational limits for WECs. The power matrix is made
based on sea trials or simulation results under specific
environmental conditions. Then it is not appropriate for wave Region 7
energy potential estimation to apply the power matrix, not to
be optimized to the site condition, to subjected sites.
This paper presents the way of wave energy potential
estimation easily with some validity and the result of the
Region 6 Region 1
potential with normalized power matrix and standardized joint
probability distribution of wave height and period to be able to
use wave energy assessment in the stage without firm
development plans and assumptions. Region 5
Region 2
The normalized power matrix is constructed by averaging
five kinds of WEC power matrixes[1etc.] which are Region 3
Region 4
normalized optimum operation condition of each WECs. Fig.
1 shows the normalized power matrix obtained from this
analysis.
In order to make the Standardized Joint Probability Fig. 2 Regions where SJPDs are constructed
Distribution (SJPD)[2], the significant wave height (HS) and
the average wave period (T01) are analysed along the line Using the normalized power matrix and SJPD, wave energy
which is about 30km distant from Japanese coast shown in Fig. potentials are estimated for each region and each EWC. The
2. The 21 years numerical hind cast dataset of waves results are shown in Fig. 3. The Region 2 is indicated as the
estimated by Waseda et.al[3] are used in the analysis. Based most promising region around Japan due to high average HS.
on the change ratio of HS and T01 along the line, seven regions It is also founded that the most suitable WEC type for the
having different HS and T01 trends are proposed for Regions 1 and 2 is a translation motion type as new
constructing SJPD. Fig. 2 also shows the each region where information. In case of the Regions 3 to 7, the overtopping
SJPD are constructed named as Regions 1 ~7. type WEC is the most suitable.
The energy potential assessment approach based on the
normalized power matrix and the regional SJPD represented

147
in this paper are useful for volume estimation of electricity
power production at a candidate sea site.

2.0 10

1.5 8
6
HS [s]

TS [s]
1.0
Wave height (Hs) 4
0.5 2
Wave period (Ts)
0.0 0
0 All 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Region No.

Averaged Translational motion type

Articulated motion type Overtopping type
16 Articulated motion type on seabed Wave height (Hs) 2.0

14 1.8
1.6
12
1.4
Power [kW/m]

10 1.2

HS [m]
8 1.0

6 0.8
0.6
4
0.4
2 0.2
0 0.0
0
All 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Region No.

Fig. 3 Estimated results of regional wave energy potential around Japan.

REFERENCES
[1] Dina Silva, Eugen Rusu and Carlos Guedes Soares, “Evaluation of
Various Technologies for Wave Energy Conversion in the Portuguese
Nearshore”, Energies 2013, 6, pp.1344-1364.
[2] Taniguchi, T., Ishida, S., Fujiwara, T. and Inoue, S., “A Study on
Standard Sea State for Safety and Performance Evaluation of Offshore
Wind and Marine Energy Convertors”, Proc. of the Japan Society of
Naval Architects and Ocean Engineers, Vol. 19, 2014, pp. 279-281 (in
Japanese).
[3] Waseda, T., Miyazawa, Y., (This paper is submitted in this conference.)

148
Effects of Extreme Wave-Current Interactions on the
Performance of Tidal Stream Turbines
Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez#1 , Kate Porter#2 , Carwyn Frost*1 , Matthew Allmark*2 , Cameron Johnstone #3 , Tim
O’Doherty*3
#
Energy Systems Research Unit, University of Strathclyde
Glasgow, G1 1XJ, United Kingdom
1
s.ordonez@strath.ac.uk
2
kate.porter@strath.ac.uk
3
cameron.johnstone@strath.ac.uk
*
School of Engineering, Cardiff University
Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
1
frostc1@cardiff.ac.uk
2
AllmarkM J1@cardiff.ac.uk
3
Odoherty@cardiff.ac.uk

2 s. The tests were carried out at the 3.5 x 9 x 220 m CNR-

I. KEYWORDS INSEA N towing tank. Figure 1 shows the turbine installed in
Tidal Turb ine, Extreme Environment, Wave-Current the facility.
Interactions, Experiments.

II. A BST RACT

The development of marine energy technology has
increased rapidly in recent years. However, to date, only
single turbine prototypes have been deployed [1]. One reason
for this is the complex loading conditions in the field that
result fro m unsteadiness in the flow. The majority of existing
projects have been developed in areas no deeper than 40 m,
and depending on the site, the geometry of the turbine and
type of support structure used (e.g. floating or rigid
foundation), the turbine rotor will be affected part ially or fu lly
by wave-current interactions.

The computational study of Tatum, et al. (2015) [2]

indicated that the variation of bending mo ments on the blades
due to the oscillatory motion of waves will translate into
forces directly applied to s mall areas of the drivetrain, which
will affect co mponents such as bearings and seals. Fig. 1: Turbine set-up in the CNR-INSEAN tow tank.
Nevalainen, et al. (2015) [3] also showed numerically that the
turbine shaft is highly affected by wave motion. Thus, the
sinusoidal variations of wave-current velocities have the
potential to reduce significantly the life of the drivetrain
components and the rotor blades.

While a small nu mber of experimental studies have

investigated the effects of wave-current interaction on turbines
[4-6], few have studied in detail the temporal variation of
loading and considered the impact this will have on the
performance of turbine co mponents, particularly under larger
amp litude waves representing more extreme conditions.
Therefore, an experimental programme to study the effects of
wave-current flows on a tidal turbine was undertaken. A
scaled horizontal axis turbine of 0.5 m in diameter was
equipped with a torque transducer, a thrust gauge and an
encoder to obtain power and thrust coefficients. Two flow
regimes of 0.5 and 1.0 m/s were set during the experiments, Fig. 2 Power coefficient of the turbine working during extreme wave-current
with variat ions of wave height of 0.2 to 0.4 m and a period of events (red) and during normal conditions (black).

149
 A comparative analysis of the performance characteristics
of the turbine is presented in this paper as Cp -TSR and Ct -TSR
curves, comparing the power capture and thrust loading under
wave and no wave conditions, as depicted in Figure 2 and 3.
The temporal variations of power and thrust were also
investigated to improve understanding of the impact that the
blade position in the water column relat ive to the wave phase
has on loading, and analysis of the peak power and thrust
coefficients enabled quantification of the extreme loads.

Fig. 3 Thrust coefficient for wave-current (magenta) and current (blue) at

1m/s tow speed.

REFERENCES
[1] Mofor, L., Goldsmith, J. & Jones, F. (2014). Ocean Energy:
Technology readiness, Patents, Deployment Status and Outlook.
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).
[2] Tatum, S., Frost, C., Allmark, M., O’Doherty, D., Mason-Jones, A.,
Prickett, P., et al. (2015). Wave–current interaction effects on tidal
stream turbine performance and loading characteristics. International
Journal of Marine Energy.
[3] Nevalainen, T., Johnstone, C. & Grant, A. (2015). An Unsteady Blade
Element Momentum Theory for T idal Stream Turbines with Morris
Method Sensitivity Analysis. EWTEC’11, Nantes, France.
[4] Gaurier, B., Davies, P., Deuff, A. & Germain, G. (2013). Flume tank
characterization of marine current turbine blade behaviour under
current and wave loading, Renewable Energy, 39, 1-12.
[5] Galloway, P.W., Myers, L.E. & Bahaj, A.S. (2014). Quantifying wave
and yaw effects on a scale tidal stream turbine, Renewable Energy, 63,
297-307.
[6] Barltrop, N., Varyani, K.S., Grant, A., Clelland, D. & Pham, X.P.
(2007). Investigation into wave-current interactions in marine current
turbines, Proc. IMechE Vol. 221 Part A: J. Power and Energy.

150
 Comparative Study of Numerical Modelling
Techniques to Estimate Tidal Turbine Blade Loads
Kate Porter#1, Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez#2, Thomas Nevalainen#3, Song Fu#4, Cameron Johnstone#5
#
Energy Systems Research Unit, University of Strathclyde
Glasgow, G1 1XJ, United Kingdom
1kate.porter@strath.ac.uk

2s.ordonez@strath.ac.uk

3thomas.nevalainen@strath.ac.uk

4
song.fu@strath.ac.uk
5cameron.johnstone@strath.ac.uk

The resulting pressure distribution on the blade surface of this

I. KEYWORDS combined 2D-CFD-BEMT approach is depicted in Figure 1.
Tidal Turbine, Blade Loading, CFD, Blade Element The validity of this method has been assessed through
Momentum Theory, Model Comparison. comparison with both a full 3D-CFD model of the blade using
ANSYS Fluent, and the BEMT approach [6]. In general, very
II. ABSTRACT good agreement was found between the methods, as shown in
The accurate estimation of loads on tidal turbine blades is Figures 2 and 3. However, greater differences between the
essential for generating a suitable structural design and 3D-CFD and 2D-CFD-BEMT models occurred near the blade
selecting materials that can resist the rough marine tip along the leading edge (Figure 2a) and on the lower
environment imposed on them. Blade loads can be obtained surface of the blade at the widest point of the cross-section
by empirical or theoretical methods. Although experimental (Figure 2b). These differences between the 3D-CFD, 2D-
testing can provide more realistic blade loading data, both CFD-BEMT and BEMT approaches are discussed in detail in
laboratory and field tests are limited by the associated costs the paper through comparison of the results for three different
and practical constraints. Moreover, even if such methods are blade profiles: NACA 63-8xx, NREL S814 and Wortmann FX
employed, the instrumentation on the blades is often restricted 63-137, over a range of Reynolds numbers.
to the root section to avoid effects on the blade performance Finally the approaches are evaluated in terms of resolution,
[1]. accuracy and computational time, and an indication of the
Alternatively, there are a range of theoretical approaches practical implications of employing these methods for
that can be solved numerically to predict loading on the material selection and blade structural design is given.
turbine blades, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a
commonly employed tool [2, 3]. In theory 3D-CFD models a)
Pressure (Pa)
can provide a detailed representation of the fluid flow over the
blades and in the wake region of the turbine and hence the
pressure distribution across the blade surface is computed.
However, the implementation of existing CFD models quickly
becomes very computationally expensive [3].
For this reason, other simpler theoretical approaches such
as blade element momentum theory (BEMT) are widely
applied in the preliminary design stages [3-6]. Only one pair
of point loads per blade section are calculated in the BEMT
method, so a high resolution map of load distribution over the
b)
blade surface is not obtained. Consequently detailed analysis Pressure (Pa)
of the loading characteristics in sensitive areas of the blade
(e.g. leading or trailing edge) is not possible, and thus, any
structural analysis based on this approach will be affected by
these limitations.
The aim of the work described in this paper is to formulate
a simplified numerical modelling approach which outputs
detailed calculations of the pressure distribution over the
surface of a tidal turbine blade during operation. To reduce
considerably the computational effort involved compared to
full CFD models, this approach uses a combination of BEMT
Fig. 1 Pressure distribution on a) upper surface and b) lower surface of
and 2D-CFD, where the magnitudes of the inflow vectors and NREL S814 blade generated from a combination of BEMT and 2D-CFD
angles of attack from the first approach are used as inputs to modelling. Red dots mark computed points from 2D sections in CFD models,
the second method to calculate the pressure distribution black lines mark the blade elements used in the BEMT model.
around a number of 2D blade sections. An interpolation
function is then used to estimate the 3D pressure distribution
over the full blade surface based on the series of 2D sections.

151
a)
% difference

b)
% difference

Fig. 2 Percentage pressure difference between 2D-CFD-BEMT and 3D-CFD

models a) upper surface b) lower surface of NREL S814 blade.

Fig. 3 Comparison of pressure data generated across NREL S814 blade from
2D-CFD-BEMT model and full 3D-CFD model. Line indicates perfect
agreement.

REFERENCES
1. Gaurier, B., Davies, P., Deuff, A., & Germain, G. (2013). Flume tank
characterization of marine current turbine blade behaviour under current
and wave loading. Renewable Energy, 1-12.
2. Jo, C. h., Yim, J. y., Lee, K. h., & Rho, Y. h. (2012). Performance of
horizontal axis tidal current turbine by blade configuration. Renewable
Energy, 195–206.
3. Faudot, C. & Dahlhaug, O.G. (2011). Tidal turbine blades: design and
dynamic loads estimation using CFD and blade element momentum
theory, 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic
Engineering, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
4. Masters, I., Williams, A., Croft, T. N., Togneri, M., Edmunds, M.,
Zangiabadi, E., et al. (2015). A Comparison of Numerical Modelling
Techniques for Tidal Stream Turbine Analysis. Energies , 7833-7853.
5. Johnson, P. B., Gretton, G. I., & McCombes, T. (2010). Numerical
modelling of cross-flow turbines: a direct comparison of four prediction
techniques. Bilbao: 3rd International Conference on Ocean Energy.
6. Nevalainen, T., Johnstone, C., & Grant, A. (2015). An Unsteady Blade
Element Momentum Theory for Tidal Stream Turbines with Morris
Method Sensitivity Analysis. 11th European Wave and Tidal Energy
Conference. Nantes, France: EWTEC.

152
 Optimal Design of Blade Shape for a 200 kW Class
Horizontal Axis Tidal Current Turbines
Ji-Hye Seo#1, Jin-HakYi#,*2, Jin-Soon Park #3 Kwang-Soo Lee #4
#,*
Coastal Engineering Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST)
787 Haean-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
1
jhseo@kiost.ac.kr
3
jpark@kiost.ac.kr
4
kslee@kiost.ac.kr
*
Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology, Ocean Science and Technology School, Korea
Maritime and Ocean University (KMOU)
727 Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-Gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
2
yijh@kiost.ac.kr

The fundamental information for optimal design are as

I. KEYWORDS followed: (1) the probability density of tidal current speed
Blade Element Momentum Theory, Genetic Algorithm, observed in Uldolmok tidal current pilot power plant which is
Horizontal Axis Tidal Current Turbine, Optimal Design of specific site in this study (see Fig. 2), (2) the efficiency of
Blade Shape, HARP_Opt. whole system of about 40% for the most advanced available
tidal current turbines. Based on these information, the optimal
II. ABSTRACT rated power was decided as 200 kW and it has the lowest
Tidal current energy is one of the promising renewable LCOE ($ 0.68 / kWh).
energy resources in Korea and it has several advantages such
as regularity and predictability. And various types of tidal
current turbines have been developed for the economically
and technically feasible development of tidal current power
plant especially in southwest coastal area such as Uldolmok
Strait, Jangjuk Channel, Maenggol Channel.
In this study, a tidal current turbine is optimally designed
using hydrofoil FFA 301 series for 5 m long blades (Fig. 1) to
extract 200 kW based on the optimal design software code,
HARP_Opt (Horizontal Axis Rotor Performance Optimizer)
developed by NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) Fig. 2 Tidal current distribution of Uldolmok
which is developed based on the BEMT (Blade Element
Momentum Theory) and GA (Genetic Algorithm). The Fig. 3 shows the shape of blade with parameters, wherein
optimal design of shape and performance evaluation of the the horizontal axis is a dimensionless as radial distance ratio.
horizontal axis rotor for a 200 kW-class tidal current turbines And the result of performance evaluation of the blade is
was carried out considering the number of blades (two or three shown in Fig. 4.
bladed), the method of pitch control system (variable pitch or
fixed pitch), and so on.

(a) Pre-Twist (b) Chord length

Fig. 1. Blade design parameters (c) Thickness (d) Thickness ratio

Fig. 3 Blade geometry with radial distance ratio

153

(a) Rotor speed & pitch angle
results with performance evaluation by a computational fluid
analysis. However, the efficiency may be estimated largely
under the actual condition having fluctuating flow rates
because BEMT method has been developed basically in the
flow conditions with a constant flow rate. Therefore, even
though the optimal design can be conducted using the BEMT,
it is necessary to carry out the computational fluid dynamics-
based numerical simulation and field demonstration test for
the final performance evaluation to reflect the vibration
characteristic associated with actual irregular flow rates taking
into account of fluid-structure interaction.

REFERENCES
[1] Bir, G.S., Lawson, M.J. and Li, Y., “Structural Design of a Horizontal-
Axis Tidal Current Turbine Composite Blade,” in Proceedings of the
ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and
Arctic Engineering , 2011
[2] Buhl, M.L. Jr. “WT_PERF User’s Guide,” National Wind Technology
Center NREL, Golden, Colorado, USA, 2004.
(b) Power coefficient & power [3] Legrand, C., “Assessment of Tidal Energy Resource: Marine Renewable
Fig. 4 Blade performance with flow speed Energy Guides,” European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC), 2009.
[4] Sale, D., and Li, Y., “Preliminary Results from a Design Methodology
As a result, the 200 kW class horizontal axis tidal current and Optimization Code for Horizontal Axis Wind and Hydrokinetic
turbines is designed and the rated tidal current speed is set as Turbines,” in Proceedings of the ASME 2010 29th International
Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, 2010.
2.3 m/s, and the VSFP type turbines with 3-blades shows the [5] Wilkinson, M., Harman, K., Hendriks, B., Spinato, F., van Delft, T.,
best performance (Table 1). Garrad, G. L., and Thomas, U. K., “Measuring wind turbine reliability,
results of the reliawind project,” In EWEA Conference, 2011, p.1-8.
Table 1 Summary of parametric study results [6] Yi, J.H., and Sale, D., “Blade Shape Optimization of Wind Turbines
VS-FP VS-FP VS-VP VS-VP using Genetic Algorithms and Pattern Search Method,” Journal of The
Control type Korean Society of Civil Engineers, 2012, paper, 32(6A), p.369-378.
(2-blades) (3-blades) (2-blades) (3-blades)
[7] Yi, J.H., Yoon, G.L., and Li, Y., “Numerical Investigation on Effects of
Vrated (m/s) 2.3 Rotor Control Strategy and Wind Data on Optimal Wind Turbine Blade
AEP Shape,” Wind and Structures an International Journal, paper, 2014,
984,473 1,017,369 981,928 1,013,617 18(2), p.195-213.
(kW-hr/yr)
C.F. (%) 51.1 52.8 51.0 52.6
Max Power
224.68 225.32 220.59 220.77
[kW]
Max CP (%) 45.7 48 46.1 49
Ω opt/min
18.62 / 5 17.76 / 5 20 / 5 20 / 5
(rpm)
Max Root
199.44 129.23 199.23 124.42
Flap (kN-m)
Max Torque
112.81 119.47 105.52 105.41
[kN-m]
Max Thrust
153.96 150.97 155.13 146.59
[kN]

However, the performance of the four different kinds of

tidal current turbines looks very similar, hence it is very
important to take into account of economic feasibility
according to the number of blades, the time and cost for
installation and also O&M cost. For example, new rotor
concepts have a tendency to avoid pitching because pitching
devices are one of main issue in maintenance as reported from
the RELIAWIND project (2008-2011) and operators
(Wilkinson et al., 2011). It is also preliminary judged that
using only RPM control without pitch control could be an
alternative to alleviate layout and wake problem.
Finally, BEMT method applied to the optimal design and
performance evaluation in this study is known to bring similar

154
 Effects of Current Field around Tidal Turbine
Array with Fan and Porous Media
Yuka Watanabe#1, Tomoki Ikoma*2, Koichi Masuda*3, Hiroaki Eto*4
#Graduate School of Oceanic Architecture & Eng., CST, Nihon University
7-24-1 Narashinodai Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8501, JAPAN
1csuk14003@g.nihon-u.ac.jp
*Department of Oceanic Architecture & Eng., CST, Nihon University
7-24-1 Narashinodai Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8501, JAPAN
2ikoma.tomoki@nihon-u.ac.jp
3masuda.koichi@nihon-u.ac.jp
4eto.hiroaki@nihon-u.ac.jp

Abstract
This paper discusses the basic method of calculation of an optimum layout of array units of Horizontal
Axis Marine Turbine (HAMT). The author considered wake recovery in short device interval for the array
simulation with using HAMT. For the calculation, the author used CFD calculation for investigating the
model. However, CFD takes time to calculate in the flow field analysis especially in moving objects. We
have considered not only the actual but also introducing numerical model such as fan and porous media to
attenuate energy which causes artificially to be able to reduce numerical efforts. The author adjusted
pressure and wake differential across the fan and porous model to the situation of the actual turbine to
intend to reproduce the surrounding flow field. Although, fan model increases flow rates so that porous
media is set on this study to reduce flow velocity artificially. As a result, around 98% of inlet velocity
recovered in downstream by 20D with longitudinally space. The staggered spacing with 7 fans and porous
medias is presented with two different layouts. The results suggested that more than 2.0Dlateral spacing is
necessary for tidal array.

Keywords: tidal turbine, fan model, porous media, horizontal axis marine turbine (HAMT), array

References
[1] Scottish Power Renewables (2013) Sound of Islay,
http://www.scottishpowerrenewables.com/pages/sound_of_islay.asp(2015.5.)
[2] International Business Times, “World’s Largest Tidal Energy ProjectTo Start Construction Off
Scottish Coast This Year”, http://www.ibtimes.com/worlds-largest-tidal-energy-project-startconstruction-
scottish-coast-year-1668098 (2015.5.)
[3] ALSTOM “Alstom chosen to equip pilot tidal farm at raz Blanchard inFrance”,
http://www.alstom.com/press-centre/2014/12/alstom-chosento-equip-pilot-tidal-farm-at-raz-blanchard-in-
france/ (2015.6.)
[4] L.E. Myers & A.S. Bahaj: An experimental investigation simulating flow effects in first generation
marine current energy convertor arrays, Renewable Energy 37, Elsevier, pp.28-36, 2012.
[5] Khilan Shah, Luke Myers & AbuBkar Bahaj: Experi-mental modelling of a multiple row tidal turbine
array, Grand Renewable Energy 2014 Proceedings, O-Oc-4-1,2014.
[6] Rami Malki, Ian Masters, Alison J. Williams & T. Nick Croft:Planning tidal stream turbine array
layouts using a coupled blade element momentum – computational fluid dynamics model,
RenewableEnergy 63, Elsevier, pp.46-54, 2014.
[7] FLOW-3DⓇ, Ver.11.0, Flow Science Co. Ltd.

155
 Field measurement validation of linear models for
wave-current interaction
George Crossley#1, Ed Mackay*2, Sandy Day#3
#
IDCORE, University of Edinburgh, Exeter & Strathclyde, UK
1
george.crossley@dnvgl.com
3
sandy.day@strath.ac.uk
*
DNV GL Wave & Tidal, Bristol, UK
2
ed.mackay@dnvgl.com

turbulent and wave induced components of the flow on

I. KEYWORDS comparison with real site data.
Wave, current, interaction, validation, loads.

II. ABSTRACT
A linear model for flow kinematics under combined wave and
current conditions is compared against field measurements
from UK tidal site data, recorded using Acoustic Doppler
technology. The dataset contains simultaneous measurements
of sea surface elevation and subsurface orbital velocities
throughout the water column for a range of wave conditions
and current speeds. The theoretical model for water particle
kinematics is compared to the observed kinematics in terms of
velocity spectra at a range of depths. Fully characterizing the
resource is of particular importance in terms of structural
loading and in optimising energy production, and the location
of prospective sites in extremely energetic waters makes this a
challenge that will require collaboration across a range of
marine industries. This work is targeted for applications in
Tidal energy, but it is hoped that it will also find a place in
developments for the wider marine and maritime sectors.

The study can be broken down into five interdependent

iterative stages: a) Simulation of tidal flows inclusive of
waves, and turbulence. b) Measurement of flows using a
Virtual Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). c)
Analysis of tidal site data recorded using a 5 beam ADCP. d)
Comparison of real and modelled data using Virtual ADCP. e)
Effective breakdown and characterisation of the components
of real tidal flows. This paper focuses on the final two stages
of the study and discusses the integration of the developed
kinematics model into loads calculation tools for tidal turbines.
Velocities measured below the sea surface result from
combinations of different components. These components
may include tidal currents, wave orbital velocities and
turbulence, as well as other influences. In the recording of
data there is also likely to be measurement error and noise.
Separating and characterising these individual components
can be challenging, as they are rarely independent, however as
technology and survey methods improve it is increasingly
possible. A virtual ADCP is defined such that records can be
taken at multiple, specified points with variable heading, pitch,
roll, beam angle, pulse frequency and averaging interval as
well as other parameters to be specified. Using this system it [1]
is possible to determine the accuracy of parameters returned [2]
by an ADCP for particular wave, current and turbulent
scenarios, and to more accurately distinguish and separate [3]
Figure 1: Example comparison of measured and simulated vertical velocity
spectra at a range of depths. Sea conditions: Mean current velocity: 1.9ms-1,
Significant wave height 2m, Mean period 8s, Wave direction (relative to
current direction) 40 degrees. Dotted coloured lines are simulated vertical
velocities measured by the virtual ADCP. The solid coloured lines are real
vertical velocity spectra as measured by the TRDI ADCP. Colour bar
indicates depth of velocity measurement.
Flow data containing simultaneous measures of subsurface
velocity and surface elevation from a UK tidal site for
development was measured with 5 beam TRDI deployed from
December 2014 to March 2015. The configuration of the
TRDI ADCP setup and its positioning at the site is input into
the Virtual ADCP. Specific sea conditions are selected from
the data and fed to the flow model which simulates subsurface
velocities based on the current, wave and turbulent conditions.
Velocities are recorded by the Virtual ADCP and compared
with real subsurface velocities measured at the site. This has
allowed for significant conclusions to be drawn on the
effectiveness of a linear model for simulating combined wave-
current flows.
REFERENCES
Hedges, T. (1987) “Combinations of waves and currents: an
introduction”, Proc. Instn. Civ. Engrs., Part 1, 82, Jun, pg. 567-585.
Phillips, O. (1958) “The equilibrium range in the spectrum of wind-
generated waves”, Journ. Fluid Mech. Vol. 164, 919, pg 476-489
Taylor, G. (1938) “The Spectrum of Turbulence”, Proc. Royal Society,
Vol. 164, 919, pg 476-489.

156
 Comparative Performance Analysis of Doubly-Fed
Induction Generator with Wells and Impulse
Turbines
Suchithra R#1, Sumit Sadaphale*2, Paresh Halder#3, Nithya Venkatesan*4 Abdus Samad#5
#
Wave Energy and Fluids Engineering Laboratory
Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras
1#
suchithra.monisha@gmail.com, 3paresh.halder@gmail.com, 5samad@iitm.ac.in
*
School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University Chennai, India
2
sumit.sadaphale@gmail.com, 4nithya.v@vit.ac.in

PTO is only driven with the pressure variations created inside

I. KEYWORDS
Oscillating Water column, self-rectifying airflow, Doubly-
fed induction generator.
II. ABSTRACT
In this article, oscillating water column (OWC) wave
energy device, which uses induction generator to produce
power through Wells turbine or impulse turbine, is studied
through numerical modelling. The turbines are coupled with a
doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). Mathematical
modelling of each stage is done and their performance curves
are compared. The Wells turbine, which operates at a high
speed, has a poor performance because of aerodynamic losses.
While, the impulse turbine, which operates at low speed, has a
broad operating range, but the peak power is low. This paper
considers the operating range and power generated by the
turbines in an open loop condition for regular wave criteria.
As DFIG is a variable rotational speed generator, it is an
effective way of widening the response of turbine to the
varying power levels of waves. The result shows that Wells
turbine coupled with DFIG delivers higher power compared to
impulse turbine.
the capture chamber. The free surface elevation of water
creates a reciprocating airflow inside the chamber. This
airflow is converted into mechanical energy with the help of
Wells turbine or impulse turbine. Figure 1 and 2 shows the
outline of Wells turbine and impulse turbine. The turbine
rotates in single direction for bidirectional airflow [2].
The conventional technique of operating turbine at a
multiple of grid frequency via gearbox reduces the efficiency
of turbine. To maximize the efficiency and to operate at
relatively low frequency of wave spectrum, there is a special
type of generator called doubly fed induction generator [3],
which has winding on both the stator and the rotor. The grid is
connected to the stator and another excitation circuitry is
provided to the rotor. This setup creates a rotating magnetic
field from a circuit which is already rotating to start. For all
range of wave frequencies, the stator supplies a constant grid
frequency.
This paper presents a comparative performance of both
Wells and impulse turbine when coupled with DFIG.

III. INTRODUCTION
There is a significant growth of research and development
in the field of alternative energy. One of the reasons is the
change in energy policy due to global climate change and
growing energy demand. Renewable market is growing, so
advanced technical routines need to be applied to increase the
performance and efficiency of the energy harvesting devices.
Fig. 1 Schematic of Wells Turbine
Among the available renewable energy sources, the ocean
has vast amount of energy in various forms such as waves,
tidal currents, temperature difference etc. It is estimated that Bi-directional air flow
the total power of waves breaking in the coastline around the
world is 2-3 million megawatts [1]. The kinetic and potential Casing
energy contained in the oscillatory motion of ocean waves can
be converted into electricity. There are more than 1000 patents Hub
for harnessing this energy. But very few have reached the Blade
development stage; one among them is oscillating water
column.
OWC consists of an air chamber, and a power take-off
(PTO) system, which includes air driven turbine and electrical
generator with other auxiliary devices. The air chamber is the
only module, which contacts directly with the waves. The Rotational direction

157
 Fig. 2 Schematic of Impulse Turbine range of operation. But less power output compared to Wells
turbine. Table 3 can show the performance of two turbines
with DFIG for regular wave. The generated active power is
nearly 20kW for both the turbine, and reactive power of 9kVA.

TABLE 3
Performance of Wells and impulse turbine with DFIG
Performance Wells turbine Impulse turbine
Input pressure drop (∆P) |7000sin (0.1πt)| Pa |7000sin
(0.1πt)| Pa
Turbine output power 30 kW 90 kW
Turbine torque 870 Nm 660 Nm
Flow rate 100 m3/s 35 m3/s
Generated active power 22.6 kW 15.2 kW
Generated reactive power 9.8 kVA 2 kVA
Stator current 50 A 30 A
Fig. 3 Equivalent circuit of DFIG [3]

IV. MATHEMATICAL M ODELLING VI. CONCLUSION

Mathematical modelling of DFIG, Wells turbine and This paper deals with the comparison of Wells Turbine and
impulse turbine is done in MATLAB-SIMULINK 2014. From Impulse Turbine. A DFIG based system is modelled
the equivalent circuit of DFIG shown in Figure 3, state space numerically and the performance curves are obtained. The
equations are derived and it is modelled in space vector comparative study of both the turbines with DFIG shows that
representation [4]. the operating range of Wells turbine is less than that of
The stator winding of DFIG is connected to the grid with a Impulse turbine because of stalling, but the output obtained
constant supply of 420V and 50Hz. External windings using Wells turbine has higher peak values than impulse
provided on the rotor to apply a controlled voltage to it. For turbine. There is a linear relationship of pressure drop and
the uncontrolled case, the rotor excitation is given through a flow rate in Wells turbine. Its power output is proportional to
converter with an input DC voltage of 10V. When DFIG starts, cube of rotational speed. It can be concluded that Wells
an initial transient and high starting current is observed. This turbine can be efficiently used to deliver high power by
high starting current can be reduced when generator operates delaying stall, with the help of variable speed generator and
in a closed loop. Tables 1 and 2 show the design parameters of speed control techniques. The performance shown is an open
the turbines and the generator. loop performance, future work can be done on controlling the
power for irregular sea conditions.
TABLE 1
Wells and Impulse Turbine Parameters REFERENCE
Parameters Wells turbine Impulse turbine [1] A. Khaligh and O. Onar, Energy harvesting : solar, wind, and ocean
No. of blades (n) 8 30 energy conversion systems. Boca Raton London New York: Taylor &
Radius (r) 0.7825m 0.85m Francis Group, 2010.
Area 1.1763m2 2.269m2 [2] T. Setoguchi and M. Takao, “Current status of self rectifying air
turbines for wave energy conversion,” Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 47,
pp. 2382–2396, Sep. 2006.
TABLE 2
[3] M. A. Rodr, J. Lo, L. Marroyo, and E. Engineers, “Dynamic Modeling
DFIG parameters
of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine,” in Doubly Fed Induction
Parameters Values Machine: Modeling and Control for Wind Energy Generation, 445 Hoes
Stator Resistance (Rs) 3.480 Ω Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011, pp. 209–
Rotor Resistance (Rr) 3.880 Ω 239.
Stator Inductance (Ls) 0.324 H [4] Haitham Abu-Rub, A. Iqbal, and J. Guzinski, High Performance
Rotor Inductance (Lr) 0.324 H Control of Ac Drives With Matlab / Simulink Models High Performance
Mutual Inductance (Lm) 0.317 H Control of Ac Drives With Matlab / Simulink. The Atrium, Southern
No. of poles (p) 2 Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom: John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012.
Moment of inertia (J) 50 kg.m2 [5] M. Alberdi, M. Amundarain, A. J. Garrido, I. Garrido, O. Casquero, and
M. De la Sen, “Complementary Control of Oscillating Water Column-
V. RESULTS AND D ISCUSSION Based Wave Energy Conversion Plants to Improve the Instantaneous
The input differential pressure for Wells turbine and Power Output,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 26, pp. 1021–1032,
Dec. 2011.
impulse turbine is given as |7000sin (0.1πt)| Pa, this value of [6] M. Takao, T. Setoguchi, K. Kaneko, and M. Inoue, “Impulse Turbine
pressure is obtained by analysing the spectrum of wave for Wave Power Conversion with Air Flow Rectification System,” Int. J.
climate and experimental modelling [5]. Characteristic curves Offshore Polar Eng., vol. 12, pp. 142–146, 2002.
of turbine are power coefficient versus flow coefficient and
torque coefficient versus flow coefficient.
It can be seen that impulse turbine operates at low speed [6],
and its flow rate is around 35m3/sec. The performance curves
shows that Wells turbine has stalled condition, when the flow
coefficient reaches around 0.3, comparing Wells turbine
curves with impulse turbine is seen that later has a broad

158
 Modelling Wave-induced Motions of a Floating
WEC with Mooring Lines using the SPH Method
Da-Wei CHEN#1, Shuichi NAGATA#2, Yasutaka IMAI#3
#
Institute of Ocean Energy, Saga University,
1-Honjo machi, Saga-shi, Saga, Japan.
1
Chen@ioes.saga-u.ac.jp
2
Nagata@ioes.saga-u.ac.jp
3
Imai@ioes.saga-u.ac.jp

I. KEYWORDS 0.14

Experiments
Floating body, Wave Energy, Mooring Line, Smoothed 0.12 MPS Model
SPH Model
Particle Hydrodynamics.
0.1

II. ABSTRACT 0.08

Most of floating WECs (wave energy converters) generate

Z (m)
0.06
power by following fluid-induced motions. However, those
devices must be connected with the seabed using the mooring 0.04

lines for avoiding drift away. In engineering, some researchers

0.02
have developed numerical tools with empirical formulae for
easily predicting on mooring line tensions. For the 0

developments of the WECs, the kinematic behaviors of those

-0.02
with mooring lines in time domain are the key points for -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
X (m)
0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16

steady motions without holding in. Hence, the SPH model Fig. 2 Tracking the displacements of floating body.
with the mooring line module was firstly developed in this
paper, and then further estimated the whole motions of the 2

floating WEC with the mooring line system under the wave Experiments
MPS Model
actions. SPH Model

According to the Hall and Goupee (2015) and Ikari and 1.5

Gotoh (2009), the mooring line module with lumped-mass

method to predict the cable tensions for each clump weight on
the cable, and with the particle method to obtain the
T (N)

1
hydrodynamic forces by searching the neighbour fluid
velocities of the each cable nodes, respectively. With particle
spacing of 2 cm, the initial setting of the model includes
0.5
assigned moving particles of 26 on a floating body, 20
particles on a mooring line, and about 5,000 fluid particles, as
shown in Fig. 1. Comparisons of the motions of a floating
body and the tensions of a mooring line with between the 0
0 0.2 0.4
t/T
0.6 0.8 1

experiments by Shigemura et al. (1987) and simulations by
Ikari and Gotoh (2009) under wave height (H) of 13 cm and
wave period (T) of 1 s during a wave cycle are shown in Fig. 2
and Fig. 3. The simulations for tracking motions of a floating
body were well correlated with high correlation coefficients of
0.95-0.99, and the simulated tensions were also seen to be in
good agreements with experiments and simulations by the
MPS method, confirming the applicability of the present
numerical model.
1 Engineering, vol. 104, pp. 590-603, 2015.
0.8
0.6
Z (m)
Fig. 3 Comparing the tensions of a mooring line with measurements and
simulations by MPS model.
The floating body with two mooring lines has been further
simulated under the wave actions, the hydrodynamic
behaviors shall in more details be discussed in the full paper.
REFERENCES
[1] Hall, M.,A. Goupee, “Validation of a lumped-mass mooring line model
with DeepCwind semisubmersible model test data,” Ocean
[2] Hiroyuki Ikari, Hitoshi Gotoh, “Lagrangian Particle Method for
Tracking of Buoy Moored by Chain,” Proceedings of the Nineteenth
(2009) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, pp.

0.4 371-375, 2009.

[3] Shigemura, T., Hayashi, K. and Kouzaki, T., “Dynamic Behavior of a
0.2 Mooring Buoy Subject to Rough Seas,” Proceedings on the 26th
0 Japanese Confereuce on Coastal Engineering, vol.34, pp. 621-625,
0 2 4 6 1987. (in Japanese)
X (m)
Fig. 1 Model settings for the initial conditions.

159
The Variation of Artificial Discharge-Induced
Current in the World’s Largest Tidal Power
Plant According to the Construction of Flow
Reduction Facilities
Jeong Sik Park#1, Seung-Buhm Woo#2 †, Jin Il Song#2, Jong Wook Kim#2, Chang Joon Park*3, Hyo
Keun Kwon *3
#
Department of Ocean Science College of Natural Science, Inha University Incheon, South Korea
1kkang30416@gmail.com

2 †sbwoo@inha.ac.kr (corresponding author)

*
K – Water, 1053, Daebuhwanggeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
3hkkwon@kwater.or.kr

1. Keywords
Tidal power plant, Sihwa, Current velocity, RCM9, Artificial discharge

2. Abstract
To investigate the variation of artificial discharge-induced current according to the
construction of flow reduction facilities (i.e., submerged dike), the mooring deployment for
tidal current were conducted in front of the Sihwa tidal power plant (TPP), South Korea. The
strong currents, formed by artificial discharge of Sihwa TPP, affected to coastal oceanic
environment surrounding Sihwa TPP such as transportation and resuspension of sediment. The
K-water (Korea Water Resource Corporation) constructed the flow reduction facilities (FRF)
to prevent these environmental changes and reduce magnitude of the tidal current. To research
the effect of FRF and the velocity change induced by construction of FRF, compared and
analysed the change of all depth velocity. Before the FRF construction, the current direction of
most vertical layer showed the northwest. Due to operation of sluice gate, the maximum
velocities were about 250 cm s-1 After the FRF construction, the current direction of most
vertical layer presented similar aspect as before the construction. The maximum velocities were
considerably reduced compare with before the FRF (i.e., About 30% reduction at the surface
layer). However, it may cause new unexpected changes such as distraction of direction of tide
and creation of tide with strong current at a peak rather than completely reducing current
velocities. Thus, the additional research such as observation and numerical modelling to
increase the effect of FRF and minimize the environmental change

160
 Dry and Wet Testing of a PTO Based on
Recirculating Ballscrew Technology
 Luca Castellini#1, Giacomo Alessandri#2 
 # Umbra Cuscinetti  
S.p.A Via Valter Baldaccini 06034 Foligno, (PG) ‐ Italy 1 lcastellini@umbragroup.it 
2galessandri@umbragroup.it 
 
Abstract — This paper presents results obtained in experimental tests for the development of a 20 kW
Power Take-Off unit for wave energy conversion. The system is made up of a ballscrew integrated with a
permanent magnet generator. The performance of the generator was measured and analysed under
different speed profiles. The input motion profiles are related to WEC dynamics and location wave
climate where the PTO is going to operate; for the wet test the considered application is a point pivoted
buoy. Several tests have been carried out connecting different purely resistive loads to the generator. For
both dry and wet test, the behaviour and performances of the PTO are presented and compared.

Keywords  —  Ballscrew,  direct  drive,  energy  conversion,  permanent  magnet,  PTO,  PTO  testing, 
reciprocating linear alternator, tidal, wave.

References
[1]  J.  Falnes,  “Ocean  Wave  Energy  and  Oscillating  Systems:  Linear  Interaction  Including  Wave‐Energy 
Extraction”, Cambridge University Press, 1st edition, 2002.  
[2]  J.  Falnes,  “A  review  of  wave‐energy  extraction”,  Marine  Structures,  Volume  20,  Issue  4,  October 
2007, Pages 185‐201, ISSN 0951‐8339, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2007.09.001.  
[3]  E.  Spooner  and  M.  A.  Mueller,  "Comparative  study  of  linear  generators  and  hydraulic  systems  for 
wave energy conversion," ETSU V/06/00189/REP, 2001.  
[4] N. J. Baker, M. A. Mueller, and P. R. M. Brooking, "Electrical power conversion in direct drive wave 
energy converters," presented at 5th European Wave Energy Conference, Cork, Ireland, 2003.  
[5] L. Castellini, M. D'Andrea and N. Borgarelli. "Analysis and of a Reciprocating Linear Generator for a 
PTO"  Power  Electronics,  Electrical  Drives,  Automation  and  Motion  (SPEEDAM),  2014  International 
Symposium on, Ischia, 2014, pp. 1373‐1379.  
[6] D. Coiro, G. Troise, U. Maisto, and G. Calise, “Numerical and experimental tests on a scaled model of 
a  point  pivoted  absorber  for  wave  energy  conversion”,  2nd  Asian  Wave  and  Tidal  Energy  Conference 
(AWTEC), Tokyo, Japan, 28‐31 July 2014.  
[7] D. Coiro, G. Troise, F. De Luca, L. Castellini, G. Alessandri, A. Vogler, C. Greenwood, An Innovative PTO 
for  a  Point  Pivoted  Absorber  for  Wave  Energy  Conversion,  6th  International  Conference  on  Ocean 
Energy (ICOE), Edinburgh, Scotland, 23‐25 February 2016.  
[8]  L.  Castellini,  M.  Carmignano  and  M.  D'Andrea.  "Design  and  characterization  of  6.2  kW  low  speed 
Generator  for  wave  linear  reciprocating  energy  conversion"  Clean  Electrical  Power  (ICCEP),  2013 
International Conference on, Alghero, 2013, pp. 228‐233.  
[9] L. Castellini, M. Carmignano and M. D’Andrea, "Design and characterization of 9.4 kW generator for 
wave  linear  reciprocating  energy  conversion,"  Clean  Electrical  Power  (ICCEP),  2013  International 
Conference on, Alghero, 2013, pp. 221‐227.  

161
[10]  M.  Stalberg,  R.  Waters,  O.  Danielsson,  and  M.  Leijon,  “Influence  of  generator  damping  on  peak 
power  and  variance  of  power  for  a direct drive  wave  energy  converter,”  J.  Offshore  Mech.  Arct.  Eng., 
vol. 130, no. 3, pp. 031003–4, 2008.  
[11]  K.  Schlemmer,  F.  Fuchshumer,  N.  Bohmer,  R.  Costello,  and  C.  Villegas,  “Design  and  control  of  a 
hydraulic power take‐off for an axisymmetric heaving point absorber,” in Proc. 9th European Wave Tidal 
Energy Conf., Southampton, U.K., 2011.

162
 A Pseudo 3-Dimensional Testing Technique for
Slam Loading on an Oscillating Wave Surge
Converter
Alan Mckinley#1, Paul Lamont-Kane#2, Matt Folley#3, Bjoern Elsaesser#4
#
Marine Research Group, Queen’s University Belfast
Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
1amckinley11@qub.ac.uk, 2p.lamont-kane@qub.ac.uk

3m.folley@qub.ac.uk, 4b.elsaesser@qub.ac.uk

As a result of the complex nature in which this extreme

I. KEYWORDS
Wave Energy, Wave Loading, Extreme Loads, Slamming,
Physical Testing
II. ABSTRACT
If wave energy is to become an economically viable source
of renewable energy it is essential that the levelised cost of
energy produced is reduced such that it is competitive in the
overall energy marketplace. Redundancy in design must
therefore be minimised and so the various loading mechanisms
experienced by Wave Energy Converters (WECs) must be well
understood. This is particularly true for loads experienced in
extreme sea states where loads might ultimately drive the
design of devices yet do not contribute to the overall energy
yield.
Research into the extreme wave loading on offshore and
near-shore structures has been ongoing for many years and
structures susceptible to either water wave impact or slamming
are designed according to semi-empirical safety standards
produced as a result of many years’ experience and a wealth of
full and small scale data. Whilst much of the learning obtained
is transferable, the problem is more complex for the design of
WECs where the cost per Megawatt installed is the driving
factor in design and devices are specifically required to interact
heavily with the incident sea states.
Previous work carried out on the extreme loading of WECs
has identified a unique form of slamming as one of the primary
extreme loading mechanisms experienced by surface piercing
Oscillating Wave Surge Converter (OWSC) due to its unusual
position within the design space. An OWSC is a large buoyant
flap, hinged at the sea-bed so that it is free to oscillate in the
pitch mode of motion [1]. All other six degrees of freedom are
fully constrained and the particular OWSC considered in this
previous work is similar to that of the Oyster prototype
developed by Aquamarine Power Ltd.
In a slamming event the flap moves through its seaward
stroke acting as a blockage to the otherwise freely flowing fluid
body of the wave trough, during which time a significant
depression in the free water surface forms on the seaward side
of the device. Thus there is a significant difference in water
level between the front and back face of the device. This
pressure differential then accelerates the flap seaward into the
now heavily modified free water surface resulting in slamming
of the OWSC and the formation of very large impulsive and
pulsating local and global load components.
loading mechanism manifests, visualisation of the process is
crucial to its understanding and quantification, particularly
during load reduction studies. Early work on quantification of
slamming on an OWSC was therefore undertaken in a 2-
Dimensional domain [2] due to the ease with which the fluid
structure interaction could be visualised and high-speed
imagery acquired. This in turn provided a significantly
improved understanding of the hydrodynamic processes
involved and image analysis allowed for further quantitative
assessments of the influence of various design parameters on
the extreme loads experienced. However, the system
hydrodynamics are altered significantly in the 2-Dimensional
domain and so it is preferable to undertake testing using a more
appropriate 3-Dimensional test set-up. Unfortunately this
significantly limits observation of the problem and so a
common ground between the two would be ideal.
This paper lays out a pseudo 3-Dimensional testing method
which aims to provide results in line with those experienced
during 3-Dimensional testing along with the improved
visualisation obtained through 2-Dimensional testing.
Results show the similarities and differences between the
Psuedo-3D technique and the 3-Dimensional testing,
concluding that although the technique is not a perfect
representation of a 3-Dimensional case it is still a useful tool to
further develop.
Fig. 1 Image captured during a slamming event in the Pseudo 3-
Dimensional case

163
 REFERENCES
[1] Whittaker, T. & Folley, M. 2012, "Nearshore oscillating wave surge
converters and the development of Oyster", Philosophical Transactions
of the Royal Society A, vol. 370, no. 1959, pp. 345-364.
[2] Henry, A., Abadie, T., Nicholson, J., McKinley, A., Kimmoun, O. &
Dias, F. 2015, "The Vertical Distribution and Evolution of Slam
Pressure on an Oscillating Wave Surge Converter", ASME 2015 34th
International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering
Canada, 31st May-5th June.

164
 Design of Floating Kuroshio Turbine
Blade Geometries
Ching-Yeh Hsin1, Shih-Yun Wang1, Jiahn-Horng Chen1, Forng-Chen Chiu2
1
Department of Systems Engineering and Naval Architecture,
National Taiwan Ocean University
Keelung, Taiwan
1
hsin@mail.ntou.edu.tw
2
Department of Engineering Science and Ocean Engineering,
National Taiwan University
Taipei, Taiwan

verification and validation, they show that the presented BEM

I. KEYWORDS is a reliable computational tool for blade geometry designs.
Kuroshio, horizontal axis current turbine, boundary element
method, RANS, blade design

II. ABSTRACT
In this paper, the design of floating type Kuroshio turbine
blade geometries is presented. In this paper, a design
procedure similar to the propeller designs ([1])~[8]) is first
developed and presented. A lifting line method and a lifting
surface method for marine current turbines are used to design
the blade geometries, and this blade geometry is then
computed by a boundary element method (BEM) [9] to verify
if the performance reaches the design goal. An iteration
process is then carried out among the lifting line method, the
lifting surface method and the BEM until the design goal is
reached. A design procedure based on the Genetic Algorithm
and BEM [10] is then developed, and the objective is to find a
geometry which can provide more torque based on the
geometry designed by the first procedure. Because the Genetic
Algorithm method requires computations of hundreds
different geometries, BEM has its advantage due to its
computational efficiency. It is found that by combining two
design procedures, we can successfully design turbine blade
geometries.
Although the viscous flow RANS method is widely used
now, the BEM is still much more computationally efficient
than RANS method. The BEM used here is a self-developed,
perturbation potential based boundary element method, and a
wake alignment numerical scheme is established for the
current turbine [9]. It can predict the performance of a
horizontal axis marine current turbine including the torques,
axial forces and powers. In this paper, the computational
results of the presented BEM is first verified by the viscous
flow RANS method, and the computational axial force
coefficients, torque coefficient and power coefficients of two
methods are compared to each other at different Tip Speed
Ratios (TSR). The pressure distributions from two methods
are also compared to each other. In general, the discrepancies
of the computational results between the BEM and RANS are
acceptable, and the trends predicted by two methods are the
same. The BEM results are then validated by the experimental
data [11], and the computational results are close to the
experimental data near the design point. From both
Fig. 1 The comparisons of computational results and the experimental
data of the torque coefficients
In this paper, we have demonstrated the design of a 20kw
Floating Kuroshio Turbine, and several geometric parameters
including number of blades, pitch distribution, camber
distribution and chord length distribution are designed. For
this design case, we have set the design goal to be the
maximum power since we can have larger axial forces for the
floating type current turbine. Therefore, the first procedure
will be used for an initial design, and the GA method will then
be used for the final designs. Fig. 2 shows the force and power
coefficients of the designed geometry for different number of
blades computed by the BEM and RANS methods. The BEM
is the computational method used in two design procedures,
and the RANS method is the method to double check the
design. Since the predicted power by RANS method is larger
than the BEM, it means that both computational methods
predict this design reaches the design goal. Overall, the three
blade geometry showed a promising and balanced
performance. Fig. 3 shows the power curve computed by the
RANS method. In Fig. 3, the line with circles is the rated
power of the electricity generator at different inflow speeds.
Both Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 are important in the operation of the
current turbine.
In this paper, we will also discuss the effects of variations
of the blade geometries, for example, blade tip with end-plate

165
effect geometries. The performances of designed current
turbine blades in oblique inflows are also evaluated to
understand the power decrease due to inflow directions. After
these investigations, the presented current turbine design
procedure is proved to be feasible.
Fig. 2 the force and power coefficients of the designed geometry for
different number of blades computed by the BEM and RANS methods
Fig. 3 The power curve computed by the RANS method
REFERENCES
[1] S. Goldstein, “On the vortex theory of screw propellers”, Proc. R. Soc. London
Ser. A 123 :440-65.
[2] H.W. Lerbs, “Moderately loaded propellers with a finite number of blades and
an arbitrary distribution of circulation”, SNAME Trans. Vol. 60, 1952.
[3] C.-Y. Hsin, “Efficient Computational Methods for Multi-Component Lifting
Line Calculations”, Master Thesis, MIT, Dept. of Ocean Engineering, 1986
[4] J.E. Kerwin, J.E., W.B. Coney, W.B., and C.-Y. Hsin, “Optimum Circulation
Distributions for Single and Multi-Component Propulsors”, ATTC conference,
1986.
[5] P.C. Pien, “The calculation of marine propellers based on lifting surface
theory”, J. of Ship Research, Vol.5, No. 2
[6] J.E. Kerwin, “The solution of propeller lifting surface problems by vortex
lattice methods”, report, Dept. of Ocean Eng., M.I.T.
[7] D.S. Greeley, and J.E. Kerwin, “Numerical methods for propeller design and
analysis in steady flow”, SNAME Trans. Vol. 90, 1982
[8] Y.-S. Luo “Investigation of the Current Turbine Performance by
Computational Methods”, Master thesis, National Taiwan Ocean University,
2013
[9] C.-Y. Hsin, Y.-S. Luo and C.-C. Lin “Applying the Boundary Element Method
to the Analysis of Flow Around Horizontal Axis Marine Current Turbines”
Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Ship Hydrodynamics,
September, 2013.
[10] S.-Y. Wang, “Improvement of Marine Current Turbine Blade Design by Using
the Genetic Algorithm”, Master thesis, National Taiwan Ocean University,
2015
[11] Bahaj, A.S., Molland , A.F., Chaplin , J.R., Batten , W.M.J., “Power
and thrust measurements of marine current turbines under various
hydrodynamic flow conditions in a cavitation tunnel and a towing
tank”, University of Southampton, UK, 2006
166
Simulations of Taut-Moored Platform PLAT-O using ProteusDS

Penny Jeffcoate, Fabrizio Fiore - Sustainable Marine Energy Ltd

Dean Steinke, Andrew Baron – Dynamic Systems Analysis Ltd
Ralf Starzmann, Sarah Bischof – SCHOTTEL HYDRO GmbH

Tidal turbine platforms experience complex loading due to the combination of several
environmental effects, such as bi-directional tidal flows, multi-directional waves and differing
wave heights and periods. Analysis is required to determine the effect of these complex
environmental loadings on taut moored platforms' motions, and mooring and anchoring loads.
A model of Sustainable Marine Energy’s (SME) device PLAT-O#2, with SCHOTTEL Instream
Turbines (SITs) installed, has been modelled in Dynamic Systems Analysis (DSA) software
package ProteusDS. The software makes use of finite element line and 6 degree of freedom
platform models to compute the coupled dynamic behaviour of moored marine structures,
under the effect of current, waves, and wind. The hydrodynamic model of the platform includes
calculation of Froude-Krylov, added mass and drag induced forces using a computational mesh.
The loading from the turbine on the platform, including time-dependent and gyroscopic effects,
and dependence on tidal current profile are modelled.
The model has been used to simulate the PLATO#2 platform with 4 counter-rotating SIT250s
with 4m rotor diameter. The conditions expected from the anticipated deployment at SME’s
berth at EMEC were implemented into the model, to determine the platform performance
expected at site. The motion of the platform, resultant line loading and effect of different
environmental conditions on platform operation were analysed. The platform was tested in
axial conditions from 0 to 6m/s flow speed and 0 to 5m significant wave height. For example,
analysis of the platform motion shows that the platform pitch varies by less than 5 degrees
within the operational envelope of the turbines, and 10 degrees in extreme seas. The roll and
yaw of the platform are less than 1 degree, showing very high levels of stability, even in severe
sea conditions. The line loads exerted on the platform and on the anchors was also assessed.
The results of these are used to assess the level of operability of the platform.
This paper assesses the application of the software to simulate taut moored platforms in
different conditions. Example results are shown below.

167
Figure 1 - Maximum pitch angle of PLAT-O platform as simulated using ProteusDS (example)

168
 Influence of power take off on front face loads on a
small-scale OWC model
Krisna A. Pawitan#1, Tom Bruce#2
#
Institute for Energy Systems, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh
King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL
1
K.Pawitan @ed.ac.uk
2
Tom.Bruce@ed.ac.uk

literature shows that more complex geometries, e.g. sloping

I. KEYWORDS
Marine renewable, wave energy converter, oscillating water
column.
II. ABSTRACT
Introduction
The oscillating water column (OWC) is a well-known form
of wave energy converter (WEC). There is significant
experience in deployment on the shoreline, e.g. the LIMPET
OWC (e.g. Boake, et al., 2002) and integrated into a
breakwater such as at Mutriku (Torre-Enciso, et al., 2009).
These projects have drawn upon a substantial literature
including the results of detailed, small-scale physical
modelling (e.g. Takahashi, 1988; Morris-Thomas, et al., 2007).
These studies have, however, focussed more upon the design
of the OWC for optimisation of its performance, and less upon
the wave and other loadings experienced by the structure. The
literature includes proposed methods to adjust the Goda
formulae (for plain vertical walls) for the case of an OWC
breakwater, e.g. Patterson et al. (2009), there is no generic
design guidance yet established.
It is recognised that the OWC’s function of converting
wave energy means that a lower proportion of the incident
wave energy should be reflected, which in turn should result
in somewhat lowered landward loads on the OWC structure as
compared to the same-sized plain vertical structure. This
condition will effected the stability of the breakwater which
could lead to sliding and over turning of the breakwater due to
the wave loads experienced on the front face. However, it is
also can be observed that having a caisson chamber inside the
breakwater will influence this front face loads. This
observation leads to the question “to what extent does the
‘tuning’ of the power take off (PTO) of an OWC influence the
wave loading on the front face of the structure?” This paper
reports results from an exploration of this effect using a small-
scale physical model study.
Methodology
To have further understanding of the wave load uncertainty
of OWC installed breakwater, a campaign of 2-dimensional
experimental measurements have been done in the University
of Edinburgh’s fluid labs. These experiments aimed to explore
the effect of the power take off (modelled here by a simple
orifice in the chamber ceiling) upon the wave load
experienced by the front wall of an OWC installed in a
vertical breakwater. This WEC model is chosen due to the
simplicity and the constructability of the design. While the
curtain and rear walls (Kirkgoz, 1990; Richert, 1968;
Whillock, 1987), extended entry channels, can yield higher
efficiencies, but these will add complication to the
construction of the device thus add more cost. Furthermore the
vertical breakwater is already widely used so likely to be
favoured as a basis for the integration of an OWC WEC over a
more complex and unfamiliar structure.
Figure 1 UoE small scale physical model. Dimension shown in mm, T1 to T8
represent the location of pressure transducers.
The model is loosely based upon an operational breakwater
OWC at Mutriku, Spain (Torre-Enciso, et al., 2009) and one
formerly proposed at Siadar, off the North West of Scotland
(Patterson, et al., 2009). It is thus intended that the model be
representative of a simple structure that would be designed for
an energetic, exposed site. Experiments were carried out with
a (notional) 1: 80 scale model shown in Figure 1. Pressure and
wave height were measured by pressure transducers (PTs) and
wave gauges (WGs) respectively. A 20 m length, 0.4 m width,
and 0.7 m depth flume wave was utilised to produce regular
and irregular seas. For the regular wave experiments reported
here, wave heights ranged from 0.03 m to 0.12 m. Wave
periods were in the range 1 s to 2 s.
The range of PTO settings were modelled by orifice
opening diameters from fully closed closed (0 mm), 30 mm,
45 mm, 60 mm, and 75 mm. All of the experiments were
recorded using a digital video camera in order to qualitatively
see the phenomena that happened during the experiment. In
addition, because the model was constructed from clear
Perspex, the water movement inside the chamber was also
captured by the video.
Results
Qualitative observations

169
 It was found that for the large opening diameters of 60 mm
and 75 mm, the water level inside the caisson can reached the
ceiling leaving the front wall to be surrounded by water from
both sides. In contrast, for the case of the fully closed chamber,
the air trapped inside the caisson prevents all but the very
smallest excursions (of a few mm) of the water elevation in
the chamber. Figure 2 shows an example of image captured
during the experiment.
Quantitative measurements
The analysis calculates the flow rate of air coming in and
out the chamber and also the air pressure inside the chamber.
This is used to determine the performance of each PTO setting.
Figure 2 A single wave hitting the front wall during the test.
Figure 3 shows the air pressure and the flowrate change
against the orifice opening diameter. The water movement
inside the chamber combined with the pressure developed
enabled the power take off of the small scale model to be
calculated as shown in Figure 4. By measuring the wave load
pressure on the front wall, the influence of PTO settings to the
wave loads on the front wall be able to be quantified.
Figure 3 Double Y-axis graph showing the pressure inside the chamber and
the flowrate change against the orifice diameter.
Figure 4 Efficiency graph of different power take-off settings.
Figure 5 Pressure measurement of front face in various PTO settings of (a)
closed (b) 30mm (c) 45mm (d) 60mm and (e) 75mm.
Figure 5 shows the pressure measured on the front face of
the model with the same wave height and wave period. It can
be seen that the highest pressure occurred for the closed
orifice setting and decreased when the orifice is opened.
References
Boake, C. B., Whittaker, T. J., Folley, M. & Ellen, H., 2002. Overview and
inital operational experience of the LIMPET wave energy plant.
Kitakyushu, International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference.
Kirkgoz, S., 1990. Impact pressure of breaking waves on vertical and sloping
walls. Ocean Engng , pp. 45-59.
Morris-Thomas, M. T., Irvin, R. J. & Thiagarajan, K. P., 2007. An
investigation into the hydrodynamic efficiency of an oscillating water
column. Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Volume
129, pp. 273-278.
Patterson, C., Dunsire, R. & Hillier, S., 2009. Development of wave energy
breakwater at Siadar, Isle of Lewis. s.l., pp. 738-749.
Richert, G., 1968. Experimental investigation of shock pressure againts
breakwaters. s.l., the 11th Conference on Coastal Engineering, pp 954-
973.
Takahashi, S., 1988. Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Wave-power-
extracting Caisson Breakwater. Coastal Engineering, pp. 2489-2504.
Torre-Enciso, Y., Ortubia, I., Lopez de Aguileta, I. L. & Marques, J., 2009.
Mutriku wave power plant: from thinking out to the reality.
Uppsala,Sweden, 8th European Wave Tidal Energy Conference .
Whillock, A. S., 1987. Measurement of forces resulting from normal and
oblique wve approaches to small scale sea walls. Coastal Engng, Volume
II, pp. 297-308.
170
 The Australian Wave Energy Atlas
Mark Hemer1, Graham Symonds1, Ron Hoeke1, Uwe Rosebrock1, Rob Kenyon1, Stefan Zieger2, Tom
Durrant2,3, Stephanie Contardo1, Julian O'Grady1, Kathy McInnes1
1
CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS Australia
2
Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, VIC Australia
3
Now at MetOcean Solutions, New Zealand.

Abstract

A pre-competitive, query-able and openly available spatio-temporal atlas of Australia’s wind-

wave energy resource and marine management uses is being delivered. To provide the best
representation of wave energy resource information, accounting for both spatial and temporal
characteristics of the resource, a 34+yr numerical hindcast of wave conditions in the Australian
region has been developed. Considerable in situ and remotely sensed data have been collected to
support calibration and validation of the hindcast, resulting in a high-quality characterisation of
the available wave resource in the Australian domain. Planning for wave energy projects is also
subject to other spatial constraints. Spatial information on alternative uses of the marine domain
including, for example, fisheries and aquaculture, oil and gas, shipping, navigation and ports,
marine parks and reserves, sub-sea cables and infrastructure, shipwrecks and sites of cultural
significance, have been compiled to complement the spatial characterisation of resource and
support spatial planning of future wave energy projects. Both resource and spatial constraint
information are being disseminated via a state-of-the-art web-based portal, designed to meet the
needs of all industry stakeholders. Limited evidence-base of impacts of wave energy extraction
on adjacent marine and coastal environments also impedes the industy. To build this evidence
base, a network of in situ wave measurement devices has been deployed surrounding the 3 wave
energy converters of Carnegie Wave Energy Limited’s Perth Wave Energy Project. This data is
being used to calibrate and validate numerical simulations of the project site. Early stage results
will be presented.

171
 Technology Application of Oscillating Water
Column on The Sungai Suci Beach as Solutions for
Make A Renewable Energy in Coastal Bengkulu,
Indonesia
Inovasita Alifdini#1, Yochi Okta Andrawina#1, Denny Nugroho Sugianto#1, Adrian Bela Widodo#2, Alfin Darari#3
#1
Oceanography Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University Indonesia
#2
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University Indonesia
#3
Physics Department, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University Indonesia
Jl. Prof. Soedarto SH Tembalang, Semarang 50275 Indonesia
1inovasita@gmail.com

1dennysugianto@yahoo.com

3alfindarari@st.fisika.undip.ac.id

Jl. Prof. Soedarto SH Tembalang, Semarang 5027, Indonesia

I. KEYWORDS
Oscillating Water Column, Sungai Suci Beach, Energy,
Bengkulu

II. ABSTRACT
Indonesia is a country that has 3.257.483 km2 of ocean.
Indonesia ranks 18th in terms of oil production and ranked
21st of oil reserves in the world. The problem is the fossil
energy reserves will continue to decline, due to the
exploitation and energy requirements are very high [11]. The
solution of this problem is identify the potential location for
developing renewable energy. One of the renewable energy
technology is OWC (Oscillating Water Column) which using
wave energy [2]. Sungai Suci is a beach which located in the
northern of Bengkulu Indonesia that has a potential wave
because directly facing Indian Ocean. The data which used in
this study is the significant wave height in 2011-2015, the
tides data in January 2015, and the Sea Level Rise data. The
significant wave height data, obtained through ecmwf.int and
Fig. 1 Significant wave height (Hs) data from 2011-2015
processed by using Ocean Data View. Tide data obtained
through Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department in Table 1: Maximum Significant Wave Height in Sungai Suci Beach
Indonesia. Meanwhile, Sea Level Rise data obtained by using Bengkulu
interpolation charts. This data is used for get the value of Year Height (meters)
Design Water Level, as building design of OWC. Based on 2011 3
the analysis, the electrical energy can be harvested from this 2012 3,7
technology in the Sungai Suci Beach is 7703 MW/year. This 2013 3,1
energy can be used by 5900 inhabitants/generator/year. Based 2014 3,25
on the analysis of tidal and sea level rise data, the upper part 2015 2,75
of the OWC building that will be implemented should have a
minimum height 1.9476 m from MWL (Mean Water Level) OWC chamber assumed has 2.4 meters width. Through these
and the lowest side of the building should have a minimum data, others can be carried out calculations of potential energy,
height 0.4476 m from MWL, so OWC can still operate when kinetic energy, total energy, energy density, power electricity,
the condition of the highest tide and the lowest tide. Through power density, wind power, mechanical power turbines, total,
this analysis, it can be seen that the OWC technology is very and power efficiency of the OWC implemented in Sungai
potential to be developed as an effort to provide electricity in Suci Beach Bengkulu. Others data which are used for
remote areas Indonesia. calculation, shown in Table 2.
Significant wave height data result which has been
extracting by ODV software shown in figure 1. The maximum Table 2. The data which used in the calculation
wave height from 2011-2015 shown in table 1. Data Symbol Value
W Wide chamber 2,4 meters2

172
 Wave mass 1025 kg/m3
P Density of water 1025 kg/m2
H maximum Maximum wave 3,7 meters
height (2011-
2015)
Wavelength 186,5476 meters

The result of calculation can be presented as shown in Figure

2.

(a)

Fig. 2 Power electricity based on Significant Wave Height

Mean of using electricity for each resident in Bengkulu, is
1300 VA. Power electricity output of OWC is 7,703 MW,
means that the energy of each OWC can be use for 5900
resident/generator/year.
OWC technology will be implementing in coordinates of S
3,715215 E 102,232750. Based on the tides data in January
2015, the kind of tidal in Sungai Suci Beach Bengkulu is
mixed prevailing daily semidiurnal tides.
Table 3. Tidal parameters
Parameter Value (meters)
MHWL 1,4
MSL 0,69
MLWL 0,1
The OWC assumed can be implemented minimum until
2050. Based on the interpolation of SLR chart in Triatmodjo
(1999), the value of the SLR in 2050 is 0,2 m. From the
calculation, the top side OWC must have at least 1.9476 m
height from MSL and the lowest side must be lower than
0.4476 m from MSL. Based on a survey in January 2015,
Sungai Suci Beach Bengkulu has steep topography
characteristics (such as a cliff), big waves, and the hard
ground as shown in Figure 3.
Fig. 3 Topography characteristic of Sungai Suci Beach Bengkulu (survey
January, 2015)
(b)
Fig. 4 (a&b) The planning of OWC design in Sungai Suci Beach Bengkulu. (a)
From the right side. (b) From the left side
Figure 4 present the future OWC design for implementation in
Sungai Suci Beach Bengkulu.
Our study was focused on the OWC front wall chamber, in
particular its immersion depth and orientation versus the flow
direction. All cases are studied for a same progressive
monochromatic wave that has constant height and wavelength.
REFERENCES
[1] EPRI (Electronic Power Research Institute), Mapping and assessment
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173
 The impact of a real tidal flow on the fatigue
loads acting on a tidal turbine
Tom Blackmore* , Luke S Blunden, Khilan Shah, Luke E Myers, AbuBakr S Bahaj,
 
 
Abstract — Turbine reliability will be a key factor in the success of the tidal energy industry. Tidal flows
are highly energetic and dynamic with a broad range of turbulence characteristics that are site specific. It
is therefore important that the effect of highly turbulent flows on turbine performance and fatigue loads
are understood to aid turbine design and optimisation for high reliability. This will be important to
achieve economic viability for the tidal turbine industry, and for de-risking the technology to attract
further financial backing. In this paper, the development of a small-scale tidal test site in the river Itchen,
Southampton, UK is described. An instrumented 0.8m diameter tidal turbine was deployed on two
occasions in July and August 2015. Fatigue Damage Equivalent Load’s (FDEL) were calculated for the
blade root bending moment and rotor thrust to allow direct comparison between different measurements.
The fatigue loads were compared to experiments performed under typical low turbulence conditions. It is
found that there is a 5-fold increase in fatigue load operating in the test site compared to the typical
laboratory conditions. This highlights the need to consider dynamic loads in turbine design to improve
reliability and performance. In doing so the financial risk can be reduced helping the industry move closer
towards commercialization.

Keywords — MARINE CURRENT TURBINES, TIDAL ENERGY, TURBULENCE, FATIGUE, BLADE LOADS, 

References
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3399–3416, Sep. 2011.  
[2]  BBC,  “Blade  fault  on  giant  tide  turbine  AK1000  in  Orkney,”  BBC,  2010.  [Online].  Available: 
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[4]  MCT,  “Delay  in  commissioning  one  of  SeaGen’s  rotors,”  Marine  Current  Turbines,  2008.  [Online]. 
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sioning_one_of_seagen_s_rotors. [Accessed: 07‐Dec‐2015].  
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at a tidal stream power site,” Phil Trans R Soc A, vol. 371, no. 1985, pp. 1–14, 2013. 
 [7] J. Thomson, B. Polagye, V. Durgesh, and M. C. Richmond, “Measurements of Turbulence at Two Tidal 
Energy Sites in Puget Sound, WA,” IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 363–374, Jul. 2012.  
[8] K. O. Ronold, J. Wedel‐Heinen, and C. J. Christensen, “Reliabilitybased fatigue design of wind‐turbine 
rotor blades,” Eng. Struct., vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1101–1114, 1999.  
[9]  P.  Ragan  and  L.  Manuel,  “Comparing  Estimates  of  Wind  Turbine  Fatigue  Loads  using  Time‐Domain 
and Spectral Methods,” Wind Eng., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 83–99, 2009.  

174
[10] G. N. McCann, S. Hitchcock, and S. Lane, “Implications of SiteSpecific Conditions on the Prediction of 
Loading  and  Power  Performance  of  a  Tidal  Stream  Device  St  Vincent’s  Works,”  2nd  Int.  Conf.  Ocean 
Energy (ICOE 2008), 15 ‐17 Oct. 2008, Brest, Fr., no. October, pp. 1–9, 2008. 
 [11]  T.  Clark,  T.  Roc,  S.  Fisher,  and  N.  Minns,  “Turbulence  and  turbulent  effects  in  turbine  and  array 
engineering: A guide for the tidal power industry,” Doc: MRCF‐TiME‐KS10. OAS & ITPower, 2015.  
[12] T. Blackmore, W. M. J. Batten, G. U. Muller, and A. S. Bahaj, “Influence of turbulence on the drag of 
solid discs and turbine simulators in a water current,” Exp. Fluids, vol. 55, no. 1, p. 1637, Dec. 2014.  
[13] T. Blackmore, L. E. Myers, and A. S. Bahaj, “Effects of Turbulence on Tidal Turbines: Implications to 
Performance, Blade loads, and Condition Monitoring,” Int. J. Mar. energy, vol. 470, no. 2170, pp. 1–26, 
2016.  
[14] A. S. Bahaj, W. M. J. Batten, and G. Mccann, “Experimental verifications of numerical predictions for 
the hydrodynamic performance of horizontal axis marine current turbines,” Renew. Energy, vol. 32, no. 
15, pp. 2479–2490, Dec. 2007.  
[15]  W.  M.  J.  Batten,  A.  S.  Bahaj,  A.  Molland,  and  J.  Chaplin,  “The  prediction  of  the  hydrodynamic 
performance of marine current turbines,” Renew. Energy, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 1085–1096, May 2008.  
[16]  P.  W.  Galloway,  L.  E.  Myers,  and  A.  S.  Bahaj,  “Quantifying  wave  and  yaw  effects  on  a  scale  tidal 
stream turbine,” Renew. Energy, vol. 63, pp. 297–307, Mar. 2014.  
[17]  I.  a.  Milne,  a.  H.  Day,  R.  N.  Sharma,  and  R.  G.  J.  Flay,  “Blade  loads  on  tidal  turbines  in  planar 
oscillatory flow,” Ocean Eng., vol. 60, pp. 163–174, 2013.  
[18] I. a. Milne, a. H. Day, R. N. Sharma, and R. G. J. Flay, “Blade loading on tidal turbines for uniform 
unsteady flow,” Renew. Energy, vol. 77, pp. 338–350, 2015.  
[19] T. Blackmore, L. S. Blunden, K. Shah, L. E. Myers, and A. S. Bahaj, “Fatigue loads on a marine current 
turbine in a turbulent flow,” Proc. R. Soc. A ‐Submitted, 2016.  
[20] K. Shah, T. Blackmore, L. Blunden, L. E. Myers, and A. S. Bahaj, “From lab to field: deployment of a 
scale turbine in a tidal estuary,” in EWTEC, 6‐11th Sept, Nantes, France, 2015.  
[21]  G.  Germain,  A.  S.  Bahaj,  C.  Huxley‐Reynard,  and  P.  Roberts,  “Facilities  for  marine  current  energy 
converter characterisation,” in 7th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, 2007.  
[22] L. Cea, J. Puertas, and L. Pena, “Velocity measurements on highly turbulent free surface flow using 
ADV,” Exp. Fluids, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 333–348, Jan. 2007.  
[23]  A.  Niesłony,  “Determination  of  fragments  of  multiaxial  service  loading  strongly  influencing  the 
fatigue of machine components,” Mech. Syst. Signal Process., vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 2712–2721, 2009. 

175
 Characteristics of tidal current energy distribution
in Korea
Chul Hee Jo #1, Chan Hoe Goo #2, Bong Kum Cho #3, Su Jin Hwang #4
#
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Inha University
100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon, Korea
1chjo@inha.ac.kr

2chanhoegoo@inha.edu

3bk0124@inha.edu

4sjhwang@inha.edu

power potential calculation. The results shows that the results

I. KEYWORDS based on both observation data and numerical simulation
Tidal current energy distribution, Resource assessment, result offers more realistic and reasonable tidal current energy
API (Averaged Power Intercepted), PD (Power Density) potential estimation.

II. ABSTRACT REFERENCES

In previous study, resource assessment of tidal current
energy was conducted only based on observation data.
However, as these observation data is reliable but can’t show
the detailed distribution, numerical simulation is necessary to
explore the energy distribution. This paper describes the
characteristics of tidal current energy distribution in Korea
based on tidal current observation data and numerical
simulation result. The observation data is from 1,934
measuring points offered by KHOA (Korea Hydrographic and
Oceanographic Agency) and the target of numerical
simulation is Incheon-Gyeonggi and Jeollanam-do regions
that are very promising for tidal current energy in Korea.
Theoretical tidal current potential was calculated using API
(Averaged Power Intercepted) which was applied in wind
[1] S. W. Funke, P. E. Farrell and M. D. Piggott, “Tidal turbine array
optimisation using the adjoint approach,” Renewable energy, vol. 63,
pp. 658-673, 2014.
[2] C. H. Jo, K. H. Lee and Y. H. Rho, “Recent TCP (Tidal Current Power)
projects in Korea, Science China Technological Sciences, vol. 53, pp.
57-61, 2010.
[3] C. H. Jo, S. J. Cho, B. K. Cho and S. J. Hwang, “A study on tidal
current energy assessment in Korea,” proc. of AFORE2015.
[4] A. Kabir, I. J. Lemongo and A. Fernamdez, “Hydrokinetic Energy
Resource Assessment of theffshore and Arctic Engineering
OMAE2014.
[5] L. E. Myers, B. Keogh and A. S Bahaj, “Layout Optimization of 1st-
Generation Tidal Energy Arrays,” proc. of EWTEC2011
[6] P. Mycek, B. Gaurier, G. Germain, G. Pinon and E. Rivoalen,
“Experimental study of the turbulence intensity effect on marine
current turbine behaviour. Part 1: One single turbine,” Renewable
energy, vol. 66, pp. 729-746, 2014. .

176
 Design of a 10 kW Ocean-current Turbine
Katsutoshi Shirasawa#1, Junichiro Minami#2, Hidetsugu Iwashita*3, Tsumoru Shintake#4
#
Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son Okinawa, 904-0495 Japan
1
katsutoshi.shirasawa@oist.jp
2
Junichiro.minami@oist.jp
4
shintake@oist.jp
*
Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University
1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527 Japan
3
iwashita@naoe.hiroshima-u.ac.jp

I. KEYWORDS
Renewable energy, Ocean current, Ocean-current turbine,
Ocean energy

II. ABSTRACT
Ocean currents are a promising source of sustainable
energy because the flow of water provides regular and
predictable energy. Japan is in a suitable location for
harnessing the power of ocean currents because the Kuroshio
ocean current runs steadily along the coast. The Kuroshio
Current is an energy resource with only a small fluctuation in
flow, regardless of the time of day or the season. The current
flow is approximately 500 m deep and 100 km wide with a
flow speed of 1-1.5 m/s [1].
In order to harness the kinetic energy of marine currents,
we propose a novel ocean-current turbine. The turbines are
moored to the seabed and function like kites in the water flow.
To operate such turbines in the middle layer of a marine
current, it is necessary to cancel the resulting rotor torque.
Therefore, our turbine is designed with a float at its top and a
counterweight at its bottom. Owing to buoyancy and Fig. 1 3D drawing of the 10 kW ocean-current turbine
gravitational force, the turbine body maintains stability by
canceling the rotor torque. In other words, buoyancy and
TABLE I
gravity act together as a righting moment. A further advantage DESIGN PARAMETERS OF THE 10 KW OCEAN-CURRENT TURBINE
of working far from the sea surface is the lack of influence of
waves and wind, in particular during a typhoon. Rotor diameter 5m
Thus far, we have constructed a prototype turbine and Current speed 1.5 m/s
Output power 10 kW
conducted towing experiments to confirm the float and
Number of blades 3
counterweight configuration. The turbine has a 2-m-diameter Total efficiency 0.3
three-blade rotor and a 1 kW electric generator [2]. In addition,
scale-model mooring experiments have been conducted in a Blade parameters
circulating water channel [3]. The experimental results Tip speed ratio 4
demonstrate that our ocean-current turbine has a high Power coefficient (CP) 0.43
hydrostatic stability and achieves stable power generation. Thrust coefficient (CT) 0.65
As the next step, we are planning to construct a 10 kW
prototype turbine for a feasibility study. Fig. 1 shows a 3D REFERENCES
drawing of the turbine. The 5-m diameter rotor generates 10 [1] Y.-C. Chang, P. C. Chu, and R.-S. Tseng, “Site selection of ocean
current power generation from drifter measurements,” Renewable
kW at a current speed of 1.5 m/s. An electric generator, Energy, vol. 80, pp. 737-745, 2015.
gearbox, and drive train are placed in the nacelle. The design [2] K. Shirasawa, K. Tokunaga, H. Iwashita, and T. Shintake,
parameters are listed in Table 1. The power coefficient of the “Experimental verification of a floating ocean-current turbine with a
blade is 0.43. However, the total efficiency of the turbine single rotor for use in Kuroshio currents,” Renewable Energy, vol. 91,
pp. 189–195, 2016.
system is degraded by gearing losses, imperfect electric [3] K. Shirasawa, K. Tokunaga, H. Iwashita, and T. Shintake, “Submerged
generator efficiency, and electric transmission losses. hydraulic turbine for deep marine current as an electric power
Therefore, we assumed the net efficiency to be approximately generator,” AWTEC 2014, O-Oc-11-2, 2014.
0.3. In this paper, we report on the blade performance and
mechanical design of the 10 kW ocean-current turbine.

177
 Evaluation of influential factors leading to discrepancies between analytical and numerical
determination of hydrodynamic forces acting on jacket structures.

M.Garnier(1), R.Menard(1), S.Vellutini(1), N.Couty(1), M.Beauvais(2), H.Cucu(2)

(1)HydrOcean, Nantes, France
(2)STX, St Nazaire, France

The CHARGEOL project, performed in the frame of the French technological research institute “EMC2”
led by STX FRANCE and supported by the region Pays de la Loire, aims to reduce risks in the design of
foundations for offshore wind turbines. To this end, one of the work packages in which HydrOcean is
involved is to provide a better understanding of the hydrodynamic forces acting on offshore structures
and in particular loads due to waves on jackets. Most of the time in industrial applications, these loads
are calculated with an analytical expression that gives a rough estimation of the reality thus a quite
high safety factor is then necessary to use this solution. Jacket structures are widely used in offshore
industry and become newly used in the marine renewable energy sector. Hence, refining
hydrodynamic loads calculations will help these industries to reduce their safety factor or adapt the
shape of their jacket to better suit the site conditions.

The analytical expression commonly used in the industry is the Morison equation which provides an
estimation of the forces acting on the structure through the incident velocity and two hydrodynamics
coefficients (inertia and drag coefficients, respectively 𝐶𝑚 and 𝐶𝑑 ). Usually, the velocity field is
calculated via a wave model (for example the fifth order Stokes theory) and the coefficients are taken
constants whatever the component of the jacket or the wave characteristics. Consequently, the
hydrodynamic loads solution does not take into consideration non linearity due to complex waves,
masking or wake effects on the structure, or the difference induced by flow regime.

As the objective of this article is to study the reliability of the Morison equation for industrial
applications, analytical solutions of ANSYS Structural are compared to numerical solutions obtained by
CFD software STAR-CCM+. First, the forces acting on a fixed cylinder in oscillating water are calculated
with both software, these simple validation cases are simulated in 2 and 3 dimensions and for several
oscillating motions (Figure 1a). This first step shows a high dependency between the flow regime and
the hydrodynamic coefficients and thus on the hydrodynamic force magnitude.

a. b.
Figure 1: a. Side view of the vorticity field along a cylinder; the three dimensions effects are visible. -
b. Wave loads on cylinders situated at different depth; in particular, this figure highlights non
linearities of the force.

178
Due to this observation, a list of factor that may impact the flow regime or the incident velocity on the
components of a jacket is first determined. Then, the influence of each factor is analysed separately.
The process was to make the basic simulation described above (fixed cylinder in an oscillating water)
more and more complex by adding elements successively, ranging from a free surface to a jacket
structure for masking effect analysis, through vertical velocity gradient. At each step, the parameters
are adapted so that a comparison can be made between the different cases. Finally in the last
simulations, the forces acting on a full jacket due to linear and non-linear waves are calculated. With
these simulations in particular, the masking effect of one cylinder in a wake of another and the effect
of the bypassing fluid around the jacket are studied (see Figure 2).

The forces, obtained with CFD for each case are compared between one and another and with the
corresponding analytical solutions. These comparisons aim to reveal some limitations of the Morison
equation and to propose new methods that can improve the accuracy of analytical results.

a. b.
Figure 2: a. Image of the CFD computations of a jacket subjected to a wave for a masquing effect
analysis. - b. Velocity field in an horizontal plane of a jacket; the interactions between the wake
cylinders can be observed.

179
AWTEC, October 2016, Singapore.
Optical system for underwater positioning of Observation Class Remotely
Operated Vehicle.
F. Remouit, J. Engström

Abstract
To make wave power a viable energy source, large clusters of wave energy converters (WECs)
will be deployed into large farms. For most of these farms, the output power of the WECs will
be aggregated in a marine substation and then transmitted to the grid. The need for cost effective
underwater connection operations is one of the main challenges with this kind of offshore
installation. Our research is related to underwater connection with help of Observation Class
Remotely Operated Vehicles (OC ROVs). The main idea is to use a docking system in order
for the small and light ROV to perform the connection, using the reaction force from its docking
point instead of the motors propulsion, the latter being too low. This docking operation has to
be very accurate and needs both an autopilot and a good positioning tool.
The goal of this paper is to study an optical positioning system made of green lasers and using
the ROV’s camera to measure distances to the docking point. This is obtained by tracking the
laser beams on the images captured from the camera and using triangulation of the points
extracted. The tool has been implemented into an OC ROV and tested at sea.

180
 Parametric Analysis of the Actuator Disc Concept
for Three Dimensional Tidal Modelling
Anas RAHMAN1, Vengatesan VENUGOPAL1, Jerome THIEBOT2
1
Institute for Energy System, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh
The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, United Kingdom

2
Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, LUSAC,
F-50130 Cherbourg-Octeville, France

I. KEYWORDS
CFD, numerical models, Telemac3D, actuator disc theory,
wake, large scale model

ABSTRACT
The status of marine current tidal energy technology is still in
the research and development phase, with few deployments
and prototype testing underway in several locations around the
world. Since the technology is still in infancy, variety of
research questions have been raised which lead to further
complication in the feasibility of the implementation of tidal
energy converter. This is reflected in the number of research
studies being conducted on Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) and laboratory experimental modelling studies of
turbine design, performance, wake interaction etc (e.g. [1–4]).
The analytical and computational studies are often validated
by small scale experiment, which is vital for testing research
concepts in a larger scale prior to implementation. The use of
actuator disc (AD) theory as a representation of the turbine
has been explored and tested both analytically [5-6], and
numerically [7–9], and the AD concept was found to compare
well with the results from the small scale experiments [1].
Nonetheless, since most of these studies were conducted on
very small scale domain, some of the input parameters applied
to the models’ domain may not be feasible to be implemented
for a more realistic application, such as modelling a real size
tidal turbine using the AD concept.
In this study, the AD method is implemented in an open
source software - Telemac3D, where the effects of a 20m
diameter turbine is modelled (and validated with literature) on
an idealised channel. Detailed methodology on the
implementation of the AD will be presented, and critical
differences between a small and full scale AD modelling will
be highlighted. In addition, the influence of turbulence
intensity on the model will be discussed, along with other
parameters such as thrust coefficient, turbine positioning, disc
thickness, cell size etc. Several observations will be presented
to illustrate good overall comparison against the experimental
data. As a sample, the result for the flow perturbation caused
by three 20m diameter turbines in a simple channel using the
AD concept is shown in Figure 1. Further results and detailed
discussions will be presented in the full paper.
Flow perturbation due to the deployment of tidal
Figure. 1 Flow perturbation due to the present of three 20m diameter
turbines using the actuator disc concept in Telemac3D
REFERENCES
[1] M. E. Harrison, W. M. J. Batten, L. E. Myers, and A. S.
Bahaj, “A comparison between CFD simulations and
experiments for predicting the far wake of horizontal axis
tidal turbines,” Renew. Power Gener. IET, vol. 4, no. 6, pp.
613–627, 2010.
[2] L. E. Myers, B. Keogh, and A. S. Bahaj, “Experimental
investigation of inter-array wake properties in early tidal
turbine arrays,” Proc. Ocean. 2011, Waikoloa, HI, USA, pp.
1 – 8, 2011.
[3] Mason-Jones, D. M. O’Doherty, C. E. Morris, T. O’Doherty,
C. B. Byrne, P. W. Prickett, R. I. Grosvenor, I. Owen, S.
Tedds, and R. J. Poole, “Non-dimensional scaling of tidal
stream turbines,” Energy, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 820–829, 2012.
[4] T. Blackmore, W. Batten, M. Harrison, and A. Bahaj, “The
Sensitivity of Actuator-Disc RANS Simulations to
Turbulence Length Scale Assumptions,” in European Wave
and Tidal Energy Conference 2011, 2011, pp. 390–399.
[5] S. Draper, “Tidal Stream Energy Extraction in Coastal
Basins,” University of Oxford, 2011.
[6] T. Nishino and R. H. J. Willden, “The efficiency of an array
of tidal turbines partially blocking a wide channel,” J. Fluid
Mech., vol. 708, pp. 596–606, 2012.
[7] T. Roc, D. C. Conley, and D. Greaves, “Methodology for
tidal turbine representation in ocean circulation model,”
Renew. Energy, vol. 51, pp. 448–464, 2013.
[8] T. Daly, L. E. Myers, and A. S. Bahaj, “Modelling of the
flow field surrounding tidal turbine arrays for varying
positions in a channel,” R. Soc. A, no. January, 2013.

181
 Research on Scale Effects on the Wake Field of
Tidal Turbine
Junzhe Tan 1, Peng Wang 2, Xiancai Si3 , Shujie Wang4 , Peng Yuan5  
College of Engineering, Ocean University of China No.238 Songling Road,Qingdao City, Shandong 
Province, P.R. China 266100  
1 tanjunzhe_cn@163.com  
2 wwpp132@163.com  
3 sixiancai@163.com 
4 wangshujie@ouc.edu.cn  
5 yuanpeng50@hotmail.com  
  
    
Abstract — At present, more and more attention was paid on the research on the wake field of tidal
turbines. The influence factors of tidal turbine wake field include inflow velocity, turbulence intensity,
rotor diameter, geography, installation height and so on. Among all these factors, rotor diameter is an
important parameter which influent the wake field of tidal turbines. In the process of the tidal farm
construction, tidal turbines with different rotor diameters will be arranged in the sea. Maybe they can
effect on each other and reduce the energy acquiring efficiency. Because of the scale effects of the rotors,
tidal turbines with different rotor diameters will have different domains of influence. Therefore, it is
meaningful to study on the scale effects of the rotors to explore the optimizing layout of the tidal turbines
in the tidal farm. The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence rule that the scale effect of different
rotors affect on the wake field of tidal turbines. In this paper, the CFD software Fluent is used to calculate
and simulate the wake field of different rotor diameters of tidal turbines. And the comparison and analysis
between the numerical results by using Fluent and the model test results were carried on. For the distance
of the velocity recovering as an example, the comparison results show that scale effect has great influence
on the tidal turbine wake field. In the wake field of tidal turbine, the velocity recovering distance to the
inflow velocity is relevant to the rotor diameters. The study in this paper provides an important reference
when verifying physical prototypes by using small scale model test in the future.

Keywords — Tidal turbine; Wake field; Scale effect; Rotor diameter; CFD

 
References
[1] Tom Blackmore, William M.J. Batten, AbuBakr S Bahaj. Turbulence generation and its effect in LES 
approximations of tidal turbines. 10th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, 2‐5 September 2013, 
Aalborg, Denmark  
[2]  Malki  R,  Williams  AJ,  Croft  TN,  Togneri  M,  Masters  I.  A  coupled  blade  element  momentum  ‐ 
computational  fluid  dynamics  for  evaluating  tidal  stream  turbine  performance.  Appl  Math  Model 
2013;37:3006e20  
[3] C.J. Yang, A.D. Hoang. A study on the Energy Absorption and Flow Pattern of Staggered Tidal Arrays 
Using  Actuator  Disk  Theory.  10th  European  Wave  and  Tidal  Energy  Conference,  2‐5  September  2013, 
Aalborg, Denmark  
[4]  M.E.  Harrison  W.M.J.  Batten  L.E.  Myers  A.S.  Bahaj.  Comparison  between  CFD  simulations  and 
experiments  for  predicting  the  far  wake  of  horizontal  axis  tidal  turbines.  IET  Renewable  Power 
Generation2010.Vol.4, Iss.6, 613–627  

182
[5]  Mulualem  G.  Gebreslassie,  Michael  R.  Belmont,  Gavin  R.  Tabor.  Comparison  of  Analytical  and  CFD 
Modelling of the Wake Interactions of Tidal Turbines. 10th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, 
2‐5 September 2013, Aalborg, Denmark  
[6] Sarah Crammond, Ruud Caljouw, Ian Jones, Andrew Wells, Ian Hamill and Ole Petersen. MeyGen Tidal 
Energy Project: Numerical Modelling of Tidal Turbine Wake Interactions. 10th European Wave and Tidal 
Energy Conference, 2‐5 September 2013, Aalborg, Denmark 

183
 Design of a Floating Platform for Shallow Water
Tidal Stream Energy Resources
Gino Bawn#1, David Leboe*2
#
IT Power Consulting
29 St Brandon’s House, Bristol, BS15QT. United Kingdom
1
gino.bawn@itpower.co.uk
*
Instream Energy Systems Corp
1080-1140 West Pender Street, Vancouver, BC V6E 4G1. Canada.
2d.leboe@instreamenergy.com

I. KEYWORDS
Tidal, Floating, Shallow, Systems, Design. This paper outlines the design process undertaken by the
project team and details the design work including concept
II. ABSTRACT engineering, load case combinations and hydrodynamic
Over recent years the tidal energy sector has seen a turn analysis. The project has focused on the arrangement of
towards smaller turbines, often combined with a floating multiple turbines on a single platform taking into
platform, with the aim of producing a commercial device that consideration performance, cost benefit, and operation and
is less capital intensive than megawatt size turbines. Instream maintenance. This paper presents an initial look at the project
Energy Systems have taken this a step further by focusing on results and discusses the world wide potential for shallow
a low cost tidal turbine technology suitable for community water, small scale tidal turbine technology. The project has
scale and shallow water resources of 5 to 25 metres water been awarded the EUREKA label; EUREKA is an
depth. international network for market-driven industrial R&D and
innovation.
Under support from the National Research Council of
Canada Industrial Research Assistance Program, IT Power
and Instream Energy have been developing a floating platform
to support Instream’s proprietary vertical axis rotor which has
been designed with the assistance of BAE Systems. The
vertical-axis rotor technology makes efficient use of the
limited space in the water column by utilising a square swept
area, and the rotor’s combination with a floating platform
opens up vast market potential in the UK and further afield.
The design of the floating platform has been undertaken using
a systems engineering approach, in addition to the use of
DNV GL standards for load combinations and tidal turbine
design.

Fig. 1 Concept evaluation results, showing CAPEX/MW against the number

of rotors for various concept designs.

184
 A validated BEMT model for tidal stream turbines
with investigation of free-surface effects
Steven Allsop1, 2, *, Christophe Peyrard2, Philipp R. Thies3, Evangelos Boulougouris4, Gareth Harrison5
1Industrial Doctoral Centre for Offshore Renewable Energy (IDCORE), University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH93LJ, UK
2EDF R&D – Electricité de France Research and Development, 6 Quai Watier, 78400 Chatou, France

3College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Renewable Energy Group, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, TR109FE, UK

4Department of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G40LZ, UK

5Institute for Energy Systems, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH93LJ, UK

*steven-externe.allsop@edf.fr

I. KEYWORDS
Tidal Stream Turbine (TST); Blade Element Momentum
Theory (BEMT); Performance; Cyclic thrust; Free-surface.
II. ABSTRACT
This paper details a Blade Element Momentum Theory
(BEMT) model for a 3 bladed, horizontal axis Tidal Stream
Turbine (TST). Turbine performance and cyclic thrust loads
are presented, with validations against two sets of 1/20th scale
model experiments carried out in a cavitation tunnel. The
model shows improved agreement compared to a study using
commercial standard software “Tidal Bladed”. Over-
predictions at optimal rotational velocity of 30% in power and
20% in thrust are seen when comparing with measurements of
1/30th scale model experiments in a flume, where the turbine
is in proximity of a free surface. Two Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) studies applying volume of fluid boundary
conditions to the open surface show much better agreement,
suggesting impact from free surface effects. A methodology to
approximate free surface deformation is currently under
adaptation for use within the BEMT model.
III. INTRODUCTION
TST technology is currently at commercial scale array
deployment phase, with EDF involved in the installation and
grid connection of two 2MW rated OpenHydro devices in
Brittany, Northern France in 2016.
Improvements in numerical modelling techniques have
enabled the analysis of TSTs using complex CFD simulations.
The modelling capabilities include performing detailed
assessments of performance, dynamic loading, fluid/structure
interactions and wake formation to a high degree of accuracy,
however this comes at the price of high computational cost
and long processing times.
BEMT is a simple but effective and well understood
method of modelling turbine performance and loading,
commonly used in the wind industry and has been more
recently adapted for tidal applications with commercial [1]
and academic [2] models. Benefits include significantly
reduced running times and low computational intensity, which
makes the BEMT models more suited to applications
requiring multiple assessments.
The aim of this paper is to present a validated BEMT model
developed for TSTs, and assess the impact of free surface
effects on the accuracy of model predictions.
and blade element, splitting the blade into discrete aerofoils
sections and analysing each individually. Bernoulli’s
equations are used to express changes in axial and tangential
momentum as a function of induction factors, which are then
equated to the sum of aerodynamic forces at each of the blade
elements. A model written in Python programming language
is developed, which incorporates an iterative loop to solve the
force and momentum equations with respect to inflow angle.
A semi-empirical correction factor devised by Buhl [3]
based on experiments by Glauert is applied to account for
higher thrusts seen by the rotor in highly loaded conditions,
where the code breaks down.
The reduction in hydrodynamic efficiency at the blade tips
and root due to radial flow are not modelled due to 2D flow
assumptions. A correction factor is therefore introduced as
devised by Glauert, taking Prandtl’s approximation of a
helical wake as a succession of discs travelling at a velocity
between the wake and free stream [1].
Lift and drag coefficients are generated using XFOIL [4],
a linear vorticity function panel method with viscous
boundary layer and wake model. The delayed stall effects of a
rotating aerofoil are accounted for by applying a Du-Selig and
Eggers adjustment, with post stall values generated using a
Viterna extrapolation function [5].
V. MODEL INPUTS
A non-uniform inflow profile to account for seabed
friction effects is incorporated into the model. An
approximation using a 1/7th power law is used, which shows
good agreement with experimental data [7].
A sample of coefficients of lift (CL) and drag (CD) with
angle of attack (α) is shown in Figure 1, for a NACA638xx
profile where xx is the thickness to chord ratio varying from
15-24% as specified in the experimental turbine geometry [6].

IV. METHODOLOGY Figure 1: Blade local lift (dashed lines) and drag (solid lines) curves
BEMT is a combination of two theories: momentum, for a NACA638(15-24) at Reynolds number = 3.0E+05
taking the rotor as an actuator disc bounded by a stream tube;

185
 VI. RESULTS AND VALIDATION
Figure 1 shows the power (CP) and thrust (CT) coefficient
variation with tip speed ratio (TSR) for two inflow velocities
and blade pitch angles. BEMT shows good agreement to
1/20th scale model experiments carried out in a cavitation
tunnel [6], with less disparity than data using Tidal Bladed. CP
is slightly over predicted at 1.73m/s at TSRs above 7. This is
due to the large blockage correction applied to the
experimental data by [6], converting the constrained flow of a
channel to ‘equivalent open water’ values.
Figure 2: Power (top) and thrust (bottom) curves generated with
BEMT, compared with blockage corrected 1/20th scale experiments
in a cavitation tunnel and DNV-GL Tidal Bladed data
Figure 3 shows the cyclic thrust loading of each blade
through with azimuth, as it passes through the shear profile
inflow. Results from the peak power TSR = 5 for 3 different
inflow velocities show thrust variations of between 18-29%,
indicating the extent non-uniform flow has on the loading
conditions of the blades which will be used in fatigue analyses.
Figure 3: Blade average (Tav) and cyclic (dT) variations of thrust
with azimuth, at three inflow velocities (Vin) at optimal TSR=5
VII. FREE SURFACE IMPACTS
Other, more recent, experiments include a 1/30th scale
model tested in a flume [7] which now includes the presence
of a free surface. Figure 4 shows over predictions from the
BEMT model compared with the measurements, by up to 30%
in power and 20% in thrust at the optimal TSR of 4. CFD
studies from [8] use a volume of fluid boundary condition for
the free surface and shows much better agreement. Although
results are influenced by the inherent higher accuracy of CFD,
it strongly suggests a need to consider free surface effects.
The RANS-BEM and fully resolved studies required 12
and 100 CPU-hours per rotation respectively, whereas BEMT
requires 0.05 CPU-hours to generate all CP and CT curves.
Figure 4: Power (top) and thrust (bottom) curves generated with
BEMT, compared with blockage corrected 1/30th scale experiments
in a flume and RANS CFD studies
A methodology developed by [9] is used to predict the
effect on pressure due to free surface height drop as a result of
the turbine presence. Current research is focussed on
adaptation of this deformed surface method to be applied to
the momentum equations within the BEMT model.
VIII. CONCLUSION
A BEMT model to analyse performance and cyclic thrust
loads on a TST is presented, validated with experimental data
from a cavitation tunnel. Comparison with flume experiments
and CFD studies strongly suggest that effect of the free
surface should be considered for the presented BEMT model.
IX. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
IDCORE is funded by the Energy Technology partnership
and the RCUK Energy programme (Grant
number EP/J500847/1) in collaboration with EDF R&D.
REFERENCES
[1] I. Masters, J. C. Chapman, M. R. Willis, J. A. Orme. "A robust blade
element theory model for tidal stream turbines including tip and hub loss
corrections," Marine Engineering & Technology, vol.10, pp.25-35, 2011.
[2] GL Garrad Hassan, "Tidal Bladed Theory Manual (V4.3)," 2012.
[3] J. C. Chapman, I. Masters, M. Togneri, J. A. Orme. “The Buhl correction
factor applied to high induction conditions for tidal stream turbines,”
Renewable Energy, vol.60, pp.472-480, 2013.
[4] M. Drela, “XFOIL: an analysis and design system for low Reynolds
number aerofoils,” Lecture notes in engineering, vol.54, pp.1-12, 1989.
[5] G. R. Fischer, T. Kipouros, A. M. Savill. “Multi-objective optimization
of horizontal axis wind turbine structure and energy production using
aerofoil and blade properties as design variables,” Renewable Energy,
vol.62 pp506-515, 2014.
[6] A. S. Bahaj, W. M. Batten, G. McCann. "Experimental verifications of
numerical predictions for the hydrodynamic performance of marine
current turbines," Renewable Energy, vol.32, pp.2479-2490, 2007.
[7] C. Buvat, V. Martin. “Performance of tank tests with physical scale
model of horizontal-axis turbine device,” ETI Report, WG4WP1D4
PerAWaT Project, 2012.
[8] S. McIntosh, C. F. Fleming, R. H. Willden. “Performance and wake
structure of a model horizontal axis axial flow turbine,” ETI Report,
WG3WP1D3 PerAWaT Project, 2012.
[9] J. I. Whelan, J.M. Graham. “A free-surface and blockage correction for
tidal turbines,” Journal Fluid Mechanics, vol.623, pp.281-291, 2009.
186
 Identifying the design wave group for the
extreme response of a point absorber wave
energy converter
Ashkan Rafiee
Carnegie Wave Energy Ltd.
Fremantle, WA,
Australia E-mail: arafiee@carnegiewave.com

Hugh Wolgamot
Centre for Offshore Foundation Systems
The University of Western Australia
E-mail: hugh.wolgamot@uwa.edu.au

Scott Draper
Centre for Offshore Foundation Systems
The University of Western Australia
E-mail: scott.draper@uwa.edu.au

Jana Orszaghova
Centre for Offshore Foundation Systems
The University of Western Australia
E-mail: jana.orszaghova@uwa.edu.au

Jonathan Fievez ´
Carnegie Wave Energy Ltd.
Fremantle, WA, Australia
E-mail: jfievez@carnegiewave.com

Tim Sawyer
Carnegie Wave Energy Ltd.
Fremantle, WA, Australia
E-mail: tsawyer@carnegiewave.com
    
Abstract — Safe and economic design of any wave energy converter (WEC) requires an accurate 
estimation of extreme loads and motions of the device. The aim of this paper is to understand the 
characteristics of the wave groups which lead to an extreme response of a point absorber WEC. To do 
so, initially several long–duration experiments in extreme random seas were carried out in the Ocean 
Wave Basin within the COAST laboratory at Plymouth University, UK. The results were then processed to 
find the incident wave groups which resulted in the maximum power take‐off (PTO) extensions. Across 
all of the maximum extension events a similar (scaled) shape of these incident wave groups was found. 
Motivated by this finding, the focused wave group (or design wave) was then reproduced in isolation 
both in the tank and in a numerical simulation, and the resulting PTO extension compared against the 
measured maximum extensions in the long–duration random tests. The comparison was favourable, 
indicating that the extreme PTO extension of the WEC can be reproduced using deterministic short–
duration focused wave groups. Interestingly, the design wave group was not a crest focused event. 

187
Index Terms—CETO Wave Energy Converter, Focused Wave, NewWave, Extreme Conditions, 
OpenFOAM, Design Wave 

Keywords — CETO Wave Energy Converter, Focused Wave, NewWave, Extreme Conditions,

OpenFOAM, Design Wave
 
References
[1] P. S. Tromans, A. Anaturk, and P. Hagemeijer, “A new model for the kinematics of large ocean waves 
–  application  as  a  design  wave,”  in  Proceedings  of  1  st  International  Offshore  and  Polar  Engineering 
Conference (ISOPE), Edinburgh, UK, 1991, pp. 64–71.  
[2]  J. B. Rozario, P.  S.  Tromans,  P. H. Taylor,  and  M.  Efthymiou,  “Comparison of loads  predicted using 
newwave  and  other  wave  models  with  measurments  on  the  tern  structure,”  Wave  Kinematics  and 
Environmental Forces, vol. 29, pp. 143–159, 1993.  
[3] D. A. G. Walker and R. Eatock‐Taylor, “Wave diffraction from linear arrays of cylinders,” Ocean Eng., 
vol. 32, pp. 2053–2078, 2005.  
[4] A. G. L. Borthwick, A. C. Hunt, T. Feng, P. H. Taylor, and P. K. Stansby, “Flow kinematics of focused wave 
groups on a plane beach in the UK coastal research facility,” Coastal Eng., vol. 53, no. 12, pp. 1033–1044, 
2006 
[5]  M.  Hann,  D.  Greaves,  and  A.  Raby,  “Snatch  loading  of  a  single  taut  moored  floating  wave  energy 
converter due to focussed wave groups,” Ocean Eng., vol. 96, pp. 258–271, 2015.  
[6] J. R. Grice, P. H. Taylor, and R. E. Taylor, “Second‐order statistics and ’designer’ waves for violent free‐
surface  motion  around  multi‐column  structures,”  Philosophical  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
London Series A, vol. 373, pp. 20 140 113–20 140 113, 2014.  
[7]  https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/research/institutes/marine‐institute/coast‐  laboratory.  [Online]. 
Available: https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/research/ institutes/marine‐institute/coast‐laboratory  
[8] Y. J. Wei, A. Rafiee, A. Henry, F. Dias, and T. Whittaker, “Wave interaction with an oscillating wave 
surge converter. Part I: Viscous effects,” Ocean Engineering, vol. Accepted, 2015.  
[9] A. Henry, A. Rafiee, P. Schmitt, F. Dias, and T. Whittaker, “The characteristics of wave impacts on an 
oscillating wave surge converter,” Journal of Ocean and Wind Energy, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 101–110, 2014. 
[10]  A.  Rafiee  and  F.  Dias,  “Numerical  simulation  of  wave  interaction  with  an  oscillating  wave  surge 
converter,” in Proceedings of OMAE 2013, ASME 32nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics 
and Arctic Engineering, Nantes, France, 2013.  
[11] OpenFOAM, OpenFOAM user guide, Version 2.3.1, http://www.openfoam.com, 2014.  
[12] N. G. Jacobsen, D. R. Fuhrman, and J. Fredsøe, “ A Wave Generation Toolbox for the Open‐Source 
CFD Library: OpenFoam R ,” Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, vol. 70, no. 9, pp. 1073–1088, 2012.  
[13]  P.  H.  Taylor  and  B.  A.  Williams,  “Wave  statistics  for  intermediate  depth  water–newwaves  and 
symmetry,” Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, vol. 126, pp. 54–59, 2004. 

188
 Design Optimization and Stability Analysis of
Diffuser Augmented Duct
Bang-Fuh Chen #1, Cheng-wei Huang #2, Bing-Han Lin#3
#
Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University
70 Lienhai Rd., Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
1chenbf@mail.nsysu.edu.tw

2ebox1206@gmail.com

3jaguar3096@gmail.com

experimental procedure is also under planning. A concept of

I. KEYWORDS the experimental configuration with a 35 m  1 m  1.5 m
Ducted, Turbine, Ocean current energy, Computational water current tank is illustrated in Fig. 3.
Fluid Dynamics, Harmony search, Stability test.
The preliminary geometry configuration was determined by
II. ABSTRACT Harmony Search algorithm. In the next stage, both
A branch of Kuroshio is passing through east coast of experimental and numerical stability test will be carried out.
Taiwan. with an average speed up to 1.25 m/s. Based on the Once the stability test is done, the NSYSU-I system will be
characteristic of Kuroshio current passing through Green deployed onsite in the near future.
Island, Taiwan, an interdisciplinary research team from
several universities was formed and chose Penghu water as
their field deployment site. The NSYSU-I system was
deployed in August, 2013 and power take off (PTO) was
successfully monitored up to 5 kW/h.

In this study, a modified system NSYSU-II was developed

based on the previous field test experiences. Fig. 1 shows the
basic geometry of a shrouded nozzle-diffuser horizontal
turbine for NSYSU-II system. Five geometric parameters are
determined to have an optimal PTO from the ocean current.
The ANSYS-Fluent code and a Harmony Search algorithm
were used to determine the optimal geometry of NSYSU-II
(Fig. 2). Besides, the turbine blade NACA 6409 was chosen to
replace the NACA 63621 of NSYSU-I and the much better Fig. 2 The top three PTO cases searched by Harmony search
PTO was obtained in this study.

The Harmony Search algorithm greatly reduced the

computation time in the design process. The simulated results
show the proper nozzle-diffuser design can effectively
increase the power take off (PTO) and PTO coefficient can be
as large as 0.48 which is beyond the reported average values.
Fig. 3 The experimental configuration for the stability test.

[1]
[2]
[3]
Fig. 1 Example of an image with acceptable resolution
[4]
To improve the stability of the shrouded nozzle-diffuser
duct, horizontal and vertical stabilizer are installed on the
system. The ANSYS Fluent with UDF code were used to
simulate the vertical motion of the NSYSU-II system. The
REFERENCES
Yuji Ohya and Takashi Karasudani, A Shrouded Wind Turbine
Generating High Output Power with Wind-lens Technology,3,634-649.
2010.
Toshio Matsushima*, Shinya Takagi and Seiichi Muroyama,
Characteristics of a highly efficient propeller type small wind turbine
with a diffuser,1343-1354. 2005.
Patrick Mark Singh and Young-Do Choi, Shape design and numerical
analysis on a 1 MW tidal current turbine for the south-western coast of
Korea,485-493.2014.
Chul hee Jo, Jin young Yim, Kang hee Lee and Yu ho Rho,
Performance of horizontal axis tidal current turbine by blade
configuration,195-206.2011.

189
 Numerical Study on the Application of Multiple
Vertical-Axis Tidal Turbine System
Beom-Soo Hyun#1 & Jeong-Ki Lee#2
#1,2
Division of Naval Architecture and Ocean Systems Engineering, Korea Maritime & Ocean University
Busan 49112, Korea
#1
bshyun@kmou.ac.kr
#2
isjcrew@naver.com

I. KEYWORDS As results, it was obtained that that power coefficient was

Vertical-axis tidal turbine, Tidal farm, Multi-arrayed higher about 9.2% for CCW-CW combination than two-single
turbines, Direction of rotation turbine case without mutual interaction. Such improvement
was attributed to the increase of velocity field between
II. ABSTRACT turbines, as we might expect.
This paper deals with the conceptual layout of tidal farm
using the multi-arrayed vertical-axis turbine system for Table 2 CPmean of adjacent turbine cases (Gy/DV=2.0)
utilizing tidal stream energy. It is important that each unit has CPmean
to be deployed by considering the hydrodynamic interference Gy/DV=2.0 Total *CPn
among turbines. For horizontal-axis turbine(HAT) farm, the T-1 T-2
European Marine Energy Centre(EMEC) proposed the turbine Single 0.382 0.764 -
configurations, but there are no regulation and suggestion for
vertical-axis turbine(VAT) system. Moreover the efficiencies CRI case 0.417 0.417 0.834 1.092
of adjacent turbines are varied largely depending on the CR case 0.409 0.412 0.821 1.075
parameters such as turbine arrangement and gaps. Interaction
CRO case 0.407 0.408 0.815 1.067
between adjacent VAT systems, called sets of a dual VAT, is
therefore studied using CFD method. Numerical calculations *CPn=CPn(CPT-1+CPT-2/2CPSingle)
were performed to investigate the performance variations in
terms of rotational direction, distance between turbine system Fig. 2 shows the turbine efficiencies with respect to
and so on.. rotational directions and gap ratio. For CRI case, the
advantage of interactions between turbines almost disappeared
when they are compared with turbines spaced above fifteen
times of turbine diameter apart. Mean power coefficients
reaches about 4% higher than the without-interaction case for
all circumstances at gap ratio=6.0.

Fig. 1 An arrangement of dual VAT

Fig. 1(a) shows a typical arrangement of dual VAT. For

this case, unsteady numerical calculations were performed to
investigate the performance variation with respect to
rotational direction. It is denoted in abbreviation such as CRI
(turbine rotates CCW-CW), CR (CCW-CCW) and CRO (CW-
CCW). Table 1 shows the calculation conditions.

Table 1 Calculation conditions of dual VAT

Symbol
Each turbine diameter(m) DV 5.0 Fig. 2 CPn with respect to Gy/DV

Free stream velocity(m/s) 2

It is expected that the present results can be utilized to
Tip speed ratio 3.0
design the conceptual design of tidal farm using sets of
Rotational speed(rad/s) 2.4 optimum arrangement of multiple VATs for harnessing the
Turbulence model k- SST tidal stream energy. Various arrangements using the multiple
Gap ratio of y-axis direction between turbines Gy/DV 2.0 VAT systems are tested and being calculated, and those

190
results should be available well before the final submission of
full manuscript.

REFERENCES
[1] A. Alaimo. et al., 3D CFD analysis of a vertical axis wind turbine, J. of
Energies, vol.8, pp. 3013-3033 , 2015.
[2] A. Korobenko. et al., Aerodynamic simulation of vertical-axis wind
turbines, J. of Applied Mechanics, vol.81, pp. 1-5, 2014.
[3] A. S. Bahaj. et al., Characterising the wake of horizontal axis marine
current turbines, Proc. of the 7th European Wave and Tidal Energy
Conference, Porto, Portugal, 2007.
[4] B. S. Hyun. et al., Tidal Stream Energy Research, Final report, Tidal
Stream Energy Research Center, 2012.
[5] EMEC, Assessment of Tidal Energy Resource - Marine renewable
energy guides", the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC), 2009.
[6] J. O. Dabiri., Potential order-of-magnitude enhancement of wind farm
power density via counter-rotating vertical-axis wind turbine arrays, J.
of Renewable Sustainable Energy 3, 2011.
[7] L. Bai. et al., Investigation of the influence of array arrangement and
spacing on tidal energy converter(TEC) performance using a 3-
dimensional CFD model, Proc. of the 8th European Wave and Tidal
Energy Conference, Uppsala, Sweden, 2009.
[8] M. Kinzel. et al., Energy exchanging in an array of vertical-axis wind
turbines, J. of Turbulence, vol.13, no.38, pp. 1-13, 2012.
[9] S. Antheaume. et al., Hydraulic darrieus turbines efficiency for free
fluid flow conditions versus power farm conditions, J. of Renewable
Energy, vol.33, pp2186-2198, 2008.

191
 Experimental Investigation on Wave Energy
Harvesting Performance of a Small Ship
- Based on an Application of MPPT
Jialin Han∗, Daisuke Kitazawa† , Takeshi Kinoshita‡ , Teruo Maeda§ and Hiroshi Itakura¶  
∗ Doctoral Student, Department of Systems Innovation, School of Engineering the University of Tokyo 4‐
6‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 153‐8505, Japan E‐mail: kankarin@iis.u‐tokyo.ac.jp 
 †Associate Professor, Ins tute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo 4‐6‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, 
Tokyo 153‐8505, Japan E‐mail: dkita@iis.u‐tokyo.ac.jp  
‡President, Nagasaki Ins tute of Applied Science 536 Abamachi, Nagasaki‐shi, Nagasaki‐ken 851‐0193, 
Japan E‐mail: kinoshit@iis.u‐tokyo.ac.jp  
§OPD Research Center, Management Strategy Corp., Yokohama,  
Japan E‐mail: t‐maeda@theia.ocn.ne.jp 
 ¶Technical Support Stuff, Institute of Industrial Science the University of Tokyo 4‐6‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐
ku, Tokyo 153‐8505, Japan E‐mail: itakura@iis.u‐tokyo.ac.jp 

Abstract —  A novel concept catamaran was designed and developed. The cabin is suspended upon the 
hulls by four units of suspension systems, which comprise of springs and support frames that mounted 
between the cabin and the hulls. Motor/Generators (M/G) are set on the upside of the cabin, racks are 
vertically settled on the hulls, while one pinion gear is used to connect one M/G and one rack. Through 
this rack‐pinion design, the relative displacement between the hulls and the cabin could be transformed 
into the rotation of the M/G, hereby generates electricity. Tank experiments were carried out to 
investigate the potential of the proposed energy harvesting system. Maximum Power Point Tracking 
method was adopted for determining an optimal damper at a given wave condition. The production of 
electricity at each experiment was evaluated by the index named Wave Energy Harvesting Width Ratio, 
which is the ratio of the extracted wave energy against the incident wave energy carried in the crest 
length that equals to the width of the hulls.  
 
Keywords—Catamaran; Motion Control; Suspension System; Wave Energy Harvesting; MPPT. 
 
References  
 
[1] S. K. Hisaaki Maeda, Takeshi Kinoshita, “Fundamental research on absorbing energy from ocean 
waves (2nd report),” Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, the Society of Naval Architects of Japan, 
vol. 22, pp. 41–52, 1984. 
[2] J. Falnes., “A review of wave‐energy extraction,” ScienceDirect, vol. 20, pp. 185–201, 2007.  
[3] M. M.Eriksson, J.Isberg, “Hydrodynamic modelling of a direct drive wave energy converter,” 
International Journal of Engineering Science, vol. 43, pp. 1377–1387, 2005.  
[4] C. Lu., “A comfortable boat boat with suspensions absorbing wave power,” Master’s thesis, the 
University of Tokyo, 2010.  
[5] D. Tsukamoto., “Basic research on a wave energy absorbing and motioncontrolled ship,” Master’s 
thesis, the University of Tokyo, 2012.  

192
[6] T. K. K. D. Jialin Han, Teruo Maeda, “Analysis of a motion controlled small ship with wave energy 
converters ‐ by means of an electrical generator,” in Conference proceedings, the Japan Society of Naval 
Architects and Ocean Engineers, Hiroshima, Japan, 2013.  
[7] T. K. D. K. Jialin Han, Teruo Maeda, “Research on a motion‐controlled ship by harvesting wave 
energybased on a semi‐active control system,” in The 6th East Asia Workshop for Marine Environment 
and Energy, Qingdao, China, 2013.  
[8] D. K. T. K. Jialin Han, Teruo Maeda, “Analysis of a motion‐controlled ship for wave energy harvesting : 
Based on an application of mppt,” in Conference proceedings, the Japan Society of Naval Architects and 
Ocean Engineers, Kobe, Japan, 2015.  
[9] T. K. D. K. Jialin Han, Teruo Maeda, “Towing test and motion analysis of a small motion‐controlled 
ship ‐ based on an application of skyhook theory,” in Conference proceedings, 12th International 
Conference on the Stability of Ships and Ocean Vehicles, Qingdao, China, 2013. 

193
 Motion Performance of Floating Metocean Data
Measurement System in Waves
Jeongrok Kim#1, Yoon Hyeok Bae#2, Il Hyoung Cho#3
#
Department of Ocean System Engineering, Jeju National University
Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, 63243, Korea
1
kjrcompany@naver.com
2
yh.bae@jejunu.ac.kr
3
cho0904@jejunu.ac.kr

I. KEYWORDS
Floating Metocean Data Measurement System(FMDMS),
Model test, Offshore structure, Wind farm, Motion response

II. ABSTRACT
The Floating Metocean Data Measurement
System(FMDMS) is the important offshore structure to
acquire the metocean data as a part of pre-feasibility survey
for installation of the offshore wind farm. These metocean
data such as wind speed, wind direction, waves, currents are
utilized for design of wind turbine and mooring systems.
Generally, the fixed-type offshore structure for metocean data
is difficult to be installed at sea sites with larger water depth. Fig. 1 3D CAD drawing(lift) sheet and experimental model of
Herein we proposed a moored FMDMS regardless of water FMDMS(right)
depth at installation site. The LIDAR(Light Detection and
Ranging) system is fitted on the deck of a FMDMS, which can
measure the speed and direction of wind at high altitude.
The 3D CAD design sheet and experimental model of a
FMDMS under consideration are shown at Fig.1. As shown in
Fig.1, a FMDMS is shape of a semi-submersible type hull
with four surface-piercing columns standing on three circular-
cylinder-type damping plates and a supporting deck, which
are connected with several braces.
In this study, numerical and experimental studies were
carried out to investigate the heave and pitch motion response
of a FMDMS according to the characteristics of several design
parameters. The numerical solutions using ANSYS AQWA
commercial code were obtained in the context of linear
potential theory. To confirm the numerical solutions, a series Fig. 2 A numerical model of FMDMS in ANSYS AQWA commercial code
of experiments for heave and pitch motion responses were
conducted in a two-dimensional wave tank in regular waves
with varying wave periods.
To reduce the measurement error of LIDAR device caused
by large motion of a FMDMS, the motion responses of
FMDMS in waves have to be minimized, especially pitch
motion. That is why the damping plates are installed at bottom
of outer columns. The viscous damping for the experimental
model(1/25 scale ratio) was estimated from free decay test by
determining the ratio between successive amplitudes obtained
from the decaying oscillation in still water. The significant
increase of the viscous damping was found by attaching the
damping plates underneath three outer columns. These
damping plates lead to a considerable reduction of the heave
and pitch motion amplitude and a shift of the resonant
frequency to the low frequency region due to the increase in
the added mass.

194
 An Exploratory Techno-Economic Analysis of
Underground Pumped Hydroelectricity Storage Systems
in Underground Caverns in Singapore
Swati Sharma1 and Dr. Srikanth Narasimalu2
Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) | Nanyang Technological University
1 Cleantech Loop, #06-04, CleanTech One, Singapore-637141
1swatis@ntu.edu.sg
2NSRIKANTH@ntu.edu.sg
I. KEYWORDS
Techno-Economic Analysis, Underground Caverns in
Singapore, Underground Pumped Hydroelectricity Storage
Systems, Levalized Cost of Stored energy, Cost Adder
II. ABSTRACT
Singapore’s steadily increasing peak electricity demand and
need to ensure security and stability for such energy demands
in the future, calls for a suitable energy storage technology.
Energy Storage fundamentally improves the way we generate,
deliver and consume electricity, however, the most significant
feature of energy storage comes out of their ability to balance
power supply and demand instantaneously and make power
networks more resilient, efficient and cleaner. Energy storage
can be implemented as a buffer to match the available
generation to the variable user demand.
Pumped Hydroelectricity Storage (PHS) is a proven and
practical energy storage method that involves the pumping of
water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir during off-
peak period using low cost power and releasing of the water
from the upper reservoir to produce electricity during peak
load period.
However, in regions like Singapore where stored energy is
needed, but no suitable sites are available for conventional
PHS, Underground Pumped Hydroelectricity Storage (UPHS)
arises as a retort. This paper constitutes an early attempt to
discuss utility and significance of the UPHS for the Singapore
in term of its potential to address existing energy storage
challenges of the nation and technical and economic viability
of such UPHS systems in Singapore. In addition, technology
readiness, review of similar global best practices, unique
features and other significant advantages too are discussed
briefly. First, topic is examined from technical perspective,
which is followed by economic analysis. In the technical
assessment, an analysis to remark suitable sites available in
Singapore for housing lower reservoir underground and
develop entire UPHS infrastructure is done, while suitable
system design is assessed in detail. Based on this technical
evaluation, it is concluded that Singapore has quite a few
potential site to develop UPHS system, Pandan, Tuas, the
NTU campus and Labrador Park under Jurong formations,
Bukit Timah granite to name a few. However, their
availability to offer required depth is further subjected to in-
depth geological studies. A head range of 500 -1500 m has
been considered in this paper for techno-economic analysis,
with various suitable combinations of rated power capacity
and storage volume. In view of un-availability of existing site
investigation to confirm rock mass quality at higher depth and
their ability to hold underground cavern at such depth, a
UPHS system with 500m depth, 800 MW capacity and 5.530
Million cubic meter of storage volume could be an ideal
design combination for UPHS system in Singapore. In the
economic feasibility analysis, an estimated cost of developing
UPHS systems is computed, warily computing both capacity
dependent cost and storage volume dependent cost separately.
As a significant share of entire capital cost of UPHS system is
made by excavation cost for underground cavern, develop a
UPHS system in already existed underground caverns offers
further cost benefits and becomes more cost attractive.
A wide range of financial analysis parameters are computed
including cost added for storage to electricity generation cost,
Levalized cost of Energy/Storage, Net Present Value, Simple
Pay Back period and discounted pay-back period. A 2000
MW system with 1500 m head and 4.610 million cubic meter
storage volume makes most cost effective and financially
feasible system. Nonetheless, the financial feasibility of
UPHS system is sensitive to operating duration, off peak and
peak electricity tariff.
Based on the techno-economic evaluation, it is concluded that
under favourable conditions the realization of UPSHP plants
in Singapore seems both technically feasible and
economically reasonable.
REFERENCES
1. Reinhard Madlener and Jan Martin Specht, An Exploratory Economic
Analysis of Underground Pumped-Storage Hydro Power Plants in
Abandoned Coal Mines, Institute for Future Energy Consumer Needs
and Behavior (FCN) School of Business and Economics / E.ON
ERCFCN Working Paper No. 2/2013, February 2013
2. I. H. Wong, An Underground Pumped Storage Scheme in the Bukit
Timah Granite of Singapore, School of Civil and Structural
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Tunneling and
Underground Space Technology, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 485--489, 1996
195
 Proposal of WEC to Harness the Power of the
Breaking Wave Using Rotating Turbines
Tsumoru Shintake
OIST: Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
1919-1, Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495 Japan
shintake@oist.jp
I. KEYWORDS
WEC, ocean wave, breaking wave, surf wave, turbine
II. ABSTRACT
In this paper, the author will propose a new concept of
WEC: Wave Energy Converter, which will harness the power
of the breaking wave on the beach, and also report field test
result on the proof of principle experiment.
Fig. 1 Array of WEC placed in breaking wav on a beach. 2 m diameter
turbine is directly connected to electric generator using NdFeB permanent
magnet array. It will generate average power of 20 kW from 2 m high wave
(offshore wave height).
When the ocean wave approaches to the shore, the wave
shape is modified and the phase velocity is slowing down due
to narrowing boundary condition between seafloor and water
surface, and it finally reaches to the critical point of breaking.
The flow speed of water particle (group velocity) is
accelerated, much faster than that in the deep ocean wave and
finally the group velocity and phase velocity becomes close.
We harness the power from this water flow.
There exists the classical hydroelectricity plant, where
normally height difference (hydraulic head) is very high, more
than 100 m because of the high water dam, while water flow
rate is limited to low in order to save water resource. In this
condition, the potential energy is converted to the electricity.
To perform this, Francis turbine fully immersed in running
water is commonly used, or at even higher-pressure case the
Pelton wheel is used, which efficiently captures the impulses
of water jet. Modern form of the Pelton turbine achieves more
than 90% power conversion efficiency.
In contrast to this, the ocean wave posses low hydraulic
head, typically a few meter high, while flow rate is huge. We
may consider an imaginary water dam: it is a few meter high
dam built in a very wide river, 10's of 100's of kilo-meter wide.
"Wave" is a gated water flow coming out of the dam
repeatedly at 8~10 sec period for one or two seconds duration.
We consider how to harness the energy from this water
flow. Because the hydraulic head is only a few meter, Francis
or Pelton turbines does not work. We need windmill like
turbines placed in front of the breaking wave as shown in Fig.
1. Array of turbines will create a barrier against the wave, and
take out the kinetic energy from the impulse of wavefront,
thus wave heights will be lowered after the barrier. Our WECs
will play similar role as the tetrapod structure on the
breakwater, or even better because we efficiently take out the
energy, thus wave looses it kinetic energy.
The maximum water speed available from the imaginary
water dam (from a hole at bottom) is simply given by
v0 = 2gH (1)
The wave height of 2 meter on offshore location, creates
roughly ~3 m wave on beach right before it breaks, which
generates 7.7 m/sec maximum water speed. (Note that in real
water wave, wave crest has maximum velocity and maximum
potential energy) Roughly speaking, the average kinematic
power density is given by
1 1#1 &
p̂ = ρ 〈v 3 〉 = % ρ v03 ( (2)
2 4$2 '
The instantaneous peak power density in such water flow
becomes 60 kW/m2. We need to take time-average, i.e., 2 sec
duration of water flow and 8 sec repetition of beat, we have 24
kW/m2 average power. This is much higher energy density
than the wind power (0.3 kW/m2 at 8 m/sec wind input).
Therefore a 2 m diameter WEC can generate same power
from a 20 m diameter windmill. The available power form one
WEC of 2 m diameter is 20 kW, assuming power conversion
efficiency 30%.
In reality, after the wave breaks vortex flow is created
inside the breaking wave, as a result available power becomes
fairly low. To avoid this, this type of WEC should use water
flow right before the wave breaking. We are currently
studying on a best depth (wave breaking point), and suitable
beach configuration using 2D fluid dynamic code.
High tide area, such as west coast of France may not be
suitable for this WEC technology, because the wave-breaking
zone will move as tide changes. There are many areas having
less tide change in the world; Mediterranean Sea, North Sea
near Norway, Gulf of Mexico, California, west coast of
Australia (Pearth), Hawaii, French Polynesia and Japan Sea.
196
We made wave potential survey based on past 5-years weather
data around Japan.
The output power from the electric generator becomes a
series of impulses associated with the wave beat. By storing
pulse currents from array of turbines into capacitor bank in a
power conditioner placed near to the beach, the regulated AC
power will be sent out to the grid as shown in Fig. 2. The
beating fluctuations will be perfectly removed at the DC-AC
converter, and the output power level will be well regulated.
The electric phase can be controlled to match with the request
needs from the grid power network. This is well-established
common technology in the windmill plant.
Fig. 2 Array of 40 WECs placed in breaking wave generates 1 MVA power
into grid through power conditioner.
Because the size of this WEC is much smaller than
windmills or other offshore WECs, it has the following
advantages;
(1) Lower construction cost.
(2) Lower installation and maintenance cost. It does not
require a tall crane, which is commonly required to install
windmills.
(3) Shorter power cable is enough thus lowing the cost.
Because WECs will be located on beach, the required length
of the power cable will be within 1 km.
(4) Easier maintenance. Depth of the water at WEC is
around 1 meter at mean sea level; we may reach to the device
with a small boat or directly from land at quiet sea condition.
(5) Speed of rotating blade is roughly ~10 m/sec at the
wing tip, which is slower than swimming speed of fish and
dolphin, thus risk of "fish strike" will be low.
(6) The electric generator is directly connected to turbine,
thus hardware is simple, thus lower cost and highly reliable.
(7) There is no speed up gear inside the structure, thus the
rotation inertia is low. It reduces damage on blade when
rotating turbine collides to a floating wood or other drifting
stuffs.
(8) In order to limit excess torque due to surge current at
storm condition, the rotating blade may be fabricated from
soft material (rubber with backbone), so that we may protect
the WEC from permanent damage, which also reduces
damage on accidentally collide animals.
(9) Because the height of WEC is much lower than the
windmills, risk of thunder strike is much low.
Most important technical issue is how to protect WEC
hardware from storms. Because the incoming power to the
beach at storm condition is much higher magnitude,
particularly at wave breaking zone the wave power becomes
destructive. However, the author believes if we make WEC
small enough, and introduce some flexible structure, which
can release the power, we may protect WEC. To do so, we
have been studying mechanical structure and dynamic motion
of Dolphin’s tale as shown in Fig. 3. Dolphin uses relatively
small fine to lift up ~300 kg weight jump into air. Careful
understanding of hidden mechanism will make it possible to
protect WEC blades from destructive surge currents. This
flexible blade design also acts as torque limiting function in
high speed current by increasing twist angle in adaptive
manner.
To save nature, we need very careful surveys on risk of
interfere with animals living on beach, such as seal, turtle and
etc. And also, we should carefully choose materials to use,
and avoid any contaminations on the beach. In case of failure
or end of lifetime, we need to remove machines from shore
and recover its original natural condition. We have to take into
account this event in our original design to make this mission
easer and perfect.
Fig.3 We learned from Dolphin’s tale and introduced flexible blade design.
197
 Practical Aspects and Expected Wind Data
Uncertainty of using Floating LiDAR systems for
Offshore Wind Resource Assessments
Detlef Stein#1, Patrick Schwenk*2, Justus Kellner#3, Jian Hao Koh*4, Benoit Nguyen*5
#
DNV GL Hamburg Germany
Brooktorkai 18, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
1
detlef.stein@dnvgl.com
2
patrick.schwenk@dnvgl.com
3
justus.kellner@dnvgl.com
*
DNV GL Singapore
16 Science Park Drive, DNV GL Technology Centre Singapore 118227, Singapore
4
jian.hao.koh@dnvgl.com
5
benoit.nguyen@dnvgl.com

I. KEYWORDS
Floating LiDAR, Offshore, Resource assessment,
Validation, Uncertainty.
II. ABSTRACT
Ground based LiDAR systems are nowadays frequently
used for e.g. onshore wind resource assessments, although
generally rather in simple terrain and/or in conjunction with a
met mast. Subsequently, buoy-mounted variants for offshore
use have been developed in the past few years. Such floating
system may substantially be cheaper to deploy offshore than
met masts and can be relocated to address spatial variation of
resource measurements across a site.
Mounting existing fixed deployment-proven LiDAR
technology on buoys introduces additional uncertainties (e.g.
by the moving sea surface) in the data produced, creating
challenges for reliability, maintainability and power
management. Implications on uncertainty for energy
production predictions need strong attention. Similar to
conventional anemometry, uncertainty can be reduced through
selection of well-established units with proven track-records
and by specification of suitable calibration and mounting
arrangements.
It is particularly crucial to perform a thorough planning of
the offshore wind resource assessment (OWRA) campaign -
from LiDAR unit and complete floating LiDAR system (FLS)
performance verification through proper site selection to
commissioning and operation at the projected offshore wind
farm site.
This paper first presents the practical aspects of an FLS
deployment. This is based on the various FLS validation
campaigns conducted by DNV GL and the experience as a
working group member of the IEA “Wind” Annex 32 [1].
Expected uncertainties from FLS data will be put into
context with other typical wind data sources like offshore
wind atlas and weather model data, publically available
metrological data including high quality tall offshore masts
and weather service measurements, possibly completed by
new installations of fixed platform mounted LiDAR or even
hub height offshore metrological mast.
Related cost implications and potential benefits with
respect to more accurate calculations of the annual energy
production, hence lower risk surplus and therefore lower cost
of capital for an offshore wind farm will be discussed.
REFERENCES
[1] IEA “Wind” Annex 32 “Lidar”, Work Package 1.5: Recommended
Practice for Floating Lidar Systems, Draft 1.0 for review, 20 August
2015

Fig. 1 Various types of FLS

198
 Development of a New Small-Sized Water
Turbine Generator for Low Flow Velocities
Jian Shen and Hirotada Nanjo, Shoji Kasai, Takeshi Kubota, M. Shimada
NJRISE, Hirosaki University, Aomori 030-0813, Japan
Shinken1213@gmail.com

nanjo@hirosaki-u.ac.jp

kubott@hirosaki-u.ac.jp

skasai@hirosaki-u.ac.jp

simada-m@hirosaki-u.ac.jp

I. Keywords
Tidal energy, small-sized water turbine, Rotation Flow
turbine, low flow velocity, simulation
II. Abstract
In recent years, the issue of renewable energy has been
brought into focus. However, the study on the tidal energy
generation has been advanced, it has not reached to the
commercialization. There for, we have been promoting this
research and trying to import the small-sized water turbine
generator for low flow velocities, rather than large-sized. Fig 1. Experimental actual water turbine generator

(height 0.24m, diameter 0.12m, acreage 0.0288m2)

The newly developed generation system use the turbine

named Rotation Flow Turbine, which can get large torque in
the low flow velocities by the flow push the blade many times.
As a result, the generation power is very stable in the low flow
velocity. Thus, we can reduce the cut-in rate substantially and
it is possible to generate in 0.30m/s. Through the experimental
results, we can determine it could generate the electricity at
the low flow velocities not in Japan but also in the world

Meanwhile, we collected the data by simulation program

(Open foam) which can recreate the experiment. As a result,
we found the data is quite consistent with the experiment. So
it can be proved it is possible to recreate the experiment by Fig 2. Experimental data (Q parameter and power relations)

hydro mechanical simulation.

199
 Fig 3. Simulation of water turbine

III. References
[1] Takeshi Hyuga and Yusuke Sato, Latest Technologies for Hydroelectric

Power System, Toshiba review, Vol.68.No6、28-31

[2] Lewis, A., S. Estefen, J. Huckerby, W. Musial, T. Pontes, J. Torres‐
Martinez, 2011, Ocean Energy. In IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy
Sources and Climate Change Mitigation [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs‐Madruga,
Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier,
G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)], Cambridge University Press,
501-504

[3] Hirotada Nanjo, Dynamical Model and Estimation for the Optimization of

Output Power by Reaction Type Wind Turbine, Wind Energy, Vol. 32(2008)

No. 4 P 102-108

200
 Validation of ProteusDS numerical model using
TRITON tank test data
Andrew Baron#1, Dean Steinke#2, Ralf Starzmann*3, Sarah Bischof *4, Katja Jacobsen +5
#
Dynamic Systems Analysis Ltd.
201-3600 Kempt Road, Halifax, NS, Canada
1
andrew.baron@dsa-ltd.ca
2
dean@dsa-ltd.ca
*
Schottel Hydro GmbH
Mainzer Str. 99, Spay/Rhein, Germany
3
rstarzmann@schottel.de
4
sbischof@schottel.de
+
Hamburg Ship Model Basin
Bramfelder Straße 164 Hamburg Germany
5
jacobsen@hsva.de

Tank tests of the TRITON platform were performed at the

I. KEYWORDS HSVA tank facility in Hamburg, Germany. A 1/17th scale
Tidal turbines, numerical modelling, scale testing, model prototype with 40 turbines was fabricated and
hydrodynamics. instrumented. The prototype was placed in a tow tank and run
in various environmental conditions.
II. ABSTRACT
Large scale (>1MW) tidal power generation platforms are
developed to capture maximum tidal energy while ensuring that
the turbines are easily maintained, and the platform will survive
and remain stable through the expected extreme wind, waves
and current. In order to design a platform that will resist loading
in extreme conditions and exhibit the desired behaviour,
numerical modelling is used to calculate the loads and predict
structure motions. Validation of the numerical model against
scale model testing is an important exercise that ensures that
the numerical model is accurately capturing all the forces acting
on the system.
The TRITON platform, developed by SCHOTTEL HYDRO
was designed to place the turbines in the upper half of the water
column, where flow speed is the highest. The semi-submerged
platform is bottom mounted and does not float on the sea
Fig. 1 TRITON scale model being lowered into the test tank
surface, reducing wave loads and increasing survivability. The
platform contains two surface piercing spar buoys that can de-
ballast to bring the platform into the maintenance position The ProteusDS time-domain numerical modelling software
where the turbines are accessible. The platform contains 40 makes use of a forward-speed boundary element method (BEM)
separate SIT250 turbines; the turbine size has been optimized code called ShipMo3D to develop a database of forward speed,
to reduce CAPEX, increase redundancy, and allow for greater heading, and frequency dependant added mass, damping, and
maintainability. diffraction loading coefficients for the surface piercing spar
The primary loads acting on the TRITON structure are buoys [1]. ProteusDS uses Cummins’ equation to evaluate the
turbine thrust, and drag and hydrostatic forces acting on the structure dynamics in the time domain [2]. Incident wave and
spar buoys. These primary loads are highly dependent on the hydrostatic forces are modelled using a nonlinear method in
relative fluid speed and direction, and position in the water which the undisturbed fluid pressure field is integrated over the
column. Numerical modelling is used to include the effects of body’s surface (i.e. the Froude-Krylov force) using a polygonal
current, wave, and dynamic platform motion into a high fidelity mesh. The polygonal mesh is also used to model the viscous
time domain numerical analysis to properly assess the structure drag (resistance) effects on the spar buoys and tether arms
without building multiple prototypes. The results of the The SIT250 turbines blades are passive-adaptive and change
numerical analysis provide feedback on front-end engineering shape at high speeds to reduce the load on the turbine and
design decisions and accurate loads for the sizing of structural structure. In order to enable dynamic turbine loads in the
components. It is important to validate the numerical model numerical model, a turbine model is used in which thrust and
against scale test data to ensure that the numerical model is torque coefficients are looked up as a function of tip speed ratio
accurately capturing the dominant loads in the system. and relative fluid velocity to determine the thrust and torque
loads acting on the structure. A desired tip speed ratio is set for

201
each inlet fluid velocity and a simple controller constantly
adjusts the turbine angular velocity to try and match the design
tip speed ratio.

Fig. 2 Visualization of TRITON platform modelled in ProteusDS

The scale tests at HSVA were performed to determine the

stability of the structure and the total loads acting on the anchor.
By comparing the structure’s positional response to the
numerical model simulation, the accuracy of the numerical
model can be determined.
In the proposed paper, the setup of the numerical model of
the TRITON platform and the scale tank test model of the
TRITON platform will be discussed. The results of both the
numerical model and the tank test will be compared to
determine the effectiveness of the numerical model.

REFERENCES
[1] K.A. McTaggart, “Verification and validation of ShipMo3D ship motion
predictions in the time and frequency domains,” International Journal of
Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, vol. 3, pp. 86-94, 2011.
[2] R.S. Nicoll, C.F. Wood, and A.R. Roy, “Comparison of physical model
tests with a time domain simulation model of a wave energy converter,”
in Proceedings of the ASME 2012 31 st international conference on
offshore mechanics and arctic engineering OMAE, OMAE, July 1-6
2012

202
 Feedback Control of Wave Energy Converters
Ossama Abdelkhalik∗ , Jiajun Song† and Rush Robinett‡
Mechanical Engineering -Engineering Mechanics Department, Michigan Technological University
1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
Giorgio Bacelli§ and David Wilson¶
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
Umesh Kordek
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA

March 15, 2016

1 Abstract timal resistive and reactive elements. By resonating

each frequency component and summing them to-
A feedback control is proposed in this paper for gether the controller feedback effort that maximizes
the control of wave energy converters. The pro- the amount of absorbed power is provided.
posed controller is a time-domain approximation for
the complex conjugate control in the sense that it
generates the optimal solution through impedance 2 Decomposition of the WEC
matching. The theoretical underpinnings of com-
plex conjugate control are fundamentally linear, and Control Problem
the proposed control exploits the linear control the-
ory to provide a complex conjugate control in the For a heaving buoy, the Cummins’ equation of mo-
time domain. The proposed control does not need tion is [1]:
wave prediction or wave measurements. The pro- Z ∞
posed control is novel in that it is a feedback strategy (m + ã(∞)) z̈ + hr (τ )ż(t − τ )dτ + kz = fe + u
that has a multi-resonant generator. It targets both 0
amplitude and phase through feedback that is con- (1)
structed from individual frequency components that where m is the buoy mass, ã is the added mass at in-
come from the spectral decomposition of the mea- finite frequency, z is the heave position of the buoy’s
surements signal. Each individual frequency uses a center of mass with respect to the mean water level,
Proportional-Derivative control to provide both op- k is the hydrostatic stiffness due to buoyancy, u is
the control force, fe is the excitation force, and hr
∗
Associate Professor, Email: ooabdelk@mtu.edu is the radiation impulse response function (radiation
†
PhD student kernel). The second term in Eq (1) is usually re-
‡
The Richard and Elizabeth Henes Chair Professor
in Mechanical Engineering, Director of Research, Agile
ferred to as the radiation damping term and it is
& Interconnected Microgrids Center Co-Director. Email: frequency dependent.
rdrobine@mtu.edu Consider the simple case of a regular wave where
§
Email: gbacell@sandia.gov the excitation force has only one frequency; in such
¶
Program Manager, Email: dwilso@sandia.gov
k
Pearson Endowed Professorship in Sustainable
case it is possible to show that radiation impulse
Energy/Professor Mechanical Engineering, Email: integral reduces to a linear damping term, and the
umesh.korde@sdsmt.edu equation of motion for this simple case becomes:

203
 Equation (8) allows us to design individual con-
(m + ã(∞)) z̈ + cż + kz = fe + u (2) trollers for each individual component of the re-
sponse, that is:
Where c is a damping coefficient that is constant for
a given exciting frequency. The excitation force in Xℵ ℵ
X ℵ
X
this case is: U (s) = D(s)Zı (s) = Dı (s)Zı (s) = Uı (s)
ı=1 ı=1 ı=1
fei = Aei sin(ωı t + φı ) (3) (9)
As a result, the WEC control problem can be decom-
Where the subscript i is added to indicate that this posed into ℵ control sub-problems, as illustrated in
is the excitation force due to the frequency ωı . Figure 1. In this case, ℵ different controls, Dı (s), are
ℵ ℵ designed. One advantage of this approach is that the
X X
fe = fei = Aei sin(ωı t + φı ) (4) input is a single-frequency for each sub-problem and
ı=1 ı=1 hence eliminating the need to evaluate a convolution
The WEC control problem is to design the con- integral. The other advantage is that each controller
troller D(s) such that energy extraction is maxi- Dı can be optimized independently from other con-
mized. trollers to its input frequency.
Let H(s) be the system transfer function in the
Laplace domain; hence
Z(s) G(s)
H(s) ≡ = (5)
Fe (s) 1 − D(s)G(s)
where Z(s) is the laplace transform of z(t), Fe (s) is
the laplace transform of fe (t), D(s) is the controller,
and G(s) represents the system dynamics in Equa-
tion (2).
The system is linear, hence we can write:
ℵ
X
Z(s) = H(s)Fe (s) = H(s) Feı (s)
ı=1
ℵ
X ℵ
X Figure 1: Block diagram of the decomposed WEC
= H(s)Feı (s) = Zı (s) (6) control system
ı=1 ı=1

Equation (6) indicates that the buoy response, z,

is the summation of individual buoy responses to References Cited
individual excitation forces, that is:
[1] W. Cummins, D. T. M. B. W. D. C., D. W.
ℵ
X T. M. Basin, The Impulse Response Function
z= zı (t) (7)
and Ship Motions, Report (David W. Taylor
ı=1
Model Basin), Navy Department, David Taylor
where zı (t) is the inverse Laplace transform of Zı (s). Model Basin, 1962.
Similarly, the control can be written as: URL https://books.google.com/books?id=
ℵ
GLLANwAACAAJ
X
U (s) = D(s)Z(s) = D(s)Zı (s) (8)
ı=1

204
 Reduction in the Cost of Tidal Energy Through the
Exploitation of Lower Flow Resources
Mark Leybourne#1, Joe Hussey#2, Michael Lochinvar Abundo*3
#
IT Power Consulting Ltd.
St Brandon’s House, Bristol, BS1 5QT, United Kingdom
1
mark.leybourne@itpower.co.uk
2
joe.hussey@itpower.co.uk
*
OceanPixel Pte Ltd
CleanTech One Bldg., #02-15, 1 CleanTech Loop, 637141, Singapore
3
mike@oceanpixel.org

I. KEYWORDS
Cost of Energy, Tidal Energy, Low Flow Energy Resources

II. ABSTRACT
The majority of leading tidal stream turbine technologies are
large, seabed mounted systems designed for energetic sites with
peak flow velocities exceeding 3 m/s. Early array projects using
these technologies will have to reduce costs whilst overcoming
challenges associated with installation, access and maintenance
of such systems. Fig. 1 Examples of low flow turbines installed on floating platforms;
Instream’s 25kW, vertical axis turbine platforms [left], a prototype Chinese,
Reducing the capital, operational and maintenance costs is 60kW floating catamaran system from Zhejiang University [right].
key to the continued success of the industry and to enable
technologies to compete with other forms of electrical This paper will discuss and demonstrate reductions in the
generation. A particular aim of the UK’s sector is to reduce the cost of energy through the use of small turbines on floating
levelised cost of energy (LCOE) to below £150/MWh platforms, optimised for ‘low' flows. It will show how potential
(~245USD/MWh). Although a degree of cost reduction will be cost savings associated with platforms, infrastructure,
brought about by learning and experience, the biggest cost installation and maintenance, as well as economies of scale and
drivers, and areas for cost reduction, are installation, operations greater choice of sites; outweighs the increased costs of blades
& maintenance/access, foundations, grid and electrical and power take-off with this approach.
infrastructure as well as the site itself.
Cost of energy reductions will be demonstrated through
The use of smaller capacity, tidal energy conversion systems, example case studies from the UK and South East Asia, taken
suited to sites with lower flow velocities (~2m/s), such as those from the authors’ experiences in undertaking assessments in
shown in Figure 1, can not only reduce capital, operational and these regions. This paper will also highlight the increase in the
maintenance costs but can open up new markets that are not an size of the market opportunity that could be achieved by using
option for the large, megawatt class of turbines. By mounting a turbines for low flow sites, as presented in Figure 2.
number of small turbines on floating platforms, installation
efforts can be reduced and the would remove the need for
seabed mounted foundations and support structures.
Furthermore, floating systems provide easier access to turbines
and electrical systems for maintenance and inspections, thereby
reducing the costs for interventions and assessments.

Tidal energy converters suited to lower flow sites are not

without their challenges however; larger rotor diameters and
powertrains are required to extract the energy from the slower
moving water and this will lead to higher relative costs for the
turbine component. Turbine rotors on floating platforms also
have to be designed to withstand combined wave and tidal Fig. 2 New markets that can be accessed using technology suited to lower
forces, coupled with the movement of the support structure. tidal flows; red ringed areas show resources >3m/s, yellow ringed areas
show resources of >2m/s

205
 Performance Analysis of a floating OWC- type
Wave Energy Converter by Vortex Method
Shigeki Okubo #1, Shuichi Nagata *2, Yasutaka Imai *3, Tengen Murakami*4, Toshiaki Setoguchi*5
# Wind power business promotion department, Hitachi Zosen
7-89, Nanko-kita, 1-chome, Suminoe-ku, Osaka, Japan
1 ohkubo_s@hitachizosen.co.jp
* Institute of Ocean Energy, Saga University
1-Honjo-machi, Saga, Japan
2 nagata@ioes.saga-u.ac.jp
3 imai@ioes.saga-u.ac.jp
4 muramami@ioes.saga-u.ac.jp
5setoguci@me.saga-u.ac.jp

Abstract
Two-dimensional numerical method in time domain by vortex method to estimate primary conversion efficiency of a floating
OWC-type wave energy converter such as Backward Bent Duct buoy (BBDB) is proposed. The turbine load is replaced for the
orifice load in order to simplify the problem. In the analysis of the wave motion, vortex method which can consider the fluid
viscosity is used. Core-Spreading method is used to simulate of viscous diffusion of the vortex. Vortex layer model and vorticity
shedding model are used to simulate the vorticity creation from the body surface and diffusion of the vorticity into the fluid. For
the air flow in air chamber, an equation of state and the conservation of mass and energy under the assumption of air being the
perfect gas are used. From these equations, motions of the floating body, water surface elevation and air pressure in air chamber,
primary conversion efficiency etc. are calculated. Wave tank tests for the primary conversion efficiency of the BBDB in regular
waves are also carried out and numerical results are compared with experimental results.

Keywords— Wave energy converter, Floating OWC, Vortex method, Experiments, Complex variable boundary element
method, Primary conversion efficiency

References
[1] J. Cruz, Ocean Wave Energy, Springer, 2008
[2] A.F. de O.Falcão, “Wave Energy Utilization: A Review of the Technologies”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol.14, pp.899-
918, 2010.
[3] J. Falnes, Ocean Waves and Oscillating System, Cambridge, 2002.
[4] Y. Masuda, “Experiences in Pneumatic Wave Energy Conversion”, Utilization of Ocean Waves – Wave to Energy Conversion, ASCE, pp 1-
33, 1986.
[5] Y. Masuda, L. Xianguang, and G. Xiangfan, “High Performance of Cylinder Float Backward Bent Duct Buoy (BBDB) and its Use In
European Sea”, in 1993 European Wave Energy Symposium, pp 323- 337,1993
[6] L. Xianguang, W. Wei, D. Bin, and J. Niandong, “Experimental Research on Performance of BBDB Wave-activated Generation Device
Model”, in The second European Wave Power Conference, pp 95-106, 1995.
[7] W.A. Lewis, T. Gilbaud, and B, Holmes, “Modeling the Backward Bent Duct Device –B2D2 A Comparison between Physical and
Numerical Models”, in Proc of Fifth European Wave Energy Conference, pp 54-58, 2003.
[8] S. Nagata, K. Toyota, Y. Imai, T. Setoguchi, Y. Kyozuka, and Y. Masuda, “Experimental Research on Primary Conversion of a Floating
OWC “ Backward Bent Duct Buoy” ”, in Proc. of Int. Offshore and Polar Eng. Conf, ISOPE, pp 475-482, 2007.
[9] Y. Imai, K. Toyota, S, Nagata, T. Setoguchi, J. Oda, M. Matsunaga, Y. Manago, and T. Shimozono, “Experimental Study on Negative Drift
Force Acting on a Floating OWC-type Wave Energy Converter “, in Proc of Int. Offshore and Polar Eng. Conf., ISOPE, pp 331-338, 2009.
[10] K. Toyota, S. Nagata, Y. Imai, J. Oda, and T. Setoguchi, “Primary Energy Conversion Characteristics of a Floating OWC - Backward
Bent Duct Buoy- ”, in Proc. of Int. Offshore and Polar Eng. Conf., ISOPE, pp 850-855, 2010.
[11] S. Nagata, K. Toyota, Y. Imai, T. Setoguchi, M.A.H. Mamun, and H. Nakagawa, “ Numerical Analysis on Primary Conversion Efficiency of
Floating OWC-type Wave Energy Converter”, in Proc. of the 21st ISOPE Conference, pp.578-585, 2011
[12] K. Weoncheol, and L. Kyoung-Rok, “Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Backward Bent Duct Buoy (BBDB) Wave Energy
Converter”, in Proc. of the 21st ISOPE Conference, pp.655-660, 2011
[13] A. Kurniawan, J. Hals, and T. Moan, “Modeling and Simulation of a Floating Oscillating Water Column”, in Proc. of the 30th Int. Conf. on
Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Eng., OMAE2011-49263, 2011
[14] G. H. Cottet, and P. Koumoutsakos, Vortex Methods, Cambridge, 2004.
[15] R. W. Yeung, and C. A. Cermelli, “Vortical flow Generated by a plate rolling in a free surface, Free Surface Flow with Viscosity”, Advances
in Fluid Mechanics, vol. 16, 1998.
[16] R. W. Yeung, ” Fluid Dynamics of Finned Bodies”, Proc. of Int. Offshore and Polar Eng. Conf., ISOPE, pp.1-11, 2002.
[17] M.-Y. Lin, and L.-H. Huang, “Vortex shedding from a submerged rectangular obstacle attacked by a solitary wave”, J. Fluid Mech., vol.
651, pp. 503-518, 2010.
[18] M.-Y. Lin, and L.-H. Huang, “Numerical simulation of wave-structure interaction using a Lagrangian vortex method”, Ocean Eng. 44, pp.
11- 22, 2012.

206
 A Review of India’s Developing Offshore Wind
Market and Opportunities
Mark Leybourne#1, Joe Hussey#2
#
IT Power Consulting Ltd.
St Brandon’s House, Bristol, BS1 5QT, United Kingdom
1
mark.leybourne@itpower.co.uk
2
joe.hussey@itpower.co.uk
I. KEYWORDS
Offshore Wind, India, New Market, Policy Development
II. ABSTRACT
Electricity generation from wind is a key part of India's
programme to satisfy huge unmet demand for energy: India
has one sixth of the World's population and 240 million
people still lack access to electricity. Rapid economic growth,
with the GDP increasing at over 7% pa, is driving increases in
energy demand and renewables are being seen as a solution.
The local power system needs to quadruple in size by 2040 in
order to meet demand and renewables will significantly
contribute to the new generation capacity over the coming
decades. The Government of India’s Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE) has set technology specific
targets, aiming at 100GW of PV and 60GW of wind capacity
by 2022; ambitious increases from the current 4GW of PV and
25GW of wind. India now has the cheapest onshore wind
energy in the world and some of the cheapest solar PV.
Whilst there is a strong political push for the renewables
sector, there are numerous barriers to the onshore wind and
solar industries including; the mismatch of grid infrastructure
availability with energy resource; issues with land rights and
rent prices; and difficulties in transporting components to
remote sites. Only around 7 of India’s 29 states have onshore
wind energy resources that could meaningfully contribute to
the country’s energy mix; by looking offshore, India’s wind
energy potential could be increased from the estimated
100GW onshore (at 80m) and offshore sites would avoid
some of the issues experienced onshore, however will
introduce challenges of their own.
India’s National Offshore Wind Policy was approved by
Cabinet in September 2015 and sets out the framework for the
industry and precedent for decision making. The Indian
Government is determined that the first offshore wind projects
be developed quickly (2018 is the target date for the award of
the first tender) and is actively working towards setting up the
regulatory and market conditions for the sector. The
commercial opportunity has attracted considerable interest
from the local supply chain; particularly organisations
servicing India's successful onshore wind and offshore
hydrocarbon industries. Cheap local fabrication, labour and
installation vessels will help to keep down project costs and
improve affordability. As the supply chain develops, it plans
low-cost exports to foreign offshore wind markets.
MNRE is spear-heading the development of offshore energy
with support from the UK Government and the European
Commission. In addition to mapping the offshore wind
resource, the government is developing marine databases, and
appropriate consenting and subsidy schemes for offshore wind
projects. Where appropriate the industry is applying lessons
from Europe, local onshore wind and offshore oil and gas.
The focus of the Indian offshore wind industry will be split
between the states of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu; both of which
have been studied under the current EU FOWIND project.
Figure 1 shows the boundaries of the first Zones that will be
offered for bidding in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, alongside the
locations of LIDAR measurement platforms and the closest,
likely construction ports. An offshore wind measurement
campaign using LIDAR is set to commence in both Gujarat
and Tamil Nadu waters during 2016 and will be essential to
provide initial energy resource information for the industry.
Fig. 1 The boundaries of India’s first offshore wind zones in Tamil Nadu [left]
and Gujarat [right] showing the LIDAR wind measurement locations and the
nearest ports for construction.
This paper will summarise the current state of India’s
offshore wind sector and the potential opportunities it could
present over the coming decade. It will provide insight, from
the authors’ perspective of working to support the industry
industry over the past 4 years, into the key organisations,
market conditions and considerations for those interested in this
emerging industry. Although there has been no official
indication on the potential, overall scale of the industry or
targets for installation (these will follow on from an official
country wide resource assessment currently being undertaken),
the industry will eventually be sizeable and offer numerous
opportunities for international firms. India will inevitably
become the world’s most populous country and will
subsequently demand the most electricity; this demand cannot
be met by onshore wind and solar PV alone – offshore wind
will certainly contribute to India’s electricity mix.
207
Rated power and control of an oscillating-water-column wave energy converter
A.F.O. Falcão, J.C.C. Henriques, L.M.C. Gato
IDMEC/LAETA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal

Keywords: Wave Energy; Oscillating Water Column; Optimization; Control.

Abstract
The oscillating-water-column wave energy device equipped with an air turbine is widely regarded as the simplest
and most reliable, and the one that was object of the most extensive development effort. The maximization of the
produced electrical energy involves the control of the rotation speed, which affects the hydrodynamic process of
wave energy absorption, the turbine aerodynamics and the performance of the electrical equipment. The overall
performance of the plant was modelled as an integrated process, with the hydrodynamic modelling based on linear
water wave theory. Special account was taken of the electrical efficiency dependence on the load factor and of the
constraint introduced by electrical rated power as a power level that cannot be exceeded. A case study was
selected to investigate these issues: the existing bottom-standing plant on the shoreline of the island of Pico, in
Azores Archipelago. Results are presented for the control of the self-rectifying air turbine of biradial type and for
the annually produced electrical energy as affected by turbine size and by electrical rated power.

Figure: Annual-averaged electrical power versus rated power for different turbine sizes.

208
 Planning and Monitoring of the MRE Test Site in
China
Changlei MA1, Jianjun SHI2
National Ocean Technology Center
No 219, Jieyuan west St., Nankai, Tianjin, China
1
notcmachanglei@163.com
2
shijianjun563@163.com

Three test berths with rated installed capacity of each 1 MW

I. KEYWORDS would be built.
Marine Renewable Energy (MRE), test site, small-scale, For the full-scale wave energy test site, marine
full-scale, monitoring. hydrographic survey and meteorological observation lasted for
one year since Jan 2014 in Dawanshan Island. The wave
II. ABSTRACT energy density is 4-5 kW/m. Two test berths with depth of 30-
Three MRE test sites has been planned in China, one test 50 m and 1 berth with depth of 10-30 m would be built.
site in Shandong Province for small-scale device testing, one
test site in Zhejiang Province for full-scale tidal turbine testing,
another test site in Guangdong Province for full-scale wave
energy converter testing. The small scale test site obtained the REFERENCES
consent of local government in Nov 2014 and initiated the
[1] E.Sweeney, The Future of the Ocean Economy. 2015.
building in 2015. The planning, the function, and the [2] IEA OES, International Levelised Cost of Energy for Ocean Energy
monitoring details of the MRE Test Sites, especially the Technologies. 2015.
small-scale test site, would be introduced. [3] IEA OES. Anuual Report 2014. 2015.
For the full-scale tidal current energy test site, marine [4] NOTC, Status of Marine Renewable Energy Development in 2014.
2014.
hydrographic survey and meteorological observation lasted for [5] XY. Luo, DW. Xia, Strategy Report on Marine Renewable Energy
one year since Dec 2013 in the channel (20-60m) between Development in China. 2014..
Putuoshan Island and Hulu Island in Zhoushan Islands. The
average power density of tidal current energy is 1.5kW/m2.

209
Impact of atmosphere-ocean-wave coupling on modelling hurricane
waves and storm surge

∗1
Nikhil Garg , Ng Yin Kwee, Eddie1 , and Srikanth Narasimalu2

1
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
2
Energy Research Institute (ERI@N), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Surface fluxes at the air-sea interface have long been recognized as the essential factor in modelling
many atmospheric and oceanic phenomenon including hurricanes. The latent heat release due to
the condensation of water vapour has been attributed as the energy source for hurricanes. The
exchange of fluxes (momentum and heat) at the air-sea interface affect the distribution of water
vapour and heat in the near surface layer, thereby providing a link between the atmosphere and
ocean, Emanuel [1986]. Thus, it can be concluded that the exchange of heat, momentum and water
vapour has immense implications on hurricanes in numerical models.

The knowledge of magnitude and variation of these surface fluxes is limited by the observational
constraints due to difficulty in measuring at such high wind speeds (>30ms−1 ). As a result, it is
not clear which form these fluxes should take, which constraints the usage of numerical models at
such high winds, due to the limited validity of surface flux parametrizations used in the numerical
models. The coupling of atmosphere, ocean and wave model allows a more precise representation
of the physical processes responsible for these flux exchanges. Using a coupled model, it is possible
to investigate the role of heat and momentum fluxes, wind-wave and wave-current interaction on
the hurricane intensity and structure, which in turn allows for improved modelling of hurricane
generated waves and storm surges.

Ocean waves are generated by the momentum flux from the winds aloft and the pressure changes
at the air-sea interface. In order to have better wave forecast, it is imperative to have a good
∗
Corresponding author: nikhil003@e.ntu.edu.sg

210
spatial and temporal description of winds. While at the same the effects of the ocean waves
on the winds are expressed in terms of surface roughness effects, where the surface roughness is
represented using scaling arguments given by Charnock [1955], which is valid for fully developed
waves, unlike the growing wind waves present under hurricanes. Similarly, it is also important to
properly represent the mixing in the upper portion of ocean, which is enhanced by both ocean
waves and the momentum from strong winds, where this enhanced mixing results in mixing the
colder deep ocean water with the warmer water in upper layer, thus creating a cold wake.

Also, waves and increased water levels together can cause flooding in the coastal regions, where
the high water levels maybe be caused by the combination of the mean sea level, tides, surge due
to locally generated surge and a travelling external surge and waves. Wave height in the coastal
areas depend on the water depth, which is affected by the tides and surge, whereas the water level
in the coastal areas maybe affected by the waves, caused by the wave setup by means of radiation
stresses.

In order to represent the above mentioned processes, and improve the prediction of hurricane
generated waves and storm surge, this study utilizes a novel coupled model using state of the art
atmosphere, ocean and wave models. To investigate the performance of the coupled model, a series
of numerical experiments are carried out where model results are compared with the uncoupled
model results, and the relatively sparse measurements. The results describing the influence of
atmosphere-ocean-wave coupling on ocean waves and storm surge results will be presented.

References

H. Charnock. Wind stress on a water surface. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,
81:639, 1955.

K.A. Emanuel. An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part I: Steady-state maintenance.
Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 43(6):585–605, 1986.

211
 Development and Application of Offshore Surging
Wave Energy Power Generation Converter
Zhong-hua Zhang, Xiang-nan Wang
Research and Development Department of Marine Renewable Energy, National Ocean Technology Centre
No.219, Jieyuan Road West, Dist. Nankai, Tianjin, China
zzhrabbit@126.com

power generation converter was developed in the sea area of

I. KEYWORDS Daguan Island. This type of offshore surging wave energy
offshore；surging wave energy converter；wave energy power generation converter has excellent prospects on islands
resource；model test；sea trial and the coastal region.

II. ABSTRACT REFERENCES

[1]
Wave energy is clean, renewable energy. There are various [2]
wave power generation technologies. The offshore surging
wave energy device developed rapidly in recent years which
have a simple structure and the low cost. [3]
First, the principle of power generation of offshore surging
wave energy converter was analyzed in detail. And then the [4]
sea area of Daguan Island in Shandong province was chosen
as the sea trial area. A type of offshore surging wave energy
[5]
power generation converter which is suitable to the local wave
condition was designed based on the analysis of the wave
energy resources and environmental condition in wave energy [6]
test site. Third, the wave-tank model test was developed for
the key technology parameters. And the characteristics of the [7]
bottom-hinged surging wave energy device were investigated.
Finally, engineering prototype of the bottom-hinged surging
wave energy device was completed. And the sea trial of the
AW-Energy Oy. WaveRoller. www.aw-energy.com, 2007.
Yueh, Ching Yun. Analysis of a piston-type porous wave energy
converter[C], Proceedings of the 20th international Offshore and Polar
Engineering Conference, 2010, v1:894-899
Whittaker T, Collier D. The development of Oyster-A shallow water
surging wave energy converter[C], 7th European Wave and Tidal
Energy Conference, Porto, 2007.
Whittaker T, Collier D. The construction of Oyster-A near shore
surging wave energy converter[C], 7th European Wave and Tidal
Energy Conference, Porto, 2007.
HENRY, A., The Hydrodynamics of Small Seabed Mounted Bottom
Hinged Wave Energy Converters in Shallow Water[D], PhD Thesis,
Queen’s University Belfast,2008.
Folley, M., Whittaker, T.J.T. , et al, The effect of water depth on the
performance of a small surging wave energy converter[J], Ocean
Engineering 34, 1265–1274, 2007.
Folley, M., Whittaker, T.J.T., et al, The design of small seabed-
mounted bottom hinged wave energy converters[C], 7th European
Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, Porto, 2007.

212
 Tank-testing to validate a linear numerical
performance model of the Bombora wave energy
converter
Cam Algie #1, Alan Fleming *2, Shawn Ryan #3, Sam Leighton #4
#
Bombora Wavepower
Suite 1, Office 6, Enterprise Unit 3, 9 De Laeter Way, Bentley WA 6102, Australia
1cam.algie@bomborawavepower.com.au

3
shawn.ryan@bomborawavepower.com.au
4
sam.leighton@bomborawavepower.com.au
*
University of Tasmania, Australian Maritime College
Launceston Campus, Maritime Way, Newnham, TAS 7248, Australia
2alan.fleming@utas.edu.au

This model was tested in a 12m by 35m tank, at three

I. KEYWORDS
Wave energy converter, numerical modelling, tank-testing,
membrane, validation.
II. ABSTRACT
Fast and accurate numerical modelling of wave energy
converters (WECs) is critical to cost effective development of
these technologies. With the assistance of Applied
Renewables Research, Bombora Wavepower has developed a
linear numerical performance modelling suite for their flexible
membrane WEC (mWave). This WEC comprises a bottom-
mounted, air-filled membrane, divided into discrete cells
which pump air (under wave pressure) through a turbine
circuit via non-return valves [1].
For the purpose of numerical model validation, tank testing
of a 1:15 scale physical model of this device was conducted at
the Australian Maritime College.
The physical model was simplified by approximating the
power take-off (PTO) system. The bottom-mounted non-
return valves and turbine of the full scale device were replaced
with a restriction orifice in the duct from each membrane cell
and a common duct manifold, all above water for access
during testing (Figure 1).
depths (0.33m, 0.52m, 0.72m) for a broad range of regular
wave parameters. Measured variables included cell pressure,
volumetric flow rate in cell ducts, and manifold pressure. Free
surface elevation was recorded adjacent to the model.
The linear numerical mWave model was adapted to
represent the simplified PTO system. Following assessment of
the tank-test data, additional small modifications of the model
were made. The modelling of transient effects in duct flow
was improved and the membrane and orifice characteristics
were refined.
The model was used to simulate the conditions of 117
regular wave tank-tests in the time domain. An error of up to
10% between the physical wave and the modelled wave
amplitude was estimated, due to significant variability in the
measured wave. Tank tests also included some strongly non-
linear wave forms. Despite this, a standard error of 10-20% in
the numerical model prediction of power capture was found,
with the distribution indicated in Figure 2.

Fig. 1 Numerically predicted and measured physical power capture for a

range of 117 tank-tests (Non-dimensionalized) [2]

Fig. 1 Tank-testing model during commissioning

A more detailed comparison was made to three tank-tests,
selected for the near-linear wave profiles that they obtained.

213
The phase-averaged time series of cell and manifold pressure,
cell flow and captured power was found to agree very well
qualitatively. Some finer details of the system response such
as secondary high-frequency oscillations were observed in
both the empirical and numerical data.
The mWave modelling suite has been found to have the
expected degree of accuracy for a broad range of conditions,
and very good accuracy for near-linear conditions. Additional
work to calibrate the model to account for non-linearity in
incident waves and to broaden the validation to irregular sea-
states is underway [3].

REFERENCES
[1] S. Ryan, C.Algie, G. Macfarlane, A. Fleming, I. Penesis and A. King,
“The Bombora wave energy converter: A novel multi-purpose device
for electricity, coastal protection and surf breaks” in Australian Coasts
& Ports Conference, 2015: 541-546.
[2] “BWP-151030-REP-01-MF-A Validation of the Bombora numerical
model”, Applied Renewables Research, County Antrim, Northern
Ireland, UK, 2016
[3] A. King, “Numerical analysis of the ‘Bombora’ wave energy
conversion device” in 19th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference,
2014.

214
Introduction to Metal Additive Manufacturing and its
Challenges in Offshore & Marine
#1 # ^
WU WENJIN (WU W.J.) , TOR SHU BENG (TOR S.B.) , Narasimalu Srikanth (Srikanth. N.) , CHUA CHEE KAI
# *
(CHUA C. K.) , AZIZ AMIRALI MERCHANT (MERCHANT A.A.)

#
Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50
Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
1
wwu003@e.ntu.edu.sg
^
Energy Research Institute @NTU, No.1, Cleantech loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
*
Keppel Offshore & Marine Technology Centre, 31 Shipyard Road, Singapore 628130, Singapore

I. KEYWORDS
Additive Manufacturing, 3D Printing, Offshore and Marine, Shipbuilding, Metal Manufacturing
II. ABSTRACT
This paper provides an introduction and overview to a rapidly emerging manufacturing technology called additive
manufacturing (AM). With recent developments in metal AM for the aerospace and heavy industries, AM may be an excellent
complementary technology to existing manufacturing processes in the offshore and marine industry. A broad contextual
overview on metal AM is provided. The paper then describes three main technical challenges, ie materials, size and certification,
that needs to be considered in order to fully appreciate the potential of AM.

215
Numerically modelling the scour process around
an offshore foundation
Andrew Pang
Joint Industry Program, Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N)
IGS, NTU
Abstract

Scour is a process whereby sediments around a structure are carried away as a result of flow constriction
due to the presence of the structure. When not carefully evaluated, scour can lead to a weakening of a
foundation and possibility premature failure of the structure over time. Evaluating such scour
phenomenon is especially important for tidal and wave energy devices. For tidal and wave energy
converters, it is common to install such devices in harsh environmental condition (areas with high current
flows) to harness the maximum amount of energy. However, with such high current flows, the likelihood
of significant scour around the structure is similarly high. Hence, to ensure the long-term reliability of
such devices in operation, careful scour analysis has to be performed prior to the device installation to
ensure sufficient allowances are given for scour.

Given the diverse structural configurations of tidal and wave energy devices, performing empirical
analysis of scour around such structures are not trivial. An alternative approach will be to utilize
numerical modelling to evaluate the potential of scour around these energy devices. With the
advancement of computational capabilities in recent time, the possibility of performing scour evaluation
numerically is increasingly coming feasible and available. In this work, we developed a numerical scour
model in OpenFoam termed interDyMScourFoam. This scour solver developed in OpenFoam was written
on-top of a multi-phase solver called interDyMFoam and utilized a mass conservative Exner equation to
model the bed deformation. Hence, to evaluate the capabilities of this numerical scour model, this scour
model was applied to a ‘simple’ case of scour around a monopole foundation (similar to that of most
offshore wind turbine foundations). Of particular interest, the complex scour initiation process was
evaluated to determine the capabilities of the scour model to reproduce ‘fine’ details of the scour
mechanisms.

Based on the results of the simulations performed, the scour model was shown to agree well with
experimental observation and was capable of reproducing fine details of the scour initiation mechanism.
This includes the propagation of the scour hole forming upstream before developing downstream of the
pile which was reported by Breusers and Raudkivi (1991) earlier. Such mechanisms are not commonly
reported by experimental studies due to the complex nature of the scour initiation process and this current
work confirms this mechanism observed by Breusers and Raudkivi (1991). Obtaining this fine level of
detail in the scour mechanism highlights the enhanced capabilities of utilizing such a numerical scour
model. Furthermore, when evaluating the scour depth time development, the simulation results was
likewise shown to have good agreement with empirical equations.

This work has demonstrated the capacities and potential of a numerical scour model in evaluating the
scour process around a foundation. Moving forward, it is suggest that this scour model be applied to more
complex structural configuration to evaluate the capabilities of this scour model further. In addition, it is
suggested that the effect of increased turbulence on the sediment transport properties (due to the tidal
turbine) be studied and incorporated in future models.

216
 Influence of Island Wakes on Tidal Energy Potential
in Singapore Strait
Vivien P. Chua#1, Shi Ying Tan2, Ming Xu3
1, 2, 3
Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore
1
vivienchua@nus.edu.sg

I. KEYWORDS
Island wakes, Singapore Strait, Numerical modeling, Tidal
energy

II. ABSTRACT
The Singapore Strait is a waterway connecting the Strait of
Malacca in the west and the South China Sea in the east.
Singapore lies on the north side of the channel and the Riau
Islands are on the south side. The circulation in the Strait is
highly complex due to its complicated bathymetry, irregular
coastlines and the influence of the Indian and Pacific Ocean (a) Exp. 1 (b) Exp. 2
tides and monsoon and local winds.

The southern waters of Singapore have been identified as a

viable site for the installation of tidal turbines. The first tidal
turbine has been installed in 2013, with plans to test more Fig. 1. Surface vorticity for four experiments. Exp. 1 – June 2013 (a), with
turbines in the southern waters within the next three to five islands, Exp. 2 – June 2013, with sunken islands (b).
years. The presence of vortices observed in Singapore Strait
makes it a suitable location for tidal energy generation. The -4 Time Series of Enstrophy
x 10
existence of islands in Singapore Strait affects the
Exp. 1
hydrodynamics due to the formation of island wakes that arise Exp. 4

as currents move past islands. Island wakes are a candidate for

Enstrophy (m /s )
2

the generation of sub-mesoscale eddies. The vortex-induced 2

2

vibration of eddies can then be converted to renewable energy

through the use of modern technologies.
1
In this paper, a three-dimensional unstructured-grid
SUNTANS model is employed to investigate the interaction
between currents and the existence of islands at the locations
of Jurong, Bukom, Sudong and Sentosa Islands. The model is 0
5 10 15 20 25 30
forced by tides and wind, and is calibrated and validated with Time (day)
sea surface elevations and currents [1, 2]. A comparison of the
Fig. 2. Time series of surface enstrophy during June 2013. Legend: Presence
simulations with and without islands is made by computing of islands (solid lines), Sunken islands (dashed lines).
the vorticity and surface enstrophy (area-integrated square of
the vertical vorticity component). For the simulations without
islands, the bathymetry is modified by removing the islands REFERENCES
and setting the bottom depth to 50 m to exclude current-
[1] Xu, M. and Chua, V. P., “Three-dimensional hydrodynamic modelling
topography interaction. of Singapore coastal waters on an unstructured-grid”, Proceedings of
the OCEANS’ 14 MTS/IEEE Conference, Taipei, Taiwan, 2014.
The tidally-averaged surface vorticity plots show similar [2] Xu, M. and Chua, V. P., “Numerical study on effects of tidal and wind
vorticity distributions in the two simulations, with an forcing on volume transport in Singapore coastal waters”, Proceedings
of the 4th Annual International Conference on Sustainable Energy and
exception of areas surrounding the islands where there exists Environmental Sciences, Singapore, 2015.
weaker vorticity when the islands are removed (Fig. 1). The
intensification of eddy activity can be observed from time
series plots of the surface enstrophy (Fig. 2). The absence of
islands results in a significant decrease in the entrophy,
suggesting that the eddy activity in Singapore Strait may be
attributed to island wakes. Our results may be used to
determine the optimum locations for installing tidal turbines in
Singapore Strait.

217
 Vortex induced vibration of vertical cylinder in
progressive waves as simulated by direct forcing
immersed boundary method
E A Odhiambo#1, Ming-Jyh Chern*2, Tzyy-Leng Horng#3
#1,*2
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
43, Sec. 4, Keelung Rd., Taipei 10607, Taiwan
#1
amolo450@hotmail.com
*2
mjchern.ntust@gmail.com
#3
Department of Applied Mathematics
Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
#3
tlhorng123@gmail.com

I.! KEYWORDS
Fluid structure interaction, Progressive wave, Direct
forcing immersed boundary, Vortex induced vibration, Elastic
body.

II.! ABSTRACT
Offshore structures are typically prone to hydrodynamic
loading of a varying nature. Oil rigs are supported by
cylindrical structures, which may be subjected to destructive
stresses due to vortex induced vibration (VIV) of the solid
body. Conversely, this vibration can be useful in harnessing
energy through offshore wave energy converters.
Being motivated by the desire to unravel the nature and
extent of the physical problem alluded to (i.e. VIV), we
present a numerical approach based on the direct forcing
immersed boundary (DFIB) method is presented as a robust
tool for unveiling key hydro-elastic features of a rigidly
bottom-mounted, vertical circular cylinder in a regular
progressive wave train. The simulation is carried out for a low
Re number of 100 and KC number of 7, within a range of
Fig. 2 Snapshot of iso-surface of vorticity of magnitude 6.23 s−1, for KC = 7
reduced velocities 6.5 to 7.5. The setup of the current problem and lock-in reduced velocity (UR* = 6.88), capturing downwash and also
is shown in Fig. 1. Coupling of the DFIB and Euler-Bernoulli horseshoe, lee-wake and new free surface vortices.
solid motion models is appropriately validated. Key
topological features as a result of the fluid and structure
interaction are detailed in Fig. 2. We find that the vibration REFERENCES
frequency of the cylinder is close to its natural frequency [1]! Anbarsooz, M.., Passandideh-Fard, M., and Moghiman, M. “Numerical
(0.96 < fn* < 0.99) in the lock-in reduced velocity range (6.8 < simulation of a submerged cylindrical wave energy
converter,”Renewable Energy, vol. 64, 2014.
UR*< 6.98), but in the pre-lock-in and post-lock-in regimes the [2]! Chern, M. J., Hsu, W. C., Horng, T. L.,“Numerical prediction of
frequency is quite close to the wave frequency. The peak hydrodynamic loading on circular cylinder array in oscillatory flow
amplitude at lock-in is just about equal to the cylinder radius. using direct-forcing immersed boundary method,” Journal of Applied
Mathematics, vol. 2012, 2012.
[3]! Chern, M. J., Shiu, W. C., Horng, T. L., “Immersed boundary modeling
for interaction of oscillatory flow with cylinder array under effects of
flow direction and cylinder arrangement,” Journal of Fluid and
Structures, vol. 43, pp. 325–346, 2013.
[4]! Hayashi, K., and Chaplin, J.R., “Vortex-excited vibration of a vertical
circular cylinder in waves,” International Journal of Offshore and
Polar Engineering, vol. 8, 1998.
[5]! Warburton, G. B., The Dynamical Behaviour of Structures, 1st ed.,
Pergamon Press Ltd., 1964.

Fig. 1 Problem setup

218
 Turbine-Current Frequencies Interaction in Vertical axis
Marine Current Turbine
I. Amin
Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Port Said University,
Egypt

ABSTRACT: The study of hydrodynamic performance of vertical axis marine

current turbine in unsteady marine current environment is still an open-ended research
question. The interaction between the turbine and marine current frequencies can lead
to resonance condition. In this work, a numerical approach to investigate the
performance of VAMCT under unsteady current velocity was proposed. A three
blades turbine was examined in this study in order to investigate the relationship
between the current fluctuation frequency and turbine frequency. Fluent is used to
solve the 2-D model using the time-accurate incompressible Unsteady Reynolds-
averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) method with k-ω SST turbulence mode in addition
to a transient rotor-stator model with a sliding mesh technique. The simulation results
showed that there are significant increases in turbine power coefficient when
resonance happens between turbine and marine current frequencies.

Keyword : Fluctuated Current, Vertical Turbine, CFD

Figure 12: Velocity contour for 3-bladed turbine in unsteady current velocity ( =1)

219
 90
Steady
120 60 


150 30

180 0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Cp

210 330

240 300
270

Figure 14: The instantaneous power coefficient of the turbine during one revolution,
different current/turbine frequency ratio and constant TSR=3

REFERENCES

Amin, I. and Xiao, Q., 2014. Numerical Simulation of Steady and Unsteady Current Velocity of a
Vertical Axis Marine Turbine, Developments in Maritime Transportation and Exploitation of Sea
Resources conference, Spain.
Ferreira, S., Bijl, H., van Bussel, G. and van Kuik,G., 2007. Simulating Dynamic Stall in a 2D
VAWT: Modeling Strategy, Verification and Validation with Particle Image Velocimetry Data, Journal
of Physics: Conference Series 75.
Hameed, M. and Afaq, S., 2013. Design and Analysis of a Straight Bladed Vertical Axis Turbine
Blade Using Analytical and Numerical Techniques, Ocean Engineering, Elsevier, 248-255.
Kang, S., Borazjanil, I., Colby, J. and Sotiropoulos, F., 2012. Numerical Simulation of 3D Flow
Past a Real-Life Marine Hydrokinetic Turbine, Advances in Water Resources, Vol. 39, 33-34.
Teigen,P., 2002. Investigation of Deep Water Installation Operations in Random Waves and
Current, Proceedings of the Twelfth (2002) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference,
Kitakyushu, Japan.
Zhou,Z., Benbouzid, M., Charpentier,J. F., Scuiller,F. andTang,T. 2012.Energy Storage
Technologies for Smoothing Power Fluctuations in Marine Current Turbines, IEEE.
Fraenkel, P. L., 2002.Power from Marine Currents, Power and Energy, Vol. 216, IMechE.
Mcintosh, S., Babinsky, H. and Bertenyi, T., 2008. Unsteady Power Output of Vertical Axis
Turbine for Fluctuating Wind Conditions, 46th AIAA aerospace science meeting and exhibit, Reno,
Nevada.

220
Effect of Number of Blades on the Performance of
Vertical axis Marine Current Turbine under
Unsteady Current Velocity

I. Amin
Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Port Said University,
Egypt

ABSTRACT: This work presents a numerical simulation of a VAMCT in both steady

and fluctuated current velocities. Different numbers of blade turbines were examined
in this study in order to investigate the relationship between the current fluctuation
frequency, the number of turbine blades and turbine frequency. Fluent is used to solve
the 2-D model using the time-accurate incompressible Unsteady Reynolds-averaged
Navier-Stokes (URANS) equation with k-ω SST turbulence mode in addition to a
transient rotor-stator model with a sliding mesh technique. The simulation results
showed that there existed a significant relationship between the number of turbine
blades, the turbine Tip Speed Ratio and the current fluctuation frequency.

Keyword: Vertical Turbine, Number of Blades, Fluctuated Current, CFD.

0.5
3 blade turbine TSR=1
TSR=2
0.4 TSR=3
TSR=4

0.3
Cp

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7


(a) 3 bladed turbine

0.5
4 blade turbine
TSR=1
TSR=2
0.4 TSR=3
TSR=4

0.3
Cp

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7


(b) 4 bladed turbine

221
 0.5
5 blade turbine
TSR=1
TSR=2
0.4 TSR=3

0.3
Cp

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7


(c) 5 bladed turbine

Figure 12: Relationship between turbine blade number, frequencies ratio and power
coefficient at different TSR= 1, 2, 3 and 4

REFERENCES

Amin,I. and Xiao,Q., 2014. Numerical Simulation of Steady and Unsteady Current Velocity of a
Vertical Axis Marine Turbine, Developments in Maritime Transportation and Exploitation of Sea
Resources conference, Spain.
Berg,D., Klimas,P. and Stephenson,W., 1990. Aerodynamic Design and Initial Performance
Measurements for the Sandia 34-m Vertical Axis Wind Turbine, ASME wind energy symposium,
Sandia National Laboratories.
Eghali,S., Benbouzid,M. and Charpentier,J., 2010.Modeling and Control of a Marine Current
Turbine Driven Doubly-Fed Induction Generator", IET Renewable Power Generation.
Ferreira,S., Bijl, H., vanBussel, G. and van Kuik,G., 2007. Simulating Dynamic Stall in a 2D
VAWT: Modeling Strategy, Verification and Validation with Particle Image VelocimetryData, Journal of
Physics: Conference Series 75.
Gaetton,G., Bruce, T. and Ingram,D., 2009. Hydrodynamic Modeling of a Vertical Axis Tidal
Current Turbine Using CFD, Proceedings of the 8th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference,
Uppsala, Sweden.

222
 WaveRoller technology development and
testing
Christopher M. Ridgewell
AW-Energy Ltd, Vantaanpuistontie 31, 01730 Vantaa, Finland
christopher.ridgewell@aw-energy.com
.

Abstract
AW-Energy’s WaveRoller is an oscillating wave surgeconverter that converts waves to electricity with a
panel that moves and absorbs energy. The device has successfully operated in the ocean environment
during testing campaigns and has delivered grid-connected power since 2012. WaveRoller power
performance received independent verification from DNV GL, and the technology is under certification
by Lloyd’s Register. This paper presents technology development of key systems and learnings from
certification, ocean operation and PTO testing.

Keywords
WaveRoller, device development, ocean operation, PTO test facility, certification, wave energy,
nearshore, technology development, bankability

References
[1] B. Child, J. Roadnight, C. Ridgewell “Validation of a numerical method to predict the structural
response of a wave energy converter against at-sea data”, Proc 11th European Wave and Tidal Energy
Conference, Nantes, France, 2015
[2] W.Hodshon “Innovative ground modelling techniques helping to reduce near shore renewable energy
foundation costs” Proc 3rd
Conference of the Partnership for Research in Marine Renewable Energy, Bath, UK, 2016
[3] E. Cruz, T Simas, E. Kasanen, “Discussion of the effects of the underwater noise generated by a wave
energy device – Portugal” Proc 11th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, Nantes, France, 2015
[4] M. Patey, “Application of NAPA to Unique Design Challenges” Proc NAPA User Meeting, Finland
2016
[5] R. Koivusaari, Y Tuokkola, A.Järvinen, J. Liljelund, M. Vuorinen, E. Kasanen, J. Savolainen, P.
Miettinen “Method for installing and servicing an apparatus recovering the kinetic energy of water, and
an apparatus recovering the kinetic energy of water” Patent Document
WO 2010109074 A1, Sept. 30, 2010
[6] F. Arena, D. Pavone “The return period of non-linear high wave crests”. Journal of Geophysical
Research, Vol. 111, No. C8, paper C08004,
2006.

223
The Characteristics of the Small Segment Multi-
Chamber Oscillating Water Column
Mohammad Shalby #1, Paul Walker *2, David G. Dorrell#3
# School of Electrical, Mechanical and Mechatronic Systems, University of Technology Sydney,
Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
1MohammadMousaOdeh.Shalby@student.uts.edu.au
2 Paul.Walker@uts.edu.au
School of Engineering
Howard College Campus
University of KwaZulu Natal
Durban 4041, South Africa
3 Dorrelld@ukzn.ac.za
Abstract
This paper presents the first stages towards modeling a fixed multi-chamber OWC (MCOWC). The paper reports on
the characteristics of the MCOWC. It begins with the system analysis of the multi-chamber fixed OWC based on the
wave tank conditions. The analysis is carried through to assess the effect of the two factors: water surface level
inside the chamber and the area ratio on the power extraction from the chambers. Experimental data will put forward
from the mounting of level sensors and anemometers to measure the power available at different wave periods. The
experimental results will be used as real case data in order to optimize the area ratio and to maximize the chamber
power according to the air flow velocity above the water surface inside the chambers.

Keywords— Renewable energy, wave energy, Oscillating water column

References
McCullen, A. Falcão, A. Fiorentino, F. Gardner, K. Hammarlund, et al., "Wave energy in Europe: current status and
perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 6, pp. 405-431, 2002.
[2] A. F. Falcão, Modelling of Wave Energy Conversion. Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 2014.
[3] D. G. Dorrell, M.-F. Hsieh, and C.-C. Lin, "A small segmented oscillating water column using a Savonius rotor turbine,"
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 46, pp. 2080-2088, 2010.
[4] D.-Z. Ning, J. Shi, Q.-P. Zou, and B. Teng, "Investigation of hydrodynamic performance of an OWC (oscillating water
column) wave energy device using a fully nonlinear HOBEM (higher-order boundary element method)," Energy, vol. 83, pp.
177-188, 2015.
[5] A. F. Falcão and J. C. Henriques, "Oscillating-water-column wave energy converters and air turbines: A review," Renewable
Energy, Vol. 85, Jan. 2016, pp 1391–1424
[6] D.G. Dorrell, J. Halliday, P. Miller, and M. Findlater, "Review of wave energy resource and oscillating water column
modelling," 39th International Universities Power Engineering Conference, UPEC, 2004, pp. 649-653.
[7] M.-F. Hsieh, D. G. Dorrell, M.-J. Hsieh, and C.-C. Lin, "Development of a wave energy converter using a two chamber
oscillating water column," IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 3, pp. 482-497, 2012.
[8] L. Martinelli, P. Pezzutto, and P. Ruol, "Experimentally Based Model to Size the Geometry of a New OWC Device, with
Reference to the Mediterranean Sea Wave Environment," Energies, vol. 6, pp. 4696-4720, 2013.
[9] J. P. Kofoed and P. Frigaard, Hydraulic evaluation of the LEANCON wave energy converter. Department of Civil
Engineering, Aalborg University 2008, DCE Technical Reports No. 45.
[10] T. Kelly, T. Dooley, J. Campbell, and J. V. Ringwood, "Comparison of the Experimental and Numerical Results of
Modelling a 32-Oscillating Water Column (OWC), V-Shaped Floating Wave Energy Converter," Energies, vol. 6, pp. 4045-
4077, 2013.
[11] J.-R. Nader, S.-P. Zhu, P. Cooper, and B. Stappenbelt, "A finite-element study of the efficiency of arrays of oscillating water
column wave energy converters," Ocean Engineering, vol. 43, pp. 72-81, 2012.
[12] P. Boccotti, Wave Mechanics for Ocean Engineering. Elsevier Oceanography series, vol. 64, 2000.
[13] L. H. Holthuijsen, Waves in oceanic and coastal waters. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
[14] R. M. Sorensen, "Two-dimensional wave equations and wave characteristics," Basic Coastal Engineering, pp. 9-52, 2006.
[15] A. Brendmo, J. Falnes, and P. Lillebekken, "Lineår modelling of oscillating water columns including viscous loss," Applied
Ocean Research, vol. 18, pp. 65-75, 1996.

224
[16] A. V. Da Rosa, Fundamentals of renewable energy processes. Academic Press, 2012.

225
 A low cost and highly efficient TFM generator for
wave power
Anders Hagnestål#1
#1
Electric Power and Energy Systems, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)
Teknikringen 33, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
1
hagnes@kth.se
I. KEYWORDS
Wave power, point absorbers, transverse flux generator,
power take-off, efficient.
II. ABSTRACT
Direct driven generators for point absorbers have the
beneficial property of low or no maintenance with a proper
bearing arrangement. However, wave power is delivered with
low speed and large forces, which is unfavourable for direct
driven generators since the large forces makes the generators
large and the low speed makes conversion to electric energy
inefficient. The low speed challenge is especially valid for
wave climates with smaller waves. The challenge is due to the
fact that the induced voltage in the generator is proportional to
speed, but the resistance in the generator winding is
independent on speed. Thereby, at low speeds the voltage
becomes low and the voltage drop over the resistance
becomes a large fraction of the induced voltage which gives
large resistive losses. For speeds below 2 m/s and especially
below 1 m/s, the losses may actually become so large that the
current rating of the machine has to be lowered to give
acceptably low copper losses. This reduces the force density
of the machine. Typical efficiencies for direct driven
generators for wave power are below 90%, whereas for
example a hydropower generator that operates at a speed that
is between one or two orders of magnitude higher has an
efficiency of about 98%.
To get around this problem, a double-sided Transverse Flux
Generator (TFG) is under development at KTH in an ongoing
project. This machine is optimized for slow speeds, and has a
winding that is several times shorter than the winding for a
typical generator per unit induced voltage. Thereby, the
winding resistance can be made many times lower, and the
machine can operate at extremely low speeds without having
high losses. For example, at 0.7 m/s, the efficiency is expected
to be 97-98% at full load, where the copper losses account for
about 1% losses. At 3 m/s, the efficiency is about the same but
the losses are here mostly iron losses and friction. Even at 0.1
m/s, energy conversion can take place with an efficiency of
about 90%. The losses of the power electronic system are
however not taken into regard in these efficiency ratings.
A linear generator prototype is now under development,
and will be constructed in our lab at KTH during 2017. The
prototype will have a damping force of 150-200 kN, and
correspondingly a rated power of 100 – 140 kW at 0.7 m/s and
a rated power of 450 – 600 kW at 3 m/s. The force density
(shear stress) is calculated to about 100-120 (200-240) kN/m²,
where the values in parenthesis corresponds to only counting
half the area as active which is custom for such machines.
This is comparable to the shear stresses for other force dense
TFGs that has been made for other applications such as wind
power [1].
The main difficulty with making double-sided TFGs is the
mechanical design, since small air gaps around 1 mm are
desired to get a high shear stress. By employing some
mechanical tricks, this problem has hopefully been solved and
the mechanical design is now largely completed. Overall, the
machine looks very promising.
One problem with this type of machine is that the power
factor usually gets very low. By concentrating the windings in
a certain manner, a relatively acceptable power factor of
between 0.5-0.7 seems plausible, although some uncertainties
remain in the calculations concerning leakage fluxes. The
power factor partly depends on the current loading, i.e. how
deep into magnetic saturation the iron parts are, and there is a
trade-off between power factor and shear stress.
Another known problem with TFGs is the cogging forces.
In this machine, they are dealt with by current control. It is
anyway desired to have an active rectifier that controls the
current, and the cogging compensation can be dealt with by
slightly tweaking the sinusoidal waveform. This method has
the potential to lower the power factor slightly if employed at
maximum speed, but it is probably not necessary to have a
cogging reduction at maximum speed since the cogging forces
are only about 1-3% of the nominal force. The current control
system is under development, and a master thesis has been
completed on the subject.
The unique low losses of this generator open up
possibilities for implementing control algorithms of the buoy
movement. In principle, it seems fully possible to implement
reactive control with such a machine. In reactive control,
energy is transported both ways through the generator, and it
operates in motor mode during parts of the wave period.
Thereby, the losses in the machine accumulate and typically
become 4-5 times higher than the rated losses for the machine
compared to the extracted power. A generator with 10% losses
would thereby have 40-50% losses compared to the extracted
power if used for reactive control, which is totally
unacceptable. Reactive control using a generator has therefore
been regarded as unfeasible [2]. Hopefully, this generator can
break through this roadblock and open up a new window for
control.
REFERENCES
[1] Schüttler, Jochen, et al. "Power-optimized symmetrizing current
control with a 8.7 kNm-transverse flux generator." 2010 12th
International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic
Equipment. 2010.
[2] A. O´Sullivan, G. Lightbody, “Wave to Wire Power Optimization from
a Wave Energy Converter”, Proceedings of the 11th European Wave
and Tidal Energy Conference, 6th-11th Sep 2015, 2015.
226
 Design & Development of Airborne Wind Turbine

R. Lokesh Kannan1, K. Sreekousalyadevi1, S.M. Madhan Kumar1, R. Karthick1

V. Hariprasad1*, R. Arvind Singh1, S. Jayalakshmi2 and N. Srikanth3

1
Department of Aeronautical Engineering
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bannari Amman Institute of Technology (BIT)
Sathyamangalam 638401, Tamil Nadu, India
3
Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERIAN)
No. 1 Cleantech Loop, #06-04, Cleantech One
Singapore 637141
*
Corresponding Author
e-mail: hariprasadv@bitsathy.ac.in
Phone: +91-7708379759

Abstract

Wind is a renewable energy source that is eco-friendly. Wind farms, both off-shore and on-
shore are set to generate ~18% of global power by 2050 [1]. Wind turbines are deployed at
good wind sites away from cities/populated areas. Due in part to the siting restrictions, the
contribution of wind energy has remained a mere ~2.6% [1]. In order to tap the enormous
inherent potential of wind energy, alternative and innovative methods are in great demand.
Such methods should have the features of (i) easy deployability/mobility, (ii) capability to
produce sufficient energy to drive essential machinery/electrical equipment/electronics etc.,
(iii) cost effective and (iv) eco-friendly i.e., should not pose discomfort to human life/activity.
In this context, the airborne wind turbine (AWT) is a suitable concept that has all the features
mentioned above. In addition, unlike conventional wind turbines, AWTs can be operational
throughout the year in remote as well as sparsely populated areas. Further, the technology
that runs AWTs is relatively simple and does not demand rigorous maintenance.

In this presentation, the overall system design of an AWT that is being developed will be
highlighted. The various components of the AWT whose design aspects will be covered
include: (i) balloon, (ii) turbine, (iii) alternator, (iv) conducting tethers and (v) ground system.
The available-wind data will also be presented. The general design of the AWT that is being
built is shown in Figure 1. It mainly consists of a vertical axis wind turbine (Savonius type)
hoisted into air using a helium-filled balloon. The turbine is tethered to the ground using
nylon ropes and the height is controlled by a winch. A conductive cable will transfer the
generated electricity to the grid connection placed on the ground. The vertical turbine can
sense the flow of air from all directions and is designed to be sensitive even at low wind
speeds. The vertical turbine is connected to an alternator of low weight, and the rotation of
the turbine is expected to produce an output of 750 W.

227
Figure 1. Design of the airborne wind turbine. The AWT is expected to produce sufficient
electricity that can satisfy the requirements of individual houses in a rural area.

References
[1] www.iea.org

228
 A Design Procedure for a Resonance Two-body Power Buoy

Kweon, Hyuck-Min · Choi, Jang-young · Cho, Il-Hyoung · Ruy, Won-Sun · Kang, Ju Whan

Abstract

There are a number of wave energy extraction methods. Among them, the most suggestion is the
point absorber type. To learn more about the entire process so far, but said it is an example of a design.
In this study, almost sequential design process for the power buoy is proposed as 1) parameters
estimation of normal wave occurrence frequency distribution function based on real sea measuring
wave data 2) determination of linear permanent magnet length according to RMS wave height of 3~4
fold corresponding to the wave frequency mode 3) design of linear permanent magnet generator
(LPMG) satisfying target electricity with comfortable stroke length of magnet 5) check whether it is
over 25% around resonance (almost mode) frequency band to make a comparison of capture width
and outer buoy diameter through the two body adaptation to LPMG analysis. The process could
shorten the trial and errors for the final design.

Key words: point absorber type, sequential design process, power buoy, linear permanent magnet

generator, capture width

229
 Research on Characteristics of the Seawater
Temperature Rise in Cold Water Pipe in OTEC
Power Plant
Weimin Liu1, Wei Shi2, Lei Liu3, Fengyun Chen4
The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, China
1
lwmxjtu@163.com
2
shiwei_09@163.com
3
liuleiupc@163.com
4
cfyqdu2000@163.com

Abstract—The effects of material, diameter of CWP and inlet Physical model of the CWP is established and the pipe
velocity on the characteristics of seawater temperature rise are diameter is chosen as 0.6 m, 0.7 m, 0.8 m, 0.9 m, 1.0 m and
analyzed by numerical simulation. The results show that: under 2.0 m. The pipe wall thickness parameters are shown in sheet
the condition of given temperature and wall thickness, the 1, and the data come from the Water supply and drainage
temperature rise ranges in the steel pipe is from 0.200K to
design manual. High density polyethylene (HDPE) and steel
1.569K, while in HDPE pipe is from 0.009K to 0.089K. The
seawater temperature reduces with the increasing of pipe are selected as the pipe material, the density of the steel is
diameter and inlet velocity. taken as 8030 kg/m3, the specific heat capacity is 502.48
J/(kg•K)，the heat conductivity coefficient is 16.27 W/(m•K) ,
Keywords—ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), cold
the density of the HDPE is taken as 955 kg/m3, the specific
water pipe (CWP), temperature rise, numerical analysis heat capacity is 2300 J/(kg•K) ， the heat conductivity
coefficient is 0.5 W/(m•K).
I. INTRODUCTION
Efficiency of the OTEC system is relatively low due to the TABLE I
small temperature difference between warm water and deep WALL THICKNESS OF CWP
cold water. The temperature of cold deep seawater could rise
Pipe DN600 DN700 DN800 DN900 DN1000 DN2000
during the pumping process because of the heating by the Steel
water outside the pipe, thus the efficiency of the conversion 10 11 12.7 14 16 20
pipe
system would reduce. Chao-Hsin Wei et al. has calculated HDPE
48 50 53 58 63 73
heat transfer of the deep seawater pipe laid along seabed, the pipe
results showed that the temperature rise of the cold water was
not obvious [1]. Li min et al. established and verified the heat The physical model of the CWP is shown in figure 1.
transfer numerical model of vertical tube in the water body by
using the finite volume method [2]. Rodrí guez et al. analyzed
temperature field outside CWP in the OTEC power plant, and
found that the operation of the CWP had limited effects on
seawater temperature field outside the pipe [3]. Ma Jian et al. ro ro
ri
analyzed the heat transfer of the vertical pipe using FLUENT Sea surface ri
and obtained a large number of data about heat flux and fluid C  ab,y
temperature of the vertical pipe [4].
Currently the study on characteristics of the seawater H Ocean W 1 Ta
temperature rise in CWP of the OTEC power plant is not Tb
P
common. This paper analyzes the heat transfer process in the
CWP from engineering application, and the effects of material,  ab,y-1
Inlet
diameter, wall thickness, and inlet velocity on the cold water
temperature rise.

II. MODEL
Fig. 1 Schematic graph of physical model and heat transfer analysis in CWP
A. Model Parameter of CWP

230
 0
B. Mathematical model
200
Since the movement of the seawater is complicated and 400
changeable, the following assumptions are made in the 600
research on the temperature rise of the cold seawater caused 800

Depth (m)
by the water outside the pipe. On account of the length of 1000
vertical CWP affected by waves is shorter compared to the 1200
whole pipeline, the impact of the waves on the heat transfer is 1400
ignored. Seawater is incompressible fluid, the average 1600
seawater density is taken as 1025 kg/m3, the seawater specific
1800
heat capacity is 3998 J/(kg • K) ， the heat conductivity 2000
coefficient is 0.58 W/(m•K) , and the dynamic coefficient of 275 280 285 290 295 300
Temperature (K)
viscosity is 1.569×10 -3 kg/(m•s). The impact of the water
Fig. 2 The seawater temperature profile
corrosion and wall scaling on the heat transfer may be ignored.
The control equation for the microelement of the fluid III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
inside the pipe is established according to the law of
conservation of energy. As showing in figure 1, set d i and do A. Distribution Characteristics of Cold Water Temperature
as inner and outer diameter of the CWP respectively, ϕ1 as the and Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
heat flux between inner and outside seawater through pipe
wall, Δϕab as the convective heat flux along the axis direction, The heat transfer in different specifications of CWP under
cv as specific heat at constant volume of seawater, cp as different working condition is obtained through simulation,
specific heat at constant pressure of seawater, V as volume of the results are shown in figure 3. The distribution of seawater
the control volume, Ta as the temperature of the seawater temperature in the CWP which have different diameter shows
inside the pipe, Tb as the temperature of the seawater outside a consistent distribution characteristics while the working
the pipe, t as the time. For the control volume on the ordinate conditions changing. The cold water temperature rises from
of the CWP, heat conduction along the axial direction is the pipe inlet to outlet, the temperature changes more gently in
ignored, therefore heat exchange between control volume and the first part of the pipe, and the increment mainly happens in
environment only includes heat transfer through pipe wall and the latter half of the pipe. Comparing two kinds of material,
convective heat along the axis direction, according to the law the speed and range of the temperature increment of the pipe
of conservation of energy: composed of steel are obviously superior than that composed
dTa , y Ta , y  Tb , y of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The temperature
cvV  1  ab   qmc p (Ta , y1  Ty ) (1)
dt Ra ,b increment in the steel pipe is between 0.200 K to 0.200 K,
The left side of the Eq. (1) represents energy change of the while in the HDPE pipe temperature increment is between
control volume in unit time, the first item on the right side 0.009 K to 0.089 K. The heat preservation effect of the pipe
represents convective heat flux, hi and ho are the convective composed of HDPE is superior to the steel pipe.
heat transfer coefficient of the inside and outside of pipe
respectively, λ is the thermal conductivity of the CWP. Δy is 280.8 copper pipe—inlet velocity1.0m/s
the height of the control volume, and Rab is the heat resistance 280.6 DN600
DN700
279.22
HDPE pipe—inlet velocity as 1.0m/s
280.4 DN600
of the pipe wall, hi and ho are the convective heat transfer DN800 279.20
Temperature(K)

280.2 DN700
DN900
coefficient of the inside and outside pipe wall, λ is the heat
Temperature(K)

280.0 279.18 DN800

279.8
DN1000 DN900
DN2000 DN1000
conductivity coefficient of the CWP, △y is the height of the 279.6
279.4
279.16
DN2000
279.14
control volume. 279.2
279.0 279.12

R 
1 1 d
(  ln 
d d
) i o(2) i -1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 -1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0
2 di y hi 
a ,b
di do ho Pipe Length (m) Pipe Length(m)

Boundary condition at the inlet of CWP is defined as 279.22

280.8 copper pipe —inlet velocity as 1.5m/s HDPE pipe—inlet velocity as 1.5m/s
velocity inlet, at the exit as free flow, the center line of the 280.6 DN600 279.20
DN600
DN700
280.4 DN700
pipe is defined as the axis of symmetry, the wall is defined as
Temperature (K)

Temperature (K)

280.2 DN800 279.18 DN800

280.0 DN900 DN900
the conjugated heat transfer surface, temperature distribution 279.8 DN1000 279.16 DN1000
DN2000
279.6 DN2000
of the external water adopts seawater temperature profile in an 279.4 279.14

279.2
area of the south China sea, as shown in figure 2. The 279.0
279.12

temperature of the seawater flow needs to make corresponding -1000 -800 -600 -400
Pipe Length (m)
-200 0 -1000 -800 -600 -400
Pipe Length (m)
-200 0

readjusts, and inlet velocity of the cold water is chosen

between 1.0-3.0 m•s-1.

231
 279.22
and from 279.180K to 279.136K in HDPE pipe. The
280.8 steel pipe —inlet velocity as 2.0 m/s HDPE pipe—inlet velocity as 2.0m/s
280.6 DN600 279.20
DN600
DN700
temperature ranges from 279.968K to 279.452K in steel pipe
280.4 DN700
and from 279.165K to 279.133K in HDPE pipe at the inlet
Temperature (K)

Temperature (K)
280.2 DN800 279.18 DN800
280.0 DN900 DN900
279.8 DN1000 279.16 DN1000 velocity as 2.0 m/s. The temperature ranges from 279.807K to
279.6 DN2000 DN2000
279.4 279.14 279.390K in steel pipe and from 279.156K to 279.130K in
279.2
279.0
279.12 HDPE pipe at the inlet velocity as 2.5 m/s. The temperature
-1000 -800 -600 -400
Pipe Length (m)
-200 0 -1000 -800 -600 -400
Pipe Length (m)
-200 0
ranges from 279.699K to 279.320K in steel pipe and from
279.150K to 279.129K in HDPE pipe at the inlet velocity as
279.22
280.8
280.6
steel pipe —inlet velocity as 2.5 m/s
DN600
HDPE pipe —inlet velocity as 2.5m/s
DN600
3.0 m/s.
279.20
280.4 DN700 DN700
Temperature (K)

Temperature (K)
280.2 DN800 279.18 DN800
280.0 DN900 DN900
DN1000 280.8 copper pipe 279.22
279.8 DN1000 279.16 HDPE pipe
DN2000 DN2000 280.6 v=1.0m/s
279.6 v=1.0m/s
v=1.5m/s 279.20
279.4 279.14 280.4 v=1.5m/s
v=2.0m/s

Temperature (K)

Temperature (K)
279.2 280.2 v=2.0m/s
279.12 v=2.5m/s 279.18
279.0 v=2.5m/s
280.0 v=3.0m/s
-1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 -1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 v=3.0m/s
279.8 279.16
Pipe Length (m) Pipe Length (m)
279.6
279.14
279.4

279.22 279.2 279.12

280.8 steel pipe —inlet velocity as 3.0 m/s HDPE pipe —inlet velocity as 3.0m/s 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
280.6 DN600 279.20
DN600 Pipe Diameter (mm) Pipe Diameter (mm)
280.4 DN700 DN700
Temperature (K)

Temperature (K)

280.2 DN800 279.18 DN800

280.0 DN900 DN900
279.8 DN1000 279.16 DN1000 Fig.5 The seawater temperature at CWP outlet of different diameter
279.6 DN2000 DN2000
279.4 279.14

279.2
279.12
279.0
-1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 -1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0
Pipe Length (m) Pipe Length (m) C. The Influence of Inlet Velocity on Heat Transfer
Fig. 3 The distribution of seawater temperature in CWP The relationship between seawater temperature at the outlet
of the pipe and inlet velocity is obtained by simulation when
the inlet velocity as 1.0m/s, 1.5m/s, 2.0m/s, 2.5m/s and 3.0m/s.
The curves of surface heat transfer coefficient of pipes The left-hand chart in figure 6 shows the results of the steel
composed of different material with various diameters are pipe, while the right is the HDPE pipe. As seen in figure 6, the
shown in figure 4. In general, the surface heat transfer seawater temperature at the outlet of the pipe decreases with
coefficient increasing along the pipe. the increase of the inlet velocity. The results show that the
seawater flows in the pipe of different diameter with high
copper pipe 30
HDPE pipe amplitude of temperature variation when the inlet velocity
Heat Transfer Coefficient(W/m K)

Heat Transfer Coefficient(W/m K)

600
DN600
·

DN600
2

500 DN700
25
DN700 varying from 1.0m/s to 2.0m/s. While the inlet velocity
DN800 20 DN800
400
DN900
15
DN900 increases, the temperature change is slowing down.
300 DN1000 DN1000
DN2000 10 DN2000
200

100 5
281.0 steel pipe 279.22 HDPE pipe
DN600 DN600
0 0
DN700 279.20 DN700
-1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 -1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 280.5 DN800 DN800
Temperature (K)

Temperature (K)

Pipe Length (m) Pipe Length (m) DN900 DN900

279.18
DN1000 DN1000
280.0 DN2000 DN2000
279.16

Fig.4 The distribution of surface heat transfer coefficient 279.14

279.5

279.12
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Inlet Velocity (m/s) Inlet Velocity (m/s)

B. The Influence of Diameter on Heat Transfer

The seawater temperature curves in the pipe of various Fig.6 The cold water temperature at CWP outlet under different inlet
velocities
diameter are shown in figure 5. As seen in figure 5, cold water
temperature at the exit reduces constantly with the pipe D. Discussion
diameter increasing. As the pipe diameter varying from 0.6 m
Within the scope of calculation, we found that the
to 1.0 m, seawater temperature decreases rapidly with the
temperature rise ranges from 0.009K to 1.569K: in the steel
diameter increasing at the same outlet velocity. The seawater
pipe it is from 0.200K to 1.569K, while in HDPE pipe it is
temperature changes little at the same outlet velocity when the
from 0.009K to 0.089K. When the inlet velocity is 1.0 m/s and
pipe diameter varying from 1.0 m to 2.0 m. While the pipe
the diameter of the steel pipe is 0.6 m, the rise of the
diameter varying from 0.6 m to 2.0m, the range of outlet
temperature reaches the maximum (1.569 K). While the inlet
seawater temperature changes at the different inlet velocity are:
velocity is 3.0 m/s and the diameter of the HDPE pipe is 2.0 m,
the temperature ranges from 280.689K to 279.740K in steel
the rise of the temperature reaches the minimum (0.009 K).
pipe and from 279.209K to 279.146K in HDPE pipe at the
This shows that the HDPE material could effectively prevent
inlet velocity as 1.0m/s. As the inlet velocity is 1.5m/s, the
heat transfer from the outside water, while the thermal
temperature ranges from 280.216K to 279.552K in steel pipe
insulation performance of steel pipe is very poor. When the

232
pipe diameter and inlet velocity are small, the cold seawater
temperature changes with a wide range. This is mainly
because the wall thickness increases while the pipe diameter
increasing, and result in the increase of the heat transfer
resistance. The characteristics of heat transfer coefficient of
CWP can verified this.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Numerical analysis of the temperature rise in the steel pipe
and HDPE pipe is made at the same inlet temperature and
various inlet velocity condition, and the following conclusions
are obtained:
Within the scope of the model calculation, the seawater
temperature at outlet of the pipe decreases with the increasing
of the diameter, while decreases with the increasing of the
inlet velocity.
The maximum temperature rise of cold seawater in HDPE
pipe is 0.089K, and 1.569K in steel pipe, the heat preservation
effect of the pipe composed of HDPE is superior to the steel
pipe.
REFERENCES
[1] Wei C H, Huang B J, Kong M S, “Engineering analysis of pumping
cold deep nutrient-rich seawater for mariculture and nuclear power
plant cooling,” Ocean Engineering, vol.7, pp. 501-520, 1980.
[2] Min Li, Nairen Diao, Zhaohong Fang, “Study on Numerical Heat
Transfer Model of Naked Borehole, A New Ground Heat Exchanger,”
Journal of Guangdong Ocean University, vol. 27, pp.58-62, Aug. 2007.
[3] RODRÍGUE Z B. M. “Near and far field models of external fluid
mechanics of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) power
plants,” Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013.
[4] Jian Ma, “Reach on Ground Heat Exchanger Used in GSHP System,”
Univ. of Nanjing, 2009.
233
 THE JELLYFISH, A COMMERCIAL
SCALE SALTER’S DUCK MARINE
HYDRO KINETIC DEVICE
Ramuel Maramara

In the world of Oysters, Pelamis and PowerBouys, it seems that the work of Dr Stephen
Salter has been missed or simply overlooked. It is widely known that the Salter's Duck is still
the most efficient device developed for wave energy. Dr. Stephen Salter fully understands
how energy travels through water and that this device can absorb upwards of 80% of the
available energy in waves.
There are reasons why the duck has not been commercialized. The duck, with all its merits,
is incomplete as a machine and therefore needs to be developed further to make it a practical
WEC device. The missing parts are 1. a practical frame design, 2.an efficient mooring
system, and 3. a practical power take off system.
There are several attempts by several companies entities to commercialize the Duck. These
are the Chinese duck by Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, the Danish WEPTOS,
and finally, the Jellyfish by Brimes Energy, a start-up US-based company. This paper will try
to compare the three companys’ designs with the original duck and see how they differ in the
three aforementioned areas. This paper will also attempt to look at their strategies to solve
practical design problems to build a commercial scale Salter's duck WEC device and
the ultimate goal of the wave energy farm.
This is not an extensive know it all presentation but an engineering analysis of collections of
freely available data released by these companies and individuals.

234
 Hydroelasticity of Tidal Current Turbine Blades
Jing Jie LIM, Bing Feng NG*
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Nanyang Technological University
50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
*
bingfeng@ntu.edu.sg

mass effect. Moving beyond these preliminary results, a

I. KEYWORDS complete hydroelastic analysis of the turbine blade will be
Hydroelasticity, Tidal turbines, Vortex-lattice, Loads, demonstrated in the full paper. These will include discussion
Unsteady Aerodynamics. on the possible onset of instabilities, the effects of unsteady
aerodynamics on turbine blade response and the hydroelastic
II. ABSTRACT loads analysed in normal and extreme operating conditions.
The growing demand for sustainable energy has led to
TABLE I: Specifications of NREL 550 kW marine tidal current turbine.
recent developments in solar, wind and marine technologies
[1]. Among them, marine tidal current turbines offer a vast, Rated power 550 kW
regular and predictable energy source that ensures the security Number of rotors 2
of energy supply [2]. The principles of operation for a marine Number of blades 2
turbine is similar to its wind counterpart where power is Control type variable speed,
variable pitch
extracted from torque that is imparted by the incoming fluid hub diameter 2m
[3], and the power available is proportional to the fluid density Maximum rotor speed 11.5 rpm
and the cube of the flow velocity [4]. The key difference Flow speed range 0.5 - 3.0 m/s
between the two energy resources is in the working fluid Water depth 33 m
where seawater is 800 times denser than air [5] and the blades Hub height 18 m
are subject to cavitation. As a result, marine turbine blades
experience larger bending loads and exhibit greater vibrational
responses that could potentially reduce fatigue life [6, 7]. This
requires a hydroelastic model that is not only capable of
capturing dynamical responses of the turbine blades [8-10],
but also for stability and controller design. Such a
methodology will be presented in this work.

We will first introduce a hydroelastic model that couples

the unsteady vortex lattice method (UVLM) to linearized
structural dynamics. The resulting formulation is in a state-
space representation that allows for the hydro-servo-elastic
analysis of marine turbine blades. An equivalent approach has
been successfully adopted in aircraft and wind turbines to
analyse fatigue loadings and for dynamic load alleviations Fig. 1: UVLM representation of NREL 550 kW tidal current turbine blade.
[11-13]. Although deigned for flexible aircraft and wind
turbine analysis, the numerical implementation readily lends
itself to tidal turbines with minimal modifications.

To illustrate the numerical capabilities of the hydroelastic

model, the NREL two-bladed 550 kW tidal current turbine [14]
is modelled. The turbine has a 20 m rotor diameter and the
specifications are shown in Table I. Through an eigenvalue
analysis, the turbine blade has its first flapwise and edgewise
structural modes occurring at 8.8 Hz and 14.3 Hz, respectively.
The aerodynamics, modelled through UVLM, is illustrated in
Figure 1 with 20 spanwise and 10 chordwise panels on the
turbine blade. The coupled structure and aerodynamic models
define the complete hydroelastic model for which numerical
analysis can be performed. In a preliminary analysis, the
effects of density on the vibration modes are investigated and Fig. 2: Root locus for increasing fluid density on normal hydroelastic
shown in Figure 2. As fluid density is increased, edgewise modes. From 1 kg/m3 (red circle) to 1000 kg/m3 (red square) in steps of 10
3
modes are little affected due to the thin lifting surface that is kg/m .
modelled. However, the damping for flapwise modes is
increased and frequency is reduced as a result of the added

235
 REFERENCES
[1] F. O. Rourke, F. Boyle, and A. Reynolds, “Tidal energy update 2009,”
Applied Energy, vol. 87, pp. 389–409, 2010.
[2] W. M. J. Batten, A. S. Bahaj, A. Molland, and J. R. Chaplin,
“Experimentally validated numerical method for the hydrodynamic
design of horizontal axis tidal turbines,” Ocean Engineering, vol. 34,
no. 7, pp.1013–10 206, 2007.
[3] F. O. Rourke, F. Boyle, and A. Reynolds, “Marine current energy
devices: Current status and possible future applications in Ireland,”
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 14, pp. 1026–1036,
2010.
[4] M. Hansen, Aerodynamics of wind turbines. Earthscan, 2008.
[5] A. I. Winter, “Differences in fundamental design drivers for wind and
tidal turbines,” in OCEANS, 2011 IEEE, Spain, 2011, pp. 1–10.
[6] D. M. Grogan, S. B. Leen, C. R. Kennedy, and C. M. O Brádaigh,
“Design of composite tidal turbine blades,” Energy Procedia, vol. 57,
pp. 151–162, 2013.
[7] I. A. Milne, R. N. Sharma, S. Bickerton, and R. G. J. Flay, “Blade
loading on tidal turbines for uniform unsteady flow,” Renewable
Energy, vol. 77, pp. 338–350, 2015.
[8] Y. L. Young, M. R. Motley, and R. W. Yeung, “Three-dimensional
numerical modeling of the transient fluid-structural interaction
response of tidal turbines,” Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic
Engineering, vol. 132, no. 1, p. 011101, 2010.
[9] R. F. Nicholls-Lee, S. R. Turnock, and S. W. Boyd, “Application of
bend-twist coupled blades for horizontal axis tidal turbines,”
Renewable Energy, vol. 50, pp. 541–550, 2013.
[10] O. G. Holst, M. A. Dahlhaug and C. Faudot, “CFD analysis of wave-
induced loads on tidal turbine blades,” IEEE Journal of Oceanic
Engineering, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 506–521, 2015.
[11] B. F. Ng, R. Palacios, and J. M. R. Graham, “Model-based aeroelastic
analysis and blade load alleviation of offshore wind turbines,”
International Journal of Control, 2015.
[12] B. F. Ng, H. Hesse, R. Palacios, J. M. R. Graham, and E. C. Kerrigan,
“Aeroservoelastic state-space vortex lattice modeling and load
alleviation of wind turbine blades,” Wind Energy, vol. 18, no. 7, pp.
1317–1331, 2015.
[13] B. F. Ng, R. Palacios, J. M. R. Graham, E. C. Kerrigan, and H. Hesse,
“Aerodynamic load control in HAWT with combined aeroelastic
tailoring and trailing-edge flaps,” Wind Energy, vol. 19, no. 2, pp.
243–263, 2016.
[14] G. Bir, M. J. Lawson, and Y. Li, “Structural design of a horizontal-axis
tidal current turbine composite blade,” in ASME 30th International
Conference on Ocean, Offshore, and Arctic Engineering, Rotterdam,
The Netherlands, 2011.
236
 THE SUPERGEN UK CENTRE FOR
MARINE ENERGY RESEARCH
Henry Jeffrey, University of Edinburgh, UK

The UK leads the world in wave and tidal energy research and innovation, development,
demonstration and deployment. It has some of the best wave and tidal resources in the world,
with 35% and 50% respectively of attainable European wave and tidal current energy
potential. The UK has demonstrated more wave devices and now has a greater installed
capacity of tidal current technologies than the rest of the world put together. It has the best-
developed supply chain and trains more doctoral graduates for the sector than any other
country.

The Supergen UK Centre for Marine Energy Research is the flagship investment, of the
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, in fundamental and applied research in
wave and tidal energy. Established in 2003, it is about to transition from its third into a
fourth phase. It has brought 15 research intense universities into collaboration with each
other, with industry, with policy-makers and academia in the UK around the world. They
work in the following themes: Arrays and farms; Extreme loadings and durability; Novel
marine energy systems and components; Environmental interaction and Fatigue loadings and
reliability. UKCMER and related investments in doctoral training will ultimately graduate
around 150 PhD-qualified staff for the global wave and tidal energy sector.

This presentation will identify some of the recent achievements of the UK academic research
base, reflect on the ongoing challenges and describe the work and plans of the EPSRC-
funded Supergen UK Centre for Marine Energy Research as it enters its fourth phase.

237
Design and Sea Trial of a Scaled Prototype for Ship-based
Multi-point Absorber Wave Energy Conversion Device
ABSTRACT
Wave energy is one of the most abundant marine energy
in oceans, so the research on wave energy conversion attracted
lots of attention during the past thirty years. The development
of wave energy device has made significant progress and
some prototypes have been tested in Europe and North
America. Compared with other types of conversion principle,
point absorber device has been proved to be more suitable for
small wave conditions. As the advanced form of this principle,
the multi-point absorber wave energy devices reflect the
deepening of point absorber research and show good prospect
in adaption to Chinese coastal wave climate.
This paper introduces the research status of point absorber
wave energy device in brief, then compares and analyses the
difference in principle and design between various devices. It
elaborates the research background and design purpose of a
multi-point absorber wave energy device installed on a
floating ship-based platform. Secondly, it summarizes the
working principle of the multi-point absorber and introduces
the simplified model of a single point absorber device.
Numerical calculation has been conducted to verify the
hydrodynamic coefficients in frequency domain.
Small scale physical model of converters has been tested
in a wave flume for validation of the linear numerical model.
Key coefficients has been optimized and regarded as
the guideline of the practical design for a part scale prototype.
Based on the theoretical analysis, structure design and scheme
of the power-taken-off system has been made and more
detailed parameters have been determined. A real part scale
prototype of the multi-point absorber device has been
manufactured followed as the design. Sea trial of
the prototype has been made to verify the working principle
and power output of the device during the summer of 2014.
The result of the sea trial provides a good foundation for the
optimization design of a second gap prototype device.
REFERENCES
[1] Cruz J. Ocean wave energy: Current status and future perspective.
Berlin, Germany. Springer-Verlag, 2008.
[2] Salter S.H. Wave Power. Nature. 1974, 249:720-724.
[3] Wehausen J.V. The motion of floating bodies. Annual Review of Fluid
Mechanics. 1971(3):237-268.
[4] Falcao, A.F.O. Phase control through load control of oscillating-body
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[5] Zheng X, Jiang J, Zhang L. Power characteristic analysis and
optimization of point absorber wave energy converter. Applied Mechanics
and Materials. 2013(313-314):837-842.
[6] Zheng X., Yang Y. Research on the hydrodynamic performance of a
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[7] Su Y, You Y, Zheng Y. Investigation on the oscillating buoy wave power
device. China Ocean Engineering, 2002(16):142-145.
[8] Mccormick M.E. Ocean wave energy conversion. Beijing: Ocean
Publisher. 1985.
238
Integration of wave measurement device into a wave
energy array
Jess Kolbusz#1, David Harrowfield#2, Mathieu Cocho#3 & David Velasco*1
#
Carnegie Wave Energy Ltd
4b Mews Road, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia, 6160
1 jkolbusz@carnegiewave.com

2 dharrowfield@carnegiewave.com

3 mcocho@carnegiewave.com

*
Nortek AS
Vangkroken 2, 1351 Rud, Norway
1 david.velasco@nortek-as.com

Abstract— over 14,000 cumulative operating hours spanning 12 months

Carnegie Wave Energy’s Perth Wave Energy Project used an
array of bottom referenced heaving buoys point absorbers, CETO,
to convert wave energy into hydraulic energy. This hydraulic
energy was transmitted in a closed circuit to an onshore location
for hydro-electric generation. Manipulation of hydraulic pressures
according to prevailing wave state was key to the process’s
efficiency. Using numerical modelling, a pressure look-up table
was created for optimisation purposes, with Hs and Te as the
coordinate variables. Wave state at the array was measured by a 1
MHz Nortek AWAC. This provided directional wave statistics every
20 minutes, which were used to select the control pressures. The
AWAC does not provide a real-time Te output, which meant that for
a considerable period of time control pressures were optimised by
trial and error. Ultimately, an empirical estimate of Te was
developed using Tm02, which is provided. Estimated and measured
(post-processed) Te were then compared, proving the estimate to be
acceptable for automatically deriving the control pressures. Other
challenges included adjusting post-processing methods of the raw
AWAC data to obtain the most accurate representation of the
directional wave data.
Keywords— Wave energy, wave measurements, AWAC, optimal
control, sea state conditions
and all four seasons.
At this small scale, the PWEP was not intended as a stand-
alone economic investment, rather its aim was to demonstrate
the successful engineering, construction and operation of a
grid-connected array, including the sale of power. It operated
under a power purchase agreement with the Australian
Department of Defence (DoD) and Western Australian
wholesale electricity market.
The PWEP consisted of three CETO Units in an array,
hydraulic conditioning equipment, subsea pipelines to shore
and an onshore power generation facility. The CETO
technology operates as a bottom hinged point-absorber,
converting wave energy into hydraulic energy in a closed
circuit. The electrical generation equipment was situated at the
onshore end of this circuit. For optimisation of control-
pressures, knowledge of the wave state at the location of the
CETO array was required. This was accomplished by
choosing the most suitable wave measurement device for the
project and overcoming associated challenges. Particular
focus was on the wave parameters used by the Process Control
System (PCS).

I. INTRODUCTION A. Controlling matrix for wave conditions

Carnegie Wave Energy (Carnegie) is an ASX-listed
renewable wave energy company based in Perth, Western
Australia (WA), with wholly owned subsidiaries in the UK,
Ireland and Chile. The focus of Carnegie is the CETO wave
energy technology. The Perth Wave Energy Project (PWEP)
used Carnegie’s robust ocean tested, independently verified
and fully submerged CETO technology to convert wave
energy into renewable electricity onshore. This project was
designed to provide the world’s first demonstration and
verification of a grid-connected wave energy array.
The PWEP site off Garden Island provided an ideal pre-
production test site due to its exposure to open, medium
intensity, wave conditions. There was also immediate
proximity to Australia’s largest navy base, HMAS Stirling.
The PWEP completed operations in December 2015, with
The CETO power matrix is the controlling factor in the
operation of the device. It is defined through modelled power
output of the device over the Significant Wave Height (Hm0)
and Energy Period (Te), binning in a matrix format. The use of
Te as opposed to other wave period parameters is because it is
less influenced by high frequency energy [1]. The bin value
intervals of 0.5 m and 1 s for Hm0 and Te respectively were
chosen based on recommendations in [2]. Following industry
standards [1, 2], the onshore plant operators aimed to optimise
the control pressures according to the prevailing H m0 and Te.
Using numerical modelling, an optimal pressure look-up table
from the power matrix was created for this purpose, with H m0
and Te as the coordinate variables.
II. CHOICE OF WAVE MEASUREMENT DEVICE
A. Key Concepts

239
 Wave sensors can be either non-directional or directional.
Non-directional wave sensors measure (directly or through
inference) the vertical displacement of the free surface and
generate wave height and period estimates. Directional wave
sensors add to these estimates of wave direction and the
variability of the wave direction (spread).
Directional wave sensors are designed to capture the three
dimensional displacement of the free surface. From this raw
data, wave estimates are computed. Directional wave sensors
generally fall into three broad categories:
1. Those that follow (or “ride”) the free surface (e.g.
buoy-based accelerometers);
2. Those that directly measure the free surface’s
displacement (e.g. capacitance rods, radars, through-air
ultrasonics, inverted echo sounders);
3. Those that infer the free surface’s displacement (e.g.
pressure sensors, buoy-based GPS, acoustic Doppler
profilers).
Each category has practical limitations that must be
matched for the desired application. These include:
installation depth, wave estimate type, data output
frequency, target application, location accessibility, and
cost. Table I summarises these limitations.
TABLE I
WAVE MEASUREMENT DEVICE INSTALLATION CONSIDERATIONS
Factor Description
Installation Pressure-based sensors are often limited to 10-20
Depth m water depth due to depth-induced pressure
attenuation rendering signals too weak for
detection at greater depths. Additionally, deeper
depths require more complex installation setup
(often making use of mooring lines).
Wave Estimate Some applications, such as inner harbors, do not
Type often require knowledge of wave direction, which
greatly simplifies the sensor and installation
complexity.
Data Output Real-time (online) data output is often desirable,
Frequency but it comes at a considerable cost and complexity
when compared to autonomous (standalone)
installations.
Target Operational users tend to favour timely and
Application consistent data delivery over high precision and
resolution, especially as it pertains to wave
direction.
Location As waves are actually computed estimates based
Accessibility on raw free surface displacement data, where
(geographically) a sensor is located can have a
significant impact on the quality of data it
produces.
Cost Although sensor cost has reduced significantly
over the last 30 years, wave sensors may account
for the single largest sensor cost of a typical
engineering project
For the PWEP, Carnegie required a system to collect near
real-time directional wave estimates in approximately 24 m of
water, delivering data once every 20 minutes. Target waves
were wind-driven, typical of the southwest Australian
coastline, with Peak Period (Tp) in the 6 – 14 s range and Hm0
ranging between 1 – 3 m. These ranges were determined
based on measurements from a Triaxys directional wave buoy
deployed at the PWEP site in 2009.
The considerations in the selection of a suitable product
were:
 A subsea power and communications network was
planned for the project, so an opportunity existed to
power and communicate with a wave sensor using this
network, voiding the need for batteries and paid
telecommunications services (satellite).
 It was desirable to have the sensor mounted on the sea
floor or to a fixed subsea structure, principally to
reduce the chance of collision with marine traffic and
simplify the manoeuvres of logistical vessels around
the CETO array. Such a location is also less vulnerable
to storms and malicious interference. Furthermore,
with greater depth there is generally a slower rate of
biofouling, reducing the need for maintenance [3].
 Knowledge of the tidal variations, current speed and
direction, whilst not essential, could prove useful in the
analysis of the CETO Unit behaviour.
B. Instrument and Measurement Description
In view of these requirements and considerations,
Carnegie’s project team opted for Nortek’s AWAC (Acoustic
Wave And Current) as the wave sensor. The site depth and
location was such that divers were able to perform the
installation and removal.
The AWAC is an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP)
that measures the three dimensional displacement of the free
surface using acoustic technology. The AWAC has an
extensive track record of deployment in real-time applications,
and has also been used in long term applications [4, 5].
For non-directional or energy spectra, the AWAC employs
three independent measurement techniques: pressure-based,
velocity-based or Acoustic Surface Tracking (AST). The first
technique, pressure-based, relies on the on-board pressure
sensor to measure the dynamic pressure induced by the waves,
coupled with knowledge of the instrument’s height above the
bottom. A wave-generated dynamic pressure signal is
attenuated with increased depth and shorter wavelength
(frequency); therefore, it must be properly converted to
surface elevation through a transfer function. The second
technique, velocity-based, relies on measurement of the wave
orbital velocity in a specially-located depth cell higher in the
water column. Similar to pressure, velocity-based
measurements are also attenuated by depth (both in the
amount of energy and frequency) and therefore must be
converted to a surface signal through a transfer function.
Lastly, AST-based measurements rely on a central acoustic
beam that operates similarly to an inverted echosounder, thus
offering a direct measurement of the relative vertical
displacement of the free surface without constraints from
attenuation of wave properties with increased depth. Clear
examples of wave computation between these three
techniques is discussed in [6]. Operational implications of
this are discussed in Section IV.
240
 AWAC users have the option of computing the wave
energy spectrum based on either one of these three methods,
or using an “optimized” approach. In this optimized approach,
the AST-based technique is used in all cases unless the
AWAC’s processing algorithm identifies outliers in > 10 % of
the AST-based data for any given burst sequence. When this
happens, the energy spectrum is computed with the pressure
data (when the water depth is < 20 m) or with the velocity
data (when the water depth is > 20 m).
For the directional wave estimates, the AWAC uses the
horizontal (U, V) components of the wave orbital velocities,
with a Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM) processing
method, as detailed by [6, 7] and references therein.
To maximise energy production, active compensation of
the CETO’s operational parameters in response to the
prevailing wave conditions was required. The AWAC
provides two approaches for real-time wave estimates:
through an onshore server-based software called SeaState, or
through an on-board (inside the AWAC) processing and
logging device called ProLog. Both SeaState and the ProLog
utilise identical processing methods, with slightly different
output parameters. One difference between the two
approaches is the ProLog provides wave energy spectra output
in real-time, while SeaState does not. For the PWEP, the
SeaState approach was used.
III. INTEGRATION OF WAVE SENSOR INTO THE PWEP
The AWAC was positioned approximately 50 m upwave
from a selected CETO Unit. It was mounted in a trawl
resistant structure fitted with a gimbal, in consideration of the
local fishing industry, recreational boat users and sandy
foundation prone to undermining (see Figure 1). Analysis of
tilt feedback showed the instrument to be within +/- 5° of
vertical throughout deployment, with just a small exception
within the first month (this data was discarded from
subsequent analysis).
Figure 1. Nortek AWAC mounted within trawl-resistant frame, showing cable
for signal and power (prior to deployment).
Using a static subsea cable, the AWAC was connected to a
node of the subsea power and communications network
located on the CETO Unit’s accompanying Pod (a hydraulics
module). Communication between the underwater node and
on-shore PCS was established via an Ethernet network. As
both the AWAC and accompanying SeaState server expect a
direct serial connection (either RS-232 or RS-422, but RS-422
in this case), the simplest and cheapest solution was to use
serial port servers at both ends of the Ethernet network,
making the network effectively transparent. These servers
acted as RS-422/Ethernet converters. This bespoke
arrangement, designed by Carnegie, functioned over a
distance of approximately 3.2 km.
Perpetuating common practice, the AWAC was configured
to measure in 20 minute intervals. This consisted of a 120 s
current averaging interval, followed by a 1024 s wave burst
sampling at 1 Hz. During the complement of 56 s, the AWAC
was idle.
Upon receipt of the current and wave data from the
AWAC, the SeaState software processed the raw data from
each wave burst, generated all wave estimates and wrote the
data to the host PC. The PCS monitored these data for
changes and extracted Hm0 and Mean Wave Period (Tm02). The
values were used to regulate the hydraulic pressures
controlling wave energy absorption by the CETO Units.
Ideally Te would have been used, but this is not an output of
SeaState. Eventually, additional software (Nortek’s Storm)
was used to post-process the raw wave data and obtain the full
energy spectrum from which T e could be computed. An
empirical relationship between T m02 and Te was then
developed. This was implemented in the PCS at a later stage,
so for the majority of the project, only T m02 was available in
near real-time.
IV. DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED AND SOLUTIONS
A. Absence of Te in real-time data
Carnegie’s operational philosophy for their CETO system
is based on the spectral characteristics Hm0 and Te, but the
server software SeaState supplied by Nortek does not provide
a real-time Te output. As a result, the control pressures were
initially optimised by trial and error, without the benefit of an
initial estimate. Ultimately, an empirical estimate of T e was
developed using the Tm02, which is provided by SeaState. Two
methodologies were investigated: defining the wave period
ratio (WPR), which is a relation between Hm0 and the ratio
between Te and Tm02, and defining a direct relation between Te
and Tm02. Theoretical consideration of a WPR are detailed in
[8].
Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the fitted curves (4th order
polynomial) characterising these relations. It is important to
note that in the case of the WPR, although the standard error
on the ratio appears to be lower, it has to be multiplied by the
value of Tm02 to get the error on T e. Accounting for this, Tm02
greater than 6 s results in a greater error on Te when using the
WPR method. The preferred method was therefore the direct
relationship between Te and Tm02. The relationship was made
into a piecewise function using 1st order polynomial functions
241
on either ends of the Tm02 range, as the rapid divergence of the
4th order polynomial was not acceptable for an automated
control system.
Figure 2. Direct relation between T m02 and Te
Figure 3. Relationship between Hm0 and WPR
B. Variability Between Measurement Techniques
Variations in the computed wave parameters were
observed based on which measurement technique was used
during the post-processing analysis (pressure, velocity or
AST). This was expected given the installation depth (~24 m
for the PWEP) and the fact that both pressure and wave orbital
velocity signals attenuate exponentially with increased depth
and shorter wavelengths. On the other hand, AST-based
measurements suffer only a small limitation based on the
footprint diameter of the AST beam on the surface [7].
Additionally, as pressure is measured at the sensor near the
bottom and velocity closer to the surface, the rate of
attenuation also differs between these two and consequently
how the transfer function is applied
Figure 4. Time series of wave parameters (Hm0, Tm02, and Tp) computed by the
three available methods, and corresponding percentage of bad AST surface
detects during high wave energy conditions in August 2015
AST-based measurements rely on a clear surface detection
and at times this is not possible. When > 10% of the surface
detection pings fail to return a valid measurement, the AWAC
switches to either pressure (when depth < 20 m) or velocity
(when depth > 20 m). For most wave measurement
242
applications, this is an acceptable and minor issue, as all three
estimates can be deemed correct, only band-limited at
different frequencies. But for the operationally-focused
PWEP it posed a bigger challenge to the PCS, as spectra-
derived parameters could result in noticeable variability based
on which technique was used (Figure 4). This was also the
case for spectra-derived Te calculated by post-processing. At
the PWEP’s water depth, both pressure and velocity were
significantly band-limited to lower frequency waves that were
largely swell driven and hence less likely to change between
two 20 minute intervals. Compensation for this limitation was
unwittingly achieved by operators optimising energy
absorption by trial and error.
C. High Hm0 Estimation Uncertainty
Over winter storm periods in August 2015 it was noticed
that bad AST surface detection was occurring when Hm0
exceeded 2 m. A check of all quality parameters did not return
any root cause for this, with the only exception being the
natural limitations of the 1 MHz carrier frequency of the
AWAC used in the PWEP in conjunction with the water depth
and large waves (see Figure 4). The increased height of the
water column due to the storm and wave climate would
occasionally push the surface detection ability of the 1 MHz
AWAC to its operational limit. Furthermore, the increased
wave activity meant the ocean surface became more aerated
and therefore acoustically more difficult to detect. As a
consequence, the AST beam became less effective in
accurately tracking the surface. It is noteworthy, however,
that for the period centred on the data in Figure 4 (mid-July to
mid-September, 2015) only 16 out of the 4231 total wave
bursts collected were classified as “Bad AST Detects”,
representing only 0.4% of the data during this time.
To address this in future applications, especially at deeper
depths, the observation that the lower frequency version of the
AWAC normally has better AST-based performance at depths
greater than 20-30 m [7, 9] could be considered. This is due
to its lower carrier frequency (600 vs. 1000 kHz) and also the
larger transducer diameter for the AST beam (75 vs. 50 mm).
It should be noted, however, that when AST-based
measurement suffer higher surface detection loss, as a result
of storm activity, this generally coincides with higher energy
events and therefore stronger pressure and velocity signals
deeper in the water column. Thus the substitution of AST-
based measurements for either pressure or velocity
measurements often causes less variability than when the
wave climate is less severe.
D. Instantaneous changes in Peak Period
Instantaneous peaks and troughs in T p values were noted
throughout some of the retrieved AWAC data when using the
optimised post-processing method in Storm. This can be seen
in the Tp time series in Figure 4 (see afternoon of Aug. 7,
2015). The optimised post-processing method can include
AST, pressure or velocity processing of the raw data
depending on which provides better quality data for the wave
burst in question. When the data was being used to classify
the sea state throughout the project, this caused some
confusion as to the usable Tp value for analysis. It was found
that this occurred when dual-peak wave spectra were being
processed, where two concurrent wave states were competing
for the highest spectral amplitude, and therefore for the Tp
characteristic. Figure 5 shows an example of one such energy
spectrum from the onset of the storm depicted in Figure 4. As
the AST-based method was capable of detecting higher
frequency waves better than both the pressure and velocity-
based methods, it could capture the energy in these smaller
waves earlier, therefore defining better the energy spectrum.
Both pressure and velocity-based methods were unable to pick
up the energy shown on the right side peak of Figure 5 until
the sea state became further developed.
Figure 5. Sample energy spectrum calculated using AST (blue), Velocity
(red) and Pressure (green)
The processing within Storm is able to be restricted to
different wave bands for visualisation purposes, but is not
necessary. This can be done through higher frequency waves
being processed using AST methods and lower frequencies
using pressure or velocity (depth dependent) and merging
together to form the energy spectra. Aside from visualisation
purposes, the separation of the wave spectra into sea and swell
waves is an output which Carnegie believe could be useful for
an improved Tp distinction. Alternatively, inclusion of T e
would be the most significant enhancement, as these
instantaneous changes highlight that T p is not a consistent
wave period parameter to consider for Wave Energy
Convertor (WEC) control on a real-time operational basis.
For characterisation of the sea state at a site and avoiding
further post processing, this is would be very useful
information to WEC developers.
V. FUTURE PLANS
Carnegie will soon be deploying the next generation of the
CETO technology at a deeper site (30-35 m). The 6th
generation of CETO will involve on-board electrical
generation and be required to continue functioning in the
absence of communications with any onshore systems. This
means that each CETO Unit has to acquire the critical wave
statistics (Hm0 and Te) from a sensor in one of three ways: (i)
directly from the wave sensor, (ii) from some subsea
243
processing node, or (iii) by processing raw data from the
sensor itself.
For these reasons, Carnegie is considering a lower
frequency version of the AWAC, with an on-board ProLog
device. The combination of lower frequency (600 kHz vs.
1000 kHz for the PWEP project) and larger centre transducer
(75 mm vs. 50 mm) has been shown to allow for installations
in as much as 60 m of water [7]. The ProLog option performs
real-time directional wave processing, data reduction and,
more importantly, outputs the Wave Energy Spectra from
which all other wave estimates can be computed. This is
important as the Energy Period, T e, is the critical wave
estimate for WEC optimization.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank their respective
organisations (Carnegie Wave Energy Ltd and Nortek AS)
and all involved in the Perth Wave Energy Project. Thanks are
also in order to the CSIRO team involved in the Australian
Wave Energy Atlas Project for assistance with Carnegie’s
AWAC.
REFERENCES
[1] V. Venugopal, T. Davey, H. Smith, G. Smith, B. Holmes, S. Barrett, M.
Prevosto, C. Maisondieu, L. Cavaleri, L. Bertotti, J. Lawrence and F.
Girard, “EquiMar Deliverable D2.2 Wave and Tidal Resource
Characterisation”, Equitable Testing and Evaluation of Marine Energy
Extraction Devices in terms of Performance, Cost and Environmental
Impact, Grant Agreement number 213380, 2011.
[2] Design requirements for marine energy systems, Draft IEC/TC 114/PT
62600-2, 2015.
[3] A.M. Watts, S.J. Goldstien and G.A. Hopkins, “Characterising
biofouling communities on mussel farms along an environmental
gradient: a step towards improved risk management,” Aquacult
Environ Interact, vol. 8, pp. 15 – 30, Dec. 2014.
[4] T. Pedersen, C. Malzone and E. Siegel, “Analysis of Band-Passed
Directional Wave Data,” in Proc. of MTS/IEEE Oceans Conference,
Washington, DC, 2005.
[5] P.T. Puckette and G.B. Gray, “Long-Term Performance of an AWAC
Wave Gage, Chesapeake Bay, VA,” in Proc. 9th IEEE/OES/CMTC,
2008.
[6] T. Pedersen, S. Nylund and A. Dolle, “Wave Height Measurements
Using Acoustic Surface Tracking,” in Proc. Of MTS/IEEE Oceans
Conference, Biloxi, MS, 2002.
[7] T. Pedersen and A. Lohrmann, “Possibilities and Limitations of
Acoustic Surface Tracking,”. in Proc. of MTS/IEEE Ocean Conference,
Kobe, Japan, 2004.
[8] B. Cahill and T, Lewis, “Wave Period Ratios and the Calculation of
Wave Power,” in Proc. 2nd METS2014, 2014.
[9] T. Pedersen, K. Horn, and Wickström, K, “Subsurface Wave
Measurements Taken to New Depths,” in Proc. of Society of
Underwater Technology Annual Conference, Perth, WA, 2009.
244
 Evaluation of Wave Energy Using
Numerical Model
in Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea
Wongnarin Kompor#1, Chaiwat Ekkawatpanit#2, Duangrudee Kositkittiwong#3
#
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
126 Pracha Uthit Rd., Bang Mod, Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
1
wongnarin.kompor@mail.kmutt.ac.th
2
chaiwat.ekk@kmutt.ac.th
3
duangrudee.kos@kmutt.ac.th

Abstract— Thailand energy consumption has increased due to the expansion of economic.
The renewable energy consumption remains small, which is 8.3% of energy consumption in
Thailand, when compare to oil consumption. From that reason Thailand need to find an
alternative energy such as renewable energy. One of interesting renewable energy is ocean
wave energy. Ocean wave energy can be used to generate the electricity without the
limitation of time. Thailand has Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea press on two sides. The
numerical model used in this study called Simulated WAves Nearshore (SWAN). This model
use to determine the characteristic of ocean wave includes ocean wave height. The significant
wave height is evaluated to find the natural potential of natural ocean wave energy in both
Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea over 10-year (2005 to 2015). ETOPO1 is used as a
bathymetry data used in this study. Wind data used in this study are from NOGAPs and
NAVGEM, which NOGAPs used from 2005 until February 2013 and after that until 2015,
used NAVGEM. The results from this study show the seasonal wave energy map for Gulf of
Thailand and Andaman Sea. Andaman Sea can give the wave energy more than Gulf of
Thailand due to significant wave height is higher. The ocean wave energy mostly found
during Southwest monsoon in Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea. Whereas the highest wave
energy is different in each area. The highest potential of wave power in Gulf of Thailand was
found in Northeast Monsoon and the highest wave energy in Andaman Sea was found in
Southwest Monsoon.

245
The Role of Test and Demonstration Centres
in Supporting Ocean Energy in Japan and
Asia, Introduction of Nagasaki-Asia Marine
Energy Centre
Mr Kiyohiko Ko

Internationally there are several test centres and demonstration facilities

for ocean renewables playing an important role in supporting the development
of the sector but few of these are in Asia.
In 2014 the Government of Japan selected 3 locations within Nagasaki
Prefecture to host test and demonstration facilities for offshore
renewables.
As well as reviewing the case and need for test centres the up-to-date
efforts for establishing the tidal and floating offshore wind Nagasaki -
Asia Marine Energy Centre are introduced in this paper.
This will include details of the part-scale and full-scale tidal energy
locations, the floating offshore wind zone, infrastructure, resource data,
the business model and opportunities for developers and stakeholders.

246
 Influence of Scour on Soil-structure Interaction of
Tripod Supported Offshore Wind Turbines
Abhinav K. A1, Nilanjan Saha2
Department of Ocean Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology - Madras
Chennai, India
1
abhinavka@gmail.com
2
nilanjan@iitm.ac.in

the natural frequency of the OWT structure towards resonant

I. KEYWORDS frequency ranges.
Scour, offshore wind turbine, sand, dynamic analysis, FEM

II. ABSTRACT
Offshore wind turbines (OWTs) are thought of as a realistic
solution to offset the impending energy crisis. However, the
design of these structures is complicated as they are subjected
to heavy random dynamic loading. The randomness afforded
by the interplay of aerodynamic, hydrodynamic and
geotechnical parameters calls for coupled dynamic analyses
involving the three regimes. This work attempts to highlight
the influence of scour phenomena on the lateral load response
of a tripod supported OWT.
The 5-MW NREL baseline OWT [1] supported on the well-
documented OC3 tripod substructure (see Fig. 1) in
transitional waters of 30 m depth, has been considered in the
study. Wind and wave conditions existing offshore of the west
coast of India has been used in the work. The OWT is
considered to be supported in sandy soil, which is more prone
to scouring than cohesive soil. Dynamic analysis using FAST
[2], an aerodynamic code based on the blade element
momentum theory and USFOS [3], a FEM based code with
hydrodynamic and geotechnical capabilities is done to
simulate a realistic OWT system. A sequential coupling
scheme is used to realize the influence of aerodynamic and
hydrodynamic loads on each other and on the support Fig. 1 Finite element model of tripod supporting the OWT
structure.
For a conservative estimation of the sea loads, the Results from the presented work shows a reduction in
JONSWAP spectrum is used to generate long-crested waves. fundamental natural frequency by 5% for loose sand deposits,
Sea surface elevation is obtained using Rice's formula that when the scour depth reaches 1.5 times the pile diameter.
sums up the components of the discretized wave spectrum. Sandy soil deposits are seen to be increasingly susceptible to
The hydrodynamic loads are calculated on the basis of the detrimental effects of scour, with reduction in density.
Morrison's equation. Soil properties are represented by means Results from the present study may be used to gain an insight
of p-y, q-z and t-z curves [4]. Stiffness of the supporting soil is into the design and development of offshore wind farms in
found to be the driving factor that influences the lateral waters of moderate depths.
dynamic response of the OWT system. The natural frequency
REFERENCES
of the OWT, which is a design driver to offset resonance
[1] Jonkman J, Butterfield S, Musial W, Scott G. Definition of a 5- MW
conditions, is also heavily influenced by the type of soil. reference wind turbine for offshore system development. Technical
Hence, ignoring the soil-structure interaction (SSI) while Report NREL/TP-500-38060; National Renewable Energy Laboratory:
analysing OWTs can lead to overestimation of structural Golden, CO, USA; 2009
stiffness and fatigue failure due to resonance. [2] Jonkman JM, Buhl ML Jr. FAST user's guide. Technical Report
NREL/EL-500-38230, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden,
Scour is a phenomena that results in the removal of top soil CO, USA; 2005
surrounding the piles in an offshore installation. Excessive [3] Soreide TH, Amdahl J, Eberg E, Holmas T, Hellan O. USFOS—A
scouring of OWT foundations will result in significant loss of computer program for progressive collapse analysis of steel
lateral support at the pile head, leading to escalation of lateral structures—Theory Manual. SINTEF Report, Trondheim, Norway;
1993
responses under severe environmental loading. This also shifts [4] Reese LC, van Impe WF. Single piles and pile groups under lateral
loading. Rotterdam: Balkema; 2001.

247
 Design Analysis of a Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine
Louis Angelo Danao1,*, Binoe Abuan2,1,§, Robert Howell3,#
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
*louisdanao@coe.upd.edu.ph
§beabuan1@sheffield.ac.uk
#r.howell@sheffield.ac.uk

chord, the recorded maximum principal stress and tip

I. KEYWORDS deflection reduces to 68.7 MPa and 62.91 mm, respectively,
BEM, composite FEA, horizontal axis, tidal turbine both less than 45% of the baseline case of 2%. It is determined
that the new rotor is an improved design with good overall
II. ABSTRACT hydrodynamic performance and low stress and deformation
A numerical approach was employed to the design of a levels.
horizontal axis tidal turbine. Verification and validation of the
numerical models were conducted to ensure acceptability and
appropriateness of the models for the problem at hand. A
performance prediction study was initially carried out to
analyse a proposed design of the rotor blade with the use of
open source blade element – momentum solver QBlade. The
new design was tested using the validated Southampton BEM
model and results show a comparable performance (CP > 0.4)
with a flatter and wider peak CP curve from TSR 4.4 to 8 and
a maximum CP of 0.45.
Fig. 2 Maximum principal stress results for the orthotropic blade analysis.

[1]
[2]
[3]
Fig. 1 Comparison of BEM predicted power coefficient for the two
investigated blade designs.
[4]
The new rotor was subsequently tested for structural
response due to hydrodynamic loading. The structural model
using an elliptical tube initially assumed isotropic material [5]
properties for verification and validation. A further study [6]
involving the actual blade configuration with a shear web was
simulated using both isotropic and orthotropic material
properties. A parametric study of ply angle and blade shell
thickness was conducted to determine appropriate geometric
configurations that will yield the lowest maximum principal
stress and blade deformation. It was observed that the [7]
maximum principal stress is 154.2 MPa and the tip deflection
is 153.14 mm for a shell thickness equivalent to 2% of the
maximum blade chord length and a ply angle of 0°. When the
ply angle is increased, the maximum principal stress increases [8]
with the worst condition at 230.7 MPa for ply angle of 45°.
[9]
Shell thickness was studied and results show that increasing
the thickness decreased the maximum principal stress. When
the shell thickness is increased to 8% of the maximum blade
REFERENCES
Republic of the Philippines - Department of Energy. (2012). Philippine
Energy Plan 2012. Retrieved from
https://www.doe.gov.ph/doe_files/pdf/01_Energy_Situationer/2012-
2030-PEP.pdf. Accessed on 2 September 2014.
UK Department of Energy and Climate Change. (2013). Uk Renewable
Energy Roadmap Update 2013. Retrieved from
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_d
ata/file/255182/UK_Renewable_Energy_Roadmap_-_5_November_-
_FINAL_DOCUMENT_FOR_PUBLICATIO___.pdf. Accessed on 26
August 2014.
US Energy Information Administration. (2014). Electric Power
Monthly with Data for June 2014. Retrieved from
http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/pdf/epm.pdf. Accessed on 2
September 2014.
Rodriguez, Fatima S. (2011). Ocean Energy: A New Development in
Philippine Renewable Energy Sources 2011. Retrieved from
http://123seminarsonly.com/Seminar-Reports/037/59165621-Ocean-
Energy.pdf. Accessed on 2 September 2014.
El-Wakil, M. M., 1984, Powerplant Technology, McGraw-Hill,
Singapore.
Lewis, A., Estefen, S., Huckerby, J., Musial, W., Pontes, T., and
Torres-Martinez, J., 2011: Ocean Energy. In IPCC Special Report on
Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation [O.
Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, K. S. Y. Sokona, P. Matschoss, S.
Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer and C. v.
Stechow (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United
Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
International Energy Agency, Implementing Agreement on Ocean
Energy Systems (IEA-OES). (2007). Annual Report 2007. Retrieved
from www.ocean-energy-
systems.org/oes_reports/annual_reports/2007_annual_report_/.
Accessed on 1 September 2014.
Glauert, H., 1935, Aerodynamic Theory, Springer Berlin Heidelberg,
Airplane Propellers.
Sørensen, J. N., and Kock, C. W., 1995, "A Model for Unsteady Rotor
Aerodynamics," Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial
Aerodynamics, 58(3), pp. 259-275.

248
[10] Masters, I., Chapman, J., Orme, J., and Willis, M., 2011, "A Robust
Blade Element Momentum Theory Model for Tidal Stream Turbines
Including Tip and Hub Loss Corrections," Proceedings of IMarEST -
Part A - Journal of Marine Engineering and Technology, 10(1), pp. 25-
35.
[11] Malki, R., Williams, A. J., Croft, T. N., Togneri, M., and Masters, I.,
2013, "A Coupled Blade Element Momentum – Computational Fluid
Dynamics Model for Evaluating Tidal Stream Turbine Performance,"
Applied Mathematical Modelling, 37(5), pp. 3006-3020.
[12] Batten, W. M. J., Harrison, M. E., and Bahaj, A. S., 2013, "Accuracy
of the Actuator Disc-Rans Approach for Predicting the Performance
and Wake of Tidal Turbines," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering
Sciences, 371(1985), pp.
[13] Gant, S., and Stallard, T., 2008, "Modelling a Tidal Turbine in
Unsteady Flow," Proceedings of the Eighteenth (2008) International
Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, pp. 473-480.
[14] Mason-Jones, A., O'doherty, D. M., Morris, C. E., and O'doherty, T.,
2013, "Influence of a Velocity Profile &Amp; Support Structure on
Tidal Stream Turbine Performance," Renewable Energy, 52(0), pp. 23-
30.
[15] Batten, W. M. J., Bahaj, A. S., Molland, A. F., and Chaplin, J. R., 2007,
"Experimentally Validated Numerical Method for the Hydrodynamic
Design of Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbines," Ocean Engineering, 34(7),
pp. 1013-1020.
[16] Bahaj, A. S., Batten, W. M. J., and Mccann, G., 2007, "Experimental
Verifications of Numerical Predictions for the Hydrodynamic
Performance of Horizontal Axis Marine Current Turbines," Renewable
Energy, 32(15), pp. 2479-2490.
[17] Morris, C., 2014, Influence of Solidity on the Performance, Swirl
Characteristics, Wake Recovery and Blade Deflection of a Horizontal
Axis Tidal Turbine, Cardiff University,
[18] Wendler, J., Marten, D., Pechlivanoglou, G., Nayeri, C. N., and
Paschereit, C. O., 2013, "Qblade: An Open Source Tool for Design and
Simulation of Horizontal and Vertical Axis Wind Turbines "
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced
Engineering, 3(Special Issue 3), pp. 264-269.
[19] Montgomerie, B., and Forskningsinstitut, T., 2004, Methods for Root
Effects, Tip Effects and Extending the Angle of Attack Range to +-
180°, with Application to Aerodynamics for Blades on Wind Turbines
and Propellers, Swedish Defence Research Agency,
[20] Viterna, L. A., and Corrigan, R. D., 1982, "Fixed Pitch Rotor
Performance of Large Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines," Technical
Report No. NASA CP-2230, NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland,
Ohio, USA.
[21] Pinkerton, R. M., 1938, "The Variation with Reynolds Number of
Pressure Distribution over an Airfoil Section," Technical Report No.
613, NASA, Cranfield, UK.
[22] Ostowari, C., and Naik, D., 1985, "Post-Stall Wind Tunnel Data for
Naca 44xx Series Airfoil Sections," Technical Report No. SERI/STR-
217-2559, Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, Colorado, USA.
[23] Cytec Cyply® 1002 Epoxy Fiberglass Composite, Isotropic, Red Seal
Electric Company, MatWeb.com,
http://matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=ac621a543a344e
26ae9f2d601c997095&ckck=1, accessed 24 June 2015.
[24] Budynas, R. G., Nisbett, J. K., and Shigley, J. E., 2015, Shigley's
Mechanical Engineering Design, Mcgraw-Hill Series in Mechanical
Engineering, McGraw-Hill Education, New York, NY.
[25] Epoxy Eglass, Unidirectional, Ansys Composite Materials Database,
Ansys Composite PrepPost Module.
249
 Tidal energy resource characterisation along the
French coast by using HF radar and ADCP
velocity measurements
Alexei Sentchev #1, Maxime Thiébaut #2
#
Lab. Oceanography and Geosciences UMR 8187, Université du Littoral – Côte d'Opale
32 Av. Foch, 62930 Wimereux, France
1
alexei.sentchev@univ-littoral.fr
2
maxime.thiébaut@univ-littoral.fr

A year-long current velocity time series recorded by HF

I. KEYWORDS
Tidal stream resource, HF radar, velocity measurements,
Iroise Sea; Strait of Dover.
II. ABSTRACT
A methodology for assessing the tidal flow resource at two
sites along the French coast is presented. The first site, located
in the Iroise sea, western Brittany coast, is selected for
demonstration of tidal current conversion technology by
Sabella company. The second site is located in the eastern
English Channel (Strait of Dover) and till now has been
considered as promising. The resource assessment at both
sites is performed using surface velocity time series recorded
by High Frequency radars (HFR) and ADCP velocity
measurements in the radar coverage zone. Results
from .numerical modelling are also considered. Following a
guideline proposed by EMEC [1], the major parameters of
tidal flow conventionally used for tidal energy site screening
are estimated and mapped. The combination of two sources of
data allowed to characterize the current velocity variation in
three spatial dimensions and in time which increased
confidence in hydrokinetic resource assessment from the radar
data. A method is presented to find the optimal location for
energy conversion devices and to optimize the power
generation by moving devices in space.
radars in the Iroise sea in 2007-2008 were used to study tidal
dynamics and hydrokinetic resource with particular emphasis
on circulation around the Ushant Island. The analysis revealed
current velocities up to 4 m/s in two locations: west of the
island and in the Fromveur passage (Fig. 1), with 1 m/s
velocity value exceeded 70% of time there. A pronounced
asymmetry in current magnitude between the flood and ebb
flow was found in the Fromveur passage. The asymmetry
coefficient varies from 0.5 to 2.5 over a distance of 8 km there.
This high range of asymmetry variation is caused by a rapid
change of phase of the principal (M2) and higher order (forth-
and sixth-diurnal) tidal current harmonics occurring in the
passage. Asymmetry in current direction was also quantified.
Radar derived velocities in the surface layer are compared
with velocity profiles recorded by ADCP in the radar
coverage zone. The results revealed a very good overall
agreement: 0.86 correlation and zero phase lag. The ratio of
depth average to surface velocity was found equal to 0.8 and
the ratio of bottom (15 m thick layer) to surface velocity equal
to 0.7. This ensures that monitoring of surface currents by HF
radars can be successfully used for quantifying spatial and
temporal variability of current velocity in the water column.
This also enables an estimation of power density variation in
time and space. In particular, in two locations around the
Ushant Island, the power density in the surface layer attains 6
kW/m². It is three times lower in the bottom layer (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2 Cumulative occurrence of power density in the surface (grey) and

bottom (black) layers, west of the Ushant Island (A) and in the Fromveur
passage (B).

Finally, it is demonstrated that in the region of opposed

Fig. 1 Maximum surface velocity (color shading) and spring tide average flood- versus ebb-dominated asymmetries, occurring in the
velocity (black contours) around the Ushant Island off the W. Brittany coast. Fromveur passage, it is possible to provide balanced power
generation by aggregating devices and moving devices in
space and to a different altitude above the bottom. This may

250
help in searching solutions for turbine array configuration and
optimizing power production by tidal power convertors.
Resource characterisation along the north-eastern coast of
France was performed in a similar way. Two Very High
Frequency radars were deployed on the Opal coast of France
during 35 days-long period for monitoring circulation in the
surface layer [2]. The recorded velocities show strong spatial
variation (Fig. 3) and fortnightly modulation. The most
energetic area is located west of Cape Gris Nez with the peak
velocity of 2.5 m/s, mean velocity of 1 m/s, and spring tide
average velocity of 1.2 m/s (Fig. 3). Velocities exceeding 1
m/s are observed more than 50% of time there.
Fig. 3 Mean surface velocity during the study period (colour shading) and
spring tide average velocity (white contours) derived from radar
measurements in the Strait of Dover.
The current asymmetry is found higher than 1 in the whole
study domain, evidencing the flood flow dominance. The
maximum current asymmetry (1.6) is located westward of the
Cape Gris Nez, indicating the effect of cape on spatial
distribution of phases of the major astronomical tidal
constituents and overtides.
Current velocity time series recorded by the radars were
supplemented by velocity profiles from two bottom mounted
ADCP and also by velocity profiles from a regional numerical
model [3].
Mean profiles, derived from one hour averaged ADCP data
were obtained for different stages of the tidal cycle (Fig. 4)
and then approximated by a power law function (V(z)=V0
(z/d)1/α), which is routinely used in oceanographic studies [4].
Here, V0 is velocity in the surface layer, z/d is normalized
vertical coordinate. The power coefficient α of velocity profile
approximation is found to vary from 6 to 7.5 for ebb and from
5.5 to 6.5 for flood flow respectively. In each case, the lower
value of α is achieved one hour before the peak current
occurred and the bigger value is reached one hour after the
peak current occurred. The relative error of the real velocity
profiles' approximation by a power law is less than 1%. The
discrepancy between observed and modeled velocity profiles
is less than 7%. On average, the model overestimates the
observed velocities on flood tide and overestimates on ebb
tide (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4 Current velocity profiles for different stages of tidal flow during flood
and ebb tide. Time step between each tidal stage is one hour. Typical profile
for one hour long period when peak current velocity is observed (red), for
period one hour before peak current (green) and one hour after peak current
(blue). Solid lines represent velocity profiles derived from ADCP
measurements in June 2009, dashed lines represent velocity profiles from
regional numerical model. Extrapolation of measured velocities until sea
surface is given in grey.
Using velocity time series provided by the radars, the
power law expression for velocity profiles derived from
moored ADCP data, and the layer extension, the power
density time series in the surface and bottom layers were
produced. The time averaged quantities were mapped. The
results show that the highest value of power density attains 1
kW/m² in the surface layer west of the Cape Gris Nez, with a
peak value of 5 kW/m². In the rest of the domain, the mean
power density varies from 0.1 to 0.6 kW/m². This resource
appears too low for any reasonable project of tidal-stream
energy conversion.
REFERENCES
[1] C. Legrand, Assessment of Tidal Energy Resource : Marine Renewable
Energy Guides, Tech. rep., The European Marine Energy Center,
London, 2009.
[2] A. Sentchev and M. Yaremchuk, M, VHF radar observations of
surface currents off the northern Opal coast in the eastern English
Channel. Continental Shelf Research, 27, 2449-2464 2007.
[3] N. Jouanneau, A. Sentchev, and F. Dumas, Numerical modelling of
circulation and dispersion processes in Boulogne-sur-Mer harbour
(Eastern English Channel) : sensitivity to physical forcing and harbour
design, Ocean Dynamics, 63, 1321-1340, 2013.
[4] R. Soulsby, Dynamics of Marine Sands, A Manual for Practical
Applications, London: Telford, 1997.
251
Anchor Installation for the Taut Moored Tidal Platform PLAT-O

Nick Cresswell, Jason Hayman, Andy Kyte

Sustainable Marine Energy Ltd

High energy tidal stream sites exert large loads on offshore structures, due to the relationship between
velocity and the high density of seawater and the resulting hydrodynamic forces. Tidal turbine support
structures must withstand high loads to harness the most lucrative tidal sites. Traditional monopile or
jacket structures require substantial foundations to support the loads from large scale tidal turbines. An
alternative is to moor a platform to the sea bed using anchors and mooring lines. Such platforms can be
free-surface floating or suspended in the water column, such as a taut-moored platform.

Sustainable Marine Energy’s (SME) PLAT-O buoyant platform is an example of a taut-moored platform
which can support smaller scale turbines or instrumentation packages. The platform, and the four small
anchors used to secure the device’s mooring lines are lightweight, at ~1/28th of the mass per installed MW
of alternative technologies. This paper presents the application of drilled anchors for supporting taut-
moored tidal platforms, and their applicability in high yield tidal energy sites.

The type and installation methodology of such anchors is dependent upon the geology of the bed rock. Bed
surveys must be conducted to determine the appropriate anchor type and installation technique for the
local geological and bathymetric conditions. The installation methods for SME’s anchoring technologies
have been designed to minimise the cost of installation, requiring only a small support vessel and an
Anchoring Remotely Operated Vehicle (AROV). The AROV can be used to install anchors at a high flow tidal
site over one slack water period.

This paper presents the geotechnical considerations for anchor design and installation (see example bed
survey and related site testing below). The paper also describes the applicability of drilled anchors for use
with small scale turbine platforms, appropriate installation methods employed and testing undertaken.

Figure 1 - Bed surveys and anchoring tests in comparable bed rock

252
 Non-floating Non-submersible sea wave energy converter for the seaside
with low gradient
D. Gnana Bharathi, Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai.
dgbharathi@yahoo.com

Tidal energy and wave energy are the two categories and different types of methodologies to
convert energy from waves. The tidal energy is localized, and seasonal wave energy is
universal and available almost throughout the year.

The power in a wave is proportional to the square of the amplitude and the period of the
motion. Unlike the wind forces, waves have high energy almost 100 times of the wind
forces. Large amplitude (~2 m), long period (~7-10 s) waves have energy fluxes commonly
exceeding 40-50 kW/m width of an oncoming wave.

There are various methods to convert sea waves into extractable energy. All these methods
have one or more issues in installation, positioning, transfer of energy to the land,
maintenance, repair works, replacements, etc. For example, in the underground system
installation, positioning, maintenance are serious problems. In a system like buoys,
attenuator, etc. have to be stationed in support of the underground cables beneath the seas.
Also, the energy is either stored at the bottom of the sea or within the system itself, which
increase the size and cost. In other systems, the electrical energy is transferred through the
underground cables.

The device is specifically for a situation where seafloor and/or seashore are low to the flat
slope. High rise pillars, parallel to wave front, are firmly fixed with the seafloor where wave
heights are high and close to shore. The two pillars are connected with two limbs of a simple
pendulum-like plate. A plate is kept at the lower end of the pendulum and is large enough to
face high waves, leaving rest of the pendulum with limbs. The bottom of the plate is
normally just above the mean sea level so that the pendulum can quickly return to vertical
position, in the absence of any force. The pendulum moves whenever the sea waves strike it.
The pendulum is sufficiently long so to as to swing long distance yet with few degrees of
change.

A few meters away in the direction towards the wave front, parallel to the above structure, at
least, two pillars are firmly fixed on the seafloor. The pillars are connected by rod or tube. A
pulley or two is attached with the above said rod or tube. A wire rope or two or similar

253
material connects the front side of the pendulum plate and the energy conversion device
through the pulley.

Whenever the sea waves push the pendulum plate, the wire rope too moves in the same
direction. This in effect, gives pulling effect for the wire rope which is attached to any
energy conversion device. Once the force of the sea waves is reduced the pendulum returns
to its original vertical position due to gravity.

In case the energy conversion device is away the wire rope is supported by as many tall posts
as possible so as to minimize the elastic catenary in the wire.

The two pillars have a moveable attachment so that the height of the pendulum can be raised
or lowered depending upon the power and magnitudes of sea waves. Similarly, other
attachments are adjustable from their position depending on the needs. During the rough sea
conditions the pendulum as well as the pulley can be raised well above the mean sea level.
Though it is to safe guard the device, this enables more energy extraction from the sea waves.
During calm sea waves, the pendulum is lowered almost to the mean sea level so as to extract
energy from the low amplitude sea waves.

As the device does not cause any noticeable environmental problem and its simplicity, there
can be series of such devices to extract maximum energy from the sea waves.

254
 Ocean Energy Systems:
An International Technology Collaboration Programme
José Luis Villate1 and Ana Brito-Melo2
1
OES Chairman
TECNALIA
Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia; C/Geldo, Edificio 700; E-48160 Derio – Bizkaia, Spain
joseluis.villate@tecnalia.com
2O
OES Executive Secretary
WAVEC
R. Dom Jerónimo Osório, 11, 1º andar, 1400-119, Lisbon, Portugal
ana@wavec.org
I. KEYWORDS
Ocean energy resources, energy policies, International
Energy Agency, Ocean Energy Systems.
II. ABSTRACT
The Ocean Energy Systems Technology Collaboration
Program (OES) is an intergovernmental collaboration between
countries, to advance research, development and
demonstration of conversion technologies to harness energy
from all forms of ocean renewable resources, such as tides,
waves, currents, temperature gradient (ocean thermal energy
conversion and submarine geothermal energy) and salinity
gradient for electricity generation, as well as for other uses,
such as desalination, through international cooperation and
information exchange.
The OES operates under the aegis of the International
Energy Agency (IEA). The IEA provides a framework for
international co-operation on energy issues. There are
currently some 40 active programmes in the areas of
renewable energy, fossil fuels, fusion power and cross-cutting
activities for technology research, development,
demonstration and deployment.
Presently 23 countries are members of the OES,
contributing annually to a common fund. The Mission set out
in the Strategic Plan (2012 – 2016) was to see OES becoming
an Authoritative International Voice for Ocean Energy,
working to promote and accelerate the uptake of ocean energy
as a sustainable energy supply option. During 2016 the OES
Executive Committee will developed a new 5-year Strategic
Plan and review is mission, vision and strategic direction.
The OES is an important platform for a wide range of
international collaborative R&D activities in ocean energy.
The Members of the OES have been active for 15 years and
have succeeded in establishing the following collaborative
tasks or research projects:
Task 1 - Review, Exchange and Dissemination of
Information on Ocean Energy Systems (active)
Task 2 - Development of Recommended Practices for
Testing and Evaluating Ocean Energy Systems (concluded)
Task 3 - Integration of Ocean Energy Plants into
Distribution and Transmission Electrical Grids (concluded)
Task 4 - Assessment of Environmental Effects and
Monitoring Efforts for Ocean Wave, Tidal, and Current
Energy Systems (active)
Task 5 - Exchange and Assessment of Ocean Energy
Device Project Information and Experience (active)
Task 6 - Worldwide Web GIS Database for Ocean Energy
(active)
Task 7 – Cost of Energy Assessment for Wave, Tidal, and
OTEC at an International Level (active)
Task 8 – Consenting Processes for Ocean Energy on OES
Member Countries (active)
Task 9 – International Ocean Energy Technology
Roadmap (active)
This paper aims to present the main achievements of these
collaborative projects.
Benefits from International Collaboration
The strength of the OES is that it combines the work and
experience of many governments and nations, including all
the countries, where marine energy technologies and projects
are being actively developed. Because the representatives of
member governments on the Executive Committee include
government departments, national energy agencies, device and
project developers, research institutions, universities and
national trade associations, the widest ranges of interests,
objectives and concerns can be shared.
The OES international co-operation facilitates:
 Securing access to advanced R&D teams in the
participating countries;
 Developing a harmonized set of measures and testing
protocols for the testing of prototypes;
 Reducing national costs by collaborating
internationally;
 Creating valuable international contacts between
government, industry and science.
The OES Annual Report, available for download in the
OES website, has turned to be a reference of the OES work
and national activities reported by each member country.
General information on OES can be found on its website at:
www.ocean-energy-systems.org.
DISCLAIMER
The OES functions within a framework created by the
International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings and
publications of the OES do not necessarily represent the views
or policies of the IEA Secretariat or its individual member
countries.
255
 The importance of performance assessment and
verification in marine energy test programmes
Oliver Wragg#1
#
The European Marine Energy Centre
Old Academy Business Centre, Stromness, Orkney, Scotland, UK
1oliver.wragg@emec.org.uk

I. KEYWORDS
Wave energy; tidal energy; testing; demonstration;
verification.

II. ABSTRACT
With proof of performance credibly assured by a third party, easy as possible for marine energy developers to pursue global
the technological risk for technology purchasers is reduced, markets.
therefore increasing confidence and encouraging investment,
enabling a technology to develop from R&D into a commercial
product.

From concept, design, tank testing and component testing, all

the way through to full-scale prototype testing in real-sea
conditions, an integrated test programme including
performance assessment and verification can be crucial to a
technology’s success.

Independent technology verification confirms that a project

has resulted in a product that satisfies conceptual reliability,
survivability and performance targets.

The objectives of the verification process include using

established criteria to conduct verification from the lowest level
up to the total system to ensure that cost, schedule, and
performance requirements are satisfied with acceptable levels
of risk.

Further objectives include generating data (to confirm that

system, subsystem, and lower level items meet their
specification requirements) and validating technologies that
will be used in system design solutions.

On a different yet related note, for a global market to flourish,

verification needs to be consistent from one test facility to
another so collaboration and the development of common
standards is vital. If technologies invented and tested in the UK
are to become established as global products, then it is vital that
each international test centre uses the same common standards
so investors can compare results from one centre with results at
another.

Each country has its own unique conditions, both physical

and political, and exploring these challenges simultaneously
will enable marine energy technologies to colonise these
optimum niches more rapidly than if tackled in isolation.

To ensure common standards and approaches are developed

across the world, EMEC has led the establishment of a global
network of test sites - working with countries spanning Europe,
the Americas, Asia and Oceania - with an aim of making it as

256
 Tidal Energy: A Promising Future Resource for
Tasmania
Sam Green#1, Remo Cossu*2, Irene Penesis#3, Jean-Roch Nader#4
#
Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
1
smgreen1992@gmail.com
3
Irene.Penesis@utas.edu.au
4
jeanroch.nader @utas.edu.au
*School of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
2
r.cossu@uq.edu.au

extensive red regions in Fig. 2b. Water column velocities

I. KEYWORDS
ADCP, Site Characterisation, Tidal Currents, Renewable
Energy, Tasmania, Australia.
II. ABSTRACT
Tidal energy is a largely untapped resource that is
becoming increasingly popular due to its predictability and
clean extraction. Australia's coastal waters have great potential
to harness tidal energy using tidal turbines [1]. However, a
significant step prior to tidal energy development is the a)
evaluation of potential sites. Site chracterization commonly
includes metrics such as maximum/mean water velocity,
vertical profile, vertical shear, flood/ebb symmetry and power
density [2, 3]. This work reports results from field b)
measurements at two tidally dominated sites in Tasmania,
Australia (Fig. 1a).
The Tamar Estuary (Batman Bridge, site 1) was
characterised over a 25 day period, whilst Swan Island (site 2) c)
was characterised over a 44 day deployment. Field data was
collected using a Teledyne Sentinel V 5-beam acoustic
Doppler current profiler (ADCP). The ADCP was mounted on
the sea-floor in 30 m and 20 m depth, respectively. Both test
sites utilised a bin size of 0.5 metres throughout the water
column and ensemble timing of 5 and 10 minutes was used for
sites 1 and 2 respectively.
a) b)
Fig. 1: a) Test sites around Tasmania, Australia. b) The dynamic flow within promising test location for Tasmania's tidal capabilities.
the Tamar Estuary is illustrated by a large wake forming behind the mooring
buoy
The Tamar Estuary showed good symmetry between flood
and ebb tides both achieving maximum velocities of over 2.4
m s-1 at approximately 180o out of phase, as shown in Fig. 2.
The tidal range experienced in the Tamar Estuary with a full
tidal cycle occurring approximately every 12 hours in the
range of 3 metres (Fig. 2a). This tidal exchange through the
restricted channel with a total width of 300 m creates high
velocities throughout the water column as illustrated by the
exhibit large variations near the bottom during ebb tides
suggesting a topographical feature resulting in turbulence.
This turbulence is also evident in Fig. 2c where the flow
direction changes up to 180o within the water column near the
bottom. In contrast, the flood tide shows uniform free stream
velocity and direction through the water column which is
beneficial for the installation of tidal turbines. The Tamar
Estuary test site shows potential for tidal in-stream energy
conversion with a mean power density of 1.4 kW/m2.
Fig. 2: a) Tidal range, b)Water column velocity, c)Water flow direction for
test site 1 for week long cycle in June 2015
Evaluation of the Swan Island data revealed a maximum
velocity of approximately 1.9 m s-1 which was sustained
during spring tidal cycles, with a tidal range of 0.8 metres. A
mean power density of 0.2 kW/m2 was achieved through the
3000 m wide channel. This site also showed bi-directional
flow, which, for the installation of fixed yaw turbines is
beneficial.
In conclusion, both sites offer opportunities for tidal energy
schemes. Further research should be conducted around
mainland Australia, as well as Tasmania, to fully understand
the tidal energy potential and to establish turbine test
installations with a view to the development of commercially
viable opportunities. Due to its proximity to support
infrastructure the Tamar Estuary (site 1) represents a
III. REFERENCES
[1] R. Rahimi, I. Penesis, M. Hemer, L. Mason and G. Thomas,
"Characterization of the Tidal Current Resource in Tasmania",
in AWTEC, Tokyo, 2014.
[2] European Marine Energy Centre Ltd (EMEC), "Assessment of Tidal
Energy Resource", BSI, London, 2009.
[3] S. Gooch, J. Thomson, B. Polagye and D. Meggitt, "Site
Characterization for Tidal Power",OCEANS 2009, MTS/IEEE Biloxi-
Marine Technology for Our Future: Global and Local Challanges, 2009.

257
Modelling 50 kW Top Hinged Flap Type Pilot Wave
Energy Device for Southern Coastal Region in Sri
Lanka
S.D.G.S.P.Gunawardane1, C.J.Kankanamge2, H.M.S.Sanjaya3, TomijiWatabe4,Young-Ho Lee*5
1-3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Peradeniya,
Peradeniya 24600, Sri Lanka
1
sdgspg@pdn.ac.lk
2
kankanamgehk@gmail.com
3
supunsanjaya02@gmail.com
4
5-23-3, Misono, Noboribetsu, Hokkaido, Japan, 059-0036
4
t1watabe@rose.ocn.ne.jp
*
Division of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Korean Maritime and Ocean University( KMOU)
727 Taejong-roYoungdo-ku, Busan 49112, South Korea
4
lyh@kmou.ac.kr

I. KEYWORDS
Top hinged flap, Pendulor, wave energy, NEMOH y
Chamber side Hinged point Sea side

II. ABSTRACT
This paper discusses on a numerical modelling of 50 kW top d
hinged flap type wave energy device popularly known as lg l
“Pendulor” [1] for the wave climatic conditions in southern
coastal region in Sri Lanka. The device mainly consists of a top
hinge flap driven by standing waves generated in a caisson with x
Back wall H
a back wall at the lee side (see Fig.1). At the hinge, a hydraulic θ h
mg
pump is connected and it drives the secondary energy
conversion unit.
The dynamics of the flap can be modelled using well know Fig. 2: Schematic of preliminary device parameters
time domain solutions of the Cummins [2] equation which is
widely used in the modelling of the dynamics of floating Table 1. Preliminary device parameters of the 50 kW unit
structures. To facilitate the modelling, hydrodynamic Still water height (ℎ) 4m
parameters such as added mass, radiation damping and wave Inner width of the chamber , ($) 18 m
excitation moments are needed. The use of the available Length of the flap from hinge to still water 4m
analytical model for 2D problem [3] is very limited for the level, (%)
applicationssuch as a single small device in an open Mass of the flap, (&) 3750 kg
sea.Therefore, this paper attempts to develop numerical model Distance to gravity center of the flap from 4.5 m
for small device with the help of OpenSource Boundary the hinge (%' )
Element Method (BEM) NEMOH [4].
Design wave height (() ) 1m
The preliminary device parameters which were established
Design wave period (+) ) 12 s
through available 2D theory shown in table 1.
First the device is separated to two distinct floating objects
as the flap and the caisson.Then the two devices are analysed
as two separate objects working simultaneously. Then,
reciprocity effects of the flap and the caisson are taken.
In order to get the mesh, we wrote a code in Matlab and
compiled with NEMOH mesh. Because the two objects are
symmetric, NEMOH requires only one-half of the object.
Corresponding meshes are shown in the Fig.3 and Fig.4. Since
flap is the only object that extracts ocean energy, caisson
motion was restricted in all 6 Degree of Freedom (DOF). As
long as flap is controlled to oscillate in pitching mode, the
corresponding DOF of the NEMOH BEM is 5th DOF. Since we
modelled the device as two objects, NEMOH gives 12×12
Fig. 1: Schematic representation of the ‘Pendulor’ matrix for radiation damping and added mass solutions. Hence

258
the corresponding element for our case is the element (5,5) for
each frequency [5].
Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 show the variation of dimensionless
radiation damping and the added mass with the dimensionless
wave frequency respectively for 2D analytical solution and 3D
numerical solution. Significant differences can be visualized in
both cases of damping and added mass. The divergence checks
of BE solution is currently underway to check the accuracy of
the solutions. Once it is finalized, the performance analysis and
the optimization of the device parameters can be done through
the similar methodologies adopted in wave energy device
analysis [6], [7].

Fig. 5: Dimensionless radiation damping (-) vs dimensionless frequency (./ $)

Fig. 3 : Mesh of the flap

Fig. 6: Dimensionless added mass (0) vs dimensionless frequency (./ $)

REFERENCES
[1] T. Watabe, H. Kondo, T. Matsuda, K. Yano, Y. Dote, and M.
Takagi, “Method and apparatus for generating electric power by
waves,” 4490621, 1984.
[2] W. E. Cummins, “The impulse response function and ship
motions,” Schiffstechnik, vol. 57, no. 9. pp. 101–109, 1962.
[3] T. Watabe, Utilization of the Ocean Wave Energy. Fuji print
company Ltd. Muroran, Japan, 2007.
[4] “NEMOH | LHEEA.” [Online]. Available: http://lheea.ec-
nantes.fr/doku.php/emo/nemoh/start. [Accessed: 14-Mar-2016].
[5] P. Schmitt, C. Windt, J. Nicholson, and B. Elsässer, “Development
and validation of a procedure for numerical vibration analysis of an
oscillating wave surge converter,” Eur. J. Mech. - B/Fluids, 2016.
[6] T. Duarte, A. Sarmento, M. Alves, and J. Jonkman, “State-Space
Realization of the Wave-Radiation Force within FAST Preprint,” in
Fig. 4: Mesh of the chamber ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and
. Arctic Engineering, 2013, no. June, pp. 1–12.
[7] R. Taghipour, T. Perez, and T. Moan, “Hybrid frequency – time
domain models for dynamic response analysis of marine
structures,” Ocean Eng., vol. 35, pp. 685–705, 2008.

259
 Potential Social‐Economic‐Environment Effects
of Tidal current Energy development in
Zhoushan,China
Ou Ling1, Xu Wei2
Sea & Islands Office, National Ocean Technology Center
No.219+1,Jieyuanxi Road, Nankai Dis., Tianjin City,P.R.C
1
oulinglove2006@126.com
2
xu2753 @163.com

Hydrodynamic condition
I. KEYWORDS mammal
ecosystem &
Social‐Economic‐Environment Effects; current energy; birds
environment
Benthic habitat
demonstration projects. chemical
channel
II. ABSTRACT submarine cables
Due to rapidly climate changing at a global scale, low tourism industry
social-economic effects carbon emission reduction
carbon energy development is in urgent demand in the whole the ratio of renewable energy
world. As an important one of ocean renewable energy, tidal infrastructure
current energy has been paid great attention by Chinese employment opportunities
government. Marine renewable energy development program
(2013-2016) has planned for tidal current energy development,
REFERENCES
and Zhoushan offshore waters become a key area of
demonstration. Our research analysed potential social- [1] Liu H W, Ma S, Li W, et al. A review on the
economic-environment effects, and put forward management development of tidal current energy in China [J].
countermeasure to solve main problems taken by tidal current Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011,
energy construction, make tidal current sea use more friendly 15(2):1141-1146.
and suitable to local environment. Base on the review of tidal [2] Ding Xiao, Li Hongyuan. Potential environmental
current energy effects study, we establish social-economic- impact of tidal current energy generation and its
environment impact assessment index system by Delphy assessment index system [J]. ocean economic,
method, to realize comprehensively assessment. The metadata 2011(4):18-22.
of social-economic-environment and the information of local [3] Zhou Bin, Ma Long, Zhou Yazhuo. Environmental
marine management have been collected by investigation. impact analysis of tidal energy electric field construction
After analysis data and information, our results clarify the in Shandong coastal waters [J]. Ocean Development
main effects, present the scope and degree of these effects, and Management, 2013, 30(4):72-76.
and identify significant gaps in our understanding. In addition [4] Wang Weiyuan, Yang Juan, Li Ruiyuan, et al.
to reduce harmful effects, we put forward the countermeasure Thinking on the development of tidal current in
to improve current energy management to solve the conflict of Zhoushan sea area [C]// 9rd Yangtze River Delta Energy
sea use and reduce the effects to Zhoushan offshore ecosystem. Forum. 2012.
[5] Zhang Jian, Xuan Yaowei, Zhang Zhengguo, et al..
Tab.1 The index of social-economic-environmental impact Analysis of tidal current energy power generation in
assessment of current energy Zhoushan [J]. China water transport, 2012, 12(11):140-
142.

260
Full-Scale Artificial Ocean Wave Generation and Wave
Energy Converter Performance Testing
Lex L. de Rijk, Henry L. Han

Hann-Ocean Energy Pte. Ltd.

7030 Ang Mo Kio Avenue 5, #09-61, Northstar @ AMK, Singapore 569880
lex@hann-ocean.com
henryhan@hann-ocean.com

Abstract— Wave Energy Converter (WEC) technologies are tested conventionally by small-scale
models in small-scale wave flumes before it is deployed for full-scale and full functional prototype sea
trials. However, this method has many limitations, e.g. the non-linear behavior of materials, non-
scalability of the power take-off efficiency and gravity effects, the wave pattern in shallow water, and
most importantly the wave energy flux in shallow water.

Decent full-scale wave flume tests are necessary to prove the performance of Hann-Ocean’s
patented ‘Drakoo’ Wave Energy Converter at its full scale. These tests are aimed to: 1) verify the latest
design of the Drakoo prototype for electricity generation performance in scalable wave conditions
(wave period and wave height); 2) test its structural reliability; and 3) optimize the full-scale power
take-off system including the turbine, generator and charge controllers. Therefore, a new large-scale
and deep water wave flume (L45mxB10mxD5.5m) has been designed by Hann-Ocean Energy and built
at Su-tong Science and Technology Park, Nantong, P.R. China.

This technical paper illustrates the necessity of having a full-scale wave energy converter prototype
tested and optimized in a full-scale wave flume. A unique U-bend wave flume arrangement with
variable width and depth is introduced. Samples of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) wave
simulations to analyze the wave flume performance are presented and discussed. A 120kW flap-type
wave maker is introduced and the wave generation results are presented.

Keywords— Wave flume, wave energy converter, wave maker, wave generation, wave experiments,
computational fluid dynamics, volume of fluid.

261
 What should a Condition Monitoring system
look like for a tidal turbine?
J. Marnoch #1, M. Baumann*2, M. Hofmann#3
*SKF U.K. Limited
Wellheads Road Farburn Industrial Estate, Dyce, Aberdeen, AB21 7HG, Scotland
1.Jim.Marnoch@skf.com
#
SKF GmbH Germany
9th floor, Gunnar-Wester Str. 12, 97421 Schweinfurt, Germany
2.Michael.Baumann@skf.com
3.Matthias.Hofmann@skf.com

Abstract
The presentation discusses how experience from other sectors such as wind, marine and oil & gas, as well
as first prototypes, can be utilized when designing and configuring a Condition Monitoring System
(CMS) for a tidal stream turbine. Whilst there are obvious synergies, it must be recognized that the
application is quite unique, requiring some level of customisation. Hardware, software, sensors and
monitoring techniques as well as the need for a high quality diagnostic support function are discussed.
The aim is to create a "world class" maintenance programme with an effective CMS at the heart of it
which drives continuous reliability improvement based on field experience. Figures 1 & 2 :- Illustration of
Condition Monitoring Scheme Figure 1 It is widely accepted that reducing Cost of Energy (COE) towards
a level which is competitive with traditional power generation methods or at the very least, established
Renewables/non fossil fuel power, is key to long term viability of the Ocean Energy sector. SKF adopt a
"Life Cycle Management" approach to equipment in synergistic industries such as wind, marine, oil &
gas and Hydro, the aim being to reduce Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) throughout the life of the asset.
This approach is transferable to Ocean Energy, where OPerations EXpenditure (OPEX) can be reduced
by firstly designing in reliability and maintainability at the early prototype stage, before applying a
tool/methodology in the operations phase to capture and quantify reliability/failure history with view to
continuously improving Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) designs. There is no doubt Figure 2
that a reduction in TCO has a direct and positive impact on COE. The paper focuses on the operations and
maintenance phase of the life cycle where an effective Condition Monitoring scheme can bring significant
benefits through the early detection of developing faults and equally important, it provides assurance that
the machine and it's components remain healthy. The information from the CMS can be used for failure
management, with the ability to nurse a machine through to the next retrieval by reducing load or shutting
it down altogether if necessary. The historical trends from the CMS allows maintenance to be targeted at
the machines that really need it, thus reducing overall maintenance cost. Specific areas of experience and
lessons learned from other industries are presented. It is believed we should " steal with pride" and
transfer as much as possible to the emerging Ocean Energy sector. We need to avoid making the same
costly mistakes these industries have made over the years. And if we can achieve this, it gives the industry
the best chance of reaching full commercialisation.

Keywords: What should a Condition Monitoring system look like for a tidal turbine?

References

262
[1] J. Marnoch, Ocean Energy Manager, SKF U.K. Limited 2009-2015 [2] M. Baumann, Business
Development Manager, SKF U.K. Limited, 2009-2016 [3] M. Hofmann, Senior Application Engineer,
SKF GmbH Germany, 2016

263
 Time-domain analysis of oscillating two-body wave
energy converter
Sung-Jae Kim#1, Min-Jae Shin#2, Weoncheol Koo#3
#
Department of naval architecture and ocean engineering, Inha university
Incheon, Republic of Korea
1
315246@inha.ac.kr
2
rosekamp@naver.com
3
wckoo@inha.ac.kr

added masses. Nonlinear Froude-Krylov force and restoring

I. KEYWORDS force were also applied to the governing equation.
Wave energy converter, Hydraulic PTO(Power take-off) The developed governing equation with the effect of PTO
system, Two body interaction, Heave RAO, Relative motion system and drag force on the submerged body calculated the
relative heave responses of two bodies. Using PM spectrum as
II. ABSTRACT irregular wave conditions, the optimum condition of hydraulic
The aim of this study is to carry out the hydrodynamic cylinder pressure was investigated for maximum wave power
analysis of an oscillating two-body system for an optimum generation.
design of wave energy converter (WEC). Since 1970s, the
two-body floating WEC has been developed by many
researchers and scientists ([1],[2],[3]). Wavebob is one of the
typical WECs ([4]), which consists of an upper floating body,
a submerged body and power-take-off (PTO) system. The
two-body system was designed to have maximum relative
motion at target wave frequencies due to the interaction of the
upper floating body with the lower submerged body.
In this study, we introduced a two-body oscillating-type
WEC with hydraulic PTO system to amplify the relative
motions and maximize the wave power. To analyse the
hydrodynamic performance of the two-body WEC, we defined
the coupled two degree-of-freedom equation of motion for
vertical displacement. Solving the radiation and diffraction
problem, added mass, radiation damping coefficient and
excitation force on the body were determined. Additionally,
the equation of motion contains drag force on the submerged
body, which coefficient was chosen from [5]. Using iteration Figure 1. Concept of an oscillating two-body WEC with PTO system
method, the drag force was an updated input of the equation of
motion and the body displacement was finally determined.
REFERENCES
In order to design the optimum shape of WEC, we first
[1] K. Budal and J. Falnes, “A resonant point absorber of ocean-wave
conducted the parametric study for body shape to increase the power”, Nature , vol. 257, pp. 478–479, Aug, 1975.
relative heave between two bodies, which affects the [2] K. Budal, “Theory for absorption of wave power by a system of
generation of wave power directly. Fig. 1 shows a concept of interacting bodies,” Journal of Ship Research, vol. 21, pp. 248–253,
two-body oscillating WEC with PTO system. We can produce Dec, 1977.
[3] D.V. Evans, “A theory for wave-power absorption by oscillating
maximum wave energy when the maximum relative motion bodies,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 77, pp. 1–25, Sep, 1976.
occurs. Physical variables for parametric study are body [4] K. Tarrant, C. Meskell, “Investigation on parametrically excited
dimensions and the distance between two bodies. motions for point absorbers in regular waves,” Ocean Engineering, vol.
We adopted the hydraulic PTO system, expressed as 111, pp. 67-81, Jan, 2016.
[5] “DNV-RP-H103: Modelling and analysis of marine operations” , Det
coulomb damping forces proved by [6], [7]. According to the Norske Veritas, Apr, 2011.
strong nonlinearity of the PTO model, time domain analysis [6] A.F.O. Falcao, “Modelling and control of oscillating-body wave
has to be conducted. Using Cummins equation ([8]), we setup energy converters with hydraulic power take-off and gas accumulator,”
the equation of motion with retardation function, namely Ocean engineering, vol. 34, pp. 2021-2032, Oct, 2007.
[7] A.F.O. Falcao, “Phase control through load control of oscillating-body
memory function or impulse response function, as a linear wave energy converters with hydraulic PTO system,” Ocean
time domain equation. The retardation function can be defined engineering, vol. 35, pp. 358-366, Mar, 2008.
by Fourier transform of radiation damping coefficients or [8] Cummins, W. “The impulse response function and ship motions”,
Schiffstechnik, vol. 9, pp. 101-109, 1962.

264
Numerical Analysis of WEC Platform under Various
Environmental Conditions
Sanghwan Heo#1, Weoncheol Koo#2, Min-Su Park *3
#
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Inha University
Incheon, Republic of Korea
1
luckpig12@gmail.com
2
wckoo@inha.ac.kr
*
Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology
Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
3
mspark@kict.re.kr

I. KEYWORDS
WEC platform, Morison equation, Modal analysis,
Newmark-beta method, Dynamic response

II. ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to develop a numerical procedure
of the hydrodynamic response analysis of a wave energy
converter (WEC) platform. The mathematical formulation for
a fixed-type ocean structure has been reported by other
researchers [1, 2, 3].
The governing equation of motion for the entire member of
structure can be expressed in matrix form [2]. Using the
Morison equation, the hydrodynamic forces acting on the
submerged slender-type structure members were calculated
[4]. The Morison equation is composed of inertia and drag
forces and it is applicable to the case when the member of
structure is relatively small diameter compared to the wave
length. The nonlinear drag force term was linearized by using Fig. 2 Calculation model of the simplified WEC platform
the equivalent linearization method and least square method
[5]. The natural periods and vibration modes of the structure
were determined by modal analysis. The Newmark-beta step-
REFERENCES
by-step time-integration method was applied to solve the
[1] S. K. Coakrabarti, W. A. Tam, and A. L. Wolbert, “Wave Forces on a
equation of motion at each time step [6]. Fig. 1 shows the Randomly Oriented Tube”, in Offshore Technology Conference, 1975,
overview of calculation procedure. pp. 433-441.
[2] K. Kawano, K. Venkatarama, and T. Hashimoto, “Seismic response
effects on large offshore platform”, in Proceeding of the Ninth
International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, 1999, pp.
528-535.
[3] M. S. Park, “Dynamic Response Evaluations of Offshore Platforms due
to Wave Force Interactions and Seismic Force”, M. Sc. Thesis,
Fig. 1 Overview of calculation procedure Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan, 2009.
[4] J. R. Morison, J. W. Johnson, and S. A. Schaaf, “The Force Exerted by
Surface Waves on Piles”, Journal of Petroleum Technology, vol. 2(05),
In this study, dynamic responses of a WEC fixed-type pp. 149-154, May. 1950.
ocean platform were calculated under various environmental [5] T. E. Stelson, and F. T. Mavis, “Virtual Mass and Acceleration in
conditions. Fig. 2 shows a calculation model of simplified Fluids”, in Proceeding of American Society of Civil Engineering, 1957,
vol. 122(1), pp. 518-525.
WEC slender-member platform. The maximum displacement [6] N. M. Newmark, “A Method of Computation for Structural Dynamics”,
and bending stress at each member of the structure were Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, vol. 85(3), pp. 67-94,
investigated. For verification, the present dynamic responses July. 1959.
of the structure were compared with the given solutions by
commercial program.

265
 Wave Energy Resource Evaluation
for Yushan Island, China
Lex L. de Rijk, Henry L. Han
Hann-Ocean Energy Pte. Ltd.
7030 Ang Mo Kio Avenue 5, #09-61, Northstar @ AMK, Singapore 569880
lex@hann-ocean.com
henryhan@hann-ocean.com

Abstract— To take the step towards the first large scale commercial application of Hann-Ocean’s patented Wave
Energy Converter (WEC), the ‘Drakoo’, a decent location has to be found where long swell waves with reasonable
wave height are present and the demand for electricity is relatively high and expensive. Especially communities at
remote coastal area’s and islands are of great interest. Therefore, the wave-energetic site at Yushan Island in the
East China Sea has been selected for resource evaluation.

Based on the evaluation results, Hann-Ocean Energy is developing a new Drakoo WEC cell design that is made
fit for this particular sea environment cost-effectively. Practical issues as storm or typhoon sea environment have
been tackled by designing a unique mobile floating platform with the Drakoo cells implemented.

This technical paper describes how the above given requirements are met with the use of available wave
statistics and a WEC performance model. Power production response scatter diagrams, the overall array size and
its energy conversion rate are given and discussed. Special attention has been given to limitations and corrections,
e.g ‘storm sea’ wave height and incident-wave direction correction. Last but not least, the floating platform design
is illustrated.

Keywords— wave resource assessment, East China Sea, wave scatter diagram, power production scatter diagram,
wave energy converter.

266
 Hydrofoil Optimization and Hygrothermal
Behaviour of a Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine Blade
A.N Rajaram#1, Narasimalu Srikanth*2, Chai Gin Boay#3
1
ERI@N, Interdisciplinary Graduate School and 3MAE, Nanyang Technological University
Singapore.
1
rajaram003@e.ntu.edu.sg
3
mgbchai@ntu.edu.sg
*
Energy Research Institute @ NTU
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
2
nsrikanth@ntu.edu.sg

Abstract— The study aims to improve the hydrodynamic and
structural design of a Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine Blade
(HATT). The hydrodynamic performance of the tidal blade was
improved by optimizing the shape of the hydrofoil used in the
design. In this study, the optimization was performed using Non-
Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) to obtain two optimized
hydrofoils (BEZ0176 and BEZ0215), which showed better lift
and drag characteristics than the base hydrofoil (NACA 633-
418). The lift-to-drag ratio of BEZ0176 increased by 13% at the
design conditions, while also satisfying cavitation and geometric
constraints. The effect of biofouling on the hydrofoil
performance will be included into the optimization process in
future study. Improvement of the robustness of the blade by
applying thermoplastic material in blade fabrication in addition
to the thermoset composite material is discussed. Currently, in
this study, the hygrothermal behaviour of unidirectional carbon
reinforced epoxy composite material is reported. Moisture
absorption by the CF/epoxy composite material due to
immersion in seawater was observed to be high at high
temperature. A way to reduce moisture absorption in CF/epoxy
by using PEEK is discussed. A study to quantify the moisture
absorption reduction and its effect in improving the robustness
of the blade will be carried out in future.
Keywords— Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine, Hydrofoil
optimization, NSGA-II, PEEK, Carbon/epoxy composite,
hygrothermal ageing
I. INTRODUCTION
High consumption of fossil fuel to meet the growing energy
demand has put a lot of stress on the global climate. This has
resulted in a lot of countries pledging to address global
warming by bring down carbon emission. Renewable energy
is going to play an important role in that. Ocean energy has
huge potential among the renewable energy sources,
particularly in islandic nations of South East Asia. In countries
like Indonesia, Philippines and Vietnam certain parts of the
population has no consistent access to electricity[1].
Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbines (HATT) can be a solution to
their energy demand.
HATT is a kind of hydrokinetic turbine system that
converts the kinetic energy of ocean current into electric
energy. Despite its huge potential, advances in the tidal energy
conversion systems (particularly the blade) at a design and
production stage are less[2]. This is evident when studying the
catastrophic failure experienced by Open Hydro tidal turbine
blades[3], Verdant Power tidal turbine blades[4] and Atlantis
AR1000 turbine blades[5]. Tidal blade is an important
component of a HATT, whose design significantly affects the
performance of the turbine. A tidal blade design process is
divided into hydrodynamic design and structural design.
Hydrodynamic design is the initial phase of a tidal blade
design. It is similar in most aspects to the aerodynamic design
of a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) blade[6], which
uses the Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT). Another
less known method for tidal turbine design is the boundary
element method, otherwise known as panel method[7]. Both
the BEMT and panel method are used for 2D design and
analysis. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to
perform a 3D hydrodynamic performance analysis of the tidal
blade[8, 9]. Characteristics of the hydrofoil (blade cross
section) determines the hydrodynamic performance of a tidal
blade for a given flow condition. The lift, drag and minimum
pressure coefficients of a hydrofoil at a given angle of attack
are governed by the geometry of the hydrofoil. Hence,
optimization of the hydrofoil geometry to improve its
characteristics is necessary to obtain a better hydrodynamic
performance of the tidal blade. Hydrofoil shape, chord, twist,
thickness and load distribution along the blade span are
obtained as the output of a hydrodynamic design.
The structural design is carried out as an optimization
process, where the blade thickness distribution is optimized
for a selected blade material, such that the stress and strain
experienced by the blade is less than the allowable stress and
strain of the blade material. The allowable stress and strain of
the material are calculated from the materials ultimate stress
and strain, subject to a safety factor. The stress-strain
calculation of a blade depends on the forces (acting on the
blade) that are considered critical. Pengfei Liu and Brian
Veitch[7] performed structural optimization advocating that
the stress due to flap wise bending is critical when compared
with stresses due to edge wise bending and torsion. Gunjit
et.al [10]considered flap wise bending plus gust load and
localized buckling of composite material as critical loads. A

267
similar approach was also reported by D. M. Grogan et.al[11]
without including the buckling strength criterion.
Materials used in tidal blade range from wood[12], to
metals[7] and to composite materials. Glass or carbon fibre
reinforced epoxy composite material is widely used for tidal
blade fabrication due its high specific strength. Since a tidal
turbine operates under sea water, the composite material
experience extreme environmental conditions. Hygrothermal
ageing is one such condition, where the strength and stiffness
of the composite material degrades due to moisture diffusion
in the material [13, 14]. This causes an over estimation of the
allowable stress and strain of the composite material. Hence, a
study quantifying the moisture absorption and strength
degradation of a composite material due to sea water
immersion is necessary to avoid an exaggerated structural
optimization. A better structural design of the blade can be
obtained if the moisture absorption in the composite material
is reduced. This would ensure a long lifetime of the blade as
the strength reduction of the blade material due to
hygrothermal ageing will be minimized.
II. METHODOLOGY
The methodologies involved in the hydrofoil optimization
process and the hygrothermal behaviour study of a carbon
fibre reinforced epoxy composite material are explained in
this section.
A. Hydrofoil Optimization
The thrust and torque forces acting on a blade element
(shown in figure 1) at a location, r from the hub, which is
derived from the BEMT is directly proportional to the
coefficients of lift (Cl) and drag (Cd) as shown in equations 1
& 2.
1 Figure 2 shows the NACA 633-418 hydrofoil that is defined
𝛿𝑇 = 𝜌𝑊 2 𝐵𝑐(𝐶𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝐶𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑)𝛿𝑟 (1)
2
1
𝛿𝑄 = 𝜌𝑊 2 𝐵𝑐𝑟(𝐶𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 − 𝐶𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑)𝛿𝑟 (2)
2
Where, W is the relative flow velocity at the blade element,
B is the number of blades in the rotor, c is the chord length of
the blade element and r is the radial position of the blade
element from the hub.
Fig. 1 A Blade element of length, dr located at r from the hub[15]
In order to increase torque, Cl has to be increased and Cd
has to be decreased, i.e. the lift-to-drag ratio (Cl/Cd) has to be
maximized. Both the coefficients are the inherent properties of
hydrofoil geometry at a fixed angle of attack; hence the
geometry has to be optimized to get a maximum lift-to-drag
ratio. Optimization of an aerofoil for wind turbine application
subject to the above objective was done previously using
genetic algorithm[16]. But, a significant problem faced by a
tidal turbine blade that has to be included in the optimization
process is the possibility of cavitation. An optimization
process for obtaining a hydrofoil that has high lift-to-drag
ratio and less prone to cavitation was proposed by Grasso[17].
A gradient based algorithm combined with Rfoil solver was
used by him to obtain an optimized hydrofoil.
A key point, overlooked by Grasso in his optimization
process is the importance of maximizing the lift-to-drag ratio
by increasing Cl rather than decreasing Cd. Lift coefficient has
a significant effect on torque than the drag coefficient. Hence,
adding one more objective of maximizing C L to the
optimization process is necessary. This makes the
optimization process a multi objective optimization problem,
which cannot be solved by a gradient based algorithm. So, a
genetic algorithm is employed in this study to perform the
optimization.
The objectives of the optimization problem are satisfied by
adhering to three types of constraints, namely, geometric
constraint, hydrodynamic constraint and cavitation constraint.
The hydrofoil optimization problem is setup using a python
module known as Open Multidisciplinary Analysis and
Optimization (OpenMDAO) framework. The hydrofoil
analysis is carried out in Xfoil, which is a 2D viscous and
inviscous flow analysis tool based on a linear vorticity panel
method [18].
1) Geometric Constraint: The geometry of a hydrofoil
can be defined using a set of x and y co-ordinate points.
by x and y co-ordinate points.
Fig. 2 NACA 633-418 hydrofoil defined by normalized x, y co-ordinates
Another way to define a hydrofoil is to use cubic Bezier
curves. A cubic Bezier curve is a parametric curve that is
defined by four Bezier control points (P 0, P1, P2 and P3).
Figure 3 shows the NACA 633-418 hydrofoil defined by four
cubic Bezier curves. In total, a minimum of 12 control points
are required to form a hydrofoil. To define a flat-back
hydrofoil, one additional control point is necessary at the
trailing edge. Since, an optimized flat-back hydrofoil is
developed in this project, 13 control points are used to define
the hydrofoil. The nomenclature of the x, y co-ordinate points
of the 13 control points are shown in figure 3.
NACA 633-418 is used as the base hydrofoil in this
optimization process. The geometry of this base hydrofoil is
optimized to satisfy the objectives and constraints.
268
 Fig. 3 NACA 633-418 hydrofoil defined by four cubic Bezier curves
The following three geometric constraints ensures a valid
hydrofoil shape is created using the Bezier points,
 y2 = y3 = y4 and y8 = y9 = y10
This condition is applied to guarantee C1 continuity on the
top and bottom surface of the hydrofoil (see figure 3). By
aligning the top three (2, 3, 4) and bottom three (8, 9, 10)
Bezier points in a straight line, the curvature of corresponding
Bezier curves are maintained at class C1.
 Fixed leading edge position (x0,y0 is fixed at 0,0)
This constraint ensures that the stagnation point (zero flow
velocity) is fixed at the origin.
 Maximum thickness and its location
The hydrofoil’s maximum thickness can be controlled by
fixing the difference between y2 and y8, while, the thickness
location along x-axis is controlled by fixing x3 and x9 values.
This constraint can also be considered as one of the objectives
that fixes the hydrofoil thickness and its position.
2) Hydrodynamic Constraint: Since a tidal blade
operates in sea water, flow over the blade is subject to
turbulent transition. A widely used method to predict this
turbulent flow transition is the en method, where n is a critical
number that governs the transition criterion. A n value of 9
represents free transition. For a tidal blade operating in sea
water, a n value of 0.5 is recommended[19]. Another way of
representing the turbulent transition is to specify the transition
location on the suction (top surface) and pressure (bottom
surface) side of the hydrofoil. The transition in this
optimization process is fixed at 0.01c on the suction and 0.1c
on the pressure side[17], where c is the chord length of the
hydrofoil. The fixed turbulent transition ensures that the
possibility of abrupt stall is avoided.
3) Cavitation Constraint: Cavitation is a process in
which a liquid changes to its vapor state due to decrease in
pressure at constant ambient temperature[20]. Cavitation
results in the formation of bubbles in the blade vicinity, which
when bursts releases huge amount of energy as shock waves
that damages the blade surface. The bubble burst happens
when the ambient pressure around the bubble drops below a
minimum value, which is less than the vapor pressure of sea
water (see figure 4).
Fig. 4 Pressure balance in the vicinity of a cavitation bubble[20]
Cavitation is quantified using a parameter called as
cavitation number (σ). It is mathematically expressed as,
(𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ) − 𝑃𝑣
𝜎= (3)
0.5𝜌𝑊 2
Where, 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 is the atmospheric pressure, 𝑃𝑣 is the vapour
pressure of sea water, ρ is the density of sea water, W is the
relative flow velocity at the blade section, g is acceleration
due to gravity and h is the water depth at which the turbine
operates.
The relative flow velocity at a blade section (W) is
determined by the local tip speed ratio (local TSR) at that
section. Hence, cavitation is kept in mind while the TSR is
fixed during the hydrodynamic design process. Cavitation
mostly happens near the blade tip, as the relative flow velocity
is high near the tip. Since the minimum pressure around the
blade surface is proportional to the minimum pressure
coefficient of the 2D blade section, the following condition is
to be satisfied to avoid cavitation,
𝜎 > |𝐶𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 | (4)
269
 This condition ensures that the ambient pressure
surrounding the blade does not fall below the vapour pressure
of the sea water.
4) OpenMDAO Framework: OpenMDAO is a python
based module that can be used to setup an optimization
problem by dividing the problem into several components.
The problem is solved using an algorithm found in the Pyopt
driver, which is also a python module. In this optimization
problem, the Non Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) is
used to optimize the hydrofoil geometry.
The optimization problem in this study is divided into two
components. Each component performs specific tasks. The
order in which the components are triggered to perform their
functions is decided by the optimization workflow. Figure 5
depicts the components and the workflow directions. The
functions of the components and the optimization workflow
are established by a user written python script.
Geometry generator and Xfoil form one component, while
the Pyopt driver forms the other component. The geometry
generator is a user defined python script that uses the Bezier
control points to define the geometry of all the hydrofoils. All
the hydrofoil geometries are then exported to Xfoil, which
performs viscous flow analysis to obtain the lift, drag and
minimum pressure coefficients of all the hydrofoils.
Fig. 5 Components and workflow of the optimization problem
The NSGA-II performs two key functions. It receives the
thirteen Bezier control points of the base hydrofoil and
generates numerous sets of Bezier control points (each
representing a hydrofoil) based on a range specified for each
of the thirteen Bezier points of the base hydrofoil. These sets
of Bezier points are then sent to the geometry generator,
where the hydrofoil geometries are defined. The Xfoil
receives each of these hydrofoils separately and performs
viscous flow analysis at user specified flow conditions. The
output generated by Xfoil is then exported back to the NSGA-
II. The main work is carried out at this step, when the NSGA-
II algorithm processes the hydrofoil results through selection,
crossover and mutation[21]. During this step the NSGA-II
periodically uses the geometry generator and Xfoil to generate
and analyse newly formed hydrofoil offsprings. At the end of
this step an optimized hydrofoil is selected that satisfies the
user defined objectives and constraints.
B. Hygrothermal Behavior of Composite Material
Hygrothermal ageing of composite material has
detrimental effect on the life of tidal turbine blades. The
deterioration of composite material is mainly due to sea water
diffusion into the composite material. The absorbed water
weakens the matrix material and also the bond between matrix
and fibre. In order to completely understand the nature of
deterioration, it is vital to study the process of water diffusion
into the composite material under different conditions. This
can be done by studying two properties related to the diffusion
process; the moisture diffusivity constant and the moisture
equilibrium content. The experiment is setup based on ASTM
D5229[22] to determine the two parameters.
1) Test Specimen: The hygrothermal behavior of
unidirectional carbon reinforced epoxy composite material
was studied. The material was fabricated as big rectangular
laminates by the vacuum assisted resin transfer method
(VARTM). Epikote RIMR 135 epoxy and RIMH 1366
hardener mixed in the ratio of 1:0.3 was used as resin. T300
carbon fibres were used as reinforcement. The laminates were
cured at room temperature for 24 hours and then post cured
for 15 hours at 60⁰C. The fibre volume fraction was
theoretically calculated to be 0.44. A diamond tip cutter was
used to cut the laminates into test specimens. The required
mass and dimensions of the test specimen are chosen as per
the ASTM standard.
2) Procedure: The test specimens were dried in an
oven (supplied by Memmert) at 40⁰C for 48 hours to remove
any residual moisture in the material. The thickness and mass
of the specimens are measured and noted down as ‘dry
readings’. Vernier caliper was used to measure the thickness
of the samples during the test to ensure an uncertainty of
0.01mm in measurement. Similarly, an analytical balance
(BP-210S supplied by Sigma-Aldrich) with a precision of
0.1mg is used to measure the mass of the specimens
throughout the test. The test specimens were immersed at two
temperatures, 23⁰C and 60⁰C. A minimum of three specimens
were immersed at each temperature. . Mass of each specimen
is measured after every 24 hours and noted down as W i. When
the specimen is taken out for measurement, the surface
moisture is wiped using tissue paper before the mass is
measured. The specimen shall not be outside for more than 30
min every time the mass is measured. The percentage mass
change between two consecutive mass measurements is
checked every time the mass is measured, to check if moisture
equilibrium is attained. Once the equilibrium is attained, the
final percent moisture content value is recorded as the
moisture equilibrium content, M∞.
3) Calculations: Percentage change in mass (moisture
content) due to moisture absorption is given by equation 5.
𝑊𝑖 − 𝑊𝑑
∆𝑀 = | | × 100 (5)
𝑊𝑑
Percentage mass change due to moisture absorption in a
specimen between two consecutive mass measurements is
given by,
𝑊𝑖 −𝑊𝑖−1
|𝑀𝑖 −𝑀𝑖−1 | = | | × 100 (6)
𝑊𝑑
270
 A specimen is said to have achieved effective moisture
equilibrium if the percentage mass change between two
consecutive mass measurements become less than 0.02% and
the moisture content in the specimen do not significantly
change with time.
The moisture diffusivity constant, D is given by,
ℎ 2 𝑀2 − 𝑀1 2
D = 𝜋( ) ( ) (7)
4𝑀∞ √𝑡2 − √𝑡1
Where, Wi, Wi-1 and Wd are the specimen mass (in grams)
measured at ith time, i-1th time and dry state respectively; Mi,
Mi-1 and M∞ are the specimen moisture content (in percentage)
at ith time, i-1th time and effective moisture equilibrium
𝑀2 −𝑀1
content respectively. ( ) is the slope of the moisture
√𝑡2 −√𝑡1
content vs square root of time plot.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Hydrofoil Optimization Fig. 7 Comparison of lift to drag ratio between optimized and base hydrofoils

The Reynolds number was calculated based on the

maximum flow velocity of 2.5m/s and an assumed maximum
chord of 0.6m. Similarly, the cavitation number was
calculated to be 2 from equation 3.
The optimization code was used to generate two optimized
hydrofoils, BEZ0176 and BEZ0215. Figure 6 compares both
the hydrofoils with the base hydrofoil. Both the BEZ
hydrofoils have high thickness than the base hydrofoil, which
is necessary to improve the bending stiffness of the blade. The
trailing edge of the optimized hydrofoils is designed as flat-
back using the geometric constraints. Flat-back trailing edge
increases the moment of inertia of the hydrofoils as well as
simplifies the blade manufacturing process.
The lift-to-drag ratio variation with angle of attack of the
optimized hydrofoils is compared with the base hydrofoil in
figure 7. Similarly, a graph that compares the lift coefficient
variation with angle of attack is seen in figure 8. BEZ0215 is
observed to have low lift-to-drag ratio and lift coefficient Fig. 8 Comparison of lift coefficient between optimized and base hydrofoils
when compared with BEZ0176 due to its higher thickness.
The maximum value of thickness, lift coefficient and lift-to-
drag ratios of the hydrofoils are shown in table 1.

Fig. 9 Comparison of minimum pressure coefficient between optimized and

base hydrofoils

Fig. 6 Comparison of optimized and base hydrofoils

271
 Due to the cavitation constraint, modulus of minimum
pressure coefficient of the optimized hydrofoils is observed to
be less than 2 at the design angle of attack (see figure 9).
Beyond the design angle of attack, the modulus of minimum
pressure coefficient of the hydrofoils increases. So, the
cavitation is avoided only if the blade operates at the design
angle of attack. One way to improve this is to perform the
hydrofoil analysis during the optimization at a higher angle of
attack. This would ensure that the |𝐶𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 |of the hydrofoils
remain less than 2 (the cavitation number) at higher angle of
attack.
TABLE 1
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OPTIMIZED AND BASE HYDROFOILS

Hydrofoil Max Thickness Clmax Cl/Cd max

NACA 633-418 18 1.568 69.22
BEZ0215 21.49 1.625 71.04
BEZ0176 17.66 1.745 78.68 Fig. 11 Moisture content vs square root of time of specimens immersed at
60⁰C
B. Hygrothermal Behaviour
The sea water ageing experiment was carried out for 49
days on six specimens. The specimens immersed at 60⁰C (4, 5,
6) achieved effective moisture equilibrium, while the
specimens immersed at 23⁰C (1, 2, 3) have not yet reached
equilibrium. So, the moisture equilibrium content and
diffusivity constant of the specimens immersed in 60⁰C alone
is reported. Figure 10 and 11 show the graphs of moisture
content vs the square root of immersion time of specimens
immersed at 23⁰C and 60⁰C respectively.
It is clear that the moisture absorption by specimens
immersed at 60⁰C is much more consistent and faster than by
specimens immersed at 23⁰C. This is due to the availability of
relatively high thermal energy to water molecules at high
temperature. The excess thermal energy allows the molecules
to diffuse faster into the composite material. The difference in
the rate of moisture absorption between specimens
immersed in 23⁰C and 60⁰C is clearly depicted in figure 12.
Fig. 12 Comparison of moisture absorption between specimens immersed at
23⁰C and 60⁰C

The moisture absorption data of specimens 4, 5 and 6 were

fitted using a Fickian diffusion model.
∞ 2
𝑀(𝑡) 8 1 𝐷𝑡
(−(2𝑗+1)2 𝜋2 2 )
= [1 − 2 ∑ (( ) 𝑒 ℎ )] (8)
𝑀∞ 𝜋 2𝑗 + 1
𝑗=0

Figure 13 shows the experimental moisture absorption

data and the Fickian fit of specimen 4. The diffusivity
constant (D) and equilibrium moisture content (M∞) of the
specimen was found after the nonlinear regression analysis
was performed to fit the experimental data with the Fickian
model. A similar approach was carried out to find D and M∞
for specimens 5 and 6.

Fig. 10 Moisture content vs square root of time of specimens immersed at

23⁰C

272
 Fig. 13 The moisture content data of specimen 4 fitted using Fick Model Fig. 14 Moisture content vs square root of time graph of specimen 4
TABLE 2
MOISTURE ABSORPTION PARAMETERS CALCULATED BY NONLINEAR IV. CONCLUSION
REGRESSION ANALYSIS Hydrofoil optimization was performed in this study to
Specimen D (mm2/hr) M∞ (%) Adjusted R2 improve the hydrodynamic design of a horizontal axis tidal
turbine blade. The optimization resulted in two hydrofoils
4 0.00336 1.49 0.9783
showing better lift-to-drag ratio and lift coefficient than the
5 0.00322 1.51 0.9785
base hydrofoil. The optimized hydrofoils were also less prone
6 0.00391 1.42 0.9776
to cavitation at design conditions. The turbulence effect was
The diffusivity constant and equilibrium moisture content included in the hydrofoil analysis by fixing the flow transition
𝑀 −𝑀
can also be determined using equation 7. The slope, 2 1 is locations on the suction and pressure side of the hydrofoil. A
√𝑡2 −√𝑡1
obtained from the initial linear part of the graph (shown in better method is required to include the effect of turbulence in
figure 14), while a peak analysis is performed to get the the hydrofoil analysis performed during optimization process,
equilibrium moisture content (M∞). Table 3 shows the particularly the turbulence effect due to biofouling. Biofouling
moisture absorption parameters calculated using equation 7. increases the surface roughness of the blade surface, which
affects the performance of the turbine. The surface roughness
TABLE 3
MOISTURE ABSORPTION PARAMETERS CALCULATED FROM MOISTURE parameter will be included in the optimization problem in
CONTENT GRAPH future study. The turbine performance improvement due to the
application of optimized hydrofoils will be quantified in future
Slope study.
h D
𝑀∞ (%)
(%⁄
Specimen
(mm) ) (mm2/hr) Hygrothermal ageing of a carbon reinforced epoxy
√ℎ𝑟 composite material was quantified in this study by finding the
4 2.693 0.07452 1.49 0.003553 effective moisture equilibrium content and diffusivity constant.
5 2.693 0.07214 1.51 0.003241 The moisture diffusion was observed to be high in CF/epoxy
6 2.61 0.07378 1.43 0.003583 composite at high temperature. Since the material strength
The diffusivity constant (D) calculated from the moisture degrades due to hygrothermal ageing, moisture absorption of
content graph and by nonlinear regression analysis is the the material has to be minimized to improve the robustness of
measure of moisture absorption rate through all the six faces the blade. This can be achieved by applying thermoplastic
of the specimen. The absorption rate (DZ) through the material in blade fabrication.
thickness direction can be obtained using a correction High performance thermoplastic composite material like
factor[23]. fibre reinforced PEEK & PPS has shown better hygrothermal
−2 behaviour than the thermoset composite materials [24-27].
ℎ 𝐷𝑦 ℎ 𝐷𝑥 PEEK has shown to possess better mechanical property
𝐷𝑧 = 𝐷 (1 + √ + √ ) (9) retention in wet environment than PPS[28]. Although the
𝑙 𝐷𝑥 𝑛 𝐷𝑦
moisture absorption is relatively less in PEEK composites, its
Where, l, n and h are the length, width and thickness of fatigue resistance in dry condition is less than the epoxy
the specimen. composite material[29]. This impasse can be overcome by
fabricating the blade with both epoxy and PEEK composite
materials. Since water diffusion in composite materials result
in increased concentration of water molecules near the outer

273
surface of the material[30], in theory adding a layer of PEEK
composite material on top of the epoxy composite material
should reduce the moisture content in the epoxy composite
material. An alternate to using PEEK composite material as
surface layer is to use the PEEK resin films on top of the
epoxy composite material. This is backed by studies that show
that neat PEEK resin show superior water resistance than fibre
reinforced PEEK composites [31, 32]. The alternate method
will also reduce the fabrication cost. The moisture content
reduction due to PEEK application and the resulting
mechanical property retention in epoxy composite materials
will be quantified in future study.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank my supervisors for guiding me and
helping me to complete this work. I also thank Nanyang
Technological University for funding my PhD. I wish to
acknowledge ERI@N for funding this project.
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Composites Part A, vol. 31, pp. 969-977, 1/1/2000 2000.
[31] Qiuling Wang and G. S. Springer, "Moisture Absorption and
Fracture Toughness of PEEK Polymer and Graphite Fiber
Reinforced PEEK," Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 23, pp.
434-447, May 1, 1989 1989.
[32] M. A. Grayson and C. J. Wolf, "The solubility and diffusion of
water in poly(aryl-ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK)," Journal of
Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, vol. 25, pp. 31-41,
1987.
274
 Numerical and Experimental Study on Primary
Energy Conversion of Multiple Circular Cylindrical
OWC Units for Wave Power Generation
Yukitaka Yasuzawa#1, Naoto Takamatsu*2, Takatomo Setoguchir#3
#
Department of Marine Systems Engineering, Kyushu University
744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
1
yasuzawa@nams.kyushu-u.ac.jp
*Mitsui Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.
3-1-1, Tama, Tamano,Okayama, Japan
2
takamatsu@mes.co.jp
#
Department of Maritime Engineering, Kyushu University
744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
3
self.denial.6221@gmail.com

wave tank test and discussed. Multiple cylindrical OWC units

I. KEYWORDS to perform wave tank test is shown in Fig.2.
Wave energy, OWC, Energy conversion, Wave tank test,
Hydrodynamic interaction

II. ABSTRACT
Utilization of ocean renewable energy has been expected in
order to reduce GHG (Green House Gas) and nuclear power
after the disaster in 2011 in Japan. The authors have been
performing the research and development of a new wave
energy converter system which has multiple cylindrical OWC Fig.2 Multiple OWC-type WECmodel for wave tank tess
(Oscillating Water Column) units under the deck structure of
the floating platform.
We performed the experimental study of a single OWC
column for various design parameter and wave condition to
obtain the primary energy conversion and wave force acting
on the cylinder so far. Numerical program for estimating the
dynamic response of a single cylindrical OWC column in
regular waves was also developed and the numerical results
agreed well with the experimental ones.
In the present study, we have developed a new numerical
program to estimate the energy conversion performance of the
multiple OWC units considering fluid dynamic interaction
between their columns and nonlinear air flow dynamics
through the upper nozzle in each column in water waves Fig.3 Experimenta and numerical results of primary energy conversion
(Fig.1). The fluid region of water wave field has been efficiency of the multiple OWCs.
formulated by using 3 dimensional boundary element method
based on potential theory of fluid. Nonlinear air flow relation
between dynamic pressure and flow velocity is taken into REFERENCES
consideration using iterative calculations as well. [1] Yukitaka Yasuzawa, Keisuke Nakao, and Yoshitaka Okumura :
Dynamic Response Analysis of a Fixed Cylindrical OWC Column for
Wave Energy Conversion in Regular Waves, Proceedings of the 26th
Asian-Pacific Technical Exchange and Advisory Meeting on Marine
Structures, pp.263-267, 2012.
[2] Yukitaka Yasuzawa, Yoshitaka Okumura, Keisuke Nakao, Yoshitaka
Okumura, Keisuke Nakao ; Development of a Floating Wave Energy
Station with Multiple OWC Columns, Proceedings of the International
Symposium on Marine and Offshore Renewable Energy, Oct., 2013.
[3] Yukitaka Yasuzawa Naoto Takamatsu:Primary Energy Conversion of
Wave Energy Converter System with Multiple Cylindrical OWC Units
Fig. 1 Fig.1 Multiple OWC-type WEC in waves and Wave Forces acting on the Columns, 2015, Proc. International
Technical Advisory Meeting on Marine Structures (TEAM2015),
Vladivostok 2015.
The numerical results for the multiple columns are
compared with some experimental data obtained from the

275
 Tribological challenges of tidal and offshore wind turbines.
Loganathan Pranava Saai#1, Dr. Narasimalu Srikanth*2
Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N)
1 CleanTech Loop, #06-04
CleanTech One, Singapore 637141
1
Lsaai@ntu.edu.sg
3
Dr. Srikanth@ntu.ed.sg

Current state of the art studies are highlighted and areas to be

I. KEYWORDS improved related to the tribology of tidal and offshore wind
Tribology, offshore wind turbine, Tidal turbine, Green turbines are to be presented.
tribology, Drivetrain tribology and bearing tribology.

II. ABSTRACT
The tribology of renewable sources of energy is a relatively
new field of tribology which has a potential to improve the
energy density. There are number of energy production
sources whose usage continues to grow. Important renewable
energy systems include conversion of wind and tidal streams
to rotational motion to generate electricity and the use of solar
panels to harness solar energy. Wind and tidal turbines include
bearings and gears with unique challenges because of the high
loads and their size and the need for field service while wave
machines typically use oscillating hinge or piston within
cylinder geometries to promote reciprocating linear motion.

Fig. 2: A sample image of the tidal turbine (courtesy: composites world)

[1]
[2]
[3]
Fig. 1: Offshore wind turbine
[4]
This project looks into the tribology of tidal turbine and
offshore wind energy systems. Areas covered are bearing and
gearbox issues as well as design trends associated with
tribological components of the considered energy systems.
REFERENCES
Robert J.K wood, Abubakr S. Bahaj, Stephen R. Tribological design
constraints of marine renewable energy systems.
Daniel Thalman, NKE Austria GmbH, Better bearings for wind
turbines.
Michael Nosonovsky, Bharat Bhushan, Green tribology – Biomimetics,
energy conservation and sustainability.
Bahrat Bhusan, Principles and application of tribology – Green
tribology.

276
 A Tribological Evaluation of Effects of Moisture
and Salinity on Offshore Turbine Gear Oils
Abhiruchi Gadgila, b,1, Narasimalu Srikantha, 2, Kun Zhoub,, Amblard, Benedictec,3, Espinoux, Fredericc
1
abhi0033@e.ntu.edu.sg
2
nsrikanth@ntu.edu.sg
a
Energy Research Institute, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
b
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
c
TOTAL Centre de Recherche de Solaize, France, 69360
3
benedicte.amblard@total.com

I. KEYWORDS
Gear oil, Wind Turbines, Tribology, Moisture and Salinity

II. ABSTRACT

Offshore Wind turbine tribology is an increasingly

important area of study due to the high failure occurrence in
gearboxes and bearings. The increasing challenges are
surfacing due to larger rotor size & drive train capacity of
wind turbines and the offshore environmental forces. Though,
moisture is known to have detrimental effect on the system
components, a robust and quantitative understanding of its
effect of tribological parameters is lacking. Also, variation and
extent of effect due to change in base oil is also lacking. The
paper summarizes the understanding of laboratory level
studies for the effect of moisture and salinity on traction co-
efficient variations, viscosity variation, and surface effects on
lubricant performance. Mini traction machine (MTM) was the
chosen laboratory level tribological test due to its repeatability
and robustness and scanning electron microscopy
characterization has been used for detailed surface analysis
and understanding deposits.
The results show a strong dependence of the base oil on
traction co-efficient for polyalkylene glycol (PAG)-based oils
and not a significant effect on polyalpha olefin (PAO)-based
and ester-based oils. The surface effects show strong
degradation of surface for PAG-based oils with moisture and
tribo-corrosion with saline environment, whereas for PAO and
ester based oils, the effects are negligible.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 1: SEM micrographs of bearing steel samples subjected to
Mini Traction Machine (MTM) loads under different stresses using
Poly-alkylene glycol –based oil
(a) No contaminant stress (b) Moisture (c) Salinity
Figure 2: Mini traction machine (MTM) and the bearing
steel and ball contact
REFERENCES
[1] Fernandes, C.M.C.G., P.M.T. Marques, R.C. Martins, and J.H.O.
Seabra, Film thickness and traction curves of wind turbine gear oils.
Tribology International, 2015: p. 1.
[2] Fernandes, C.M.C.G., P.M.P. Amaro, R.C. Martins, and J.H.O. Seabra,
Torque loss in thrust ball bearings lubricated with wind turbine gear
oils at constant temperature. Tribology International, 2013. 66: p. 194-
202.
[3] Costello, M.T., Effects of basestock and additive chemistry on traction
testing.
[4] ASTM Standard D2440 - 13, "Standard Test Method for Oxidation
Stability of Mineral Insulating Oil," ASTM International, West
Conshohocken, PA, www.astm.org.
[5] ASTM D445 Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of
Transparent and Opaque Liquids. Machinery Lubrication.
[6] Harika, E., J. Bouyer, M. Fillon, and M. Helene, Effects of water
contamination of lubricants on hydrodynamic lubrication: rheological
and thermal modeling. Journal of Tribology, 2013(4): p. 41707.
[7] Rizvi, S.Q.A., A comprehensive review of lubricant chemistry,
technology, selection, and design / Syed Q.A. Rizvi. 2009: West
Conshohocken, PA : ASTM International, c2009.
[8] Rudnick, L.R., Synthetics, mineral oils, and bio-based lubricants:
chemistry and technology / [edited by] Leslie R. Rudnick. Chemical
industries: 110. 2006: Boca Raton : CRC/Taylor & Francis, 2006.
[9] Water In Oil Contamination Machinery Lubrication. Noria Corporation.
http://www.machinerylubrication.com/View/30083/oil-hydrolysis-
affect
[10] Viswanath, D.S., N.V.K. Dutt, T.K. Ghosh, D.H.L. Prasad, and K.Y.
Rani, Viscosity of Liquids: Theory, Estimation, Experiment, and Data.
2007: Dordrecht : Springer, 2007.

277
 ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING IN OFFSHORE
STRUTURES
Kannappan Lakshmanan#1 and Dr. Narasimalu Srikanth #2,
#
Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N)
1 CleanTech Loop, #06-04
CleanTech One, Singapore 637141
1
lkannappan@ntu.edu.sg
2
nsrikanth@ntu.edu.sg

mechanical properties and microstructure of the material and

I. KEYWORDS the enhanced offshore structures through AM.
Additive Manufacturing, Traditional manufacturing,
offshore structures, microstructure and process parameters.

II. ABSTRACT

Additive Manufacturing is a process which enables layer-

wise fabrication of complex parts directly from CAD files
without part-specific tooling. Additive manufacturing offers
many strategic advantages, including increased design
freedom for building complex internal and external part
geometries that cannot be made in any other way, the ability
to rapidly iterate through design permutations, the ability to
build functional parts in small lot sizes for end-user
customization or bridge manufacturing, and the ability to
repair expensive parts for aerospace and other industries. It
also helps in developing new material composition which is
not possible by traditional manufacturing methods such as
casting, moulding, etc.
Fig. 1 Additive manufacturing process
The main of aim of this paper is to explain about Additive
Manufacturing (AM), its process parameters and use of AM
on offshore structures. Improved mechanical properties of a
material can be obtained through AM which could be used for
enhanced offshore structures. Highly complex parts in the
structures can be printed as a single component in AM rather
than smaller components as per traditional manufacturing
methods. Effect of process parameters on the manufacturing
processes would also be explained in detail in this paper. This
paper would also explain in detail about the variation in
Fig. 2 Offshore Wind turbine
REFERENCES
[1] 51. I. Gibson, D. W. Rosen and B. Stucker. AM Technologies: Rapid
Prototyping to Direct Digital Manufacturing.
[2] Chatterjee, A. N. (2003). An experimental design approach to selective
laser sintering of low carbon steel. Journal of materials processing
technology, 136(1), 151.
[3] Spierings, A. B. and Levy. G (2009). Comparison of density of
stainless steel 316L parts produced with selective laser melting using
different powder grades. SFF Symposium.
[4] Li, R. (2010). Densification behavior of gas and water atomized 316L
stainless steel powder during selective laser melting. Applied surface
science, 256(13), 4350.
[5] Xie, F., He, X., Cao, S., & Qu, X. (2013). Structural and mechanical
characteristics of porous 316L stainless steel fabricated by indirect
selective laser sintering. Journal of materials processing technology,
213(6), 838-843.
[6] Rafi, H. K. (2014). Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of 17-4
Precipitation Hardenable Steel Processed by Selective Laser Melting.
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 23(12), 4421.
[7] Nakamoto, T. (2009). Selective laser sintering of high carbon steel
powders studied as a function of carbon content. Journal of materials
processing technology, 209(15), 5653.
[8] Chuang Huei Deng. Characterization of untreated, stress relieves and t6
heat treated aluminium alloy alsi10mg formed by selective laser
melting (slm) technique. FYP report in NTU.
[9] Brandl, E., et al., Additive manufactured AlSi10Mg samples using
Selective Laser Melting (SLM): Microstructure, high cycle fatigue, and
fracture behavior. Materials & Design, 2012. 34: p. 159-169.
[10] Kempen, K., et al., Mechanical properties of AlSi10Mg produced by
Selective Laser Melting. Laser Assisted Net Shape Engineering 7
(Lane 2012), 2012. 39: p. 439-446.

278
 Abstract
Influence of a Single Protruded Rectangular Feature on Smooth-Walled Circular
Cylinder Under High Reynolds Number Flow

I. Introduction

There have been numerous experimental and numerical studies conducted by researchers
on single circular cylinder in a flow, with its flow field and characteristics being studied.
Investigating flow characteristics around a single circular smooth cylinder gives an idea of how
vortex shedding occurs and their force coefficients are tabulated. Vortex shedding and drag
coefficient are related to each other. If vortex shedding in the wake can be suppressed, drag
reduction can be achieved. It is a constant problem as it can lead to structural vibrations on
structures. If the vortex shedding frequency harmonises with the vibration frequency of the
structure, the structure starts to resonate and may lead to destruction.

Vortex shedding occurs in the wake region of structures in the downstream region. It is an
oscillating flow which happens when there is fluid flow past the structure. The flow detaches
itself from either side of the body and forms low pressure vortices behind the structure. Flow
separation is caused by adverse pressure gradient which resists the flow. It occurs at a
further downstream location for a turbulent boundary layer because adverse pressure gradient
causes the flow near the surface to retard. Thus, when it decelerates too much, flow goes in
a reverse direction. Turbulent boundary layer has more energy to lose to resist a larger
pressure gradient. Hence, flow separation will occur later. It is important to control vortex
shedding to reduce unsteady forces acting upon the structure. These vibrations can be reduced
on the structure to prevent damaging consequences.

Zdravkovich [1] described the mechanisms behind vortex shedding as well as its suppression
methods. The cause of vortex shedding is attributed to an entrainment layer and a confluence
point. The growth of vortices resulted from the entrainment layers which supply irrotational
fluid in addition to rotational fluid in separated shear layers. When the two entrainment layers
from opposite sides of the cylinder meet and interact with each other, this is known as the
confluence point. Vortices are then formed by the rolling-up process, and the timing of vortex
shedding is governed by the switch of the confluence point from one side of the wake axis to
the other. Hence, to suppress vortex shedding, the entrainment layers or shear layers needs to
be interfered or prevent the confluence point from switching.

Vortex shedding can be suppressed by three methods. Firstly, by introducing surface

protrusions, it can interfere with the shear layers. Surface protrusions such as fins, studs or
wires are applicable. Secondly, shrouds can be used to affect the entrainment layers. Lastly,
near-wake stabilizers such as splitter and guiding plates can be introduced onto the structure
to prevent the switching of confluence point in the wake region. In this study, a surface
protrusion is introduced to suppress vortex shedding which will be elaborated subsequently.

To the authors’ knowledge, there is no simulation being studied on a single protruded feature
on the surface of a circular cylinder. This present study will look into how a rectangular
protruded feature on the longitudinal upper surface of the cylinder will change the flow field.
The feature will be fixed at a height-to-diameter h/D ratio. 3D simulations will be carried out
on this study using LES and OpenFOAM. Flow field pattern and force coefficients will be
analyzed and these could prove useful for applications in wind engineering and offshore
structures.

279
 The objective of this study is to explore new geometry variations for cylinders and analyze
whether it has an effect on the pressure, drag and lift coefficients. The protruded rectangular
feature will be introduced to check if it can improve flow conditions. Based on the findings,
one can discuss how a change in geometry can affects flow conditions in comparison with a
smooth cylinder in some cases.

II. CONCLUSION
In this study, numerical investigation is carried out on a circular cylinder with a protruded
rectangular feature subjected to a flow of high Re in the order of 105.

Conventionally, upwind wind turbines are used. To avoid serious damage to the wind turbine
in typhoon conditions such as a “blade hit on tower”, downwind wind turbines are much more
preferred. However, it can be seen that vortex induced flow velocity variation from the circular
tower causes fatigue loads on the wind turbine blades. In the present study, protrusions are
found useful in minimising the vortex and wake effects, which can possibly help to achieve
minimal fatigue load on blades.

In addition, dimple features (such as golf ball) on surfaces can be compared to the protrusions
studied at present to study how such surface morphology introductions can influence the vortex
formation and wake length. The wake influence length can be compared by plotting a line from
the bluff body. Benefits of using a non-circular boy can be identified when the pressure
variation plots between the circular and non-circular (with protruded feature) structures in Fig.
13 are analysed. The study is beneficial for applications which are under shallow water as the
wind turbine tower experience scouring due to the tidal flow around the structure. This can be
minimised due to a reduction in vortex intensity and wake length.

280
 Drivetrain Loads and Bearing Fatigue Life of Horizontal
Axis TSTs Operating in Unsteady Seas
T.M Nevalainen#1, P. Davies*2, C.M Johnstone#3
#
Dept. of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Strathclyde
16 Richmond St, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
1thomas.nevalainen@strath.ac.uk

3cameron.johnstone@strath.ac.uk

Lloyd’s Register EMEA

*

Denburn House, 20-25 Union Terrace, Aberdeen AB10 1NN, UK

2peter.davies@lr.org

by current developers. A 16m diameter, three bladed turbine

I. KEYWORDS
Bearings, Fatigue life, Drivetrain, JONSWAP, Reliability.
II. ABSTRACT
It is clear that the operational environment of Tidal Stream
Turbines (TSTs) is a highly dynamic and destructive one,
subjecting the turbines to loads that vary both spatially across
the rotor and over time. This paper investigates how the
unsteadiness of the marine environment affects a TST’s
drivetrain from a bearing raceway-fatigue aspect. A method
has been developed which resolves the non-symmetric loads
from surface waves and shear-currents on the rotor and
transfers them into the turbine shaft. The rotor loads were
derived using a dynamic Blade Element Momentum Theory
(BEMT) model [1] and the drivetrain was modelled in a
simplified Finite Element (FE) scheme using six degrees of
freedom which gave the stresses in the shaft as well as the
reaction loads at the bearings. The bearings themselves were
modelled by sets of six linear springs with corresponding
stiffnesses in each degree of freedom. The bearing reaction
loads were then used to calculate the L10 fatigue life [2] which
served as an indicator of a bearing’s durability in a given sea-
state and turbine operating mode. The inflow sea-states were
defined using a stochastic wave-current model based on the
JONSWAP spectral distribution and experimental data, which
allowed the turbine to be simulated in representative inflow
conditions owing to the fast convergence time of the model.
An investigation was undertaken to compute the bearing
fatigue life on a turbine configuration similar to designs used
rated at 1MW was subjected to random sea-state conditions
collected from the North Sea and 2.5 m/s inflow. The
turbine’s drivetrain was of a three-bearing configuration and
the results of the time-varying nature of their radial reaction
loads are shown in Figure. 1, where the magnitude and
direction of the reactions at several time-steps are shown by
the separate vectors.
A sensitivity study was also performed on the main
bearing’s L10 fatigue life by varying the input parameters of
rotor radius R, blade pitch angle θ, inflow velocity U and
significant wave height H. The results showed that the
bearing life is highly sensitive towards changes in the input
parameters.
The full paper will present an exhaustive sensitivity
analysis on several parameters and discuss the implications of
bearing life on turbine reliability. The paper will also assess
the need of modelling TST drivetrains in six degrees of
freedom as opposed to using purely torsional models. It will
be shown that the added out-of-plane bending moments from
the non-uniform loading on the rotor plane have a detrimental
impact on the bearing life and must be included in the model.
REFERENCES
[1] T.M. Nevalainen, C.M. Johnstone, A.D. Grant, An Unsteady Blade
Element Momentum Theory for Tidal Stream Turbines with Morris
Method Sensitivity Analysis, Proceedings from the European Wave and
Tidal energy Conference, 2015
[2] Zaretsky, Erwin V. A. Palmgren Revisited--A Basis for Bearing Life
Prediction. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

Figure. 1 Results showing non-dimensional magnitudes and directions of

the radial loads for the three bearings over several time-steps.

281
Meta-cognitive Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Neural Network for Significant Wave Height Forecasting

Nguyen Anh#1,*, Ren Ye#2, Sundaram Suresh#1, Narasimalu Srikanth#2

#1
School of Computer Engineering,
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
*
ng0014nh@e.ntu.edu.sg
#2
Energy Research Institute,
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

I. KEYWORDS
Wave energy, wave forecasting, interval type-2 fuzzy
system, metacognitive learning
II. ABSTRACT
Renewable energy is fast becoming a mainstay in today’s
energy scenario. One of the important sources of renewable
energy is the wave energy, in addition to wind, solar, tidal, etc.
Wave prediction/forecasting is consequently essential in
coastal and ocean engineering studies. However, it is difficult
to predict wave parameters in long term and even in the short
term due to its intermittent nature. This study aims to propose
a solution to handle the issue using Interval type-2 fuzzy
inference system. IT2FIS has been shown to be capable of
handling uncertainty associated with the data. The proposed
IT2FIS is a fuzzy neural network realizing Takagi-Sugeno-
Kang inference mechanism. IT2FIS structure evolves
automatically and the parameters are updated based on the
meta-cognitive gradient descent algorithm.
For performance evaluation studies, significant wave
heights and average wave periods data obtained from buoys
located in Singapore were used. Using historical data and
seasonal forecasting, the model provides short-term prediction
of wave parameters. The performance of IT2FIS is compared
with existing state-of-the art fuzzy inference system
approaches and results clearly indicate the advantage of
IT2FIS based wave prediction.
REFERENCES
[1] Yang-Yin Lin; Shih-Hui Liao; Jyh-Yeong Chang; Chin-Teng Lin,
"Simplified Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Neural Networks," Neural Networks
and Learning Systems, IEEE Transactions on , vol.25, no.5,
pp.959,969, May 2014.
[2] A. K. Das, Nguyen Anh, Sundaram Suresh, N. Srikanth, “An interval
type-2 fuzzy inference system and its meta-cognitive learning
algorithm” Evolving Systems DOI 10.1007/s12530-016-9148-6.
[3] Das, A.K.; Suresh, S.; Srikanth, N., "Meta-cognitive Interval Type-2
neuro-fuzzy inference system for wind prediction," Multisensor Fusion
and Information Integration for Intelligent Systems (MFI), 2014
International Conference on , vol., no., pp.1,6, 28-29 Sept. 2014.
[4] Das A, Subramanian K, Suresh S (2014b) A computationally fast
interval type-2 neuro-fuzzy inference system and its meta-cognitive
projection based learning algorithm. In: IEEE International Joint
Conference on neural networks. IEEE, pp 1510–1516
[5] Ankit, K.; Subramanian, K.; Sundaram, S., "An Evolving Interval
Type-2 Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System and Its Meta-Cognitive
Sequential Learning Algorithm," Fuzzy Systems, IEEE Transactions
on , vol.PP, no.99, pp.1,1 doi: 10.1109/TFUZZ.2015.2403793.
[6] The IEEE website. [Online]. Available: http://www.ieee.org/
[7] Mehmet Özger, Significant wave height forecasting using wavelet
fuzzy logic approach, Ocean Engineering, Volume 37, Issue 16,
November 2010, Pages 1443-1451, ISSN 0029-8018,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2010.07.009.
[8] M. A. Hashim, J. Jaafar and S. M. Taib, "Interval type 2 fuzzy logic for
significant wave height forecasting," Intelligent Systems Design and
Applications (ISDA), 2012 12th International Conference on, Kochi,
2012, pp. 794-798. doi: 10.1109/ISDA.2012.6416638.
[9] Jang J (1993) ANFIS: adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system.
IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 23(3):665–685
[10] Lin Y, Liao S, Chang J, Lin C-T (2014) Simplified interval type-2
fuzzy neural networks. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst
25(5):959–969
[11] Subramanian K, Suresh S (2012) A meta-cognitive sequential learning
algorithm for neuro-fuzzy inference system. Appl Soft Comput
12(11):3603–3614
[12] Subramanian K, Das A, Suresh S, Ramasamy S (2014a) A meta-
cognitive interval type-2 fuzzy inference system and its projection
based learning algorithm. Evol Syst 5(4):219–230
[13] Liang Q, Mendel JM (2000) Interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems: theory
and design. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 8(5):535–550

Figure 1: Prediction of significant wave heights using

historical data.

282
 Evaluating Passive Structural Control of Tidal
Turbines
Song Fu#1, Cameron Johnstone#2, Joe Clarke#3
Energy Systems Research Unit, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Strathclyde,
Glasgow, UK, G1 1XJ
1
song.fu@strath.ac.uk
2
cameron.johnstone@strath.ac.uk
3
joe@esru.strath.ac.uk

Keywords: tidal turbine, structural control, loads reduction, structural response

INTRODUCTION Once the tower-monopile’s natural frequencies have been

The environment tidal turbines operate within is considered derived, one can calculate the TMD properties [4].
dynamic due to turbulence and wave motion components
encompassed within the bulk tidal flow. Considering waves
and tidal currents as random excitations, the dynamic load
experienced on a tidal turbine is a complicated physical
problem which poses a challenge for engineers trying to
design larger tidal turbine towers and other floating support
structures. Different structural damping strategies have been
implemented in the wind industry such as tuned mass dampers
and some control technologies like generator torque control
and blade pitch control are also developed to reduce the
fatigue and structural loading. Figure 2. Schematic of TMDX in turbine nacelle [3].
The aim of this project is to design a tidal turbine station
keeping system with a tuned mass damper in order to reduce The tower-monopile support structure for the Torr Head
fatigue and peak structural loading experienced by the turbine. Tidal Array project is used as a case study for this
This may result in a reduction of mass and costs associated investigation and relevant parameters are shown in Table 1.
with the structural support and station keeping system. This is for a 1MW tidal turbine whose rotor diameter is about
Unlike onshore and offshore wind turbines, tidal turbines 20m.
are fully submersed in water, so the effect of added mass
cannot be ignored. The tower is considered to be a vibrating Table 1. Tower-monopile support parameters.
rod in the water column in order to calculate the added mass
Materials Steel
and viscous damping [1]. A wind turbine with a tower-
monopile supporting structure can be modelled as an inverted
Height of centre of 25m
pendulum [2], as shown as a general representation of the
nacelle
system in Figure 1. The same model can be applied to tidal
turbine with a tower-monopile supporting structure.
Pile diameter 2.5 to 2.8 m

Structure weight Dry weight of 100

to 120 tonnes.

REPONSE CALCULATION

The algorithm used is based on dynamic analysis, and the

tower-monopile dynamics can be modelled as forced response
of a non-gyroscopic damped linear system, given by:

Mx  Dx  Kx  F (t ) (1)

Figure 1. Structural model of a flexible wind (tidal) turbine [2].

where x is the tower displacement and F is the applied force,

In this project, the locations of the Tuned Mass Dampers which in this case is predominantly the rotor thrust, which can
(TMDs) are in the nacelle and TMDX indicates that it be calculated by Blade Element Momentum Theory in wave-
oscillates horizontally in a fore-aft direction. A simple current coupled conditions [5]. M is the total mass matrix with
schematic of the TMDX configuration is shown in Figure 2.

283
added mass correction, the damping matrix term D is
corrected with a viscous damping factor which is generally
small (<0.002 in this system) and K is the total stiffness
matrix.
The evaluation undertaken and results presented are for the
system calculated with optimum TMD of the tower-monopile
structure. Figure 3 shows the frequency domain analysis for
the tower-monopile base bending moment in three different
conditions. Figure 4 show the time series result of a dramatic
impact on tower-monopile system. Figure 5 shows the time
series result of tower-monopile system under unsteady wave-
current coupled forces.
Figure 3. Frequency domain analysis of tower-monopile base.
Figure 4. Tower-monopile top displacement.
Figure 5. Tower-monopile fore-aft base bending moment.
CONCLUSION
This work has demonstrated, unlike offshore wind turbines,
tidal turbine tower-monopile systems always show higher first
natural frequencies due to the shorter length. Furthermore, the
added mass correction will make natural frequencies of the
structure slightly reduced; in most cases, the water viscous
damping is very small and can be ignored. When TMD x is
implemented in the system, it has significant effects in
resonance reduction and for-aft fatigue load-reduction under
instant fluctuating impacts. However, compared with the
fluctuating impact, TMD has an insignificant effect when
modest loads are applied on the structure.
REFERENCES
[1] M.W. Wambsganss, S.S. Chen, and J.A. Jendrzejczyk,
“Added Mass and Damping of a Vibrating Rod in
Confined Viscous Fluids,” Journal of Applied Mechanics,
vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 325-329, 1976.
[2] J. V. der Temple, “ch 8. Offshore Turbines: Dynamics and
Fatigue,” in Offshore Wind Power, Multi-Science
Publishing Company, 2009.
[3] Matthew A. Lackner and Mario A. Rotea, “Passive
structural control of offshore wind turbines,” Wind Enery,
vol. 14, pp. 373-388, 2011.
[4] YILMAZ, ONUR CAN, “The Optimization of Offshore
Wind Turbine,” Master's thesis, University of
Massachusetts, Amherst, 2014.
[5] Nevalainen, T.M and Johnstone, C.M and Grant, A.D, “An
Unsteady Blade Element Momentum Theory for Tidal
Stream Turbines,” in Proceedings of the 11th European
Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, Nantes, 2015.
284
A study on performance enhancement of U-tube type
floating WEC
Byung Ha Kim#1, Hui Seong Jeong#2, Young Ho Lee*3
#
Graduate School Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Maritime & Ocean University
727 Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-Gu, Busan 606-791, South Korea
1qudgktop@gmail.com

2jhs3089@naver.com

*
Dvision of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Maritime & Ocean University,
727 Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-Gu, Busan 606-791, South Korea Korea
3lyh@kmou.ac.kr

I. KEYWORDS
Floating WEC, wave energy, U-tube

II. ABSTRACT
Experimental studies were carried out on the power-take off
(PTO) system of a novel floating wave energy converter with a
built-in cross-flow turbine. The pitching motion of the device
causes a column of water to rise and fall periodically in the
caisson which creates a bi-directional flow. The cross flow
turbine uses this bi-directional flow to rotate in one direction
only [1]. A floating WEC utilizes the motion of the surface
Fig. 2 Location of the installation site in KMOU
waves to generate electricity [2,3]. Mooring systems are
required to keep the device at the desired place and underwater
cables are required for transmission of electricity to the land. REFERENCES
The motions of a floating WEC is cyclic, and it depends on the [1] B.H Kim, J. Wata, M. A. Zullah, M. R Ahmed, Y. H. Lee., Numerical
frequency of the exciting waves. At wave frequencies and Experimental studies on the PTO system of a novel floating wave
corresponding to the natural frequency of the WEC, motions energy converter: Volume 79. Renewable energy, p11-p121, 2015.
are more pronounced, and if suitably harvested, maximum [2] Brooke J. Wave energy conversion: Volume 6. Oxford: Elsevier Science
Ltd; 2003.
power can be generated. [3] Vantorre M, Banasiak R, Verhoeven. Modelling of hydraulic
A study on performance enhancement of U-tube type WEC performance and wave energy extraction by a point absorber in heave.
with experimental data, in this research, was conducted. Fig.1 Applied Ocean Research 2004; 26(1-2): 61-72
represented an experimental model of U-tube type WEC, Wave
Ship, on the sea of KMOU. A location of the installation site
(Fig.2) is at a distance of 200m away from the onshore of
KMOU. A performance of the WEC was analysed with an
experimental data from measurement devices inside the WEC.
The 1 point mooring with buoy method was applied with the
water depth of 8m. The effect of varying wave and wind
directions on the performance of the WEC was investigated.
The maintainability of the WEC, in addition, was studied.

Fig. 1 Experimental model of the Wave ship on the sea of KMOU

285
 Design and Hydrodynamic Analysis of a Point
Absorber Wave Energy Converter
Anurag Devarapalli#1 , Joydip Bhattacharjee *2
#1
Dept. Of Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture,
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur,
Company - GOA Shipyard LTD, Goa, Pin: 403802, India
1
anurag7devarapalli@gmail.com
*2
Dept. Of Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture,
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur,
Kharagpur, Pin: 721302, West Bengal, India
2
joydip@naval.iitkgp.ernet.in

each other on each side of the frame in order to force the

I. KEYWORDS wheel to rotate only in one direction (i.e. in the anti-clockwise
Heaving Po int Absorber; Hydrodynamic Response; direction). During the upward mot ion of the frame (Part C),
Structural Modeling; Horizontal Permanent Magnet left side springs gets compressed and the teeth (Part B1 ) can
Generator; Gear Ratio. penetrate into the frame in ward, thus not interrupting the
freeanti-clockwise motion of the wheel (Part A 1 ) (see figure
II. A BST RACT 1). The reverse process occurs during the downward motion of
The ocean waves are now globally regarded as one of the the frame and hence allowing the anti-clock mot ion of the
most promising source of renewable energy to meet the wheel to further continue.
increasing energy demand, especially in the developing
nations [1]. Various technologies are being developed to
harness the vast energy potential of the waves in an efficient
manner. Po int absorbers are widely regarded as the third
generation of wave energy conversion devices that are
efficient in harnessing energy fro m the more energetic
offshore locations [2]. They are essentially small oscillat ing
bodies that can preferably be considered as source-mode
radiator, for instance a heaving semi-submerged buoy [3].
In the present study, the hydrodynamic response of a two
body heaving point absorber wave energy converter (W EC) is
presented. A novel power take off (PTO) mechanis m is
proposed for efficient power absorption. The point absorber is
modelled as a mass spring damper system. The hydrodynamic
coefficients of added mass and damping coefficients, the
velocity and acceleration of the structural mot ion are obtained
using the commercial software ANSYS A QWA. The solver of
ANSYS AQWA is based on the linear wave theory. The
details of the PTO are presented in the paper. The effect of
gear ration on the efficiency of the device is also discussed.

III. POINT A BSORBER – DESIGN OF T HE POWER T AKE OFF

The designed heaving point absorber is schematically shown
in figure 1. There are t wo cylindrical floats, one is moving
with the waves (Part A) and the other is kept fixed (Part B).
The present study considers on the heave motion of Part A
due to the incident wave. The relative motion with respect to
the fixed Part B is converted into mechanical energy through
wheel-chain belt system. The oscillatory cylinder (Part A) is
connected to a frame (Part C) inside the fixed cylinder (Part
B). The frame (Part C) contains teeth structure attached to it
through springs as shown in figure 1 and has the same heave
motion as Part A. The teeth are connected to a wheel (Part
A 1 ) that rotates with the heaving motion of Part A. It may be
noted that the orientation of the teeth structures are opposite to
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of Designed Point Absorber (front View)
The shaft of the rotating wheel (Part A 1 ) is housed with an
adjacent wheel (Part D1 ) of b igger rad ius as shown in figure 2.
Therefore Part D1 is also rotating along with Part A 1 . The
adjacent wheel (Part D1 ) is then connected to another wheel of
smaller diameter (Part E) with the help of a chain belt (Part D)
(see figure 1 and 2). This two -wheel system is adhered here to
adjust the RPM and torque in order to obtain the maximu m
efficiency of the device. The smaller d iameter wheel (Part E)
is connected to a horizontal permanent magnet generator that
converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. By
optimizing the diameter of both the wheels, the RPM and the

286
torque can be varied and thus allo wing the engine to operate
within its most efficient RPM range.
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of Designed Point Absorber (Side View)
IV. ST RUCT URALM ODELLING AND WAVE ENVIRONMENT
In the present study, the oscillating cylinder (Part A) is of
diameter 3m and length 1.5m. The hydrodynamic analysis is
performed separately in the absence of the fixed part (Part B)
using the commercial software ANSYS AQWA. The mesh
required for the analysis is shown in figure 3. The mass of the
structure is taken as 150 Kg in order to avoid any slamming
phenomenon.
Using the JONSWAP energy spectrum for significant wave
height of 1.75m and peak frequency of 0.179 Hz, the
numerical simu lation is performed for the frequencyrange of
0.155 Hz – 0.216 Hz. The frequency domain response is
converted into the time do main responses by the help of the
impulse response function obtained from ANSYS AQWA.
Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of Oscillating Part meshed in ANSYS AQWA.
V. RESULT S
The results presented here are the velocity and accelerat ion
response with respect to time to calculate the estimated power.
Figures 4, 5 and 6 show the variation of structural position,
velocity and acceleration respectively with respect to time.
The average values of the velocity and acceleration is
obtained as 1.27 m/s and 3.74 m/s 2 , respectively. However,
accounting for the energy loss due to the frict ional forces
among the wheel and the teeth, the average velocity and
acceleration are taken as 1.2 m/s, and 3.5 m/s 2 for the power
calculation. Hence, the torque and rotation per minute (RPM)
are obtained as 405 N-m and 19.09, respectively.
Fig. 4 Structure Position (m) Vs Time (s)
Fig. 5 Structure Velocity (m/s) Vs Time (s)
Fig. 6 Structure Acceleration (m/s2 ) Vs Time (s)
Assuming the radius of the adjacent wheel (Part D1 ) as 0.6 m,
the diameter of the smaller wheel connected to the generator is
chosen as 104 mm in order to obtain the desired gear ratio that
yields the torque of 35.15 N-m &appro ximately 220 RPM.
Based on this output, Horizontal Permanent Magnet Generator
of type FF-5KW/220r/DC230V (see [4] for details) is selected
that produces a power output of 4.4KW, approximately.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
The preliminary analysis shows considerably good power
output for a single device. The diameter of the ad jacent wheel
(Part D1 ) and the smaller wheel (Part E) connected to the
generator can be chosen in order to optimize the efficiency of
the device. More detailed analysis with in depth results on
various parameters will be presented in the full length
manuscript.
REFERENCES
[1] A. F. de O. Falcao, “Wave energy utilization: A review of the
technologies,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2010,
14(3), 899-918.
[2] Mehdi Nazari, Hassan Ghassemi, Mahmoud Ghiasi and Mesbah
Sayehbani., “Design of the Point Absorber Wave Energy Converter for
Assaluyeh Port”, Feb., 2013, Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment
4 (2): 130-135, 2013., ISSN 2079-2115.
[3] Li, Y., and Yu, Y.-H., “A synthesis of numerical methods for modeling
wave energy converter-point absorbers”. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 16(6), Aug., pp. 4352–4364.
[4] Xinda Green Energy Co., Limited,
http://www.xindaenergy.com/Horizontal--Permanent-magnet-
generator-for-wind-turbine-p177.html
287
 Analysis and Validation of Hydro-turbine Turbulent
Wake
Sanchit Salunkhe#,,1, Shanti Bhushan#,,2, David Thompson#,$,3
#
Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems

Department of Mechanical Engineering
$
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759
1ss2976@msstate.edu; 2bhushan@me.msstate.edu; 3dst@ae.msstate.edu

I. KEYWORDS As shown in Fig. 1, the turbine used is 3 blade Wortmann

Hydro-turbine, Wake, Computational Fluid Dynamics, FX 63-137 turbine with 6° blade pitch angle and diameter (D)
Turbulence model, Validation = 0.5m. The geometry also includes a cylindrical support
structure 0.5D downstream of the blade.
II. ABSTRACT
Renewables such as wind and solar photovoltaic (PV),
whilst providing a valuable contribution to the energy mix, are X
Z
unpredictable in the medium to long term and therefore cannot
replace conventional fossil fuelled power plants. The energy
in the tides can be accurately predicted weeks, months and
even years in advance. This predictability is the main
advantage of tidal energy [1]. Another advantage is the limited
visual impact when compared with, for example, wind
turbines. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can help in
estimating the wake of the turbines, thereby assisting in
improving hydro-turbine farm design. Previous research by
Bhushan et al [2] concluded that accurate prediction of turbine
wake characteristics are significantly affected by the
turbulence modelling. Numerous CFD simulations have been
performed to predict the power generation and wake
characteristics of wind turbines using analytic turbine models,
such as actuator disk, blade element, actuator line methods
Interface
etc., but relatively less effort has been made to predict the
wake using rotating blade simulations [3]. Fig. 2 Simulation domain and boundary conditions.
The objective of this study is to validate hydro-turbine
wake prediction using recent experimental data [4], including Simulations were performed in a domain of dimensions
study of the effect of turbulence modelling, grid resolution 20D×2.7D×1.9D along streamwise (X), spanwise Z) and
and support structure on wake. The validation focuses on transverse (Y) directions, respectively, as shown in Fig. 2.
prediction of integral quantities (thrust co-efficient and power Moving mesh was used for turbine blades. A cylinder was
co-efficient), wake recovery, velocity components in the wake used as an interface between moving mesh and stationary
and turbulent kinetic energy in the wake, including analysis of mesh, which communicate flow information between rotating
the flow physics for evolution of tip vortices and effect of and static domains..
support structure on it, flow behaviour, flow separations and Three hybrid hexahedral-tetrahedral cell grids consisting of
vortices generations near blade. Results will also be compared 3M, 5.5M and 8.8M cells were generated for the study. The
with Bhushan et al. [2] to understand the effect of Reynolds grids included hexahedral cells in the boundary layer with
number, and support structure on the wake. averaged y+~17 and tetrahedral cells elsewhere. The grids
were refined in the near wake, and in the tip vortex region.
Simulations are performed using commercial finite-volume
solver ANSYS Fluent [5] using 2nd-order implicit temporal,
and 2nd-order upwind convective scheme for URANS and
Bounded Central Difference (BCD) for DES and LES.
Predictor-corrector PISO scheme was used for pressure-
velocity coupling. Turbulence models used in the study are
SA and k- SST based URANS and DES models, and MILES
LES model [6].
(a) (b) Simulations conditions included streamwise inlet velocity
Fig. 1 (a) Schematic for turbine (from [1]), and (b) turbine blade and (U) = 0.892 m/s and turbulence intensity of 2%, following the
support structure model for CFD simulation.

288
experiments, which resulted in Re = UD/ = 2.2105 based on Analysis shows that the wave recovery behind the blade is
 of water at T = 20C. The Turbine block rotates at 21.9 rad/s, due to two annular shear layers, one outward of the blade
a cylindrical interface between the blocks is used to. diameter region, and other inwards of blade diameter region.
The CFD predicted the shear layer mixing in the inner region
significantly well, due to accurate turbulence predictions,
whereas the outer shear layer is not predicted well due to poor
turbulence predictions.
Simulations on finer grid with refinement in the high tip
vorticity region is underway, which are expected to improve
the turbulence and wake recovery predictions. The final paper
will focus on detailed validation of the wake predictions using
experimental data, including the effect of grid resolution and
turbulence modelling.
(a) (b)
Fig. 3 Vortical structures predicted for simulations (a) with support structure,
and (b) without support structure [2].

Leading Edge
(a)
y/D = - 0.25

y/D = - 0.4

Fig. 4 Flow streamlines shown at Y/D = -0.25 (towards the blade root) and
Y/D = -0.4 (towards the blade tip) planes to demonstrate the flow separation
from the leeward side of the blade trailing edge.
(b)
Results show that vortices are generated form the tip of the
blades (Fig. 3), due to flow separation from the leeward side
of the blade trailing edge (Fig. 4). The vortex rings are
destroyed due to impact with support structure, in contrast to
[2], where the vortex rings are advected far downstream.
The thrust (CT) and power (CP) coefficients were dominated
by the wall pressure distribution and compared within 6% and (c)
14% of the experimental data, respectively. Fig. 6 Mean stream wise velocity contour plots from (a) experiment, (b)LES
on 3M grid, and (c) LES on 5.5M grid are compared at Y = 0 plane.
The instantaneous flow predictions show that URANS
predicts steady flow on both 3M and 5.5M grids, DES predicts
< 10% and < 40% resolved turbulence on 3M and 5.5M grids,
respectively. LES predictions shows unsteady flow with
significant resolved turbulence structures which increases with
grid refinement (Fig. 5).
Fig. 7 Velocity profiles for experiment, URANS on 5.5M grid and LES on
3M and 5.5M grids are compared.

(a) (b)
Fig. 5 Instantaneous stream wise velocity contour at Z = 0 plane obtained
from (a) URANS, and (b)LES on 5.5M grid.
The experimental data in Fig. 6 shows that the wake deficit
decreases downstream, and the peak deficit is behind the
blades at X/D=1, and moves towards center downstream. The
CFD predictions overall capture the wake deficit and recovery
pattern. However, the recovery of is much slower compared to
the experiment. The wake profiles (Fig. 7) demonstrate that
the wake predictions very near to the blade, X/D  2 compare
very well with the data, but the recovery behind the blade tips
is much slower than the experiment. However, note that the
recovery towards the centre agrees relatively well with the
data. The wake recovery is predicted somewhat better in LES
compared to URANS, and on 5.5M grid than the 3M grid.
REFERENCES
[1] Morris CE, Mason-Jones A, O'Doherty DM, Tatum SC, O'Doherty T,
Thompson DS, Evaluation of the swirl characteristics of a tidal stream
turbine wake, EWTEC 2013 - 10th European Wave and Tidal Energy
Conference , (2013).
[2] Bhushan, S., Wang, X., Walters, K and Thompson, D. (2016).
“Prediction of Hydro-Kinetic Turbine Wake Characteristics using
Advanced Turbulence Models,” In preparation.
[3] Li, Yuwei, Kwang-Jun Paik, Tao Xing, and Pablo M. Carrica.
"Dynamic overset CFD simulations of wind turbine aerodynamics."
Renewable Energy 37, no. 1 (2012): 285-298.
[4] S. C. Tedds, I. Owen, and R. J. Poole, “Near-wake characteristics of a
model horizontal axis tidal stream turbine”, Renewable Energy, vol. 63,
pp. 222-235, 2014.
[5] FLUENT 6.3, User Guide FLUENT 6.3. Lebanon, NH: FLUENT Inc.
[6] Adedoyin, AA, Walters, DK. and Bhushan, S. Evaluation of turbulence
model and numerical scheme combinations for practical Finite-volume
Large Eddy Simulations, in press Engineering Applications of
Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2015.

289
 Numerical Analysis on the Stream Directional
Positioning of a Counter-Rotating Tidal Current
Turbine within a Duct
In Cheol Kim#1, Hong Goo Kang#2 Byung Jun Kim#3, Young Ho Lee*4
#
Graduate School Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Maritime & Ocean University
727 Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-Gu, Busan 606-791, South Korea
1
kic3645@daum.net
2
hgkang@kmou.ac.kr
3
kbj1@kmou.ac.kr
*
Dvision of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Maritime & Ocean University,
727 Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-Gu, Busan 606-791, South Korea Korea
4
lyh@kmou.ac.kr

I. KEYWORDS
Counter-rotating, Current turbine, Duct, CFD

II. ABSTRACT
The increasing demands on the production of energy in
order to sustain vital activities and services that encourage
economic growth. For this issue, renewable energy, which is
alternative energy source and environmentally friendly, is on
the progress of major research and development and is one of
the most attractive solutions to accomplish the sustainable
development [5].
In a previous study by Lee et al, a blade for a dual counter-
rotating turbine was designed by Blade Element Momentum
Theory (BEMT) as shown in Fig. 1 and analysed by CFD. The
test of the blade design was processed as a small scale model
in a water tank [6]. In addition, Jo et al [2] used a duct in order
to increase the water velocity within the structure, and
concluded a nozzle and diffuser type design is the most
effective in doing so. The investigation of the turbine within 3
different duct geometries was conducted to improve the duct
design [3]. However, when the turbine was installed within
the duct, the water velocity through the turbine was
significantly decreased since the turbine played a role of an
obstacle inside the duct. Therefore, the numerical analysis by
CFD on the positioning of the turbine within the duct, which
is shown in Fig. 2, was progressed in order to improve the
performance of the turbine.
Fig. 2 Duct for counter-rotating tidal current turbine
REFERENCES
[1] B. G. Newman, “Multiple actuator-disc theory for wind turbine”,
Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol. 24, pp.
215-225, 1986.
[2] C. H. Jo, K. H. Lee, M. J. Kim, and C. H. Goo, “Comparison of flow
pattern around various ducts implemented for horizontal axis tidal
turbine”, Proceeding of the KSOE fall Conference, pp. 471-474, 2014.
[3] I. C. Kim, N. J. Lee, B. S. Hyun, and Y. H. Lee, “CFD Analysis of a
Counter-Rotating Tidal Current Turbine at Various Rotational Speeds
within a Duct,” Proceeding of the AICFM13, 2015.
[4] K. W. Ng, W. H. Lam, K. C. Ng, “2002–2012: 10 Years of Research
Progress in Horizontal-Axis Marine Current Turbines”, Vol.6, pp.
1497-1526, 2013.
[5] L. Chen, “A review of survivability and remedial actions of tidal
current turbines,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 43,
pp. 891-900, 2015.
[6] N.J. Lee, I.C. Kim, C.G. Kim, B.S. Hyun, and Y.H. Lee, “Performance
study on a counter-rotating tidal current turbine by CFD and model
experimentation,” Renewable Energy, Vol. 79, pp. 122-126, 2015.
[7] R. Pelc, R. M. Fujita, “Renewable energy from the ocean”, Marine
Policy, Vol. 26, pp. 471-479, 2002.

Fig. 1 Blade angles and chord lengths of the blade, 3D model of the blade
and the 3D model of the dual rotor turbine

290
Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking algorithm for tidal turbine generator

Wen MingXing1,*, Ren Ye1, S. Mahesh1, N. Srikanth1

1. Energy Research Institute @ NTU

*. WENM0002@e.ntu.edu.sg

Abstract

Tidal energy is a clean and environment-friendly energy source. It has many

advantages such as sustainability, low initial cost, abundant and highly predictable
due to its regular pattern. The working principle of tidal energy conversion system
(TECS) is to use the potential and kinematic energy of the ocean waves caused by the
celestial gravitation to drive the turbine that is coupled with a generator to produce
electricity.

However, due to the physical structure of the generator, the power output is closely
correlated with water speed, direction, load amount, etc., which shows highly
non-linear characteristics. In order to extract the maximum potential of tidal power in
terms of electricity, the maximum power point needs to be monitored and tracked in
real time.

In the literature there are several maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms
reported but most of them are related to solar photovoltaic based system and few of
them are related to wind turbine generator related system. Although tidal turbine and
wind turbine share some similarities, the torque, rotation speed and speed pattern are
not the same, which result a dissimilarity of MPPT application to tidal turbine from
wind turbine.

In this paper, we will review state-of-the-art MPPT algorithms such as optimal tip
speed ratio method, power feedback method, and climbing method. In view of the
methods, we summarize the principles, advantages and limitations in the paper. Based
on the reviewed methods, an advanced climbing method specifically optimized for
tidal turbine generator is proposed and the performance is compared with other
methods.

291
 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON
IMPROVED FORCE CONVERSION BY
USING NON-BUOYANT BODY IN POINT
ABSORBER TYPE OCEAN WAVE
ENERGY CONVERTER
A. Amarkarthik #1, N. Srikanth *2 , K.Sivakumar #3, D.Selvamuthukumaran#4

#
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bannari Amman Institute of Technology (BIT)
Sathyamangalam 638401, Tamil Nadu, India
1
amarkarthik@bitsathy.ac.in
3
hodmech@bitsathy.ac.in
4
selvamuthukumarand@bitsathy.ac.in

*
Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERIAN)
No. 1 Cleantech Loop, #06-04, Cleantech One
Singapore 637141
2
NSRIKANTH@ntu.edu.sg

Abstract:
A novel method of improving hydrodynamic efficiency by using a cylindrical non-
buoyant body instead of floating body in point absorber type wave energy conversion is
studied. The proposed novel method has the potential to significantly improve the energy
conversion rate and reliability when compared to other recently proposed devices. To
illustrate the improved performance and reliability of the proposed device, a simple two
degree of freedom system was constructed and experimented at a wave tank. Heave response
of the non-buoyant body was measured by placing an accelerometer for various wave and
device parameters. The instantaneous excited force on non-buoyant body was obtained by
calculating net angular momentum from measured instantaneous heave acceleration and
system mass. The resulting force conversion shows that the force excited on the body is
significantly higher than the force excited by the wave. It was proved from the experiment
that this improved force conversion is the result of novel working principle of the device. It is
also objective to show that the device use no complicated mechanisms like latching control,
damping control, change of float forms or moving parts like flaps to improve the heave
response.
Keywords:

Ocean Wave Energy Conversion, Point Absorbing Devices, Mechanical Power take-off, Non-buoyant body
typed, Front end interface

292