Aerodynamic analysis

and design practice

Name: Adil Latif

Student id: 2015430116
 Contents
I. preface

II. Research methods

III. Research results (or example analysis)

IV. Research conclusion

Experience

Thank you

Reference
 Aerodynamic design practice report
Date: September 20, 2018

This paper mainly uses local optimization, gradient optimization, control variables
and so on, based on full speed. Based on the potential equation solver WBC Aero,
the full length of the wing, the half-length of the inner wing and the ratio of shoot to
root are obtained. Several parameters such as chord length and leading edge sweep
angle have been optimized for many times. At the same time Python further
encapsulates WBC Aero, enabling it to automatically record and update data. It is
found that the full length of the wing is positively correlated with the lift drag ratio,
and the half span length and the lift drag ratio of the inner wing are negative. There
is a negative correlation between the clearance and root and the lift drag ratio, and
the chord length of the wing root is negatively correlated with the lift drag ratio, and
the leading edge is negatively correlated. There is a positive correlation between
sweep angle and lift drag ratio.

Key words: gradient optimization, control variables, correlation analysis, full

velocity potential equation

I. preface

Efficient aerodynamic analysis and design methods are playing an increasingly

important role in improving the aerodynamic and comprehensive performance of
large civil aircraft. The role Studies have shown that the resistance of large civil
aircraft is reduced by 1 count, and the carrying capacity will increase by 7.56%; the
landing maximum lift system. An increase of 1% means an increase of 22
passengers. Therefore, the continuous optimization of aerodynamic shape has
important economic significance.

The model analyzed in this paper is the civil aircraft standard model NASA Common
Research Model (CRM). In the guarantee machine On the basis of unchanged wing
area, other shape parameters are analyzed and optimized to enhance lift-drag ratio
and drag of aircraft. Divergent Mach number and other aerodynamic performance.

II. Research methods

The aerodynamic performance and various aerodynamic data of the aircraft are
derived from a large civil flight using a full-speed potential equation solver. Machine
rapid design analysis program WBC Aero. The solver can be solved including wing
body assembly, engine pod and horizontal tail. Four vertical tails.

In the process of optimization design, control variable method and gradient method
are adopted. Set the airfoil exposed area as a constant value. 167.22 M2 unchanged,
adjust wing span, internal wing half-span (distance from wing kink to symmetrical
plane), root slight ratio, and wing the five parameters of root section chord length
and leading edge sweep angle. For simplicity, we assume that five variables are
linearly independent. So we can observe the change of a specific parameter to get
the change of lift-drag ratio with that parameter. The trend of industrialization. Then
the preliminary optimization results are gathered and the preliminary results are put
into WBC Aero solution. The dispersion tuning parameters are solved iteratively.

Manual adjustment is too troublesome, so Python1 is used for data batch processing
to get the final result. First, determine the reasonable range of five parameters.

Table 2.1 prediction range of model parameters

Wing full length 59-61m

Inner wing half length 10-11m
Wing exposed area 167.22m²
Shoot root ratio 0.23-0.33
Wing root chord length 11.59-12.09
Leading edge sweep angle 37-38°
In this range, 100 values are selected for the step size respectively, and the results are as follows.

Fig. 2.1 variation of lift drag ratio with elongation Fig. 2.2 variation of lift drag ratio with half-length of inner wing section

Fig. 2.3 the ratio of lift to drag ratio varies with shoot root ratio. Fig. 2.4 the variation of lift drag ratio with the chord length of
the wing root.

Fig. 2.5 variation of lift drag ratio with leading edge sweep angle
Since the program automatically cleans up the data after reading the CLD every time
WBCAero.exe is executed, if any The value of the divergence point will be
automatically set to 0 and will not read the last data. So there will be a steep fall.

III. Research results (or example analysis)

According to the requirements, set the cruise altitude of the aircraft to 11000m, and
get the atmospheric parameters: set DEN (density) to be respectively 0.364802kg/m
2, PRE (pressure) are 22700Pa and SSP (local sound velocity) are 295.1540m/s and
COV (sticky). Sex coefficient) is 0.00001422.

1. Based on the CRM example, the detailed parameters are shown in Table 1:

Table 3.1 Benchmark model parameters

Wing full length 58.765m

Inner wing half length 10.568m
Wing exposed area 167.22m²
Shoot root ratio 0.23039
Wing root chord length 11.86580
Leading edge sweep angle 37.20°

2. Single point calculation for the original model, Ma = 0.85, CL = 0.515, Re =

5000000,
Calculation results are shown in table 2:

Table 3.2 CRM Calculation results of force coefficient of wing body combination
with pod and flat tail configuration (before optimization)
3. The aerodynamic performance of the model is optimized by adjusting the
parameters according to the above research methods. The optimized results are
shown in Table 3.

Table 3.3 Optimized model parameters

Wing full length 60.04m

Inner wing half length 10.38m
Wing exposed area 167.22m²
Shoot root ratio 0.23
Wing root chord length 11.61m
Leading edge sweep angle 37.90°

4. a single point calculation is made for the optimized model. Ma = 0.85, CL = 0.515
(definite lift).
Re = 5000000 and the results are shown in Table 4:

Table 3.4 CRM Calculation results of force coefficient of wing body combination
with pod and flat tail configuration (after optimization)
5. The aerodynamic characteristic parameters before and after optimization are
shown in Fig.

Figure 3.1 CRM The distribution curve of lift coefficient along the wing Figure 3.2 CRM Distribution of lift along the wing
Figure 3.3 CRM Wing thickness Figure 3.4 Torsional distribution
curve of wing distribution curve
Figure 3.3 CRM Surface pressure distribution map of wing body combination with
pod and flat tail configuration
Wing profile pressure distribution curve:

Figure 3.6 Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8 Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10 Figure 3.11

6. Multi point calculation before and after optimization.

6.1. Ma=0.85, Re=5000000, AoA=-3 degree ~5 degree (fixed angle of attack)

The aerodynamic parameters before and after optimization are obtained.

The picture is as follows:

Figure 3.12 CRM Lift drag curve of wing Figure 3.13 CRM Lift drags of wing body combination

Body Combination with flat tail configuration with flat tail configuration Specific characteristic curve

Figure 3.14CRM Lift characteristic curve of wing body Figure 3.15CRM Wing body configuration with horizontal
tail configuration Combination with horizontal tail configuration Moment characteristic curve
6.2.Ma=0.2-0.9, Re=5000000, CL = 0.515, (fixed lift coefficient) obtained the
aerodynamic parameters before and after optimization.

Picture:

Figure 3.16 CRM Variation of drag coefficient with Mach number

After being optimized, the Mach number of resistance divergence reaches 0.86Ma.

IV research conclusions

Based on the assumption that the five parameters are linearly independent, it is found
that the total wing length is positively correlated with the lift-drag ratio. The half-
span of the inner wing is negatively correlated with the lift-drag ratio, the slight root
ratio is negatively correlated with the lift-drag ratio, and the chord length of the wing-
root section is negatively correlated with the lift-drag ratio. There is a positive
correlation between clearance and leading edge sweep angle and lift drag ratio.
Compared with the initial data of CRM, the characteristics of the optimized lift drag
ratio and the resistance divergence Mach number have improved. Optimized The
parameters have higher lift-drag ratio at cruise Mach number (0.85 Ma) and therefore
have higher economic benefits. And resistance hair when the scattered Mach number
increases to 0.86, it can fly at higher cruising speed.

Experience

First of all, I would like to thanks all the teachers who teach us this lab, they are so kind and I really
appreciate their great effort, I hope that students learn great thing from it. In fact, I learned a lot
from it. Now I can understand the direction of aerodynamic analysis, and I probably get a glimpse
of the whole lecture. I practiced the format of writing papers (though there are still many loopholes
in this paper). Then I wrote several auxiliary scripts to help run.

The next procedure

In fact, the program has some bug, which can be seen from many bad points in figure 2.1-5.
Somehow it will diverge. And it also diverges when calculating the low Mach number. I'm still not
satisfied with my own optimization results. There's a flicker problem when setting the parameters.
I'm considering that the five parameters are set reasonably, but they still flicker back, but have no
choice but to retreat to the second place and set the parameters close to the initial value. There is
no big change, unfortunately. But the correlation between the five parameters and the lift drag ratio
has already been obtained. It is necessary to find the high lift drag ratio. Parameters are not difficult.

Acknowledge

Thanks the three teachers for their wonderful lectures in class, and also thanks Xu Xue Chang for
his demonstration. Thanks Mr. Deng for being in WeChat group. He really answered our questions
that we asked on WeChat.

Reference

Appendix 1
Python source code
import re,os

def testNums(l): # Input an array containing five parameters and calculate the return / drag
ratio.
in_lines = lines.copy()
l=(' ').join([str(j) for j in l])+'\n'
in_lines[17]=l with
open(('Input_Datas\input.in'),'w') as f:

f.writelines(in_lines)
os.system("WBCAero.exe&&cd ..") if
os.path.exists('Output_Datas\WBCAero.out'):
with open('Output_Datas\WBCAero.out','r') as f:
out_lines = f.readlines()
return re.findall(reg,out_lines[2].strip())[3]

with open('./input.in','r') as f:# readinput.in

lines = f.readlines()

reg=r'[ ]*([^ ]+)'

origin_nums = re.findall(reg,lines[17].strip())
origin_nums = [float(i) for i in origin_nums]# Save initial parameter values
nums=[]
# Construct test parameters, step size is 100 for i in range(100):
nums.append([59+2*i/100]+origin_nums[1:]) for i in range(100):
nums.append(origin_nums[0:1]+[10+i/100.0]+origin_nums[2:]) for i in
range(100):
nums.append(origin_nums[0:3]+[0.24+0.09*i/100.0]+origin_nums[4:])
for i in range(100):
nums.append(origin_nums[0:4]+[11.59+0.5*i/100.0]+origin_nums[5:])
for i in range(100): nums.append(origin_nums[0:5]+[37+i/100.0]) for
num in nums:
#Clean up the last data os.system("cd Output_Datas &&del *.dat *.out *.total
&&cd ..\WBCAero_code&&del
*dat *.ps *.out CRM* *.plt&&cd ..")
LTD=testNums(num)
#Output lift to drag ratioans.txt if
LTD:
line = (' ').join([str(i) for i in num])+" "+LTD+'\n' else: line = (' ').join([str(i) for i in num])+" No
answer!!"+'\n' with open('ans.txt','a+') as f: f.write(line) appendix 2 Record the ratio of lift
to drag ratio changing with five parameters.Ans.xlsx See the appendix.