1.uniform Bending

Introduction
• Whenever deforming force is applied on the body, a

restoring force develops in it.
• Resorting force per unit area is called a stress
• If ‘F’ is the applied force and ‘A’ is the area of cross section
of the body
Force (N)
Stress (N/m2) s=F
A Area (m2)
1
Faculty of Engineering & Technology ©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Stress
• Types of stress
• Longitudinal stress
• Tensile stress
• Compressive stress
• Tangential or shearing stress
• Hydraulic stress nor volume stress or bulk stress
2
Longitudinal stress
• When the body is stretched the

resorting force per unit area stress
is called Tensile stress
• Tensile Stress = Force/ Area
• When the body is compressed the
resorting force per unit area stress
is called Compressive stress
• Compressive Stress = Force/Area
3
Strain
• Strain is the measure of effect of stress on the body

• Strain is the ratio of the change in dimension to the
original dimension of the body when deforming force is
applied
• Strain has no units and dimensions
• Types of Strain
• Longitudinal Strain
• Shear Strain
• Volume strain
4
Longitudinal Strain
• Longitudinal strain is defined as the ratio of change in

length to the original length of the body
• If the change in length is L and the original length ‘L’ of

the body
∆L
• Longitudinal strain =
L
5
Young’s Modulus
• Ratio of tensile (compressive) stress (σ) to the

longitudinal strain () is called young’s modulus
σ
Y=
ε
F
Y= A
∆L
L
FL
Y=
A∆L
6
Theory of the Experiment
• A beam is a rod or bar of uniform cross–section (circular

or rectangular) whose length is very much greater than its
thickness as shown in Figure
B
A
M
N
D
C
• A beam is considered to be made up of a large number of
thin plane layers called surfaces placed one above the
other
7
• Consider a beam to be bent

into an arc of a circle by the
application of an external
couple as shown Figure
• Taking the longitudinal
section ABCD of the bent
beam ,the layers in the upper
half are elongated while
those in the lower half are
compressed
8
• In the middle there is a layer (MN) which is not elongated

or compressed due to bending of the beam.
• This layer is called the ‘neutral surface’ and the line (MN)
at which the neutral layer intersects the plane of bending
is called the ‘neutral axis’.
• It is obvious that the length of the filament increases or
decreases in proportion to its distance away from the
neutral axis MN.
9
• The layers below MN are compressed and those above MN

are elongated and there will be such pairs of layers one
above MN and one below MN experiencing same forces of
elongation and compression due to bending and each pair
forms a couple.
• The resultant of the moments of all these internal couples
are called the internal bending moment and in the
equilibrium condition, this is equal to the external bending
moment.
10
11
Theory of the Experiment Contd..
• Uniform Vs non uniform bending:

• Radius of curvature is the same at all points on the beam
for uniform bending
• For non uniform bending it is not same
12
𝐸𝐼𝑔
• Bending Moment =
𝑅
𝑏𝑑 2
𝐼𝑔 = 𝑎𝑘 2 =
12
• Ig is the geometric moment of inertia
• k is the radius of gyration
• a is the area of cross section
13
• Beam is loaded uniformly on its both ends, the bent beam

forms an arc of a circle. An elevation in the beam is
produced called uniform bending.
14
𝐸𝐼𝑔
• Bending Moment =
𝑅
𝑏𝑑 2
𝐼𝑔 = 𝑎𝑘 2 =
12
• Ig is the geometric moment of inertia
• k is the radius of gyration
• a is the area of cross section
15
2
3Mgxl
Y=
2bd3h
• Y is the Young’s modulus of the material of the beam
(N/m2 )
• g is the acceleration due to gravity (m/sec2)
• l is the distance between the knife-edges (m)
• x is the distance between the knife-edge and the point of
suspension of the nearest scale pan (m)
• b is the breadth (m)
• d is the thickness (m)
• h is the elevation (m) for a load M (Kg)
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1.uniform Bending

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1.uniform Bending

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Introduction

• Whenever deforming force is applied on the body, a

• Tangential or shearing stress

• Hydraulic stress nor volume stress or bulk stress

• When the body is stretched the

• Strain is the measure of effect of stress on the body

• Longitudinal strain is defined as the ratio of change in

• If the change in length is L and the original length ‘L’ of

• Ratio of tensile (compressive) stress (σ) to the

• A beam is a rod or bar of uniform cross–section (circular

• Consider a beam to be bent

• In the middle there is a layer (MN) which is not elongated

• The layers below MN are compressed and those above MN

• Uniform Vs non uniform bending:

• Beam is loaded uniformly on its both ends, the bent beam

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