1.

PURPOSE OF THE REPORT IS TO

 PRESENT AND EXPLAIN:
 OBJECTIVES
 METHODS
 FINDINGS

2. INTRODUCTION OF THE PAPER: ORDERING INFORMATION

1. General statements about the field of research to provide readers with a setting for
the problem to be reported
2. More specific statements about the aspects of the problem already studied by other
researchers.
3. Statements that indicate the need for more investigation.
4. Very specific statements giving purpose/objectives of the study.
5. Optional statements that give a value or justification for carrying out the study.

3. INTRODUCTION OF THE PAPER: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1. Give the reader background information to understand your study.

2. Assures your readers you are familiar with researches done in your field
3. Establishes your study as one link in a chain of research that is developing and
enlarging.

4. INTRODUCTION OF THE PAPER: ORDERING THE REVIEW OF

LITERATURE

 Citations group by approach.

 Distant to close (time)
 Chronologically
5. INTRODUCTION OF THE PAPER: FINAL PART

1. Mention an area that is not treated in the previous literature, but ti is

important from the point of view of your research.
2. Announce the purpose of your research
3. Indicates possible benefits or applications of your work.

6. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

• Describes the steps followed in conducting the study and the materials used at each
step.
• Overview of the experiment (design)
• Population/sample
• Location
 • Restrictions/limited conditions
• Sampling techniques
• Procedures* (chronologically)
• Materials*
• Variables
• Statistical treatment
• * Always included

7. MATERIALS

• Laboratory equipment
• Field equipment
• Human or animal subjects
• Natural substances
• Fabricated materials
• Surveys, questionnaires and tests
• Computer models
• Mathematical models

8. RESULTS

• Three basic elements of information:

– A statement that locates the figures/tables of results.
– Statements that present the most important findings.
– Statements that comment on the results.

9. DISCUSSION

1. A reference to the main purpose or hypothesis of the study.

2. A review of the most important findings.
3. Explanations or speculations, whether or not they support the original hypothesis,
and whether they agree with the findings of other researchers.
4. Limitations of the study that restrict the extent to which the findings can be
generalized
5. Implications of the study (generalizations from the results).
6. Recommendations for future research and practical applications.
7. (ordered from specific to general)

10. ABSTRACT

• Background (present tense)

• Purpose (past tense/present perfect)
• Method (past tense)
• Results (past tense)
• Conclusion (present tense, tentative verbs or modals