Advanced Infrastructure

Materials

Qiao Dong
School of Transportation
9/23/2018
4 Aggregate Properties
• Shape, size, surface texture
• Density-volume characteristics*
• Mechanical: crushing, abrasion, polishing, toughness*
• Soundness & durability*
• Deleterious Materials*
• Gradation*
• Alkali-aggregate reactivity
• Affinity for asphalt
4.3 Mechanical Properties
• Crushing
• Impact
• Abrasive
• Polishing
• Soundness
4.3 Mechanical Properties
• Aggregate Crushing Value
• Subjected to a compressive load of 40 T, and the per cent fines
generated are determined
• A value of 10 signifies a strong aggregate and values of above 35
signify a weak aggregate.
400kN, 10min

粗集料13.2~16mm
（1767cm3）
4.3 Mechanical Properties
• Aggregate Impact Value
• compacted by 25 strokes of the tamping rod
• 380mm above the upper surface of the aggregates, 15 blows
• Weight % retained on 2.36mm sieve
4.3 Mechanical Properties
• Los Angeles Abrasion
• The drum is rotated, typically for 500 revolutions.
• Highway surface course ≤28
Weight < 2.36mm
• Highway other courses ≤ 30 ×100%
Weight
• Other roads ≤ 35.
4.3 Mechanical Properties
• Polished stone value (PSV)
• Surface course
4.3 Mechanical Properties
• Soundness
• The soundness test (ASTM C88) simulates weathering by soaking the
aggregates in either a sodium sulfate or a magnesium sulfate solution.
These sulfates cause crystals to grow in the aggregates, simulating the
effect of freezing.

US
• 5 cycles of 16h soaking in the sulfate
• Weighted average percentage loss

China
• 20h soaking and 4h@ 105℃ for first time
• 4 h soaking and dry for the rest 4 times
4.3 Mechanical Properties
• Shrinkage
• Excessive cracking
• Large deflection
• Some spalling (chipping or crumbling)
• ≤ 0.08

fine grained sandstones,

Large Shrinkage = slate, basalt, trap rock,
clay-containing

Low Shrinkage = quartz, limestone,

granite, feldspar
4.4 Cleanness and Deleterious Materials
• Deleterious Materials
• Contaminated by clay, shale, organic matter and other deleterious
materials, such as zcoal.
• In asphalt concrete, deleterious substances are clay lumps, soft or
friable particles, and coatings.
• Sand equivalency
85 ml minus #4 fine
aggregate plus
flocculating Shake
agent

hsand
SE = 100
hclay

Solution

Clay

hclay
Sand hsand
4.4 Cleanness and Deleterious Materials
• Alkali–silica reaction
• Highly alkaline cement paste and the reactive non-crystalline
(amorphous) silica in aggregates, given sufficient moisture
• Formation of a soluble and viscous gel of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3 · n
H2O, also noted Na2H2SiO4 · n H2O, or N-S-H, which swells and
increases in volume when absorbing water.
4.4 Cleanness and Deleterious Materials
• Affinity for Asphalt
• Hydrophilic (water-loving) aggregates, such as silicates, have a greater
affinity for water than for asphalt. They are usually acidic in nature and
have a negative surface charge.
• Conversely, hydrophobic (water repelling) aggregates have a greater
affinity for asphalt than for water. These aggregates, such as limestone,
are basic in nature and have a positive surface charge.

High surface energy Low surface energy

polar nonpolar
4.5 Gradation
• Maximum size: smallest 100% pass
• Nominal maximum size: largest sieve that retains 10% or more
• Sieve analysis: obtain gradation
• Particle size: coarse, fine and filler
• Fineness modulus: coarse, middle and fine sand
JTG E42-2005
Type ASTM
Asphalt mixture Cement concrete
Coarse 2.36mm 4.75mm 4.75mm
Fine
Filler 0.075mm N/A 0.075mm
4.5 Gradation
• Sieve analysis
4.5 Gradation
• Sieve analysis
Amount % retained % Cumulative retained % Passing
retained ai b=a/total ci=bi+bi-1 di=100-ci
13.2 0 0 0 100

9.5 200 10 10 90

4.75 1000 50 60 40

2.36 600 30 90 10

1.18 0 0 90 10

0.6 200 10 100 0

0.3 0 0 100 0
4.5 Gradation
• Fineness modulus
• An empirical figure obtained by adding the total percentage of the
sample of an aggregate retained on each of a specified series of sieves,
and dividing the sum by 100.
• Natural sand for PCC Amount
retained ai
13.2 0

9.5 200
• Natural sand for HMA
4.75 1000

2.36 600

1.18 0

0.6 200

0.3 0
4.5 Gradation
• Dense: near 0.45 power curve, exactly on the 0.45 power curve
would result in low VMA.
• One-sized: good permeability, but poor stability, chip seals
• Gap: missing one or more sizes, a near horizontal section
• Open: missing small sizes, highly permeable
Percent passing

Dense
Open
Gap

One-sized

0
Size
4.5 Gradation
4.5 Gradation
4.5 Gradation
4.5 Gradation
5 Gradation Design
• Dense vs Open
5 Gradation Design
• Usually, a mix of 4 aggregates
5 Gradation Design
• Objective gradation

TABLE 5 . 6 Aggregate Grading Requirements for Superpave Hot Mix Asphalt (AASHTO MP-2)

Nominal Maximum Size (mm)

Sieve Size, mm (in.) 37.5 25 19 12.5 9.5 4.75

50 (2 in.) 100 — — — — —
37.5 (1 1/2 in.) 90–100 100 — — — —
25 (1 in.) 90 max 90–100 100 — — —
19 (3/4 in.) — 90 max 90–100 100 — —
12.5 (1/2 in.) — — 90 max 90–100 100 100
9.5 (3/8 in.) — — — 90 max 90–100 95–100
4.75 (No. 4) — — — — 90 max 90–100
2.36 (No. 8) 15–41 19–45 23–49 28–58 32–67 —
1.18 (No. 16) — — — — — 30–60
0.075 (No. 200) 0.0–6.0 1.0–7.0 2.0–8.0 2.0–10.0 2.0–10.0 6.0–12.0
5 Gradation Design
• Gradation: cement/binder content, mechanical, durability …
• Ideal gradation?
• How to design?
• j aggregates, sieve i retained pij, objective is Pi, percent is xj,
• Trails
• Optimization
Pi = ∑p ij × x j , P0 = 100, ∑ x j = 1
5 Gradation Design

Sieve size (mm) 16 13.2 9.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075
Range 100 95~100 70~88 48~68 36~53 24~41 18~30 12~22 8~16 4~8
Average 100 98 79 57 45 33 24 17 12 6

筛孔 通过百分率％
mm
4#仓 3#仓 2#仓 1#仓 矿粉 合成 下限 上限
26.5 83.5 100 100 100 100 95.4 95 100
19 30.4 100 100 100 100 80.5 75 90
16 15.1 99.3 100 100 100 76.0 62 80
13.2 1.6 70 100 100 100 62.5 53 73
9.5 0 53.3 100 100 100 56.6 43 63
4.75 0 15 80 100 100 43.0 32 52
2.36 0 0 30 98.3 100 35.0 25 42
1.18 0 0 5 60 100 23.1 18 32
0.6 0 0 0 40 100 17.2 13 25
0.3 0 0 0 15 98.6 10.1 8 18
0.15 0 0 0 10 93.3 8.4 5 13
0.075 0 0 0 0.1 81.9 4.9 3 7
5 Gradation Design

Sieve size (mm) 16 13.2 9.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075
Range 100 95~100 70~88 48~68 36~53 24~41 18~30 12~22 8~16 4~8
Average 100 98 79 57 45 33 24 17 12 6

100

90

80

70
通过百分率(%)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0.075
0 0.15 0.320 0.6 1.18 402.36 4.75
60 9.580 13.2
100
5 Gradation Design
• 相叠等分纵距；相接重线连分；相离等分平距。
100
X（A）
Passing percent（%）

D C B A
Y（B）

Z（C）

W（D）
0
0.15 0.3 0.6 1.18 2.36 4.75 9.5 13.2
0.075
Sieve size（mm）

Overlap half y, Apart half x,

5 Gradation Design
• It might be reasonable to believe that the best gradation is one that
produces the maximum density. This would involve a particle arrangement
where smaller particles are packed between the larger particles, which
reduces the void space between particles. This creates more particle-to-
particle contact, which in HMA would increase stability and reduce water
infiltration. In PCC, this reduced void space reduces the amount of cement
paste required. However, some minimum amount of void space is
necessary to:

• Provide adequate volume for the binder (asphalt binder or portland

cement) to occupy.
• Promote rapid drainage and resistance to frost action for base and
subbase courses.
5 Gradation Design
• Maximum Density Gradation: The density is a function of the size
distribution. In 1907, Fuller established the relationship for determining the
distribution of aggregates that provides the maximum density
• In the 1960s, the Federal Highway Administration recommended a value of
0.45 for n and introduced the "0.45 power" gradation chart.

di n
Pi(%) =100 Sieve size

1 1/2 in.
200
100
50
30

No. 16

3/8 in.

1/2 in.

3/4 in.
D

No. 8

No. 4

1 in.

2 in.
No.
No.
No.
No.
Pi: percentage passing a sieve of size di
di: the sieve size in question Percent passing

D: maximum size of the aggregate

n: 0.5 recommended by Fuller, 0.45 by SHRP

9.5
2.36

4.75

12.5

19.0

25.0

37.5

50.0
0.075
0.150
0.300
0.600

1.180
5 Gradation Design
• Cumulative Weibull distribution function:

x is the aggregate size in mm, k and

λ are shape and scale parameters,
respectively

• Fractal analysis:
• Particle intervention:
• Bailey:
Requirements
1) Resistance to crushing . Hardness Resistance Surface Crushed
Rock Type Toughness Stripping Texture Shape
2) Resistance to abrasion.
Igneous
3) Resistance to impact. Granite Fair Fair Fair Fair
Syenite Good Fair Fair Fair
4) Good shape.
Diorite Good Fair Fair Good
5) Water absorption. Basalt (trap rock) Good Good Good Good
Diabase (trap rock) Good Good Good Good
6) Resistance to weathering.
Gabbro (trap rock) Good Good Good Good
7) Good adhesion. Sedimentary
Limestone Poor Good Good Fair
8) Surface texture.
Sandstone Fair Good Good Good
9) Porosity. Chert Good Fair Poor Good
Shale Poor Poor Fair Fair
10) Surface chemistry.
Metamorphic
Gneiss Fair Fair Good Good
Desirable Properties of Rocks for Schist Fair Fair Good Fair
HMA (from Cordon, 1979 as Slate Good Fair Fair Fair
referenced in Roberts et al., 1996) Quartzite Good Fair Good Good
Marble Poor Good Fair Fair
Serpentine Good Fair Fair Fair
Requirements
1) Resistance to crushing.
Property Portland Asphalt Base
2) Resistance to abrasion. Cement
Concrete
Concrete

3) Resistance to impact. PHYSICAL

Particle shape (angularity) M V V
4) Good shape. Particle shape (flakiness, elongation) M M M
Particle size—maximum M M M
5) Water absorption. Particle size—distribution M M M
Particle surface texture M V V
6) Resistance to weather. Pore structure, porosity
Specific gravity, absorption
V
V
M
M
U
M

7) Good adhesion. Soundness—weatherability

Unit weight, voids—loose, compacted
V
V
M
M
M
M
Volumetric stability—thermal M U U
8) Surface texture. Volumetric stability—wet/dry M U M
Volumetric stability—freeze/thaw V M M
9) Porosity. Integrity during heating U M U
Deleterious constituents V M M
10) Surface chemistry. CHEMICAL
Solubility M U U
Surface charge U V U
Asphalt affinity U V M
Reactivity to chemicals V U U
Volume stability—chemical V M M
Coatings M M U
MECHANICAL
Compressive strength M U U
Toughness (impact resistance) M M U
Abrasion resistance M M M
Character of products of abrasion M M U
Mass stability (stiffness, resilience) U V V
Polishability M M U
Requirements
• No gravel or slag on highway and Class I Road。
• Gravel can only be used in the surface of Class III or lower class road
• Slag has to be preserved for more than 6 months to be used as coarse
aggregate. Ca(OH) content should be less than 3% and the expansion
should be less than 2%.
Requirements
• When the affinity of aggregate with asphalt is low, mineral or chemical
additives such as hydrated lime and cement, are recommended.
集料质量要求
• Fracture faces are required to insure sufficient skeleton
Requirements
• Table 4.9.2
• For 0~ 4.75mm aggregates, sand equivalency is used to describe the purity
of sand.
• natural sand is not recommended for SMA and OGFC, and should be less
than 20% of the total aggregates for regular HMA.
Requirements
• Mineral filler should be hydrophobic, obtained from limestone or granite.
• Dust can be recycled as filler, but be less than 25% and the plasticity index
should be less than 4%.
• Fly ash can be used as filler, but be less than 50%, the plasticity index
should be less than 4%, and the burnt loss should be less than 12%. It
should not be used on the surface course of highway and grade I roads.
Requirements
Requirements
Homework
• Determine proportions based on charts

Sieve size Passing％

mm 4# 3# 2# 1# Filler Lower limit Upper limit
26.5 83.5 95 100
19 30.4 100 75 90
16 15.1 99.3 62 80
13.2 2.6 70 53 73
9.5 0 53.3 100 43 63
4.75 15 80 100 32 52
2.36 0 30 98.3 25 42
1.18 5 60 18 32
0.6 0 40 100 13 25
0.3 15 98.6 8 18
0.15 10 93.3 5 13
0.075 0.1 81.9 3 7
Proportion
Homework
• Use Excel to find the best proportion

Sieve size Passing％

mm 4# 3# 2# 1# Filler Lower limit Upper limit
26.5 83.5 95 100
19 30.4 100 75 90
16 15.1 99.3 62 80
13.2 2.6 70 53 73
9.5 0 53.3 100 43 63
4.75 15 80 100 32 52
2.36 0 30 98.3 25 42
1.18 5 60 18 32
0.6 0 40 100 13 25
0.3 15 98.6 8 18
0.15 10 93.3 5 13
0.075 0.1 81.9 3 7
Proportion
谢谢！