Bicol State College of Applied Sciences and Technology

Naga City

Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning

(HVAC)

Nicolo Rene E. Orbeta

BSME – 5B

Engr. Michael Baracena

Professor
DESIGN CONDITION

Building dimension 24m x 18m x 6m

Floor Area (interior only) 432m2

Wall Height 6m (19.685ft)

Inside Room Design Temperature 75˚F DB or (24˚C DB); 50% RH

Outside Design Temperature 88˚F DB or (31˚C DB) ; 78˚F WB

Daily Range Temperature 22˚F

Average Mean Temperature 85˚F

Peak hour 1pm (as standard time)

Latitude 40˚ North (as reference)

Air Conditioning Operation 12 Hours (Normal Operation)

Type of Establishment Recreational Building

Location San Felipe, Naga City

MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTIONS

Wall constructions 200 mm. Concrete Wall with interior and exterior finish

Block; finished wall width

Roof Construction 100 mm. Lightweight with suspended ceiling

Glass Materials Double-Glazed 6 mm. airspace and 6 mm. thickness

South side (main) Glass Area 2x4 2 panel door

West Side Glass Area 1 x 2.5 3 panel window slider

East side Glass 1 x 2.5 3 panel window slider

North Side Glass Area 2x4 single panel door

GROSS WALL AREA

North Wall (18 m x 6 m) = 108m²

East Wall (24 m x 6 m) = 144m²

South Wall (18 m x 6 m) = 108m²

West Wall (24 m x 6 m) = 144m²

TOTAL GROSS WALL AREA = 504 m²

GLASS Sash Area

South side (main) Glass Area 2 x 4 (1 panel door) =20 m2

West Side Glass Area 1 x 2.5 (3 panel slider) = 10 m2

East side Glass 1 x 2.5 (3 panel slider) = 10 m 2

North Side Glass Area 2 x 4 (2 panel doors) = 20 m2

TOTAL Glass Sash Area = 40 m² or 430.556ft²

NET WALL AREA

Net Wall Area = Gross Wall Area - Glass Sash Area

North wall 108 m² - 20 m² = 88m²

East Wall 144 m² - 10 m² = 134m²

South Wall 108 m² - 20 m² = 88m²

West Wall 144 m² - 10 m² = 134m²

NET WALL AREA = 444m²

HEAT LOAD EQUATION

A. Sensible heat components

I. EXTERNAL HEAT LOADS

1. Roof Q = U x A x ULTD

2. Walls Q = U x A x ULTD

3. Glass Conduction Q = U x A x ULTD

4. Solar Heat Gain Q = A x SC x MSHGF x CLF

5. Ceiling Q = U x A x TD

WHERE:

Q = Heat load Btu/Hr

U = Heat Transfer Coefficient, Btu/Hr.ft².F˚

A = Area for walls and roofs and Net Glazing Area for Glass; ft²

CLTD = Cooling Load Temperature difference

SC = Shading Coefficient

MSHGF = Maximum Solar Heat Gain Factor

CLF = Cooling Load Factor

CLTDCORRECTED = [(CLTD + LM)k +(78 – TROOM) + (Toutside – 85)]

LM = Latitude month

K = Color Adjustment Factor; 0.83 (medium-colored for a rural area)

CLTD = Maximum design CLTD

II. Internal Heats Loads

 1. Lights Qs = input x CLF

2. People Qs = No. of people x SHF x CLF

3. Appliances Qs = Heat Gain x CLF

4. Room Sensible Heat Load (RSHL) = Ʃ of lights, people, appliances

5. Duct Heat Gain =% of RSHL

6. Duct Leakage Losses = % of RSHL

7. Fan HP = % of RSHL
8. Effective Room Sensible Heat Load = Ʃ of Room Sensible heat load, Duct Heat Gain

Duct Leakage Losses, Fan HP

Where:

Qs = Sensible Heat Load; Btu/hr

Input = Wattage Consumption of Lights

(Multiply by 3.4122 btu/Watt-hr for conversion)

SHF = Sensible Heat Gain Factor

Heat Gain = Given in Appliances

CLF = Cooling load factor

B. Latent Heat Components

1. People Q = No. of People x LHF

2. Appliances Q = Heat Gain

3. Room Latent Heat Load (RLHL) = Ʃ Of People, Appliances

4. Supply Duct Heat Gain = % of RLHL

5. Supply Duct Losses = % of RLHL

6. Effective Room Latent Heat Load (ERLHL) = Ʃ of Room Latent Heat Load, Supply Duct Heat Gain,
Supply Duct Losses, Ventilation

Where:

Q = Latent heat Load, Btu/hr

LHF = Latent Heat Gain Factor

 Heat Gain = Given in appliances

C. Ventilation loads

Design Air Flow Rate for Cooling (CFM) = RSHL/ (TD x AF)

Total ventilation load Qv = CFM x HD x Atmospheric Air Density x 60

WHERE:

Qv = Total Cooling Load for Ventilation, Btu/hr

RSHL = Room Sensible Heat load; Btu/Hr

CFM = Design Air Flow Rate for Cooling; ft²/min

HD = Specific Enthalpy Difference (hₒ-hR), Btu/lb

TD = Temperature Difference (Tₒ-TR), ˚F

AF = Air Factor; 1.08 Btu/hr. ft³/min.˚F

Tₒ = Outside Temperature, ˚F

TR = Room Temperature, ˚F

Atmospheric Air Density = 0.075 lb/ft³ (at standard atmosphere) = 60 min/hr

III. Total Heat Load Computations

A. External Heat Load

B. Total Internal Heat Load
= ERSHL + ERLHL + Total Ventilation Load

Grand total Internal Heat Load (GTIHL)

Total Room Tonnage = TRHL / (12000 BTU/hr / Tons of Refrigeration)

HEAT LOAD COMPUTATIONS

I. External Heat Loads

1. Roof Construction Q = U x A x CLTD

Given:

Based from Modern Air-Conditioning practice by Norman Haris 4 th edition: Table 8-8 page 119 and

Table 8-9; page 120 for U-factor respectively

U = 0.101 Btu/hr*ft²*℉

U = 0.65 Btu/hr*ft²*℉ ( for Plaster on gypsum board on wood joists)

CLTD = 60.8 ℉

LM = -4

LMᴇ = - 3.

LMw = -3

LMs = 10

K = 0.83

Total Length of the Roofs = 24 m

Total Width of the building = 18 m

Total Area of Roof = 432 m² or 4650.01 ft²

CLTDcorrected = [(CLTD + LM) k + (78 - Troom) + (Toutside - 85)]

CLTDcorrected = {[(60.8 + (-3)) (0.83)] + (78-75) + (88-85)]}

= 53.974 ℉

Q = U x A X CLTD

= [(0.10 + 0.63) Btu/hr*ft²*℉] x (4650.01 ft²/4) x 53.974 ℉

= 45,803.78425 Btu/Hr

3.516 𝐾𝑊
= 45,803.78425 Btu/Hr ( 𝐵𝑇𝑈 )
12000
𝐻𝑟.

= 13.42 KW

2. Walls Q = U x A x CLTD

Given:
 Based from Refrigeration and Air- conditioning by W.F Stoecker 2nd edition: Table 4-4 for selected

building materials and table 4-15 (type C) for sunlit walls ; pages 68 and 82 respectively.

R = 4.551 m². K/ W
1 1
U= = = 0.22 W/ m². K
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡 4.551

U = 0.22 W/m²*K

𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑁 = 5 °𝐶 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑊 = 7 °𝐶

𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝐸 = 15 °𝐶 𝐶𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑆 = 8 °𝐶

𝐿𝑀𝑁 = -4 𝐿𝑀𝑊 = -3
𝐿𝑀𝑆 = 10
𝐿𝑀𝐸 = -3

K = 0.83

North wall 108 m² - 20 m² = 88m²

East Wall 144 m² - 10 m² = 134m²

South Wall 108 m² - 20 m² = 88m²

West Wall 144 m² - 10 m² = 134m²

NET WALL AREA = 444m²

CLTDcorrected = [(CLTD + LM) k + (25 - Troom) + ( Toutside - 29)]

At North Side:

CLTDcorrected = {[(5 + (-4)) (0.83)] + (25-24) + (31 - 29)]} = 3.83 K

Q = U x A x CLTD
= 0.22 W/m²*K x 220 m2 x 3.83 K
 QN= 185.372 W

At East Side:

CLTDcorrected = {[(15 + (-3)) (0.83)] + (25-24) + (31 - 29)]} = 13 K

Q = U x A x CLTD
= 0.22 W/m²*K x 264 m2 x 13 K
QE= 755.04 W

At South Side:

CLTDcorrected = {[(8 + 10) (0.83)] + (25 – 24) + (31 – 29)]} = 69 K

Q = U x A x CLT

= 0.22 W/m²*K x 240 m2x 69 K

Qs= 3643.2 W

At West Side:

CLTDCORRECTED = [(7 + (-3)(0.83)]+(25-24) + (31-29) = 6.32 K

Q = U x A x CLTD

= 0.22 W/m²*K x 310 m2 x 6.32 K

Qw= 431.024 W

Total Q for the wall = QN + QE + QW + QS

= 185.372 W + 755.04 W + 3643.2 W + 431.024 W

= 5014.636 W or 5.01 kW

3. GLASS CONDUCTION:

Q = U x A x CLTD

Given :
Based from ASHRAE, 1989 Fundamentals Table – 1 for overall Heat Transfer Coefficients for Window Glass &
Table -2 for CLTD Values through Window Glass.
U = 0.51 Btu/hr x ft2 x of

CLTD = 13 oF

Glass area = 98.4 ft2

Q = U x A x CLTD

= 0.51 Btu/hr x ft2 x oF x 98.4 ft2 x 13 oF

Q = 652.392 Btu/hr
3.516 𝐾𝑊
Q = 652.392 Btu/hr ( 𝐵𝑡𝑢 )
120000
𝐻𝑟.

Q = 0.65 KW

4. Heat Transmission through the Floor

𝑄𝑆𝐹 = U 𝐴𝐹 (𝑡𝑜− 𝑡𝑖 )

Based from Table 8-8 page 119 of Modern Air- Conditioning Practice 3rd Ed. By Norman Harris ( The

coefficient of Heat Transmission of floors on wood joists).

U= 0.57 Btu/hr x ft2 x oF

𝐴𝑓 = 432𝑚2 or (4650.01 𝑓𝑡 2 )

𝑄𝑆𝐹 = (0.57 Btu/hr x ft2 x oF) (4650.01𝑓𝑡 2 ) (13 oF)

3.516 𝐾𝑊
= 34456.5741 Btu/hr ( 𝐵𝑡𝑢)
120000
𝐻𝑟.

= 10.96 KW

5. Solar heat gain :

Q = A x SC x MSHGF x CLF Based from Refrigeration and Air- conditioning by W.F Stoecker 2nd edition:
Table 4-10: Maximum Solar Heat Gain Factor for sunlit glass, and table 4-11 Cooling Load Factor for glass

with interior shading from pages 75 to 77.

SC = 0.94

MSHGFN = 110 W/𝑚2

MSHGFE = 690 W/𝑚2

MSHGFW = 690 W/𝑚2

MSHGFS = 475 W/𝑚2

CLFN = 0.86 CLFE = 0.22 CLFW = 0.68 CLFS = 0.53

North wall 20 m2 = 215.17 ft2

West 10 m2 = 107.584 ft2

Q for North Side:

Q = A x SC x MSHGF x CLF

= 20 m2 x 0.57x 110 W/𝑚2 x 0.86

Q = 1078.44 W

Q = 1.08 KW

Q for West Side:

Q = A x SC x MSHGF x CLF

=10 m2 x 0.57x 690 W/𝑚2 x 0.68

Q = 2674.44 W

Q = 2.67 KW

Total Q for Solar = 1.08 KW + 2.67 KW

= 3.75 KW

6. Ceiling

Based from Modern Air- Conditioning Practice 3rd Ed. By Norman Harris Table 8-8 page 119 of ( The

coefficient of Heat Transmission of floors on wood joists).

Q = U x A x TD

U = 0.63 Btu/hr x ft2 x oF

 Ceiling Area = 432 m2 = 4650.01 ft2

Ti = 75 oF

Tave = 88 oF

Q = U x A x TD = 0.63 x 4650.01 x (88-75) = 38083.5819 Btu/hr

3.516 𝐾𝑊
Q = 38083.5819 Btu/Hr ( 𝐵𝑇𝑈 )
12000
𝐻𝑟.

Q = 11.16 KW

Total External Load:

= QROOF + QWALLS + QGLASS CONDUCTION + QFLOOR + QSOLAR HEAT GAIN + QCEILING

= 13.42 KW + 5.01 KW + 0.65 KW+ 10.96 KW + 3.75 KW + 11.16KW

= 44.95 KW

HEAT LOAD COMPUTATIONS

II. Internal Heat Loads

A. Sensible Heat Components:

Qs = Input x CLF

1.) Light

Given:

Light consumptions

48 units, 60 watts fluorescent, 3m floor area 2880 W

CLF = 0.85

= 3.4122 Btu/hr

Qs = Input x CLF
 = (2880 watts-hr) x 0.85 x 3.4122 Btu/watt-hr

3.516 𝐾𝑊
= 8353.0656 Btu/hr ( 𝐵𝑇𝑈 )
12000
𝐻𝑟.

= 2.447 KW

2.) People

Qs = No. of people x SHF x CLF

Given: no. of occupants = 100 people

Sensible CLF = 0.84

Sensible Heat Gain per occupants = 200 Btu/hr

Q = no. of people x SHF x CLF

= 100 x 200 x 0.84

Q = 16800 Btu/hr

3.) Appliance

Q = Heat Gain x CLF

CLF = 0.58

LED TV(60W estimated 6 units in the building)

= 60 watts x 6 x 3.4122 BTU/Watt-hr = 1228.392 Btu/hr

Speaker( 100 watts estimated 5 units at Platform)

= 100 watts x 5 x 3.4122 BTU/Watt-hr = 1706.1 Btu/hr

Computing for the heat gain of the appliances , amusement

Qs = heat gain x CLF

=1228.392 Btu/hr + 1706.1 Btu/hr x 0.58 = 1702 Btu/hr

Room sensible heat gain (RSHL) = total of light, people, appliances and amusement

= 8353.0656 Btu/hr +16800 Btu/hr + 2934.492Btu/hr = 28087.5576 Btu/hr

RSHL = 28087.5576 Btu/hr

4. Duct

Heat gain

Qs = 5% of RSHL

= 5% X 28087.5576 Btu/hr = 14043.7788 Btu/hr

Leakage losses

= 1 % of RSHL

Qs 1 % x 28087.5576 Btu/hr = 2808.75576 Btu/hr

= 16852.53456 Btu/hr

5. Fan Hp (supply 8% and return 2.5%)

Qs = 10.5% of RSHL

= 10.5 % x 28087.5576 Btu/hr = 2949.193548 Btu/hr

6. Effective room sensible heat load

Qs = QRSHL + QDHG +QFAN HP

= 28087.5576 + 16852.53456 + 2949.193548

ERSHL = 47889.28571 Btu/hr

B. Latent Heat Components:

1. People

Q˪ = No. of people X LHF

Given: of occupants = 100 people
Latent Heat Gain per Occupant = 200 Btu/hr
 Q˪ = no. of people x LHF

= 100 X200 Btu/hr = 20 000 Btu/hr

2. Appliances and Amusement

Q˪ = Heat gain = 1702 Btu/hr

3. Room latent heat load (RLHL)

=∑ of people, appliances and amusement

= 20 000 Btu/hr + 1702Btu/hr

RLHL = 21 702 Btu/hr

4. Duct heat and leakage losses

Heat gain

Q˪ = 5 % of RLHL

= 5% X 21 702 Btu/hr = 10851 Btu/hr

Leakage losses
= 1% of RLHL

Q˪ = 1% X 21 702 Btu/hr = 2170.2 Btu/hr

= 13021.2 Btu/hr

5. Fan Hp (supply 8% and return 2.5%)

Q˪ = 10.5 % of RLHL

= 0.105 % x 21 702 Btu/hr = 2278.71 Btu/hr

6. Effective Room Latent Heat Load (ERLHL)

= Q˪RLHL + QDSHG + QSDL

= 21 702 Btu/hr + 13021.2 Btu/hr + 2278.71 Btu/hr

ERLHL = 37001.91 Btu/hr

HEAT LOAD COMPUTATIONS

III - VENTILATION loads

Design Air Flow Rate for Cooling (CFM) = RSHL / (TD x AF)

Given: RSHL = 28087.5576 Btu/hr

T₀ = 88ᵒF

TR = 75ᵒF

AF = 1.08 Btu/hr*ft₃/min*˚F

CFM = RSHL/ (TD x AF)

= 28087.5576 / [(88 – 75) ᵒF x 1.08 Btu/hr*ft³/min*ᵒF]

CFM = 2000.538291 ft³/min

Total ventilation load

Qᵥ =CFM x HD x atmospheric air density x 60

GIVEN: CFM = 2000.538291 ft³/min

hₒ = 28 Btu/lb

hᵣ = 43 Btu/lb

Atmospheric air density = 0.075 lb/ft³

Qᵥ = CFM x HD x Atmospheric air density x 60

= 2000.538291 ft³/min x (43 – 28) Btu/lb x 0.075 lb/ft³ x 60 min/hr

Qᵥ = 135036.3346 Btu/hr