Wastewater

treatment
(pretreatment &
preliminary
treatment)
 Wastewater
Treatment
Purpose: 
To manage water discharged from
homes, businesses, and industries to reduce
the threat of water pollu9on.
 Wastewater Treatment
 Pre--treatment
 Preliminary
treatment Primary
treatment Secondar
y treatment
 Sludge (biosolids) disposal
 Wastewater Treatment
 Pre--treatment
-- Occurs in business or industry prior
to discharge
-- Preven9on of toxic chemicals or excess
nutrients being discharged in wastewater
Pretreatment Program Implementa9on

Types  of pretreatment include:

◦ pH neutraliza9on
◦ Temp regula9ons
◦ Solids separa9on
◦ Toxic metal removal
◦ Oil and grease
Limits– Parameter Daily Average
Maximum
Instantaneous
Maximum

Metals mg/l (ppm) mg/l (ppm)

Arsenic 1.0 4.0
Cadmium 0.5 0.6
Chromium 2.75 5.0
Copper 3.0 8.0
Lead 2.0 4.0
Mercury 0.1 0.2
Nickel 2.5 5.0
Silver 1.0 3.0
Zinc 5.0 10.0
Cyanide 2.0 3.0
Fats, oils and greases
 Two types:
 1) Nonpolar FOG (petroleum or mineral origin)
◦  <100 mg/L of discharge waste
◦  May require an oil/water separator
 2) Polar FOG (animal or vegetable origin)
◦  No visible floa9ng polar FOG
 FOG can harm the biological phase of sewage treatment
 Block sewer systems
 The final FOG des9na9on is either landfills or it can be recycle.
◦  Bio--diesel: (You can get a recipe on--line)
◦  But not always an op9on
◦  s9ll in experimental phase
◦  Sold to other companies to make soap and caWle feed
Limits Corrosive Substances
 Maximum limit is pH 12
 Minimum limits
 The instantaneous minimum pH limit
◦  is violated whenever any single grab sample or any instantaneous recording
is less than pH 5.0.
 The daily minimum pH limit
◦  is violated whenever any con9nuous recording of 15 minutes or longer
remains below pH 5.5 or when each pH value of four consecu9ve grab
samples collected at 15--minute intervals or longer within a 24--hour
period remains below pH 5.5.
 Stay between a pH of 5.0--12!
Explosimeter/CombusEble Gas Indicator
 
 No pollutant that creates a fire or explosion
hazard in sewer or treatment works
◦  Closed--cup flashpoint <140°F
◦  Two successive readings on an explosion hazard
meter, taken at the point of discharge into the
system or at any point in the system
◦  Less than 5 percent of the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) of
the meter
◦  Any single reading must be less than 10 percent of
the LEL
 Limits Organic Compounds
 No organic pollutants that cause toxic gases, vapors or fumes in the sewers or at treatment
plant (40 CFR Sec9on 433.11)
◦  E.g., Acetone, MEK and xylenes
 Limits for industries are established on a case--by--cases basis:
Organic Compounds (cont.)
1. Condi9ons in public or private sewers downstream of the
discharge, including dilu9on by other wastes upstream;
2. Worker safety and public health standards;
3. Type of chemical compound (toxicity, vola9lity, solubility);
4. Reac9vity: Proximity to other discharges that may cause
adverse condi9ons in combina9on with the discharge in
ques9on;
5. Removal of compound: Technological achievability of removal;
and
6. Poten9al impacts to public, private, or side sewers; treatment
works; biosolids; or receiving waters.
Hydrogen Sulfide
 Atmospheric hydrogen sulfide
<10.0 ppm at a designated manhole
◦  Wastewater can go anaerobic thus create a
lot of hydrogen sulfide—can kill sewer
workers if they do not have proper
equipment—CAUTION!
 Limitations are established with similar
reasoning as for organic compounds,
but exis9ng [H2S] are considered
◦  Less than 7 mL per L of solids capable
of seWling
◦  Foods wastes must pass a ¼” screen opening
◦  Temperature <65--degrees C
Limits

 Atmospheric hydrogen sulfide <10.0 ppm at a designated manhole

 Less than 7 mL per L of solids capable of seWling
 Foods wastes must pass a ¼” screen opening
 Temperature <65--degrees C
Wastewater Treatment
Preliminary Treatment
-- removes large objects and
non-- degradable materials
-- protects pumps and
equipment from damage
-- bar screen and grit chamber
 Wastewater Treatment
Bar Screen
-- catches large
objects that have
goWen into sewer
system such as
bricks, boWles,
pieces of wood,
etc.
 Wastewater Treatment
Grit Chamber
-- removes rocks, gravel,
broken glass, etc.
Mesh Screen
-- removes diapers, combs,
towels, plas9c bags, syringes, etc.
Wastewater Treatment
 Preliminary Treatment
 Wastewater
Treatment
Measurement and sampling
at theinlet structure
-- a flow meter continuously records the
volume of water entering the treatment
plant
-- water samples are taken for
determination of suspended solids and
B.O.D.
Pengukuran dan pengambilan sampel
pada struktur awal

- sebuah aliran
meter terus mencatat volume air yang
masuk ke instalasi pengolahan
- sampel air diambil untuk penentuan
padatan tersuspensi dan B.O.D
Wastewater Treatment
Suspended Solids – the quantity of
solidmaterials floating in the water column

B .O.D. = Biochemical Oxygen Demand

-- a measure of the amount of oxygen
required to aerobically decompose organic
mater in the water
Tergantung
Padat - jumlah bahan padat mengambang
di kolom air

B.O.D. = Permintaan Oksigen Biokimia

- ukuran jumlah oksigen yang dibutuhkan

untuk menguraikan bahan organik secara
aerobik di dalam air
Wastewater Treatment
Measurements of Suspended
Solidsand B.O.D. indicate the
effec9veness of treatment processes

Both Suspended Solids and

B.O.D.decrease as water moves
through the wastewater treatment
processes
 Wastewater Treatment
Primary Treatment
---- a physical process
---- wastewater flow is slowed down
and suspended solids seWle to the
boWom by gravity
---- the material that seWles is
called sludge or biosolids
Wastewater Treatment
Primary Treatment
Wastewater Treatment
Primary Treatment
Wastewater Treatment
Primary Treatment
 Wastewater Treatment
Sludge from the
primarysedimenta9on tanks is
pumped to the sludge thickener.
-- more seWling occurs to
concentrate the sludge prior to
disposal
Wastewater Treatment
Primary treatment reduces the suspended solids and the B.O.D.
of thewastewater.
From the primary treatment tanks water is pumped to the
tricklingfilter for secondary treatment.
Secondary treatment will further reduce the suspended
solids andB.O.D. of the wastewater.