CASE STUDY 2

Miro Ahvenainen
Kamil Ismagilov
Ahsan Mehmood
Minna Moilanen

Date of reporting 25.11.2012

Transportation Modes
Instructor
Toni Kokkonen

Degree Programme in Logistics Engineering

Technology, communication and transport
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Contents

1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 3

2 THE CHOSEN ROUTES AND MODES .............................................. 4

2.1 Route 1 –Road - ADR ................................................................... 4

2.2 Route 2 – Road, air, road - IATA ................................................... 6

2.3 Gross weight for road and air ........................................................ 8

3 COMPARISON .................................................................................... 9
3.1 Route 1.......................................................................................... 9

3.2 Route 2.......................................................................................... 9

4 RESULTS .......................................................................................... 10

REFERENCES ......................................................................................... 11
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1 INTRODUCTION

We are transporting mercury compound, UN2025, from Jyväskylä, Finland to

Munich, Germany. Our product comes from Kokkola, where Boliden produces
mercury as a by-product in zinc production. We are transporting it to Munich
for our customer Osram, who needs mercury for its production of fluorescent
lights.

Our product is dangerous, toxic good, which belongs to the class of 6.1 of
dangerous goods. The amount that we are transporting is 300kg, loaded on
one FIN-pallet. The height of the unit is 1 meter. According to rules, mercury
has to be packed under packaging group II instructions. Mercury is corrosive
product and needs special packaging. It can be packed either in glass, plastic
or metal (Reformatted packing instructions, 81).

There are several things that need to be taken into consideration when
transporting dangerous goods. The rules of chosen transportation mode, for
road transportation ADR, sea transportation IMDG, air transportation IATA
and rail transportation RID. The company needs to have license to transport
the substance and several documents are needed along the way of the
transportation.

We require as a service for our delivery, that the product is handled carefully
during the whole duration of the transportation, from packing the cargo to
loading and unloading procedures. From trucking company we require that is
have the needed permits to handle and transport our cargo. From air service
provider we expect excellent service in handling the cargo and delivering it on
time to Munich. We would like as less handlings as possible.

Due to the fact that exporting of mercury from the EU is prohibited (European
Parliament 2008), we considered that transporting our product on rail via
Russia might be problematic.
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2 THE CHOSEN ROUTES AND MODES

2.1 Route 1 –Road - ADR

The product will be packed in Boliden factory and will be transported to a

terminal in Jyväskylä. From this terminal, product will be transported by a truck
which will go to Munich through Sweden and Denmark (see figure 1). This
route is 3,223 km long and transit time is approx. 3-5 days. The road condition
throughout this route is very good. There is a highway all the way from
Jyväskylä to the end of Sweden. Then in Denmark, there is a comparatively
small road but this road is in good condition and finally same is the case from
Hamburg to Munich.

FIGURE 1. Truck route from Jyväskylä to Munich.

While transporting dangerous good, Transport Company needs to follow the

‘ADR’ regulations because the dangerous good is being transported within
Europe. So the first rule to follow is to assign suitable labeling to a product and
also the vehicle has to be labeled from the front, back and sides with
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dangerous goods label so the other people will also know that this truck
contains dangerous goods. In this case, it is a dangerous good of class 6.1
which falls in the category of poisonous substance. The labeling sign can be
seen in the figure 2.

FIGURE 2. Toxic goods label.

The reason for putting this label on the product is that employees who may
come into contact with dangerous goods need to be aware of the nature of
such goods, their potential for causing incidents and accidents and how they
should be dealt with.

As this product is UN2025 (solid mercury), it must be packed according to

packaging group 2 instructions as mentioned in ‘ADR’ regulations (ADR 2011,
418). It will be packed in small boxes and the mercury itself will be in either
glass, plastic or in metallic bottles. This whole package will be placed on FIN
pallet (1m x 1.2m). The weight of the package is 300kg and the height is 1m
with pallet. As the height is 1m so it can be top loaded according to general
regulations.
Documents needed:
- written safety instructions
- ADR – driving authorization
- ID card with a photograph from all crew of the vehicle
- vehicle approval certificates for certain transport
- container's packing certificate
- movement document when transporting hazardous waste
- copy of the separate agreement which deviates from ADR agreement,
if necessary
- bill of carriage (Heiskanen 2012, 59.)
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2.2 Route 2 – Road, air, road - IATA

The product will be packed in Boliden factory and will be transported to a

logistics terminal in Jyvaskyla. From this terminal, product will be transported
by a truck to Helsinki-Vantaa airport. The road from Jyväskylä to Helsinki-
Vantaa airport is 270 km long and takes approximately three hours of drive.
During this part of transportation, the transportation company must follow the
same ‘ADR’ regulations, as explained in Route 1.

After the product arrives to Helsinki-Vantaa airport, is loaded properly to the

airplane and all the necessary documentary are done. A passenger aircraft is
used since there are no direct cargo airplane connections from Helsinki to
Munich (Fischer 2012). It takes approximately another three hours to fly from
Helsinki to Munich (see figure 3). After the product arrives to Munich, it is
loaded to a truck and then transported to the destination.

FIGURE 3. Route from Jyväskylä via Helsinki-Vantaa airport to Munich

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As our product is dangerous, ADR 6.1 class product, there are limitations and
regulations to the packaging and shipping via plane. Our product, UN2025,
mercury compound, is packed according the packing instructions 669
(packaging group II) as it is said in IATA regulations. These packing
instructions are for passenger aircraft, different instruction with different
limitations applies for cargo aircraft.

First rule limits the package size to 25 kg per package; this means we have to
pack our product in to 12 packages of glass, metal or plastic, to get the whole
300 kg transported in one FIN-pallet. The package quality must be good and it
must be closed properly: It has to be able to withstand loading and unloading
and normal conditions to transport. There isn’t allowed to be any dangerous
residue on the outside of the package. The package, including cushioning
materials and absorbents must be compatible with the contents and the outer
packaging must not heat to a dangerous point due to friction and there has to
be proper markings and labels on the package stating that it is hazardous
material.

After the product is packed properly, it is placed on FIN Pallet (1m × 1,2m)
and secured properly with suitable material. The weight of the whole pallet
with load is 325 kg (25 kg pallet, 300 kg our product) and the height is 1 m.

Documents needed:
For road the same as in Route 1.

In addition, for air:

- Dangerous goods declaration
- Airway bill
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2.3 Gross weight for road and air

Road
The general rule is that for 1 cubic meter pallet, the gross weight is 333kg. In
this case, it is “ 1m × 1.2m × 1m (l×b×h) = 1.2 m3 ”, hence the gross weight is
333*1.2 = 399.6kg. This is the gross weight calculated using cubic meter
method. Now it has to be calculated using loading meter method. The width of
the container in which the product will be transported is generally 2.4m in
Finland. 1 loading meter is equal to 1850kg so accordingly, the gross weight
will be (1m × 1.2m)/2.4m × 1850 kg = 925 kg. As 925 kg is bigger than
399.6kg, we will use 925 kg in our documentation.

Air
The general rule is that for 1 cubic meter pallet, the gross weight is 167kg. In
this case, it is 1m × 1.2m × 1m (l×b×h) = 1.2 m3, hence the gross weight is
167 × 1.2 = 200.4 kg that will be used in Airway bill.
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3 COMPARISON

3.1 Route 1

Pros
Cargo can be loaded in Jyväskylä and stay untouched during the journey until
it reaches Munich hence cargo handling is more efficient. This mode is more
environmentally friendly in terms of less CO 2 emissions. It is easier to acquire
insurance for one mode of transport. In case of failure or rejections from the
transportation company, we have options to choose other companies. This
makes us more flexible to react to any obstacles we can meet.

Cons
Shipment takes at least 2 days. There are more chances for accidents
because on its way through Denmark to Germany, truck has to travel on small
roads crossing from the different cities. Statistics shows that there are more
road accidents compared to airplane crashes.

3.2 Route 2

Pros
The delivery time is shorter since the flight is direct from Helsinki to Munich.
Secondly considering the statistics of Road and Air accidents, air
transportation is more reliable and safe in those terms.

Cons
There are many regulations to follow e.g. IATA, ADR. This means that we
have to think about and take care of more documentation and restrictions.
Since we use intermodal way of transportation, it means that there are more
handling processes and increased risks. Flight can be easily delayed because
of adverse conditions e.g. weather. There are more chances to break
intermodal connection, if truck is delayed to any reason. Comparing to trucks
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planes are not environmental friendly. The CO 2 level brought to environment

by airplane is much higher compared to truck.

TABLE 1. Comparison
Route 1. Route 2.
Delivery time At least 3 days 1 day

Handling loading and unloading several times

Documents ADR ADR+IATA
Safety in terms of normal good
accidents

Emissions less more

Delays possibility low high

4 RESULTS

After comparing these two routes and modes, we came to conclusion that our
chosen mode and route will be the Route 1. Since our product is not time
sensitive and does not have high value, delivery time is not priority number
one. We are looking for safe and secure delivery. Less handling is essential to
decrease risks of damaging the product. Route 1 requires less documentation
to handle and regulations to follow. In Route 2 we should consider regulations
for both IATA and ADR meanwhile in Route 1 only ADR.

Delivering with Route 1 produces fewer emissions than with Route 2. Our
products itself is hazardous and dangerous for the environment so we want as
less impact to the environment as possible. There are more chances for
delays in case of intermodal transport due to the fact that both modes are
connected and dependent on each other. Even though we were not supposed
to consider the costs, transporting by air would be more expensive.
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References

ADR. 2011. European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of

Dangerous Goods by Road. Referred 18.11.2011.
http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/adr/adr2011/English/V
olumeI.pdf

European Parliament. Export-ban of mercury and mercury compounds from

the EU by 2011. Press release 21.5.2008. Referred 19.11.2012.
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-
%2F%2FEP%2F%2FTEXT+IM-
PRESS+20080520IPR29477+0+DOC+XML+V0%2F%2FEN

Fischer, A. 2012. Tranporting dangerous goods. Email 20.11.2012. Recipient

M.Moilanen

Heiskanen, E. 2012. ADR kuljettajan käsikirja. Suomen Kuljetusturva Oy.

Reformatted Packing Instructions applicable from 1 January 2011. Referred

19.11.2012.
http://legacy.icao.int/anb/fls/dangerousgoods/PackingInstructions/PackingInstr
uctions_E.pdf