Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MD ABDULHADI
1 2009249132
MOHAMMED SOPAFI
0122090493
ILYAS MUSTAPHA
2 2009647962
MOHAMMAD
0176671030
NURHAFIZAH FATIN
4 2009697746
A RAHMAN
0194190164
Contents
1 LIST OF FIGURE................................................................................................................4
2 PROJECT..........................................................................................................................6
2.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION............................................................................................7
2.2 SITE ORGANISATION CHART..................................................................................10
2.3 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................11
3 PLANNING OF EARTHWORK OPERATION MULTI-STOREY PROJECT...............................12
3.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................12
3.2 DESIGN STAGE.......................................................................................................13
3.2.1 SCOPE............................................................................................................13
3.2.2 GENERAL........................................................................................................13
3.2.3 TECHNICAL RESPONSIBILITIES........................................................................14
3.2.4 SITE INVESTIGATIONS....................................................................................15
3.2.5 PLANNING AND DESIGN................................................................................17
3.2.6 FINAL DOCUMENTATION...............................................................................24
3.2.7 PROTECTION OF THE WORKS........................................................................25
3.2.8 CLEARING AND GRUBBING............................................................................29
3.2.9 Disposal of Material.......................................................................................30
3.3 PLANNING STAGE..................................................................................................31
3.3.1 COST ESTIMATED...........................................................................................31
3.3.2 METHOD STATEMENT AND PROJECT PLANNING...........................................39
3.3.3 CONSTRUCTION METHOD AND USE OF PLANT.............................................49
4 CONTROLLING FOR OPERATION OF EARTHWORK.........................................................58
4.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................58
4.1.1 SURFACE LEVELLING STATION (MONUMENT)...............................................59
4.1.2 SETTELEMENT PLATE (ROD EXTENSOMETER)................................................60
4.1.3 MAGNETIC EXTENSOMETER..........................................................................61
4.1.4 USBR SETTLEMENT GAUGE............................................................................61
4.1.5 PIEZOMETER..................................................................................................62
4.2 SLOPE PROTECTION...............................................................................................63
4.2.1 STABILIZATION OF CUT SLOPES.....................................................................64
1 LIST OF FIGURE
2 PROJECT
QUANTITY DL QS CONSULT
SURVEYOR No. 11-2 (2nd Floor), Jalan USJ 10/1E
Taipan Business Centre,
47620 UEP Subang Jaya, Selangor.
Tel : 03-5638 8267 Fax : 03-5638 0268
DIRECTOR
LING HUA EE
Base in HQ
Base on Site
2.3 INTRODUCTION
The subtopics that we get for our case study about Planning and
Controlling of Earthwork Operation Multi-Storey Building; for the assigment’s
subject in Construction Technology’s (BLD 410).
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2.1 SCOPE
This part is sets out the recommendations for the carrying out of earthworks
or preparation or foundations of multi-storey project at SUBANG SOHO, or
both, including:
3.2.2 GENERAL
Where any land development or subdivision involves the carrying out of bulk
earthworks, the assessment of slope stability, or the detailed evaluation of
the suitability of natural ground for the foundations of buildings, roads,
services or other works, then a soil engineer should be appointed by the
developer to carry out the following instructions:
Note: The District contains a number of areas where 'tomos' have developed.
These may affect the suitability of a site for development and consequently
these will require identification and addressing as part of any development
proposal.
AP 226 / 1C | JULY – NOVEMBER 2009
PLANNING AND CONTROLLING OF EARTHWORK BLD
OPERATION MULTI-STOREY PROJECT 410
3.2.5.1 LANDFORM
The final choice of landform should represent the most desirable compromise
between the factors referred to above and the preservation of natural
features and the natural quality of the landscape including the retention of
natural watercourses.
Where appropriate the general nature and shape of the ground should be
studied and particular note taken of:
a) The geological nature and distribution of soils and rock;
b) Existing and proposed drainage conditions and the likely effects on
ground water;
c) Previous history of ground movements in similar soils in the area; and
d) Performance of comparable cuts and fills (if any) in adjacent areas.
c) Relating subsequent soil test properties to relevant strata over the site.
The test data appropriate in different areas shall be determined by the soils
engineer.
Bearing Capacity. The strength of the ground resisting general shear failure
(and resulting gross deformation) under the footings of a house is a local
phenomenon distinct from settlement. Fill constructed to minimize settlement
in accordance with this Code will have adequate shear strength.
tests, field load tests or dynamic penetrometer tests or other recognised soil
strength tests.
Note: The developer should refer to the Natural Hazards Register contained
in Volume 4 of the District Plan.
Shrinkage and Expansion. Because some clay soils are likely to undergo
shrinkage and swelling when subjected to seasonal changes in water
content, special examination of welling and shrinkage characteristics should
be made in the case of highly plastic soils.
detention dam, investigation should include the ability of the fill to act as a
detention dam and upstream effect of the fill.
Diversions of natural water and the discharge of water containing silt arising
from subdivision or development works are subject to either a land use, water
or discharge permit in terms of the Resource Management Act 1991. Where
the Regional Council has issued a general authorisation, that is - for the
diversion or discharge of water or water containing sediment associated with
subdivision or development, the subdividing owner's representative shall
comply with the conditions of such authorisation including notification to the
Regional Council if required. Where water is to be diverted from one
catchment to another, the effect on that catchment should be investigated,
and where necessary approvals shall be obtained from the respective
authorities or owners, or both.
natural ground near the toe or sides of a fill and no storm-water soak pits
should be constructed in a fill whereby the stability of the fill might be
impaired.
The Contractor's responsibility for care of the Works shall include the
protection of earthworks. The Contractor requires an Environment Protection
Agreement or an Authorisation with the Environment Management Authority
for all construction or building activities on a site more than 0.3 hectare and
must be obtained prior to commencement of work. No extensions of time will
be granted or allowed relative to any delay with obtaining of the necessary
Agreement and other approvals unless it is shown to the satisfaction of the
Superintendent that all necessary steps have been taken on time by the
Contractor.
a) The ponds shall be kept empty of water for the longest practical
duration. During periods of high in-flow of water and sediment, causing
overtopping over the pond spillway, the Contractor shall regularly test
the quality of the waters being released and treat the water with
chemicals as and when necessary in order to achieve a water quality
for the released water complying with the above legislation and licence
In areas where earthworks, including open drains, have been completed and
no further treatment is specified other than topsoiling and grassing or
hydroseeding, then the topsoiling and seeding shall be carried out as
specified at the earliest practicable date. Areas of exposed completed
earthworks shall, if directed, be stabilised using temporary grassing, within 28
days of formation.
3.2.8.1 GENERAL
All trees and stumps, on or within the limits of clearing, unable to be felled
and removed by the clearing methods used by the Contractor shall be
removed by grubbing. Grub out stumps and roots over 75mm diameter to a
minimum depth of 0.5m below the natural surface or 1.5m below the finished
surface level, whichever is the lower. Backfill grub holes with suitable spoil
from excavations compacted in layers to the density of the surrounding
undisturbed soil.
Limits of clearing are defined as lines one metre outside the intersections of
excavation or embankment slopes with the natural surface or the outside
limits of slope rounding together with any other limits detailed. For services
trenches outside the general limits of clearing, limit of clearing is defined as
trench width plus one (1) metre either side of the trench. The Contractor shall
ensure that only the absolute minimum necessary for construction is cleared.
In the past, many smaller dirt jobs were bid as a lump sum rather than by the
cubic yard. Dirt contractors based their bid on guesses – what equipment
was needed and how long should it takes? They didn’t bother estimating soil
quantities. Making estimates this way overcome one problem; most
excavation contractors didn’t know how to estimated soil and rock quantities.
Fuel and labour costs are too high now. And the competition is too intense.
There’s too much risk in “seat-of-the-pants” guesses. A few mistakes, a
couple of surprises and to be looking for some other type of work. Only the
best survive for long in this business. Most of the survivors know how to
make accurate bids by the cubic yard. Fortunately, making good quantity
estimates isn’t too hard if mastered a few simple skills.
[ CITATION Der07 \l 1033 ]
When go into the field on a site visit take along two lists. The first is a
list of specific questions based on the current plans and specifications.
The second is standard checklist for site visit. Every estimator needs a
checklist to work from. Maybe overlooked something once; put it on
the list.
3) Accessibility
First, consider the physical location of the site. How remote is it? What
roads or streets lead to the site? Are the any one-way streets leading
to the site? All this will have a direct bearing on the work. If have to
bring dirt in or take it out, consider the distance to the borrow or dump
site. In fact, recommend driving the route several times, using different
roads to find the shortest and best route. If the surrounding streets
carry heavy traffic, it will slow down the movement of equipment to
and from the work site. Will traffic problems require the use of one or
more flagmen? Look for any other safety-related problems that might
require additional manpower. Is the site near any homes or business?
Is there a noise ordinance and its enforced? Take complete notes
during the site visit on any variable that will affect the profit and works.
5) Surface condition
Drainage problems, steep slopes, dense vegetation, and sharp or
large rocks scattered on the surface will all hamper production.
Drainage is one of the biggest problems. Provide the drainage
channels to reroute water during construction. But can’t divert water
onto streets or roads.
AP 226 / 1C | JULY – NOVEMBER 2009
PLANNING AND CONTROLLING OF EARTHWORK BLD
OPERATION MULTI-STOREY PROJECT 410
6) Subsurface conditions
Even have the soil tests on the site, the actual conditions of the soil
below the surface are really anybody’s guess. Water running on the
surface indicates underground water seeps. If the work limits are
below the local water table, have to pump water from trenches and the
excavation portions of the job.
7) Utilities
Try to determine if utility lines are shown in the correct location on the
plans. Utility lines sometimes aren’t where the plans show them. A
variation of just a few feet can make a big difference in time when
working in a confined area. If there exist storm or sewer lines, check
the manholes for conditions, material and depth to flow line. Also
check for size, direction and number of inlets and outlets in the
manhole. Check for overhead wires that would be in the way of
working equipment. Will the temporary electric or phone connection
are needed.
8) Project size
Consider whether building materials and equipment can be stored on
the job site without interfering with the work.
9) Local needs
Locate local suppliers of fuel, repairs, parts and any other operations
needs. Find out the policy on credit or payments. Get an agreement in
writing if possible. Plan to use local workers, expected wages for the
labour.
10)Traffic control
If the project will need traffic control, check with the local authorities to
see what they require. Most of them spell out traffic control
requirements very clearly. There are exact standards for barricades,
delineators, flashing light and other safety precaution.
11)Security
The job site is isolated or in an area with high crime rate, may want to
hire a security company. Vandalism to equipment or material, theft,
and destruction of completed work can be a major financial loss. Most
of it won’t be covered by the insurance. That makes it a cost of doing
business. Also consider public safety. Job will probably drawn
sidewalk superintendents. Everyone loves watching heavy equipment
at work. So, need to protective fencing around the area, to keep
people out of danger.
The volume of soil in the original ground will change when the soil is
excavated and loosened, or when it is filled and compacted. The volume of
soil should be adjusted so as to compute the volume to be excavated, hauled
and embankment on a common basis.
1) Bulking Factors
Soils and rocks usually swell when they are excavated; thus 1m 3 of
material in the ground will occupy more than 1m 3 in the transporting
vehicle. This must be allowed for in assessing the amount of transport
required and their number of trips and therefore the cost of
transporting materials.
2) Shrinkage Factors
Both factors are assisting to measure the output productivity before run the
construction. It does also can calculate the number of excavator, Lorries and
labour needed to carry out soil from the site or embankment the soil to the
site. There are also help to preparing the budget and time duration for
earthwork operations.
Gravelly Soils
a) Gravels 1.10 – 1.20 0.85 – 1.05
b) Gravelly soils 1.10 – 1.30 0.85 – 1.00
c) Solidified gravelly soil 1.25 – 1.45 1.10 – 1.30
Sands
a) Sandy 1.10 – 1.20 0.85 – 0.95
b) Sandy & cobble 1.15 – 1.20 0.90 – 1.00
Common soil
a) Sandy soils 1.20 – 1.30 0.85 – 0.95
b) Sandy soils with cobbles 1.40 – 1.45 0.90 – 1.00
Cohesive soil
a) Cohesive soils 1.20 – 1.45 0.85 – 0.95
b) Cohesive soil with 1.30 – 1.45 0.90 – 1.00
gravels 1.40 – 1.45 0.90 – 1.00
c) Cohesive soil with
cobbles
3.3.1.3 CALCULATION
This site will be excavate soil from reduce level 21.00 to 15.00 and the soil
had to dispose to the dumping area. The total volume of soil to be disposed
is about 35,000 m3.
Below show the calculation how many excavator and lorries required for this
project done in 9 weeks.
Bulking Volume
35, 000m3 x 1.15 (bulking factor) = 40, 250 m3
Excavator required
40, 250 m3
= 0.57 = 1 unit excavator
1, 300 m3 (output excavator/day) x 54 days
Lorries required
a) Nos of trip
40, 250 m3
= 4, 025 trip
10 m3 (capacity lorry per trip – unlicensed lorry)
e) No of lorries required
44, 275 minutes
= 1.7 = 2 units Lorries
54 days x 60 minutes x 8 hour (per day)
So, for this project, they are requiring to have 1 unit of excavator and 2 units
of unlicensed lorry to complete the project in 9 weeks. This calculation is help
to measure the requirement more accuracy and the contractor will know their
profit also can budget the cost and planning of earthwork operations.
provide a detailed specification for the proposed works. Rather it outlines the
sequence and extent of construction activities that may not be obvious from
the design drawings alone and that need to be considered in terms of their
impact on the surrounding environment. Detailed specifications for each type
of work will be prepared prior to the start of construction and these will
incorporate any restrictions on working practices demanded by the outcome
of the various environmental and planning studies that will accompany the
planning application, together with any Planning Conditions that may
subsequently be applied.
3.3.2.1 EARTHWORK
1) Scope of Works
The main purpose of this method statement is to outline the activities and
method, which will be used in general to carry out the earthworks in
accordance with the Contract Specification, and details shown in the
drawings.
2) Resources
3) Sequence of Works
a) Survey Setting Out
b) Site Clearing
Site clearance shall be carried out within the limit of contract by removal of
fallen trees, shrubs etc. to approved tips. Stripping of topsoil will be carried
out up to about 150mm layer of soil that can support vegetation.
c) Earth excavation
For earth cut fill within the site, earth will be excavated in bulk from
designated high areas within the site to the required depths and levels in
accordance with the drawings. Prior to filling with earth excavated area need
to be survey to confirm excavation level verified by C.O.W/client
representative. For excess excavated earth, these shall be transported,
spread and levelled along side of the site boundary. Compaction of the earth
shall be carried out in layers with a vibratory compacting roller of 20-tonnes
capacity or more in operation. The thickness for fill shall be 300mm each
layer according to specification. However, the swell factories are various from
0.6 to 0.8 depend on the properties of the earth. Hence, at the loose state,
the loose measure thickness various. A trial compaction test will be carried
out to demonstrate the compaction method and numbers of passes to be
used. The method statement of the trial compaction will be submitted
separately. Field density tests as per compaction requirements shall be
carded out on requests and at an agreed interval depths at earth fill areas
and to be witnessed by authorized Representative. Close turfing to slopes
shall be carried out upon completion of sizeable area. As built level survey
shall be carried out upon work completion and submit to Engineer.
i. Punch a hole through the plastic film with wooden pricket near the
middle of the cartridge.
ii. Fully insert the plain detonator into the cartridge.
iii. Wrap electrical insulation tape, around the cartridges from the
detonator to the end of the cartridge along safety fuse, securing the
detonator. When priming the blast hole, ensure that the detonator
points to the bottom of the blast hole so that the safety fuse is not bent
sharply.
iv. It is necessary to vary the length of safety fuses when firing multiple
blast hole so that the blast holes fire in the desired sequence. All
safety fuses shall be connected into series and joint to exploder to
commence the blasting works.
v. Safety signboard and red flag shall be placed in the necessary places
prior to commencement of blasting works.
vi. Blasted rock shall be removed and deposited to the area within the
site directed by S.O.
i. For the topmost 12 in below formation level less than 95% of the
maximum dry density obtained from BS Heavy Compaction Tests.
ii. For the remainder below formation level less than 90% of the
maximum dry density obtained from BS Heavy Compaction Tests.
This is an example for preparing the Critical Path Method. The project
planning must included the time duration, cost, resource, management and
sequence of work for this SOHO project.
When setting out earthworks it is first necessary to set out the centre line or
other reference lines, and then the lines indicating the top of the cutting or the
toe of embankment. These lines should be ascertained from cross sections
of the existing ground the finished work. Reference pegs should also be
driven into the ground at a fixed distance outside the peg marking the top of
the cutting or the toe of embankment. All levels should be referred to an
established bench mark not subject to subsidence or interference. Batten
profiles are useful to indicate the slopes to which embankments are to be
constructed. In setting out both cuttings and embankments, allowance should
be made for hand trimming and soiling.
Method of Excavation
For soft or loose materials, e.g. topsoil, gravel, sand, and most clays, all
types of excavating plant referred to in Clause 7.05 are most suitable and the
choose for a particular job will depend on the conditions of working and
possibly, on the plant available.
When excavation has to be carried out below water level, draglines or grabs
are generally used. In deep or wide water, floating dredgers may be
desirable.
For hardest materials, e.g. stiff clays, shale’s, marls, soft chalk, heavier and
more powerful models than those used for soft or loose materials are
generally required. It may also be necessary to employ rooters or scarifies to
break up the surface of the material before the excavating plant can be used.
3.3.3.3 OBSTRUCTIONS
a) Trees
Trees can be removed using mechanical equipment such as tree
pullers, bulldozers, special rooting attachments fitted to crawler
tractors, and power-operated logging winches mounted at the rear of
track laying tractor.
Alternatively, the trees may cut off at a height of not more than 3 ft
above the ground and the stumps grubbed out by means of winch
gear or high-velocity explosives, or a combination of both.
b) Boulders
Generally boulders which may interfere with the work should be
removed, after breaking down if necessary. In the case of
embankments they may instead be broken down to a size not
exceeding the thickness of the compacted layer of fill. Boulders are
usually broken down by means of explosives although plugs and
feathers or hydraulic cartridges may be used, particularly when the
use of explosives is inadmissible.
There are three methods of dealing with boulders by explosives:
i) Bore a hole about halfway through the boulder into which the
explosive charge is placed and thoroughly tamped.
c) Safety Precautions
Blasting methods should be carried out only by persons thoroughly
conversant with the working methods and precaution and regulations
to be observed in using explosives, and with local police requirements.
To avoid the danger of injury from flying debris all personnel in a
blasting area should retreat several hundred feet and take adequate
cover.
Some notes on the types and use of excavating plant are given below:
a) General purpose excavator
This machine is a versatile and universal construction tool capable of
carrying out many different type of front end or jib equipment it can be
used as a dragline, backater or drag-shovel, grab, crane, shovel,
skimmer, or pile driver.
e) Grab
A grab may be used with a dragline excavator or crane on sites such
as foundation pits and trenches where the dragline bucket cannot be
employed. It is also largely used for under water work.
c) Belt conveyors
Belt conveyors are finding increasing use for the transport of
excavated material both on short and long hauls. Operating with
suitable loading and spreading equipment to ensure uniform flow,
there are very suitable for moving large volumes of excavation. They
are most frequently used for handling materials of fairly even
consistency, such as sand and gravel, over short distance, but really
large quantities may justify the expense of installing them for moving
almost any excavated material over long distances.
b) Construction equipment
Plant used for construction purposes will provide useful compaction if
it is suitably routed to cover the whole area, and if the soil is spread in
sufficiently thin layers. Such compaction may in certain cases be
useful in minimizing or even obviating the use of special compacting
plant. Where material is transported by scraper equipment, the fill may
be distributed in shallow lifts by the scrapers themselves. Where
lorries or dumpers are used, bulldozers and angle dozers should be
used to spread the fill material.
Very little can be done to protect earthworks from weather as the nature of
the works and their extent generally preclude the use of any covering.
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Earthworks monitoring checks the performance of the fill during or post-filling,
depending upon the design of the equipment. Normally, the engineering
quantities measured are fill settlement or groundwater level, since both may
have significant effects on performance. Thus if the specification required a
certain maximum settlement after embankment construction, post-filling
settlement monitoring would indicate whether or not settlement was within
the stated limits. Hence monitoring is a control on the engineering
performance of the fill platform.
Settlement plates comprise a base plate, usually of the order of one metre
diameter, on to which a suitable length of casing is welded. The base plate is
placed on to natural ground surface with the casing upstanding and fill
carefully placed and compacted around it, during filling works. If it is
necessary to extend the casing vertically upwards in order to cope with
greater fill thickness, additional casing lengths may be welded or screwed on.
From time to time, a rod of known length is introduced into the casing from
the surface to the base plate and a reading of the settlement of the
underlying natural ground is taken by leveling the top of the rod. The surface
of the fill, say 2 m from the casing, is leveled at the same time at say four
position (N, S, E and W) and the result averaged. The difference between the
settlement of the underlying natural ground and the fill surface is the
settlement of the fill. Settlements may be measured a different time during
and after filling and a graph plotted showing settlement against time.
Friction between the fill and the casing means that the fill can hang-up on the
casing, so that the settlement at the surface close to the casing may be less
than the true value. To avoid this undesirable feature, reading of the fill
surface should not be taken too close to the casing. Care should also be
taken to site the settlement plate on reasonably flat natural ground beneath
the fill.
A device which can be built up from the base of the fill, along the lines of the
settlement plate and USBR gauge (describe in the next section) is also
available. It therefore has the distinct advantage over the surface leveling
station in monitoring fill settlement continuously during and after placement
and not from completion of filling only.
4.1.5 PIEZOMETER
A piezometer (preferably a porous ceramic pot, equipped with granular
surround) provides a direct indication of the water level at the location
installed. Dipped at the same intervals at which settlement readings are
recorded it provides direct evidence of any link between settlement and water
rising in the fill (Figure 8.7 is an example).
4.2.1.1 INTRODUCTION
Cut slopes may require stabilization for the following reasons:
Figure 9 Deep wells with auxiliary vacuum system for dewatering a shaft in stratified materials.
After the filter is placed, the well should be developed to obtain the
maximum yield and efficiency of the well. The purpose of the development is
to remove any film of silt from the walls of the drilled hole and to develop the
filter immediately adjacent to the screen to permit an easy flow of water into
Wellpoint pumps, are used to provide the vacuum and to remove water
flowing to the system. The suction intake of the pump should be set level with
the header pipe to obtain the maximum possible vacuum. Wellpoint pumps
should be protected from the weather by a shelter and from surface water or
sloughing slopes by ditches and dikes. The discharge pipe should be
watertight and supported independently of the pump.
The wellpoint is allowed to sink and raised slowly in the ground. This is
to ensure that all fine sand and dirt are washed out of the hole. Jet water
should be returned to the surface otherwise the point may “freeze” before it
4.3.5 Electro-Osmosis
When soils such as silts, clayey silts, and clayey silty sands cannot be
dewatered by pumping from wellpoints or wells, it can be drained by wells or
wellpoints combined with a flow of direct electric current through the soil
toward the wells. Creation of a hydraulic gradient by pumping from the wells
or wellpoints with the passage of direct electrical current through the soil
causes the water contained in the soil voids to migrate from the positive
electrode (anode) to the negative electrode (cathode). The water that
migrates to the cathode can be removed by either vacuum or eductor
4.3.6 Cutoffs
In order to stop or minimize seepage into an excavation, cutoff
curtains can be used. Cutoff can be installed down to an impervious
formation. There are many methods to construct cutoff curtains. Such cutoffs
can be constructed by driving steel sheet piling, grouting existing soil with
cement or chemical grout, excavating by means of a slurry trench and
backfilling with a plastic mix of bentonite and soil, installing a concrete wall,
possibly consisting of overlapping shafts, or freezing. However, groundwater
within the area enclosed by a cutoff curtain, or leakage through or under such
a curtain will have to be pumped out with a well or wellpoint system.
Figure 24 Steel sheeting to top of rock. A boulder above the rock can aggravate the situation.
Figure 27 Typical scenario of freeze pipe spacing and indication which can be connected to a portable
refrigeration plant, or liquid nitrogen tanker.
4.4.1 SPECIFICATIONS
Before any earthworks are commenced, areas of cut and fill should be clearly
defined. Where necessary, sufficient fencing or barriers should be provided
around trees or other features to be protected. All site activities including
clearing, storage, cutting and filling should be kept away from the root zone
of trees (best defined as the extent of the canopy). Adequate provision
should also be made for the control of erosion, surface water run-off and
siltation. [ CITATION Gar07 \l 1033 ]
Before any loose layer of fill is compacted, the water content should be
suitable for the compaction required and as uniform as possible. Any
compacted layer which has deteriorated after an interruption in the
earthmoving operation, should be rectified before further material is placed
over it.
Where testing shows the compaction achieved in the field to be below the
specified minimum, all material represented by the test should be further
compacted or removed as necessary.
Temporary Drainage and Erosion Control
All field and laboratory test data should be recorded in a systematic manner
that will allow the results to be identified and allow the calculations to be
checked at a later date, if necessary. All control test results should have
recorded the time, date, location and elevation. Test results relating to
sections of fill that have been subsequently removed or reworked and
recompacted should be noted accordingly.
The method of excavation work step by step, where the contractor made a
few of the slope. This method use because it more effective for site area to
control soil erosion. And then after 6 meter excavated and disposed of the
soil, the contractors use the contiguous spun pile for slope protection. The
contiguous spun pile buried into the soil, the figure show how the contiguous
spun pile to be buried at the third level.
And then the reinforcement bar and concrete work started after all contiguous
spun pile buried into the soil. The gaps between the CSP will closed using
the mortar because to ensure the erosion does not happen and disturb the
working area soon. So, the contractor ensures the retaining wall strong and
safety following the standard in the contract.
The method how the water removed by using the pumping system:-
c) And then, from the temporary hole the water will flow through the
circle culvert with diameter 2 feet.
d) The water flow to the temporary drainage before flow to the large
drainage.
The access road and exit road is logistic, that means easy to going and goes
out after finish work and also easy to see by the people and parties involve
also.
Figure 45 Housekeeping.
So, the contractor must make sure the access road in good condition always.
That means, the access road must clean always and remove any material
have on the road such as soil and other materials. The figure shows two
worker cleaning the wash pit area and access road.
4.5.4.1 HOARDING
Hoarding fixed at surrounding area of construction site, the high for
hoarding is 3 meters. It important and must provide at any construction
site following the CIDB standard because its can protect from the
trespassers, illegal and as the site boundary. For this site, hoarding
also likes a separator between construction site area and railway
KTM.
Figure 46 Hoarding.
PURPOSE
All documents and data are reviewed, approved and controlled to ensure that.
The correct revision of appropriate documents are available at the point of work.
Obsolete documents are promptly removed from all points of issue or use.
4.5.6.3 PROCEDURE
RETENTION OF DOCUMENTATION
For the conclusion, earthworks sites are amongst the most dangerous
because of the variety of work being conducted and because of the speed at
which some earth moving plant can operate. However, nothing can be built
without some excavation and some transfer soil (or rock) from a one part of a
side to another. That’s why; a proper planning and controlling of earthwork
must have to any contractors.
Danger includes:
Staffs on site are particularly at risk from earth moving and compaction plant.
They should be protected by warning lights and barriers. Haul surface should
be well maintained because this improves breaking distance; watering during
dry weather helps to reduce the nuisance. Plant should be restricted to
travelling parallel t the dip of the slope, wherever possible.