/CJJ' 6 3

UNSOLICiTED
SWAB AND SURGE PRESSURES IN NON-NEWTONIAN flUIDS
O. ./!. ~
Abstract

The major factor contributing to swab and surge pressures in a wellbore is

usually the frictional pressure drop resulting from flow of the drilling
fluid. Previous methods for calculating this frictional pressure drop have
not fully considered the non-Newtonian nature of drilling fluids.

In thi s study, a computer was used to sol ve the equati ons of 1ami nar flow
in annular spaces exhibiting axial relative motion between the walls, for
both Bi ngham and Power Law fl ui ds. Resul ts are expressed in both tabul ar
and graphical form, and cover all situations likely to be encountered in
the fiel d.

For Power' Law fl ui ds, equati ons of flow and the; r exact sol uti ons are pre-
sented for flow behavior index values of 1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 and 1/5. An
equivalent clinging constant ;s derived, which depends on annular geometry,
flow behavior index and the ratio of actual fluid displacement to the maxi-
mum or closed-pipe displacement.

The simultaneous equations describing flow of a Bingham fluid are derived,

and solutions are given for a large number of representative cases. Values
of the equivalent clinging constant are presented.

Introduction

Accurate knowl edge of pressure surges induced by ra; s; ng or lower; ng the

drill string is of great importance in ensuring trouble-free drilling opera-
tions. Procedures for calculating these pressure surges have been pre-
sented by Burkhardt 1, Schuh 2 and Fontenot and Clark 3 • The pressure surges
are composed of several parts, including frictional losses in the annulus,
acceleration of the mud column, and local changes in fluid velocity OppO-

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site tool joints and protectors. If communication exists between the pipe-
bore and annulus, the proper distribution of flow must also be calculated.

This paper presents an analysis of laminar annular flow of Bingham and

Power Law fluids. Flow of Bingham fluids in a stationary annulus has been
described by Fredrickson and Bird 4 and by Melrose et. a1 5 , while the flow
of Power Law fluids has been covered by Fredrickson and Bird 4 and by
Savins 6 • A similar approach is taken here, but the case of axial relative
wall motion is considered. This changes one of the boundary conditions of
the defi ni ng equati ons. It is assumed throughout that the annul us is con-
centric and circular, and that the fluid is incompressible.

Dimensionless Variables

The fol1o~ing dimensionless variables are helpful in deriving the governing

equations for Power Law flow:

Annular diameter ratio k

Dimensionless radius p

Dimensionless radius corresponding

to zero shear stress
Dimensionless velocity
u s
Dimensionless pipe velocity ~p = -t (~ )
Dimensionless bulk flowrate
relative to outer wall
Ratio of bulk flow
to closed-pipe displacement

For Bingham flow, variables are defined as above, except:

Dimensionless outer limit

of plug flow region

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 Swab and Surge Pressures in Non-Newtonian Fluids
3

Dimensionless inner limit

of plug flow region
21'
Dimensionless reciprocal pressure drop To =~
2lJ ou
Dimensionless velocity q, = --::2"
PR
_ 2110U p
Dimensionless pipe velocity <Pp - PR Z

Bingham number relative

to pipe velocity

Dimensionless bulk flowrate

2110Q
relative to outer wall G = ----Jr---""

iTR4 P

Power Law' Fl uf d

Figure 1 illustrates the nature of flow to be considered. The equations of

flow are derived in Appendix A; they may be written as:

z =1 A2 s Z =A A2 s
<Pp =f (z - -) dz - f (-
z
- z) dz ( 1)
z =A Z z = k

p= 1 z = 1 A-2 s
Q =2 f p f (z - -)
z dz dp
p =A z =p

p = A- z= p :\2 s 2 2
+ 2 f p f (-z - z) dz dp + <P ( A - k ) (2)
p =k z= k P

Q = __v__ k2 ~
and v p
( 3)
max
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 Swab and Surge Pressures in Non-Newtonian Fluids
4,

Thus, there are three equati ons in the unknowns cP, 0, and A. Exact
p
forms of the integrals in the equations (1) and (2) are given in Appendix
B, for integer val ues of s cpfrom 1 through 5. Sol utions are presented in
Table 1 as values of ls + 1) in terms of s, k and v v
(1 - k) max

Equivalent Clinging Constant

It has become customary to represent flow of thi s nature in terms of a

clinging constant, which describes the apparent contribution of pipe veloc-
ity toward pressure drop. The clinging constant may be expressed as:

(4)

where no is the dimensionless bulk flowrate corresponding to the equiva-

lent pressure drop in a stationary annulus. no may be obtained by solv-
ing equations (I) and (2) with 4> = O. Table 2 gives values of K in
p c
terms of s, k and v
vmax

81 ngham F1 ui d

The nature of flow to be cons; dered ; s shown ; n Fi gure 2. The govern; ng

equations are derived in Appendix C and may be written as:

A+ - T 2
2A+(A+ - To) 1n (~ A+ k 0) - 1 + 2T 0 (1 - A+ ) + (T 0 + k) + 2~ P =0 (5)

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5'

and n= _ -:o:--V_ _ (3)

v max

Solutions are given in Table 3, as values of To in terms of Bp, k and

v
v
max

Equivalent Clinging Constant

The clinging constant for a Bingham fluid may be expressed as:

(4)

where Go is the equivalent dimensionless bulk flowrate in a stationary

annulus, obtained by solving equations (5) and (6) with 4>p = 0 and To
known from Table 3.

Values of Kc in terms of Bp, k and ~v_v--­ are given in Table 4.

max
Discussion of Results

The fi gures g; yen in Tables 1 through 4 may be used to obta in pressure

drops for Bingham or Power Law fluids. For practical field problems, the
pressure drop thus obtained must be added to pressures induced by velocity
changes and mud acceleration, as described by Schuh 2 • If the pipe is open,
an i terati ve procedure must be used to fi nd the value of v v at whi ch
max
internal and external pressure losses are equal. When usi ng a Power Law
model, it is important to note that at very low vel oci ti es the pressure

D2/541AT127
 Swab and Surge Pressures in Non-Newtonian Fluids
6

drop must exceed the pressure required to 'overcome gel strength, which is a
function of the time the mud has remained stationary.

Figures 3 through 11 show equivalent clinging constants plotted against

annulus diameter ratio. For a Newtonian fluid the clinging constant ;s
independent of v v , as derived in Appendix 0, and Kc follows the curve
ma~
graphed by Burkhardt and the analyti c express; on given by Fontenot and
Clark 3 • It is clear, however, that the effect of non-Newtonian fluid be ...
hay; or is to reduce the val ue of the cli ngi ng constant, and that thi s ef-
fect is increased when v is sma11.
v
max

Conclus1on

Ri gorous sol uti on of the equati ons govern; ng flow in an annul ar space wi th
axial re1~tive wall motion gives an improved method for finding the contri-
bution of fluid friction to swab and surge pressures ;n Power Law and Bing-
ham fluids. It;s seen that in Bingham fluids and in pseudoplastic Power
Law fl ui ds, previ ous methods usi ng Newton; an cl; ngi ng constant have gi ven
somewhat inflated results.

Provided that proper allowance is made for all other factors contributing
to downhole pressure surges, this paper provides a basis for more exact
calculation of such surges. An accurate mathematical model is of great
importance because of the effect of pressure surges on operati onal safety
and success, and because direct real-time measurement by downhole telemetry
devices is not currently possible.

Nomenclature

Bingham number, with respect to pipe velocity

Annulus diameter ratio
Apparent clinging constant

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7

m Consistency factor, Power Law fluid

n Flow' behavior index, Power Law fluid
p Pressure drop per unit length
Q Bulk flowrate
R Outer radius of annulus
s Reciprocal flow behavior index, Power Law fluid
To Dimensionless reciprocal pressure drop, Bingham fluid
u Velocity of fluid
up Velocity of inner wall of annulus
v Bulk velocity of fluid
vmax Bulk velocity displaced by closed pipe
z Dimensionless radius
y Shear rate
A Dimensionless radius at zero shear stress
A Dimensionless radius at zero shear stress, stationary annulus
0
A Dimensionless radius at inner boundary of plug flow region
A+ Dimensionless radius at outer boundary of plug flow region
~o Plastic viscosity, Bingham fluid
P Dimensionless radius
T Shear stress
TO Yield point, Bingham fluid
~ Dimensionless velocity
'p Dimensionless velocity of inner wall of annulus
0 Dimensionless bulk flowrate
n Dimensionless bulk flowrate, stationary annulus
0

Acknowledgement

I wish to thank the management of Exploration Logqing Inc. for their

permission to publish this paper.

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References

1 Burkhardt, J.A., "Wellbore Pressure Surges Produced by Pipe Movement",

J. Pet. Tech., June 1961, pp 595-605.

2 Schuh, F.J., "Computer Makes Surge-Pressure Cal cul ations Useful", Oil
and Gas Journal, August 3, 1964, pp 96-104.

3 Fontenot, J.E. and R.K. Clark, nAn Improved Method for Calculating
Swab and Surge Pressures and Circulating Pressures in a Drilling
Well", S.P.E. Journal, October 1974, pp 451-462.

4 Fredrickson, A.G. and R.B. Bird, I'Non-Newtonian Flow in Annuli", In-'

dustr1al and Engineering Chemistry, 50 (3), March 1958, pp 347-
352.

5 Melrose, J.C., J.G. Savins, W.R. Foster, and E.R. Parish, "A Practical
Uti 1 i zati on of the Theory of Bingham Pl asti c Flow in Sta ti onary
Pipes and Annul;", Petrol eum Transactions, A1ME, 213, 1958, pp
316-324.

6 Savins, J.G., "Generalized Newtonian (Pseudoplastic) Flow in Station-

ary Pipes and Annuli", Petroleum Transactions, A1ME, 213, 1958,
pp 325-332.

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Table 1

Values of
(1 _
• + 11
I}S for a Power Law Fl ui d

s =1 k ...
v .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 ,.7 .8 .9
vmax '"
0.0 -.8647 -.6440 -.5389 -.4756 -.4329 -.4021 -.3787 -.3603 -.3455
.1 -.8605 -.6342 -.5225 -.4514 -.3987 -.3542 -.3109 -.2603 -.1834
.2 -.8563 -.6247 -.5072 -.4295 -.3694 -.3165 -.2638 -.2038 -.1249
.3 -.8522 -.6154 -.4927 -.4097 -.3442 -.2861 -.2290 -.1674 -.09464
.4 -.8481 -.6065 -.4790 -.3916 -.3222 -.2610 -.2024 -.1421 -.07620
.5 -.8441 -.5978 -.4660 -.3750 -.3028 -.2400 -.1813 -.1234 -.06377
.6 -.8401 -.5893 -.4538 -.3598 -.2857 -.2221 -.1641 -.1091 -.05483
.7 -.8361 -.5810 -.4421 -.3458 -.2703 -.2066 -.1500 -.09770 -.04809
.8 -.8322 -.5730 -.4311 -.3328 -.2566 -.1932 -.1381 -.OR848 -.04282
.9 -.8283 -.5652 -.4206 -.3208 -.2442 -.1814 -.1279 -.08086 -.03859
1.0 -.8245 -.5577 -.4105 -.3096 -.2329 -.1710 -.1191 -.07444 -.03513

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s =2 k ...
v ~ .1 .2 ,3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 ~9
vmax

0.0 -1.5356 -.8417 -.6106 -.4953 -.4263 -.3803 -.3476 -.3232 -.3043
.1 -1.5121 -.8135 -.5767 -.4541 -.3757 -.3171 -.2662 -.2134 -.1434
.2 -1.4895 -.7874 -.5468 -.4200 -.3369 -.2733 .... 2175
-.1614 -.09550
.3 -1.4676 -.7632 -.5202 -.3912 -.3061 -.2409 -.1846 -.1304 -.07180
.4 -1.4464 -.7406 -.4964 -.3664 -.2808 -.2158 -.1607 -.1095 -.05759
.5 -1.4259 -.7195 -.4750 -.3449 -.2596 -.1956 -.1425 -.09454 -.04810
.6 -1.4061 -.6997 -.4555 -.3260 -.2417 -.1791 -.1280 -.08320 -.04130
.7 -1.3869 -.6811 -,,4377 -.3092 -.2261 -.1652 -.1163 -.07432 -.03619
.8 -1.3684 -.6636 -.4213 -.2942 -.2126 -.1534 -.1066 -.06716 -,,03220
.9 -1.3503 -.6471 -.4063 -.2806 -.2007, -.1432 -.09843 -.06127 -.02901
1.0 -1.3329 -.6315 -.3924 -.2684 -.i901 -.1344 -.09142 -.05634 -.02640

s =3 k ....
v ~ .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
vmax

0.0 -2.5156 -1.0601 -.6832 -.5171 -.4251 -.3672 -.3276 -.2989 -.2772
.1 -2.4258 -.9966 -.6236 -.4551 -.3569 -.28R9 -.2340 -.1814 -.1179
.2 -2.3432 -.9415 -.5751 -.4084 -.3100 -.2411 -.1855 -.1338 -.07733
.3 -2.2670 -.8932 -.5347 -.3716 -.2754 -.2082 -.1548 -.1068 -.05785
.4 -2.1964 -.8503 -.5005 -.3417 -.2485 -.1840 -.1334 -.08914 -.04629
.5 -2.1307 -.8121 -.4710 -.3169 -.2269 -.1651 -.1174 -.07663 -.03861
.6 -2.0695 -.7776 -.4452 -.2958 -.2091 -.1500 -,,1050 -.06727 -.03312
.7 -2.0123 -.7464 -.4225 -.2777 -.1941 -.1376 -.09503 -.05997 -.02901
.8 -1.9586 -.7180 -.4023 -.2619 -.1812 -.1272 -.08685 -.05413 -.02581
.9 -1.9082 -.6920 -.3842 -.2479 -.1701 -.1183 -.08000 -.04933 -.02324
1.0 -1.8607 -.6681 -.3679 -.2355 -.1604 -.1107 -.07418 -.04532 -.02114

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It

s =4 k +
v ~ .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
vmax

0.0 -3.6601 -1.2715 -.7481 -.5362 -.4251 -.3576 -.3128 -.2811 -.2575
01 . . 3.4260 -1.1556 -.6569 -.4515 -.3393 -.2655 -.2090 -.1579 -.1000
.2 -3.2242 -1.0622 -.5888 -.3935 -.2863 -.2156 -.1617 -.1142 -.06497
.3 -3.0481 -.9850 -.5355 -.3508 -.2496 -.1833 -.1333 -.09042 -.04844
.4 -2.8929 -.9200 -.4925 -.3176 -.2223 -.1602 ... 1139 -.07515 -.03870
.5 -2.7549 -.8643 -.4569 -.2910 -.2010 .... 1428 -.09982 -.06444 -.03225
.6 -2.6312 -.8159 -.4268 -.2691 -.1839 -.1290 -.08896 -.05646 -.02765
.7 -2.5197 -.7735 -.4010 -.2506 -.1697 -.1179 -.08032 -.05027 -.02421
.8 -2.4186 -.7359 -.3786 -.2348 -.1577 -.1086 -.07329 -.04533 -.02153
.9 -2.3264 -.7023 -.3588 -.2210 -.1475 -.1008 -.06740 -.04128 -.01939
1.0 -2.2419 -.6721 -.3413 -.2090 -.1386 -.09405 -.06242 -.03791 -.01764

s =5 k +
v ~ .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
vmax

0.0 -4.8316 -1.4641 -.8036 -.5518 -.4248 .... 3499 .... 3011 -.2671 -.2422
.1 -4.3668 -1.2821 -.6775 -.4442 -.3225 -.2456 -.1890 -.1398 -.08692
.2 -3.9935 -1.1462 -.5908 -.3769 -.2653 -.1949 -.1433 -.09966 -.05602
.3 -3.6862 -1.0401 -.5269 -.3301 -.2278 -.1636 -.1170 -.07841 -.04166
.4 -3.4283 -.9547 -.4773 -.2951 -.2008 -.1418 -.09947 -.06496 -.03324
.5 -3.2082 -.8842 -.4376 -.2678 -.1802 -.1257 -.08681 -.05559 -.02769
.6 -3.0180 -.8248 -.4049 -.2457 -.1639 -.1132 -.07718 -.04864 -.02373
.7 -2.8517 -.7740 -.3774 -.2275 -.1506 -.1031 -.06956 -.04328 -.02077
.8 -2.7049 -.7299 -.3539 -.2121 -.1395 -.09476 -.06337 -.03900 -.01847
.9 -2.5743 -.6912 -.3336 -.1989 -.1300 -.08776 -.05822 -.03550 -.01663
1.0 -2.4571 -.6570 -.3158 -.1874 -.1219 -.08177 -.05388 -.03259 -.01513

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Table 2

Valuis of Kc for a Power law Fluid

s =1 k ...
v ~ .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .• 7 .8 .9
vmax

0.0 -.2070 -.2690 -.3164 -.3552 -.3880 -.4163 -.4411 -.4629 -.4825
.1 -.2070 -.2690 -.3164 -.3552 -.3880 -.4163 -.4411 -.4629· -.4825
.2 -.2070 -.2690 -.3164 -.3552 -.3880 -.4163 -.4411 -.4629 -.4825
.3 -.2070 -.2690 -.3164 -.3552 -.3880 -.4163 -.4411 -.4629 -.4825
.4 -.2070 -.2690 -.3164 -.3552 - .. 3880 -.4163 - . 4411 -.4629 -.4825
.5 -.2070 -.2690 -.3164 -.3552 -.3880 -.4163 -.4411 -.4629 -.4825
.6 . -.2070 -.2690 -.3164 -.3552 -.3880 -.4163 -.4411 -.4629 -.4825
.7 -.2070 -.2690 -.3164 -.3552 -.3880 -.4163 -.4411 -.4629 -.4825
.8 -.2070 -.2690 -.3164 -.3552 -.3880 -.4163 -.4411 -.4629 -.4825
.9 -.2070 -.2690 -.3164 -.3552 -.3880 -.4163 -.4411 -.4629 -.4825
1.0 -.2070 -.2690 -.3164 -.3552 -.3880 -.4163 -.4411 -.4629 -.4825

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13-,'

s =2 k ...
V i- .1 .2 .3 .4 05 .6 .7 .8 .9
vmax
0.0 -.09280 -.1596 -.2135 -.2588 -.2976 -.3313 -.3610 -.3874 -.4110
.1 -.09323 -.1609 -.2162 -.2632 -.3043 -.3411 -.3753 -.4088 -.4454
.2 -.09366 -.1622 -.2187 -.2671 -.3098 -.3485 -.3847 -.4200 -.4568
.3 -.09407 -.1635 -.2210 -.2705 -.3145 -.3543 -.3914 -.4270 -.4625
.4 -.09448 -.1647 -.2231 -.2736 -.3184 -.3590 ... 3965 -.4318 -.4660
.5 -.09489 -.1658 -.2251 -.2764 -.3219 -.3629 -.4004 -.4353 -.4683
.6 -.09529 -.1669 -.2270 -.2790 -.3249 -.3661 -.4036 -.4380 -.4700
.7 -.09568 -.1680 -.2287 -.2813 -.3276 -.3689 -.4062 -.4401 -.4713
.8 -.09606 -.1690 -.2304 -.2834 -.3300 -.3713 -.4084 -.4419 -.4722
.9 -.09644 -.1700 -.2319 -.2853 -.3321 -.3735 -.4103 -.4433 -.4730
1.0 -.09682 -.1710 -.2334 -.2872 -.3340 -.3753 -.4119 -.4445 -.4737

s =3 k -1-

V i- .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
vmax

0.0 -.04731 -.1039 -.1550 -.2001 -.2400 -.2753 -.3069 -.3353 -.3609
.1 -.04805 -.1064 -.1600 -.2084 -.2526 -.2938 -.3336 -.3746 -.4226
.2 -.04877 -.1087 -.1644 -.2153 -.2624 -.3069 -.3500 -.3937 -.4412
.3 -.04947 -.1108 -.1684 -.2214 -.2705 -.3169 -.3613 -.4053 -.4505
.4 -.05015 -.1129 -.1721 -.2267 -.2773 -.3246 -.3696 -.4131 -.4561
.5 -.05081 -.1148 -.1754 -.2314 -.2830 -.3311 -.3761 -.4188 -.4598
.6 -.05145 -.1167 -.1785 -.2356 -.2880 -.3364 -.3812 -.4231 -.4625
.7 -.05208 -.1184 -.1814 -.2394 -.2924 -.3409 -.3855 -.4265 -.4645
.8 -.05269 -.1201 -.1841 -.2429 -.2963 -.3448 -.3890 -.4293 -.4661
.9 -.05328 -.1217 -.1866 -.2460 -.2997 -.3482 -.3920 -.4315 -.4674
1.0 -.05386 -.1232 -.1890 -.2489 -.3029 -.3512 -.3945 -.4334 -.4684

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14·

s =4 k ....
v
vmax + .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

0.0 -.02796 -.07359 -.1194 -.1620 -.2009 -.2361 -.2681 -.2973 -.3238
.1 -.02886 -.07680 -.1261 -.1733 -.2183 .. ,,2618 '-.3052 -.3514 ':'.4071
.2 -.02972 -.07976 -.1319 -.1826 -.2315 -.2792 -.3267 -.3760 -.4308
.3 -.03055 -.08249 -.1371 -.1905 -.2421 -.2921 -.3412 -.3907 -.4425
.4 -.03134 -.08504 -.1418 -.1973 -.2508 -.3021 ..;..3518 -.4006 -.4495
.5 -.03210 -.08743 -.1460 -.2033 -.2581 -.3102 -.3600 -.4077 -.4542
.6 -.03284 -.08968 -.1499 -.2086 -.2644 -.3170 -.3665 -.4132 -.4575
.7 -.03355 -.09181 -.1535 -.2133 -.2699 -.3226 -.3717 -.4174 -.4601
.8 -.03424 -.09382 -.1568 -.2176 -.2747 -03275 -.3762 -.4210 -.4621
.9 -.03491 -.09573 -.1599 -.2216 -.2790 -,,3318 -.3799 -.4237 -.4636
1.0 -.03555 -.09756 -.1628 -.2251 -.2829 -.3355 -.3831 -.4261 -.4649

s =5 k ....
v + .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
v max
0.0 -.01859 -.05560 -.09614 -.1357 -.1729 -.2073 -.2390 -.2682 -.2951
.1 -.01956 -.05933 -.1041 -.1495 -.1944 -.2390 -.2847 -.3345 -.3960
.2 -.02047 -.06269 -.1110 -.1606 -.2101 -.2597 -.3101 -.3633 -.4233
.3 -.02134 -.06576 -.1170 -.1698 -.2224 -.2747 -.3270 -.3803 -.4367
.4 -.02216 -.06860 -.1223 -.1776 -.2325 -.2863 -.3392 -.3918 -.4448
.5 -.02295 -.07123 -.1271 -.1844 -.2409 -.2956 -.3486 -.3999 -.4501
.6 -.02370 -.07370 -.1315 -.1904 -.2481 -.3033 -.3560 -.4061 -.4540
.7 -.02443 -.07601 -.1355 -.1958 -.2543 -.3098 -.3621 -.4110 -.4569
.8 -.02513 -.07820 -.1392 -.2007 -.2598 -.3154 -.3671 -.4148 -.4591
.9 -.02581 -.08027 -.1426 -.2051 -.2647 -.3202 -.3714 -.4180 -.4610
1.0 -.02646 -.08224 -.1458 -.2091 -.2690 -.3244 -.3750 -.4207 -.4624

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15·

Table 3

Values of To for a Bingham Fluid

Bp = -1 k +
v ., .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
vrnax

0.0 .2643 .1871 .1420 .1099 .08478 .06379 .04550 .02909 .01404
.1 .2631 .1846 .1383 .1052 .07904 .05726 .03845 .02201 .008095
.2 .2620 .1823 .1348 .1008 .07410 .05203 .03338 .01777 .005716
.3 .2609 .1800 .1316 .09689 .06979 .04772 .02953 .01492 .004421
.4 .2598 .1778 .1285 .09328 .06599 .0'4410 .02649 .01286 .003605
.5 .2588 .1756 .1256 .08995 .06260 .04100 .02403 .01131 .003044
.6 .2577 .1735 .1228 .08686 .05955 .03832 .02199 .01009 .002633
.7 .2567 .1715 .1202 .08400 .05680 .03598 .02027 .009109 .002321
.8 .2556 .1695 .1177 .08133 .05430 .03391 .01880 .008302 .002075
.9 .2546 .1676 .1153 .07884 .05202 .03206 .01753 .007627 .001875
1.0 .2536 .1657 .1130 .07650 .04993 .03041 .01643 .007053 .001711

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 Swab and Surge Pressures in Non-Newtonian Fluids
16-

Bp = -5 k +
v ~ .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
vmax
0.0 .5633 .4416 .3558 .287.0 .,2281 .1756 .1277 .D828B .04.052
.1 .5615 ,,4376 ,,3494 .2784 .2175 .1632 .1139 •.06858 • .02772
.2 .5598 .4337 .3435 .2707 .2.083 .1531 .1.036 ,.05919 • .02145
.3 .5581 .43.0.0 .338.0 .2636 .2.0.02 .1446 •.09527 • .05227 • .01754
.4 .5564 .4264 .3327 .2572 .193.0 .1371 .• .08837 • .04688 • .01486
.5 .5548 .423.0 .3278 .2512 .1864 .13.05 .08249 • .04253 •.01289
.6 .5532 .4197 .3231 .2455 .18.03 .1246 • .07739 • .03895 • .01138
.7 .5516 .4133 .3186 .2403 .1748 .1193 • .07292 • .03593 • .01019
.8 .55.01 .4133 .3144 .2353 .1696 .1145 • .06896 • .03335 • .0.0923.0
.9 .5486 .41.03 .31.03 .23.06 .1648 .11.0.0 • .06543 .03112 •.0.08433
1• .0 .5471 .4.074 .3.063 .2261 .16.02 .1.06.0 • .06225 .02917 • .0.07762

B
P
= -1.0 k +
v 1- .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
vmax

0 •.0 .6639 .5399 .4452 .3652 .294.0 .2288 .1677 .1.096 •.05392
.1 .6622 .5359 .438A .3565 .2832 .216.0 .1535 .09473 • .04.027
.2 .66.05 .532.0 .4329 .3488 .274.0 .2057 .1428 • .08468 .03297
.3 .6588 .5284 .4275 .3418 .2658 .1970 .1340 .07696 • .02805
.4 .6572 .5249 .4224 .3354 .2585 .1892 .1265 • 07.071 • .02446
.5 .6556 .5216 .4176 .3294 .2518 .1823 .120.0 • .06549 • .0217.0
.6 .6541 .5184 .4130 .3239 .2457 .1760 .1143 .06104 .01951
.7 .6526 .5154 •.4087 .3186 .2399 .17.03 .1.091 .05719 • .01773
.8 .6511 .5124 .4045 .3136 .2345 .165.0 .1.045 .05382 .01625
.9 .6497 .5095 .4006 .3089 .2295 .1601 .10.02 .05.083 .01500
1.0 .6483 .5068 .3967 .3044 .2247 .1555 • .09633 .04817 • .01392

D2/541AT127
 Swab and Surge Pressures in Non-Newtonian Fluids
17

BP = -50 k ..
v ... .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
vmax
0.0 .8021 .6865 .5855 .4924 .4042 .3195 .2372 .1568 .07783
el .8007 .6832 .5805 .4856 .3959 .3098 .2265 .1457 .06757
.2 .7994 .6804 .5762 .4801 .3893 .3025 .2188 .1383 .06153
.3 .7981 .6778 .5723 .4752 .3836 .2963 .2125 .1323 .05692
.4 .7969 .6754 .5688 .4708 .3786 .2908 .• 2069 .1272 .05317
.5 .7958 .6731 .5656 .4668 .3739 .2858 .2020 .1226 .05000
.6 .7948 .6710 .5625 .4630 .3697 .2813 .1974 .1186 .04726
.7 .7937 .6689 .5597 .4595 .3657 .2770 .1932 .1149 .04485
.8 .7927 .6670 .5570 .4561 .3619 .2730 .1893 .1115 .04270
.9 .7918 .6651 .5544 .4529 .3583 .2693 .1857 .1084 .04078
1.0 .7909 .6633 .5519 .4499 .3549 .2657 .1822 .1055 .03904

Bp = -100 k ..
v
vmax + .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

0.0 .8332 .7215 .6203 .5247 .4327 .3433 .2557 .1695 .08431
.1 .8320 .7188 .6160 .5191 .4259 .3354 .2470 .1605 .07614
.2 .8309 .7164 .6125 .5146 .4206 .3296 .2410 .1547 .07130
.3 .8298 .7143 .6095 .5108 .4162 .3248 .2348 .1500 .06752
.4 .8289 .7124 .6068 .5074 .4123 .3205 .2317 .1459 .06437
.5 .8280 .7106 .6042 .5042 .4087 .3166 .2278 .1423 .06164
.6 .8271 .7089 .6019 .5013 .4054 .3131 .2242 .1390 .05924
.7 .8263 .7074 .5997 .4986 .4023 .3098 .2208 .1359 .05708
.8 .8255 .7059 .5976 .4960 .3993 .3066 .2177 .1331 .05512
.9 .8248 .7044 .5956 .4936 .3965 .3036 .2148 .1305 .05332
1.0 .8241 .7031 .5937 .4912 .3939 .3008 .2120 .1280 .05167

D2/541AT127
 Swab and Surge Pressures in Non-Newtonian Fluids
18, .

Table 4

V.lues of Kc for a Bingham Fluid

Bp = -1 k +
v ,.7
vmax + .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .8 .9

0.0 -.1789 -.2454 -.2958 -.3367 -.3711 -.4007 -.4264 -.4492 -.4694
.1 -.1792 -.2461 -.2969 -.3385 -.3736 -.4041 -.4311 -.4556 -.4786
.2 -.1794 -.2468 -.2980 -.3400 -.3755 -.4064 -.4338 -.4584 -.4806
.3 .... 1797 -.2474 -.2990 -.34r3 -.3771 -.4082 -.4355 -.4598 -.4814
.4 -.1799 -.2480 -.2999 -.3424 -.3784 -.4095 -.4367 -.4606 -.4818
.5 -.1802 -.2485 -.3007 -.3434 -.3794 -.4105 -.4375 -.4612 -.4820
.6 -.1804 -.2491 -.3015 -.3443 -.3803 -.4113 -.4381 -.4616 -.4821
.7 -.1807 -.2496 -.3023

D2/541AT127
 Swab and Surge Pressures in Non-Newtonian Fluids
19·"

BP =-5 k ;.-
v + .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
vmax

0.0 -.1420 -.2083 -.2593 -.3010 -.3363 -.3667 -.3933 -.4168 -.,.4377
.1 -.1428 -.2103 -.2628 -.3064 -.3441 -.3775 -.4082 -.4377 -.4682
.2 -.1435 -.2122 -.2659 -.3109 -.3499 -.3847 -.4166 -.4465 -.4753
.3 -.1443 -.2139 -.2687 -.3147 -.3545 -.3899 -.4220 -.4513 -.4781
.4 -.1450 -.2156 -.2712 -.3179 -.3583 -.3939 -.4257 -.4542 -.4795
.5 -.1457 -.2171 -.2735 -.3207 -.3614 -.3969 -.4284 -.4562 -.4803
.6 -.1463 -.2186 -.2756 -.3232 -.3640 -.3994 -.4304 -.4575 -.4809
.7 -.1470 -.2199 -.2775 -.3254 -.3662 -.4014 -.4320 -.4585 -.4812
.8 -.1476 -.2212 -.2792 -.3273 -.3681 -.4031 -.4332 -.4593 -.4815
.9 -.1482 -.2225 -.2808 -.3291 -.3697 -.4044 -.4342 -.4598 -.4816
1.0 -.1488 -.2237 -.2823 -.3306 -.3712 -.4056 -.4350 -.4602 -.4818

Bp = -10 k ;.-
v
vmax + .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9

0.0 -.1264 -.1907 -.2405 -.2815 -.3163 -.3463 -.3727 -.3960 -.4169
.1 -.1275 -.1936 -.2455 -.2892 -.3274 -.3618. -.3940 -.4260 -.4607
.2 -.1285 -.1962 -.2499 -.2954 -.3355 -.3718 -.4057 -.4384 -.4709
.3 -.1295 -.1985 -.2537 -.3006 -.3418 -.3790 -.4132 -.4452 -.4752
.4 -.1305 -.2008 -.2571 -.3049 -.3469 -.3844 -.4184 -.4494 -.4775
.5 -.1314 -.2028 -.2601 -.3087 -.3510 -.3886 -.4222 -.4523 -.4788
.6 -.1323 -.2047 -.2629 -.3120 -.3545 -.3919 -.4250 -.4543 -.4797
.7 -.1331 -.2066 -.2654 -.3149 -.3575 -.3947 -.4273 -.4558 -.4803
.8 -.1340 -.2083 -.2677 -.3175 -.3601 -.3970 -.4291 -.4569 -.4807
.9 -.1348 -.2099 -.2698 -.3198 -.3623 -.3989 -.4305 -.4578 -.4810
1.0 -.1356 -.2114 -.2717 -.3219 -.3643 -.4006 -.4318 -.4585 -.4812

D2/541AT127
 Swab and Surge Pressures in Non-Newtonian Fluids
20.

Bp = -50 k +
v .4 .5 .6 .7 .8
vmax + .1 .2 .3 .9

0.0 -.09856 -.1566 -.2020 -.2396 -e2717 -.2996 -.3241 -.3460 -.3657
.. 1 -.1005 -.1619 -.2114 -.2540 -.2923 -.3279 -.3627 -.3990 -.4416
.2 -.1023 -.1664 -.2189 -.2645 -.3058 -.3443 -.3814 -.4189 -.4588
03 -.1040 -.1703 -.2251 -.2728 -.3158 -.3555 -.3932 -.4299 -.4665
.4 -.1055 -.1738 -.2304 -.2796 -.3236 -.3638 -.4014 -.4369 -.4709
.5 -.1070 -.1770 -.2350 -.2853 -.3299 -.3704 -.4074 -.4418 -.4736
.6 -.1084 -.1800 -.2392 -.2902 -.3353 -.3756 -.4121 -.4454 -.4754
.7 .... 1097 -.1827 -.2429 -.2945 -.3398 -.3799 -.415R -.4481 -.4767
.8 -.1109 -.1852 -.2463 -.2984 -.3437 -.3835 -.4188 -.4502 -.4777
,,9 -.1121 -.1875 -.2493 -.3018 -.3471 -.3866 -.4213 -.4519 -.4785
1.0 -.1132 -.1897 -.2522 -.3049 -.3501 -.3893 -.4234 -.4532 -.4790

Bp = .. 100 k -+-
v ... .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
vmax

0.0 -.09024 -.1456 -.1889 -.2250 .... 2557 -.2825 -.3061 -.3272 -.3461
.1 -.09266 -.1521 -.2006 -.2427 -.2808 -.3168 -.3524 -.3900 -.4348
.2 -.09480 -.1574 -.2093 -.2549 -.2964 -.3354 - .. 3735 -.4122 -.4541
.3 -.09675 -.1619 -.2164 -.2642 .... 3076 -.3480 -.3866 ·.4245 -.4630
.4 -.09853 -.1660 -.2224 -.2718 -.3163 -.3573 -.3957 -.4324 -.4680
.5 -.1002 -.1696 -.2276 -.2782 -.3234 -.3645 -.4025 -.4379 -.4713
,,6 -.1017 -.1728 -.2322 -.2837 -.3293 -.3703 -.4077 -.4420 -.4735
.7 -.1032 -.1758 -.2363 -.2884 -.3343 -.3751 -.4119 -.4451 -.4751
.8 -.1046 -.1785 -.2400 -.2927 -.3386 -.3792 -.4153 -.4476 -.4763
.9 -.1059 -.1811 -.2434 -.2964 -.3424 -.3826 -.4181 -.4495 -.4772
1.0 -.1071 -.1835 -.2465 -.2998 -.3457 -.3856 -.4205 '-.4511 -.4779

D2/541AT127
Figure 1. Velocity Profile, Power Law Fluid
.'.
\"

r;

......1-------- R
......- - - - A ... R
~~--AR--- ....

t t

Figure 2. Velocity Profile, Singham Fluid

 FIGURE 3. POWER LAW FLUID, S = 2.
-.5
0
:::x::
... -.4
I-
Z
a:
l-
(J)
z -.3
0
U
t9
z -.2
H
19
Z
H
.-J -. 1
u

(1
•1 .2 •3 •4 .5 .6 •7 .8 .9 1
ANNULUS DIAMETER RATIO, Ks
 FIGURE 4. POWER LAW FLUID, S == 3 .
-.5
•
0
~

I-
- -.4
Z V/Vmax-O
a:
I-
(f)
z -.3
0
U
19
z -.2
H
19
Z
H
-1 -. 1
u
•

o
o •1 .2 .3 .4 •5 .6 .7 .9 1
ANNULUS DIAMETER RATIO, K.
 FIGURE 5. POWER LAW FLUID. S = 4.
-.5
0
~

~ -.4
r-
z
a:
r- V/Vmax"O
(J)
z -.3
0
U
19
zH -.2
19
Z
H
-1 -. 1
u

o
•1 .2 •3 •4 .5 .6 •8 •9 1

ANNULUS DIAMETER RATIO, K.

 FIGURE 6. POWER LAW FLUID. S = 5&
-.5
V/Vmax=-1
0 .4
::i:
.2
ft -.4 .1
l-
Z
a:
I-
(J)
z -.3
0
U
19
z -.2
H
L'J
Z
H
-1 -. 1
u

o
o •1 .2 .3 •4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1
ANNULUS DIAMETER RATIO, K.
 FIGURE 7. BINGHAM FLUID. Bp ::: -1.
-.5
•
0
~

... -.4
l-
Z
a:
I-
m -.3
z
0
U
t9
z -.2
H
19
Z
H
.-l -. 1
u

o
o •1 •2 .~ .4 •5 •6 .7 .8 .9 1
ANNULUS DIAMETER RATIO, K.
 FIGURE 8. BINGHAM FLUID, 8p = -58
-.5
.4•. 2 •.
V/Vmax=O
... -.4
I-
z
IT:
I-
m
z -.3
o
u

~ -.2
H
19
Z
H
-1
u -. 1

o •1 •2 •3 •4 .5 •6 •7 •8 .9 1

ANNULUS DIAMETER RATIO, K.

 FIGURE 9. BINGHAM FLUID, Bp = -10.
-.5
0
~ .1
V/Vma)("'O .
... -.4
I-
Z
a:
J-
UJ -.3
z
0
U
19
z -.2
H
19
Z
H
--1 -. 1
u

o
o •1 .2 .3 •4 .5 .6 .7 .8 1
ANNULUS DIAMETER RATIO, K.
 FIGURE 10. BINGHAM FLUID. 8p = -50.
-.5
0
:y::
... -.4
I-
Z
a:
I-
m -.3
z
0
U
<.!J
z -.2
H
<.!J
Z
H
-1 -. 1
u

o
o •1 •2 .3 •4 .5 •6 .7 .8 .9 1

ANNULUS DIAMETER RATIO, KB

 FIGURE 11. BINGHAM FLUID. Bp = -100.
-.5
o
~
_ -.4
I-
z
IT: V/Vmax-O
l-
U1
z
-.3
o
u
~ -.2
H
t!J
Z
H

u--.J -.1

o
o •1 .2 .3 •4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1
ANNULUS DIAMETER RATIO, K.
 Swab and Surge Pressures in Non-Newtonian Fluids
21-

Appendix A

F1 ow of Power Law Fl ui ds

Referring to Figure 1, the requirement for equilibrium is:

Integrating and introducing the boundary condition T =0 at p = A,

\ PR l,2
T = 2 (--p - p) (A-2)

For a Power Law fluid, shear rate is related to shear stress by:

y = (~)s
m
for T ) 0 (k ( p ( A) (A-3)

y = _(:!)S
m
for T ( 0 (A ( p ( 1) (A-4)

Integrating (A-3) subject to the boundary condition u = up at p = K,

••• ~ = ~p + Iz
z =
= kp A2 s
(-Z - z) dz (k ( p ( A) (A-6)

D2/541AT127
 Swab and Surge Pressures in Non-Newtonian Fluids
22-

Integrating (A-4) with the boundary condition u = a at p = 1,

2
u = (PR)
Tm
sRI Z = 1
z =P
(z _, ~) s dz
Z
(A ( p ( 1) (A-7)

•
• • , = Iz
Z =
= P1 A2)S dz
(z - Z- (A ( p <: 1) (A-B)

Equating (A-6) and (A-a) at p = A,

Z =1 ( ,2 s _ I z -, ,2 _ ) s dz
'p I
= z:: A Z -
1\)
z dz
- 1\ (_1\
z = k z z ( 1)

Bulk flow is given by:

Q = 2nR2 = kI
IPp = UP dp (A-g)

_-. n =2 fP
P
=
=k
I ~p dp (A-IO)

Substituting (A-6) and (A-B),

p =1 z =1 :\2 S
+ 2 Ip = A P Iz = p (z - z ) dz dp (A-I1)

D2/541AT127
 Swab and Surge Pressures in Non-Newtonian Fluids
23· -

• n 2 Jpp --= 1A p f zZ =1 A2 s dz dp + 2
( Z - --) J P -
-A p JZ -- p (A2
--Z - z )S dz dp
• •
2
=P Z P =k z =k

(2)

D2/541AT127
 Swab and Surge Pressures in Non-Newtonian Fluids
24 ..

Appendix B

The following expressions are obtained by integrating equations (I) and (2)
for integer values of s from 1 through 5:

For s = 1,

For s = 2,

(B-4)

D2/541AT127
 Swab and Surge Pressures in Non-Newtonian Fluids
25,

For s = 3,

(8-5)

(8-6)

For s = 4,

(B-7)

D2/541AT127
 Swab and Surge Pressures 1" Non-Newtonian Fluids
26

For s = 5,

(B-9)

D2/541AT127
 Swab and Surge Pressures in Non-Newtonian Fluids
27 _

Appendix C

F1 ow of 81 nghall F1 ui ds

Equation (A-2) applies equally well to a Bingham fluid:

PR ).2
t
=--z (-
p
- p ) (A-2)

Two interesting properties follow from this. By definition,

PR ,,2
t
0
=2 (r- "-) (C-l)

PR ,,2
-t
0 = -Z (r - A+) (C-2)
+

Adding (C-l) and (C-2),

(C-3)

••• ,,2 =" + A- (C-4)

The radi us of zero shear stress is therefore the geometri c mean of the
boundaries of the plug flow region.

D2/541AT127
 Swab and Surge Pressures in Non-Newtonian Fluids
28

From <C-l L.

(C-5)

Substituting (C-4),

T0=+
A --
A (C-6)

The dimensionless reciprocal pressure drop To thus equals the dimensionless

width of the plug flow region. Equations CC-4l and CC-6) are used later to
express A, and A_ in terms of A+ and To.

D2/541AT127
 Swab and Surge Pressures in Non-Newtonian Fluids
29, "

For a Bfngham fluid, shear rate is related to shear stress by:

(C-7)

y =0 (C-8)

for T " -T
o
(C-9)

Integrating (C-7), subject to the boundary condition u = up at p = k,

2 =p A2 A2
u = up + PR JZ (- - Z + A - r) dz (p " A_) (C-I0)
~z =k z

).2
• • ~=~ p +Jz=P
• (--z-T) dz (p " A.J (C-ll)
z =k z a

Integrating (C-9) with the boundary conditions u =0 at P = 1,

PR 2 f Z = p A2 A2
u = '2i1 Z =1
(- - Z + A - r ) dz (p ;. ).+J ,(C-12)
llo Z + +

.• . cfJ=Jz=P
Z
(
A2
= 1 z- - z + T0 ) dz (p ;;. A+) (C-13)

Equati ng dimensi on1 ess vel oc; ti es at the boundari es of the pl u9 flow re-
gion,

D2/541AT127
 Swab and Surge Pressures in Non-Newtonf an Fl uf ds
3D"

Z = A_ 12 Z = A+ A2
<t- P + f z = k (r - Z - To) dz :1 Iz =1 (z - z + To) dz ( C-14 )

Integrating, substituting (C-4) and (C-6), and simplifying,

+ (T
o + k)2 + 2<t- p =0 (5)

Bulk flow is given by:

Q = 2nR2 IpP =
= k1 u p dp (A-9)

••• G = 2 JPp =
= k1 <t- p dp (C ... 15)

Substituting (C-l1) and (C-13),

P _ A 2
n = 2 I p = k- P
z =p
Iz = (A- - Z - T0 ) dz dp.
k Z

+2J P :1
P =A P Jzz = P A2
=1 z -
(-- z + T0 ) dz dp (C-16)
+

D2/541AT127
 Swab and Surge Pressures in Non-Newtonian F1uids "
3f

Integrating, substituting (5) and simplifying,

T
+ 0 (2A _ T )3 _ ~ k2 (6)
17 + 0 P

D2/541AT127
· . Swab and Surge Pressures in Non-Newtonian Fluids
32·""

Appendix 0

Clinging Constant for Newtonian Fluid

Equations (B-!) and (B-2) of Appendix B refer to a Newtonian fluid. Equa-

tions (5) and (6) for a Bingham fluid reduce to equations (8-1) and (B-2)
forms when yield stress is zero, since To = O"and A+ = A •

The clinging constant for a Newtonian fluid may be found as follows:

(8-1)

(8-2)

~p (1 - k2) 2
- 2 1n k - ~p k (D-l)

2
For a stationary annulus, A
o
2 In k + (1 - k )
2
=0 (B-1,~ with •p = 0 )

n = -A 4 ln k _ A 2 (1 _ k2) + (1 - k4) (B-2, with ~p =a )

000 4

(D-2)

D2/541AT127
 Swab and Surge Pressures in Non-Newtonian Fluids ...
33'

(4)

Kc :II 2 r1 + k2 for a Newtonian fluid (0-3)

n K (1 .. k~)

This result is independent of , and is identical to that obtained by

Fontenot and Clark 3•

D2/541AT127